View source for Tiraspol

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Transnistria}}
{{Distinguish|Terespol}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tiraspol
| native_name = Тирасполь{{·}}Тираспол
| settlement_type = [[Municipiu|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 290
| image_style              = border:1;
| perrow                   = 1/2/2/2
  | image1 = House of Soviets (42912066861).jpg{{!}}City Hall
  | image2 = Собор Рождества Христова, Тирасполь.jpg{{!}}Church of the Nativity
  | image3 = Театр Тирасполь.jpg{{!}}State drama theater of Transnistria
  | image4 = Music Hall (42846092711 cropped).jpg{{!}}Palace of Culture
  | image5 = Верховный совет и правительство ПМР.jpg{{!}}[[Supreme Council (Transnistria)|The Supreme Council of Transnistria]] building
  | caption1 = City Hall
  | caption2 = [[Church of the Nativity, Tiraspol|Church of the Nativity]]
  | caption3 = {{ill|Transnistrian State Drama and Comedy Theatre|lt=Drama theater|ru|3=Приднестровский государственный театр драмы и комедии}}
  | caption4 = Palace of Culture
  | caption5 = [[Supreme Council (Transnistria)|Supreme Council of Transnistria]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Tiraspol.svg
| flag_size = 
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Tiraspol 1847.svg
| shield_size = 70px
| anthem = "{{ill|Be glorious, our city!|ru|Гимн Тирасполя}}"
| mapsize = 230px
| map_caption = Location of Tiraspol  in Transnistria
| pushpin_map = Moldova Transnistria#Moldova#Europe
| pushpin_relief = 0
| coordinates = {{Coord|46|50|25|N|29|38|36|E|region:MD-TIR_type:city(134,000)|format=dec|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country (''de facto'')
| subdivision_name1 = {{nowrap|{{Flag|Transnistria}}{{efn|{{Transnistria-note}}}}}}
| subdivision_type = Country (''de jure'')
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Moldova}}
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1792
| established_title2 = City rights
| established_date2 = 1795{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=188}}
| leader_title = Head of the State Administration of Tiraspol
| leader_name = [[Ilona Tyuryaeva]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://president.gospmr.org/pravovye-akty/ukazi/ob-osvobojdenii-ot-doljnosti-glavi-gosudarstvennoy-administratsii-goroda-tiraspolj-i-goroda-dnestrovsk-dovgopola-oa-i-naznachenii-na-doljnostj-glavi-gosudarstvennoy-administratsii-goroda-tiraspolj-i-goroda-dnestrovsk-tyuryaevoy-ip.html|title=Указ Президента ПМР от 20 ноября 2024 года № 505|lang=ru|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IEC7EQ4Z?|archive-date=2024-11-20|access-date=2025-04-20|url-status=live}}</ref>.
| elevation_m = 26
| population_total = 126306<ref>{{Cite web |title=Пленарное заседание столичного городского совета народных депутатов |website=tirasadmin.gospmr.org |url=https://tirasadmin.gospmr.org/chto-obsudili-na-sessii-tiraspolskogo-gorsoveta}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2025
| area_code = +373 533
| official_name = 
| area_total_km2 = 55.56
| website = {{URL|https://tirasadmin.gospmr.org/}}
}}

'''Tiraspol''' ({{Moldovan Cyrillic|Тираспол}}, {{IPA|ro|tiˈraspol|pron}}; also {{lang|ro|Tirișpolea}}/{{lang|ro-Cyrl|Тиришполя}};<ref>{{citation|last=Rotaru|first=Florin|year=1996|title=Românitatea Transnistriană|page=212|url=https://bp-soroca.md/soroca/Rom%C3%A2nitatea%20Transnistrean%C4%83.%20Antologie.%201996.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016171737/https://bp-soroca.md/soroca/Rom%C3%A2nitatea%20Transnistrean%C4%83.%20Antologie.%201996.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Frunza|first=A|year=1915|title=România Mare|page=63|url=https://bcub.ro/lib2life/Romania%20mare_Frunza%20Axinte_Bucuresti_1915.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909072732/https://bcub.ro/lib2life/Romania%20mare_Frunza%20Axinte_Bucuresti_1915.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{langx|ru|Тирасполь}}, {{IPA|ru|tʲɪˈraspəlʲ|pron}}; {{langx|uk|Тирасполь|Tyraspol'}}, {{IPA|uk|tɪˈrɑspolʲ|pron}}) is the capital and largest city of [[Transnistria]], a [[breakaway state]] of [[Moldova]], where it is the third-largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the [[Dniester]] River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of culture, economy, tourism, and [[light industry]], such as furniture and electrical goods production.

The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian [[generalissimo]] [[Alexander Suvorov]] in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title= About Transdniestra (Russian) |url=http://www.worldwindow.md/?lang=en&page=pridnestrovie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415161715/http://www.worldwindow.md/?lang=en |archive-date=15 April 2008 |access-date=2006-12-27}}</ref> The city celebrates its anniversary every year on 14 October.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Jason |date=14 October 2006 |title=Street Fairs, Celebrations Mark Tiraspol's 214th Birthday |language=en |work=Tiraspol Times & Weekly Review |url=http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/node/276 |url-status=dead |access-date=2007-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014842/http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/node/276 |archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The [[toponym]] consists of two [[ancient Greek]] words: {{Lang|grc|Τύρας}}, ''[[Tyras]]'', the [[Classical antiquity|Ancient]] name for the [[Dniester River]], and ''[[polis]]'', i.e., a city (state).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsoni |first=Paula |date=June 5, 2022 |title=How Transnistria's Tiraspol Got Its Ancient Greek Name |url=https://greekreporter.com/2022/06/05/how-transnistrias-tiraspol-got-ancient-greek-name/ |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=Greek Reporter}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Quote box
| width = 22em
| align = left
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 82%
| quote = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Republic of Moldova]] 1991–present (de jure)
*{{flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnistria]] 1990–present (de facto)
*{{flagicon|USSR}} [[USSR]] 1944–1991
*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania]] 1941–1944
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the USSR (1936-1955).svg}} [[USSR]] 1922–1941
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1929).svg|size=23px}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] 1921–1922
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine.svg|size=23px}} [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] 1917-1919
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg|size=23px}} [[Russian Republic]] 1917	
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg|size=23px}} [[Russian Empire]] 1792–1917}}
}}

=== Classical and medieval history ===
[[Tyras]] ({{Lang|grc|Τύρας}}), also spelled ''Tiras'', was a [[Greek colonisation|colony]] of the Greek city [[Miletus]], probably founded about 600 BC, situated some {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=off}} from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times, in the second century BC it fell under the dominion of [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the [[Thracians|Thracian]] [[Getae]] about 50 BC.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In 56 AD, the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] restored the city and made it part of the [[Roman province|colonial province]] of [[Lower Moesia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} A series of its coins exist that feature heads of [[Roman emperors]] from [[Domitian]] to [[Severus Alexander]]. Soon after the time of the latter, the city was destroyed again, this time by the invasion of the [[Goths]]. Its government was in the hands of five [[archon]]s, a [[senate]], a [[ecclesia (ancient Athens)|popular assembly]], and a [[Civil registration|registrar]]. The images on its coins from this period suggest a trade in wheat, wine, and fish. The few [[Epigraphy|inscriptions]] extant are mostly concerned with trade.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Such ancient [[archeological]] remains are scanty, as the city site was built over by [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|the great medieval fortress]] of Monocastro or [[Akkerman]].<ref>See E. H. Minns, ''Scythians and Greeks'' (Cambridge, 1909); V. V. Latyshev, ''Inscriptiones Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini,'' vol. I.</ref> In the [[Late Middle Ages]], the area around of modern Tiraspol became part of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The Lithuanians, unable to settle their vast state on their own, allowed [[Romanians|Moldavian]] settlement in the area.{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=187}}

=== Tsarist Russian rule ===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2024}}
The [[Russian Empire]] conquered its way to the [[Dniester]] River, taking territory from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1792 the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian army]] built fortifications to guard the western border near a Moldavian village named [[Sucleia]]. Field Marshal [[Alexander Suvorov]] is considered the founder of modern Tiraspol; [[Suvorov Monument (Tiraspol)|his statue]] is the city's most distinctive landmark.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baranchikov |first=E. V. |year=2017 |title=ТИРАСПОЛЬ |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/geography/text/4192874 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=old.[[Great Russian Encyclopedia|bigenc.ru]]}}</ref> The city took its name from ''[[Tyras]]'', the [[Greeks|Greek]] name of the Dniester River on which it stands. It was granted city rights in 1795.{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=188}}

In 1828, the Russian government established a customs house in Tiraspol to try to suppress [[smuggling]]. The customs house was subordinated to the chief of the [[Odesa]] customs region. It began operations with 14 employees. They inspected shipments of bread, paper, oil, wine, sugar, fruits and other goods.

[[File:План Тираспольской крепости 1856.jpg|thumb|center|1856 plan of the {{ill|Tiraspol Fortress|ro|Cetatea Tiraspol|ru|Тираспольская крепость}}]]
In December 1917, Tiraspol hosted a congress of Transnistrian Moldovans, at which they wished to unite the city with [[Bessarabia]].{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=189}}

=== Soviet Tiraspol ===
[[File:Tiraspol 3.JPG|thumb|left|Tiraspol in 1941]]
After the [[Russian Revolution]], the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] was created in [[Ukraine]] in 1924, with [[Balta, Ukraine|Balta]] as its capital.{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=189}} The republic had [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and Russian as its official languages. Its capital was moved in 1929 to Tiraspol, which remained the capital of the Moldavian ASSR until 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiraspol {{!}} Moldova {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tiraspol |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=189}}

In 1940, following the secret provisions of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], the USSR forced Romania to cede [[Bessarabia]]. It integrated Tiraspol, until then part of the [[Moldavian ASSR]], into the newly formed [[Moldavian SSR]]. On 7 August 1941, following the [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion of the Soviet Union]], the city was taken over by [[Romania during World War II|Romanian troops]]. Later that month, on 19 August, the [[Tiraspol Agreement]] establishing the [[Transnistria Governorate]] was signed. During the occupation, Tiraspol was under Romanian administration. During that period almost all of its Jewish population died: they were slain ''in situ'' or deported to German Nazi [[death camp]]s, and killed there.

[[File:Tiraspoljet.JPG|thumb|Soviet [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|MiG-19]] monument]]
In 1941, before the occupation, the newspaper ''[[Dnestrovskaya Pravda]]'' was founded by the Tiraspol City Council of popular deputies. This is the oldest periodical publication in the region. On 12 April 1944, the city was retaken by the [[Red Army]] and became again part of the Moldavian SSR.

According to a 1991 figure by Moldova's [[Security and Intelligence Service of Moldova|Ministry of National Security]] (now the Security and Intelligence Service, SIS), of the 5,485 people who were sentenced to death in the territory of modern Moldova during totalitarian communist rule, over 4,000 of them were executed in Tiraspol, in the {{ill|Tiraspol Fortress|lt=city's fortress|ro|Cetatea Tiraspol|ru|Тираспольская крепость}}, in 1937 and 1938 alone, during the [[Great Purge]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://arhiva.gov.md/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Cartea-Memoriei.-Volumul-I.pdf|title=Cartea memoriei: catalog al victimelor totalitarismului comunist|first1=Elena|last1=Postică|first2=Maria|last2=Praporșcic|first3=Vera|last3=Stăvilă|editor-first=Elena|editor-last=Postică|publisher=[[National History Museum of Moldova]]|volume=1|page=6|year=1999|language=ro|isbn=9975671098}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsmaker.md/ru/ne-vernetsya-nikto-i-nikogda-zdes-sgniete-kak-deportirovali-zhiteley-sovetskoy-mol-33511|title="Не вернется никто и никогда — здесь сгниете". Как депортировали жителей советской Молдавии|first1=Olga|last1=Gnatcova|first2=Marina|last2=Șupac|newspaper=NewsMaker|date=12 September 2017|language=ru}}</ref>

=== Post-secession ===
On 27 January 1990, the citizens in Tiraspol passed a [[referendum]] declaring the city as an [[independence|independent territory]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The nearby city of [[Bender, Moldova|Bendery]] also declared its independence from [[Moldova]]. As the [[Russian language|Russian-speaking]] independence movement gained momentum, some local governments banded together to resist pressure from the [[Moldova]]n government for nationalization.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}[[File:Calle Tiraspol.jpg|thumb|A trolleybus in Tiraspol painted in the colours of the [[Flag of Transnistria|Transnistrian flag]] ]]

On 2 September 1990, Tiraspol was proclaimed the capital of the new [[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. The new republic was not officially recognized by Soviet authorities; however, it received support from some important Soviet leaders, such as [[Anatoly Lukyanov]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the territory east of the Dniester River declared independence as the [[Transnistria|Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]] (PMR), with Tiraspol as its capital. It was not recognized by the international community.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

[[File:Helden-Denkmal Tiraspol 2012.jpg|thumb|Heroes memorial in Tiraspol (2012)]]
On 1 July 2005, the Lucian Blaga Lyceum, a high school with Romanian as its language of instruction, was registered as a Transnistrian non-governmental establishment. The registration of [[Romanian-language schools in Transnistria|six Romanian language schools]] has been the subject of negotiations with the government since 2000.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The tension increased in the summer of 2004, when the Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed the schools that taught using the [[Latin script]]. According to the official PMR view, this is considered as [[Romanian language|Romanian]]. "[[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]", written in the [[Cyrillic script]], is one of the three official languages in the PMR; Romanian is not. Some economic measures and counter-measures were taken on both banks of the Dniester.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Tensions have been seen in [[terrorist]] incidents. On [[2006 Tiraspol bombings#6 July attack|6 July 2006]], an explosion, believed to be caused by a bomb, killed at least eight people in a minibus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2006 |title=Trans-Dniester Blast Kills Eight |language=en |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5153322.stm}}</ref> Later on [[2006 Tiraspol bombings#13 August attack|13 August]], a grenade exploded in a [[trolleybus]], killing two and injuring ten.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trolley Bus Blasted in Tiraspol Possibly in a Terror Attack |language=en |work=Regnum |url=http://www.regnum.ru/english/687961.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230004/http://www.regnum.ru/english/687961.html |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2006 |title=New Bus Explosion in Tiraspol Leaves One Dead, Eleven Injured |language=en |work=Tiraspol Times & Weekly Review |url=http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/new_bus_explosion_in_tiraspol_leaves_one_dead_eleven_injured.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930025059/http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/new_bus_explosion_in_tiraspol_leaves_one_dead_eleven_injured.html |archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2006 |title=Another Blast in Public Transport in Tiraspol |language=en |work=Moldpres News Agency |url=http://www.moldpres.md/default.asp?Lang=en&ID=47509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121228/http://www.moldpres.md/default.asp?Lang=en&ID=47509 |archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>

On 25 April 2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], [[2022 Transnistria attacks|several explosions]] were reported near the [[Ministry of State Security (Transnistria)]] in Tiraspol. Firefighters were on the scene but there were no casualties.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-705070 | title=Moldovan president holds security meeting after blasts in Transnistria | newspaper=The Jerusalem Post &#124; Jpost.com }}</ref>

On 17 March 2024, Transnistrian official press released a video allegedly<ref name=2024drone1>{{cite news|url=https://www.stiripesurse.ro/tiraspolul-insceneaza-explozii-ca-sa-infricoseze-populatia_3272311.html|title=Tiraspolul înscenează explozii ca să înfricoșeze populația|first=Radu|last=Pop|newspaper=Știri pe surse|date=26 March 2024|language=ro}}</ref> showing a [[Mil Mi-8]] helicopter in poor condition and likely not in use,<ref name=2024drone2>{{cite news|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-razboi_ucraina-26981878-video-momentul-atacului-reclamat-transnistria-drona-loveste-elicopter-scos-din-care-era-parcat-platforma.htm|title=VIDEO Momentul atacului reclamat de Transnistria: O dronă lovește un elicopter scos din uz și care era parcat pe platformă|newspaper=[[HotNews]]|date=17 March 2024|language=ro}}</ref> not having been moved in over 13 years at the moment of the explosion,<ref name=2024drone1 /> in a military unit in Tiraspol being attacked and destroyed by a kamikaze drone. No victims were reported.<ref name=2024drone2 /> Transnistria claimed the drone had been launched from Ukraine from the direction of [[Odesa]], more precisely from a bridge located {{convert|5–6|km|abbr=off}} from the nearest border crossing between Transnistria and Ukraine. Ukraine immediately denied having anything to do with the incident.<ref name=2024drone1 /> On the day of the incident, the [[Bureau for Reintegration of the Republic of Moldova]] called it an "attempt to provoke panic and fear in the region".<ref name=2024drone2 /> Later, on 25 March, the bureau confirmed the explosion of the helicopter was not caused by a drone attack but by "other factors" and that the video contained "obvious elements of video montage". In the video, the drone disappears shortly before the explosion below the helicopter occurs. Reportedly, explosives placed under the helicopter were detonated remotely instead.<ref name=2024drone1 />

On 8 January 2025, during the [[2025 Moldovan energy crisis]], a woman in Tiraspol died from [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] after using a gas water heater to shower without having a [[chimney]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://novostipmr.com/ru/news/25-01-08/chetvero-benderchan-i-tiraspolchanka-otravilis-ugarnym-gazom-ot|title=Четверо бендерчан и тираспольчанка отравились угарным газом от колонок|newspaper=Novosti Pridnestrovya|date=8 January 2025|language=ru}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
Tiraspol features a [[humid continental climate]] that closely borders an [[oceanic climate]] and has transitional features of the [[humid subtropical climate]] due to its warm summers. Summers are mild, with average monthly temperatures at around {{convert|21|°C|0|abbr=on}} in July and August. Winters are cold, with average temperatures in the coldest month (January) at {{convert|-2.7|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year, though there is a noticeable increase in monthly precipitation in June and July. Tiraspol on average sees nearly {{convert|500|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation per year.
{{Weather box
|location = Tiraspol (1991–2020, extremes 1935–2021)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 17.4
| Feb record high C = 23.3
| Mar record high C = 27.3
| Apr record high C = 32.3
| May record high C = 36.9
| Jun record high C = 39.1
| Jul record high C = 41.0
| Aug record high C = 40.5
| Sep record high C = 38.5
| Oct record high C = 31.1
| Nov record high C = 25.3
| Dec record high C = 18.3
| year record high C = 41.0
| Jan high C = 1.8
| Feb high C = 4.7
| Mar high C = 10.6
| Apr high C = 17.7
| May high C = 23.6
| Jun high C = 27.6
| Jul high C = 30.3
| Aug high C = 29.9
| Sep high C = 23.8
| Oct high C = 16.5
| Nov high C = 9.2
| Dec high C = 3.3
| year high C = 16.6
| Jan mean C = -1.8
| Feb mean C = -0.2
| Mar mean C = 4.5
| Apr mean C = 10.9
| May mean C = 16.7
| Jun mean C = 20.9
| Jul mean C = 23.2
| Aug mean C = 22.7
| Sep mean C = 17.0
| Oct mean C = 10.7
| Nov mean C = 4.9
| Dec mean C = -0.1
| year mean C = 10.8
| Jan low C = -5.2
| Feb low C = -4.1
| Mar low C = -0.5
| Apr low C = 4.6
| May low C = 9.9
| Jun low C = 14.4
| Jul low C = 16.3
| Aug low C = 15.7
| Sep low C = 10.8
| Oct low C = 5.6
| Nov low C = 1.3
| Dec low C = -3.3
| year low C = 5.5
| Jan record low C = -29.4
| Feb record low C = -29.6
| Mar record low C = -19.9
| Apr record low C = -8.5
| May record low C = -2.7
| Jun record low C = 3.3
| Jul record low C = 8.0
| Aug record low C = 5.0
| Sep record low C = -4.6
| Oct record low C = -9.2
| Nov record low C = -16.3
| Dec record low C = -25.1
| year record low C = -29.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 35
| Feb precipitation mm = 27
| Mar precipitation mm = 30
| Apr precipitation mm = 31
| May precipitation mm = 47
| Jun precipitation mm = 66
| Jul precipitation mm = 57
| Aug precipitation mm = 48
| Sep precipitation mm = 49
| Oct precipitation mm = 39
| Nov precipitation mm = 38
| Dec precipitation mm = 33
| year precipitation mm = 500
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 6
| Feb precipitation days = 5
| Mar precipitation days = 6
| Apr precipitation days = 5
| May precipitation days = 7
| Jun precipitation days = 7
| Jul precipitation days = 6
| Aug precipitation days = 4
| Sep precipitation days = 5
| Oct precipitation days = 5
| Nov precipitation days = 5
| Dec precipitation days = 6
| year precipitation days = 69
| Jan humidity = 83
| Feb humidity = 81
| Mar humidity = 76
| Apr humidity = 66
| May humidity = 64
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 65
| Sep humidity = 71
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 83
| Dec humidity = 85
| year humidity = 73
| Jan sun = 60
| Feb sun = 88
| Mar sun = 146
| Apr sun = 206
| May sun = 281
| Jun sun = 301
| Jul sun = 324
| Aug sun = 306
| Sep sun = 215
| Oct sun = 153
| Nov sun = 73
| Dec sun = 52
| year sun = 2224
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230821002251/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Moldova/CSV/Tiraspol_33829.csv
| archive-date = 21 August 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Moldova/CSV/Tiraspol_33829.csv
| title = Tiraspol Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 21 August 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat (extremes, relative humidity)<ref name = GHID>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250418163724/https://www.meteo.md/images/uploads/news/2023/05/Ghid%20Climatic%20RM_2024.pdf
| archive-date = 18 April 2025
| url = https://www.meteo.md/images/uploads/news/2023/05/Ghid%20Climatic%20RM_2024.pdf
| title = GHID CLIMATIC al Republicii Moldova
| publisher = Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat
| language = ro
| access-date = 24 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
[[File:19-01-18-Prednistrowien-RalfR-05.jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Nativity, Tiraspol|Church of the Nativity]] in Shevchenko Street]]

=== Population ===
{{Historical populations|width=10em|percentages=off|1870|16692|1926 (est.)|29700|1939|43676|2004|158069
|source=<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XII|year=1892|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=718}}</ref><ref name=d39/><ref name=p04/>}}
The population of the city was about 190,000 in 1989 and about 203,000 in 1992. 41% were [[Russians]], 32% [[Ukrainians]] (both Eastern Slavic) and 18% were [[Moldovans]] (Romanians).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

As result of the political and economic situation that followed the proclamation of the independent (unrecognized) [[Transnistria]], as well as large Jewish emigration in the early 1990s, the population of the city fell below its 1989 number and the [[2004 Transnistrian census]] put its population at 158,069.<ref name=p04>{{Cite web |title=2004 Census: PMR Urban, Multilingual, Multicultural |url=http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726003149/http://www.pridnestrovie.net:80/2004census.html |archive-date=2010-07-26 |website=Pridnestrovie.net |language=en}}</ref>
In 1897, 31,616 people lived in the city of Tiraspol, who were classified, by language, in the following way:<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/empire1897-lang-counties-cities.htm | title=1897 Counties and Cities | language=ru | website=pop-stat.mashke.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|  Native language !! Population !! share of population
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || 14,013 || 44.32%
|-
| [[Yiddish]] || 8,568 ||27.1%
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || 3,708 ||11.73%
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || 3,611 ||11.42%
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]] || 1,003 ||3.17%
|-
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || 119 || 0.38%
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || 56 ||0.18%
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || 7 ||0.02%
|-
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] || 7 ||0.02%
|-
| [[Czech Language|Czech]] || 1 ||0.003%
|-
|}

In 1926, 29,700 people lived in the city of Tiraspol who were classified, by ethnicity, as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:140px;"| Ethnic group !! Population !! % total share
|-
| [[Russians|Russian]] || 16,276 || 54.8%
|-
| [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] || 8,732 || 29.4%
|-
| [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] || 4,277 || 14.4%
|-
| [[Moldovans|Moldovan]] (Romanians) || 416 || 1.4%
|-
|}According to the Soviet census of 1939, the city's population was 43,676 inhabitants, distributed as follows:<ref name=d39>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_39_ra.php?reg=557|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года|website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Ethnic group 
! Population 
!% Total share
|-
|[[Russians|Russian]]
|14,785
|33.85%
|-
|[[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
|12,504
|28.63%
|-
|[[Hebrews|Hebrew]]
|11,764
|26.93%
|-
|[[Moldovans|Moldovan]] (Romanian)
|3,480
|7.97%
|}

;2004<ref> The Transnistrian census of 2004 data by nationality at http://pop-stat.mashke.org/pmr-ethnic-loc2004.htm</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:140px;"| Ethnic group !! Population !! % Total share
|-
| [[Russians|Russian]] || 65,298 || 41.71%
|-
| [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] || 52,278 || 33.07%
|-
| [[Moldovans|Moldovan]] (Romanian) || 23,790 || 15.05% 
|-
| [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] || 2,450 || 1.55%
|-
| [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]] || 1,988 || 1.26%
|-
| [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] || 1,712 || 1.08%
|-
| [[Germans|German]] || 701 || 0.44%
|-
| [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] || 573 || 0.36%
|-
| [[Armenians|Armenian]] || 360 || 0.23%
|-
| [[Poles in Transnistria|Polish]] || 324 || 0.2%
|-
| [[Romani people|Romani]]/Rromi || 116|| 0.07%
|-
| Others || 7,849 ||  4.98%
|-
|}

=== Religion ===
The Latin Catholic minority is served by the [[Catholic Diocese of Chișinău]].

In the fourteenth century, Tiraspol was the see city of the diocese of Kherson; in 1848, a [[Diocese of Tiraspol (Russia)|Catholic Diocese of Tiraspol]] was erected with its see in Saratov. Since 1993, it did not cover any Moldovan territory, not even Tiraspol. The diocese was suppressed in 2002.

== Culture ==
[[File:Театр Тирасполь.jpg|thumb|left|{{ill|Tiraspol Drama Theater|ru|Приднестровский государственный театр драмы и комедии}}]]
[[File:Victory Day in Tiraspol 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|[[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] in Tiraspol, 2017]]
[[Suvorov Monument (Tiraspol)|The statue of Alexander Suvorov]] was erected in the central square in 1979 in commemoration of his 250th anniversary. In front of the Transnistrian Government building there is a statue of [[Vladimir Lenin]]. On the opposite side of the central square, a monument plaza features a Soviet [[T-34]] tank, commemorating the Soviet victory in [[World War II]], an eternal flame to those who fell defending the city in 1941 and liberating it in 1944, as well as several monuments dedicated to more recent conflicts, including the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and the [[War of Transnistria]].

==Sport==
[[File:Tiraspol Sheriff Stadion.JPG|thumb|[[Sheriff Arena]]]]
The two main football clubs are [[FC Sheriff Tiraspol|Sheriff Tiraspol]] and [[FC Tiraspol]]. Sheriff is the most successful Moldovan football club of recent history, winning 14 league titles since the 2000–2001 season, and 6 [[Moldovan Cup]]s. The team gained world notoriety for their last-minute 2–1 victory during the [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League]] edition against later tournament winners Real Madrid on 28 September 2021. A third club, [[CS Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol]], withdrew from competition prior to the 2009–2010 season. Tiraspol is home to the [[Sheriff Stadium]], the largest capacity stadium in the region, with a capacity of 14,300 seats.

== International relations ==
=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Moldova}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|Moldova}} [[Bălți]], Moldova<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Молдова {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://tirasadmin.org/moldova|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114100949/http://tirasadmin.org/moldova|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 January 2018|access-date=2021-08-06|website=tirasadmin.org}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Moldova}} [[Comrat]], Moldova<ref name=":0" />
*{{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Trondheim]], Norway (2000)<ref name="Trondheim">{{Cite web |title=Trondheims vennskapsbyer |url=http://www.trondheim.no/vennskapsbyer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100138/http://www.trondheim.no/vennskapsbyer/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |website=trondheim.no |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Норвегия {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://tirasadmin.org/norvegiya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114101014/http://tirasadmin.org/norvegiya|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 January 2018|access-date=2021-08-06|website=tirasadmin.org}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Volgograd]], Russia<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Города-побратимы – РФ {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://tirasadmin.org/goroda-pobratimy-rf|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160708103946/http://tirasadmin.org/goroda-pobratimy-rf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 July 2016|access-date=2021-08-06|website=tirasadmin.org}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Kaluga]], Russia<ref name=":1" />
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Kursk]], Russia<ref name=":1" />
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Obninsk]], Russia<ref name=":1" />
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Severodvinsk]], Russia<ref name=":1" />
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Novosibirsk]], Russia<ref name=":1" />
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Mykolaiv]], Ukraine<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Города-побратимы – Украина {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://tirasadmin.org/goroda-pobratimy-ukraina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913022953/http://www.tirasadmin.org/goroda-pobratimy-ukraina|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 September 2016|access-date=2021-08-06|website=tirasadmin.org}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Kherson]], Ukraine<ref name=":2" />
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Cherkasy]], Ukraine<ref name=":2" />
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Ternopil]], Ukraine<ref name=":2" />
*{{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Ashdod]], Israel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Израиль {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://tirasadmin.org/izrail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114100944/http://tirasadmin.org/izrail|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 January 2018|access-date=2021-08-06|website=tirasadmin.org}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Belarus}} [[Leninsky District, Belarus|Leninsky District]], Minsk, Belarus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Города-побратимы-Республика Беларусь {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://tirasadmin.org/goroda-pobratimy-respublika-belarus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015125519/http://www.tirasadmin.org/goroda-pobratimy-respublika-belarus|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 October 2016|access-date=2021-08-06|website=tirasadmin.org}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Abkhazia}} [[Sokhumi]], [[Abkhazia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Абхазия – Сухум {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://www.tirasadmin.org/abhaziya-suhum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712201741/http://www.tirasadmin.org/abhaziya-suhum|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 July 2018|access-date=2021-08-06|website=www.tirasadmin.org}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Tskhinvali]], [[South Ossetia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Южная Осетия {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://tirasadmin.org/yuzhnaya-osetiya|access-date=2021-08-06|website=tirasadmin.org}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Portugal}} [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarem]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web|title=Португалия – Сантарен {{!}} Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска|url=http://tirasadmin.org/portugaliya-santaren|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712201832/http://tirasadmin.org/portugaliya-santaren|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 July 2018|access-date=2021-08-06|website=tirasadmin.org}}</ref>
<!--rest - twinning ended-->
{{div col end}}

== Notable people ==
[[File:Mikhail Fyodorovich Larionov.jpg|140px|thumb|[[Mikhail Larionov]], 1917]]
[[File:Sergey Stepanov - Epic Sax Guy - May 28, 2010.jpg|140px|thumb|[[Sergey Stepanov (musician)|Sergey Stepanov]], 2010]]
* [[Yuri Avvakumov]] (born 1957), Russian architect, artist, and curator
* [[Nikolay Zelinsky]] (1861–1953), Russian and Soviet chemist who invented the first filtering [[activated carbon|activated charcoal]] gas mask
* [[Georgi Stamatov]] (1869–1942), Bulgarian writer
* [[Mikhail Larionov]] (1881–1964), Russian avant-garde painter
* [[Abraham Rabinovitch]] (1889–1964), Australian-Russian property developer and pioneer of the Sydney Modern Orthodox Jewish community
* [[Gheorghe Pintilie]] (1902–1985), Soviet intelligence agent, Russian citizen and naturalised Romanian communist activist of Ukrainian origin, the first Director of the [[Securitate]]
* [[Izrail Shmurun]] (1912–1985), Moldavian Soviet architect
* [[Larisa Eryomina]] (born 1950), stage and screen actress
* [[Oxana Ionova]] (born 1966), head of the state tax service of Transnistria and director of Transnistria's central bank from 2008 to 2011
* [[Vlad Stashevsky]] (born 1974), Russian pop singer
* [[Berenika Glixman]] (born 1984), Israeli classical pianist
* [[Sergey Stepanov (musician)|Sergey Stepanov]] (born 1984), musician and composer, member of the [[SunStroke Project]]
* [[Valeria Lukyanova]] (born 1985), Ukrainian model, famous for her resemblance to a Barbie doll, lives in Moscow
* [[Anton Turkul]] (1892–1957), Russian Imperial Army officer

=== Politics ===
* [[Serhii Kivalov]] (born 1954), Ukrainian politician, jurist, parliamentarian, head of Central Election Commission
* [[Vladimir Mikhailovich Belyaev]] (born 1965), the minister of information and telecommunications
* [[Maya Parnas]] (born 1974), politician and was the former acting Prime Minister of Transnistria
* [[Nina Shtanski]] (born 1977), former Transnistrian state politician, the Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012 to 2015
* [[Roman Khudyakov]] (born 1977), Russian politician, chairman of the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Transnistria]]
* [[Vladimir Yastrebchak]] (born 1979), the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Transnistria from 2008 to 2012.
* [[Olga Paterova]] (born in 1984), politician, the press secretary for the political youth organization [[Proriv (Transnistria)|Breakthrough]]
* [[Yury Cheban]], Transnistrian Minister of Natural Resources and Ecological Control

=== Sport ===
* [[Constantin Nour]] (1906 or 1907 – 1986), Romanian champion [[middleweight|middleweight boxer]] and national team trainer
* [[Larisa Popova]] (born 1957), rower who competed for the Soviet Union in the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Igor Samoilenco]] (born 1977), boxer
* [[Andrei Mihailov]] (born 1980), [[backstroke]] swimmer, competed in the 2000 and the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Andrei Corneencov]] (born 1982), Moldovan international footballer.
* [[Stanislau Tsivonchyk]] (born 1985), Belarusian pole vaulter, competed in the pole vault at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Vitalie Bulat]] (born 1987), footballer
* [[Oleksandr Kolchenko]] (born 1988), Ukrainian basketball player
* [[Dănilă Artiomov]] (born 1994), [[breaststroke]] swimmer
* [[Artur Dalaloyan]] (born 1996), Russian [[Artistic gymnastics|artistic gymnast]] of Armenian origin

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Tiraspol sign.JPG|Sign at the entrance to Tiraspol
File:Monument to Suvorov - panoramio.jpg|[[Suvorov Monument (Tiraspol)|Statue of Alexander Suvorov]] at [[Suvorov Square (Tiraspol)|Suvorov Square]]
File:Tiraspolstreet.jpg|A street in central Tiraspol
File:TIraspol Transnistria (11359980726).jpg|The Victory Park
File:13.07.2008 - panoramio (2).jpg|The Dnestr river passing through Tiraspol
File:Lenin Statue on 25 Oktober Street - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36701973581).jpg|The statue of Lenin in front of the [[Parliament of Transnistria|parliament]] building
File:Street Scene - Tiraspol - Transnistria - 01 (36008035783).jpg|Street scene
File:Tiraspol, PMR (15144382021).jpg|Railway station
File:Tiraspol Casa sindicatelor și depoul pompierilor.jpg|Trade union building and fire station
File:War Memorial-Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36008034023).jpg|War memorial and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
File:Architectural Detail - Tiraspol - Transnistria - 01 (35982734024).jpg|Part of the city centre
File:Tiraspol Suvorov Square.jpg|Suvorov Square
File:Tiraspol Suvorov Monument.jpg|Suvorov Monument
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/TIRASPOL.pdf Tiraspol] (p.&nbsp;422) at [[Miriam Weiner (genealogist)|Miriam Weiner's]] [[Routes to Roots Foundation]]
* {{cite magazine|last1=Cucerescu|first1=Vasile|last2=Rosca|first2=Simon|year=2015|title=Tiraspol – the border city of Eastern Latinity|magazine=Eurolimes|issue=19}}
{{notelist}}
{{notelist-la}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tiraspol}}
{{wikivoyage|Tiraspol}}
{{notelist-ua}}

=== Non-Transnistrian links ===
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|2277470|Tiraspol, Moldova}}
*  [https://web.archive.org/web/20120223051922/http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_XII/718 Tyraspol] (Tiraspol) in the ''[[Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland]]'' (1892){{In lang|pl}}

=== Transnistrian links ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031220180219/http://www.tiraspol.info/ Tiraspol.info] {{In lang|ru}}

{{Transnistria, Moldova}}
{{AdminCitiesMoldova}}
{{Administrative divisions of Moldova}}
{{Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization}}
{{Geography of the Transnistria conflict}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiraspol| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Transnistria]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Moldova]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Moldova]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Dniester]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1792]]
[[Category:1792 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Tiraspolsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Moldova]]
[[Category:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:1790s establishments in the Russian Empire]]