View source for Timiș County

{{short description|County of Romania}}
{{distinguish|Temes County}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = Timiș County
|native_name             = Județul Timiș
|native_name_lang        = ro
|settlement_type         = [[Counties of Romania|County]]
| image_skyline           = {{multiple image
  | total_width            = 290
  | border                 = infobox
  | perrow                 = 1/2/1
  | caption_align          = center
  | image1                 = BaroquePalaceTemesvarFotoThalerTamas.jpg
  | caption1               = [[Baroque Palace, Timișoara]]
  | image2                 = Aerial view of Charlottenburg.jpg
  | caption2               = [[Bogda|Charlottenburg]]
  | image3                 = Sannicolaumare.jpg
  | caption3               = [[Sânnicolau Mare]]
  | image4                 = Splaiul Coriolan Brediceanu din Lugoj (octombrie 2023).jpg
  | caption4               = [[Lugoj]]
  }}
|image_flag              = 
|image_seal              = 
|image_shield            = Timis county coat of arms.png
|etymology               = [[Timiș (river)|Timiș River]]
|nickname                = 
|motto                   = 
|image_map               = Timis in Romania.svg
|map_caption             = Location of Timiș County in Romania
|coordinates             = {{coord|45|41|34.08|N|21|24|19.8|E|type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type        = Country
|subdivision_name        = [[Romania]]
|subdivision_type1       = [[Historical regions of Romania|Historical region]]
|subdivision_name1       = [[Banat]]
|subdivision_type2       = [[Development regions of Romania|Development region]]
|subdivision_name2       = [[Vest (development region)|West]]
|established_title       = Established
|established_date        = 1968
|seat_type               = County seat
|seat                    = [[Timișoara]]
|government_type         = 
|governing_body          = Timiș County Council
|leader_title            = President
|leader_name             = [[Alfred Simonis]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Romania)#|PSD]])<ref name="cj-timis">{{cite web |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/consiliul-judetean-timis/conducere/ |title=Conducerea |work=Consiliul Județean Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614104248/https://www.cjtimis.ro/consiliul-judetean-timis/conducere/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|leader_title1           = Prefect
|leader_name1            = Cornelia Micicoi ([[Save Romania Union|USR]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prefecturatimis.ro/echipa.php |title=Echipa instituției |work=Instituția Prefectului – Județul Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310183621/http://www.prefecturatimis.ro/echipa.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|unit_pref               = Metric
|area_footnotes          = 
|area_water_percent      = 
|area_rank               = 1st
|area_total_km2          = 8696.7
|area_land_km2           = 
|area_water_km2          = 
|elevation_footnotes     = 
|elevation_m             = 
|population_total       = {{Romania metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population_as_of       = {{Romania metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population_footnotes   = {{Romania metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
|population_rank         = 6th
|population_density_km2  = auto
|population_demonym      = ''timișean'' (male), ''timișeană'' (female)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dexonline.ro/definitie/timi%C8%99ean |title=timișean |work=dexonline |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609075415/https://dexonline.ro/definitie/timi%C8%99ean |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank1_name             = GDP (nominal)
| blank1_info             = US$ 19.150&nbsp;billion (''2025'')
 | blank2_name                    = [[GDP]] [[per capita]]
 | blank2_info                    = US$ 29,437 (''2025'')
|timezone1               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset1             = +2
|timezone1_DST           = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset1_DST         = +3
|postal_code_type        = 
|postal_code             = 
|area_code_type          = SIRUTA code
|area_code               = [http://colectaredate.insse.ro/senin/classifications.htm?selectedClassification=SIRUTA_AN_2015&action=search&resetCount=true&firstOperator=%3D&itemCode=350&locale=ro 350]
|registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of Romania|Registration plate]]
|registration_plate      = TM
| website                 = [https://cjtimis.ro/ County Council]<br/>[https://tm.prefectura.mai.gov.ro/ County Prefecture]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
}}
'''Timiș''' ({{IPA|ro|ˈtimiʃ}}) is a county (''[[județ]]'') of western [[Romania]] on the border with [[Hungary]] and [[Serbia]], in the [[historical regions of Romania|historical region]] of [[Banat]], with the county seat at [[Timișoara]]. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the [[Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion]].

== Name ==
The name of the county comes from the [[Timiș (river)|Timiș River]], known in Roman antiquity as ''Tibisis'' or ''Tibiscus''. According to Lajos Kiss' [[etymological dictionary]], the name of the river probably comes from the [[Dacian language]]: ''thibh-isjo'' ("marshy").<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q1dAAAAIAAJ |title=Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára |last=Kiss |first=Lajos |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |location=Budapest |date=1978 |isbn=9630514907 |oclc=4778015 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207232023/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q1dAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], Timiș County is known as ''Temes megye'', in [[German language|German]] as ''Kreis Temesch'', in [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as Тамишки округ/''Tamiški okrug'', in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as Тімішський повіт, and in [[Banat Bulgarian dialect|Banat Bulgarian]] as ''okrug Timiš''.
== Geography ==

{{Romanian counties map}}

Timiș is the largest county in Romania, occupying 8,696.7 km<sup>2</sup>, i.e. 3.65% of the country's area.<ref name="bnr">{{cite web |url=https://www.bnr.ro/DocumentInformation.aspx?idInfoClass=13567&idDocument=13334&directLink=1 |title=Monografia județului Timiș |work=Banca Națională a României |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207231521/https://www.bnr.ro/files/d/Pubs_ro/Monografii/Monografie_Timis_2012.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|3}} It is crossed by the [[46th parallel north]], the [[21st meridian east]] and the [[22nd meridian east]]. On its territory is the westernmost point of Romania, i.e. [[Beba Veche]], at 20° 15{{prime}} 44{{pprime}}, in the ''[[List of extreme points of Romania|Triplex Confinium]]'' point.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox8ZAQAAMAAJ |title=Enciclopedia geografică a României |last=Ghinea |first=Dan |edition=2nd |publisher=Editura Enciclopedică |location=Bucharest |date=2000 |page=127}}</ref>

Timiș County is part of the [[Vest (development region)|West Development Region]] along with the counties of [[Arad County|Arad]], [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]] and [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], being located in the center of the historical province of [[Banat]]. Due to its geographical position, almost a third of the county's borders are at the same time state borders. Thus, in the northwestern part, it borders [[Csongrád-Csanád County]] ([[Hungary]]), 18 km of this border being on the [[Mureș River]]. To the southwest, between [[Beba Veche]] and [[Jamu Mare|Lățunaș]], Timiș County borders [[Serbia]]. The land connection with the counties of the neighboring countries is ensured by the border crossing points from [[Cenad]], [[Moravița]] and [[Jimbolia]]. The neighboring Romanian counties with Timiș County are [[Arad County|Arad]] to the north, [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]] to the east and [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]] to the southeast.<ref name="strategie-1">{{cite book |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Analiza-teritoriala-si-administrativa-a-judetului-Timis-compressed-1.pdf |title=Strategia de dezvoltare economică și socială a județului Timiș 2021–2027 |volume=1. Analiza teritorială și administrativă a județului Timiș |publisher=Consiliul Județean Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531092450/https://www.cjtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Analiza-teritoriala-si-administrativa-a-judetului-Timis-compressed-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|20}}
=== Relief ===
[[File:TM infobox térkép.gif|thumb|Physical map of Timiș County]]
The relief is characterized by the predominance of [[plain]]s, which cover the western part (low plain) and the central part (high plain) of the county. Timiș County features all [[landform]]s, with altitudes between 75 m in Banat Plain and 1,374 m in [[Poiana Ruscă Mountains]]. Proportionally, the plain covers about 6,700 km<sup>2</sup>, representing 77.2% of the county's area; the hills cover about 1,650 km<sup>2</sup>, i.e. 19.01%; and the mountains cover a relatively small area of 300 km<sup>2</sup>, i.e. 3.45%.<ref name="bnr" />{{rp|3}}

The plain penetrates in a gulf-like manner the hilly areas, on the valleys of [[Timiș (river)|Timiș]] (towards [[Lugoj]]) and [[Bega (Tisza)|Bega]] (towards [[Făget]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Unitățile de relief ale României |volume=5. Câmpiile pericarpatice |last1=Badea |first1=Lucian |last2=Sandu |first2=Maria |last3=Buză |first3=Mircea |publisher=Ars Docendi |location=Bucharest |date=2011 |isbn=978-9735585723 |oclc=895493320}}</ref> In the east of the county lie the pre-mountain hills of Buziaș and the southern sector of the Lipova Plateau, whose peaks rise to altitudes between 200 and 400 m. The hills of Lăpugiu, Făget, Lugoj, Lipova, Silagiu and Sacoș are rich in pastures, orchards of fruit trees, vineyards, but also in cereal crops. The relief in the eastern part of the county is dominated by the Poiana Ruscă Mountains, with deep valleys and steep slopes, with heights that rarely exceed 1300 m (Padeș peak – 1374 m, Rusca peak – 1355 m).<ref name="barbu">{{cite book |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/mic-atlas-al-judetului-timis.html |title=Mic atlas al județului Timiș (caleidoscop) |last=Barbu |first=Dinu |location=Timișoara |publisher=Artpress |date=2013 |edition=5th |isbn=978-973-108-553-1 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904084534/https://dokumen.tips/documents/mic-atlas-al-judetului-timis.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|8–9}}
{{Gallery
| title        = Geographical features of Timiș County
| height       =
| width        =
| captionstyle =
| File:Periam - panoramio.jpg
 | Agricultural landscape in Aranca Plain
| File:DubestiTM (75).JPG
 | Lipova Plateau
| File:RO TM Cosevita 2010 19.jpg
 | Poiana Ruscă Mountains
}}

=== Natural resources ===
Located in the southeastern part of the [[Pannonian Plain]], the subsoil of Timiș County there are deposits of [[lignite]] ([[Boldur|Sinersig]]), [[basalt]] ([[Brestovăț|Lucareț]]–[[Ghizela|Șanovița]]), [[manganese]] ([[Pietroasa, Timiș|Pietroasa]]), [[clay]] ([[Biled]], [[Cărpiniș]], [[Jimbolia]], [[Lugoj]] and [[Sânnicolau Mare]]), [[crude oil]] and [[gas]] (in the western part of the county), [[sand]] ([[Șag]]) and glass sand ([[Margina|Groși]]–[[Făget]], [[Tomești, Timiș|Tomești]] and [[Fârdea|Gladna Montană]]).<ref name="bnr" />{{rp|4}} Mineral waters are also exploited in [[Buziaș]], [[Orțișoara|Călacea]], [[Giulvăz|Ivanda]], [[Bogda]] and [[Timișoara]]. The soil of Timiș County offers extremely favorable conditions for the cultivation of agricultural plants, especially for the cultivation of cereals, but also for technical and fodder plants, as well as for fruit growing and [[viticulture]]. The forests are relatively few. In the eastern part there are forests of [[fir]], [[spruce]] and [[beech]]. In the other parts of the county there are small forests of [[oak]], [[Quercus cerris|Austrian oak]], [[Quercus frainetto|Hungarian oak]], and in the meadows – [[Populus|poplars]] and [[willow]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prefecturatimis.ro/judet.php?nivel=4 |title=Resurse de importanță economică |work=Instituția Prefectului – Județul Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609120529/http://www.prefecturatimis.ro/judet.php?nivel=4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Hydrography ===
[[File:Bega river in the summertime.jpg|thumb|[[Bega (Tisza)|Bega River]] in [[Timișoara]]]]
The hydrographic network of Timiș County, spread over 3,104 km, is composed of two hydrographic basins: Bega–Timiș–Caraș and Mureș. The most important rivers in size and hydropower potential in the county, which cross the territory through the center, dividing it into two halves, south and north, are [[Timiș (river)|Timiș]] and [[Bega (Tisza)|Bega]]. Timiș is the largest inland river in Banat, which has its sources on the eastern slopes of the Semenic Mountains, in [[Caraș-Severin County]]. The river is formed at the confluence of three branches: Semenic, Grădiște and Brebu. It crosses the whole of Timiș County, then passes into Serbia where it flows into the [[Danube]], to [[Pančevo]]. Bega River springs from the Poiana Ruscă Mountains and flows into the [[Tisza]] after a route of 244 km, being its southernmost tributary. Downstream, towards the western edge, up to the border, the course of the Bega River is completely canalized. The [[Bega Canal]] is navigable both in Romania and in Serbia, having a length of 44 km only in Romania.
[[File:RO TM Surduc 4.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Surduc]]]]
The natural lakes, with small areas and depths, are represented by the lake complex of [[Satchinez]] (40 ha; 1.5 m deep), the two lakes of [[Becicherecu Mic]] (one of 33 ha and another of 13 ha), the Petra pond of [[Jebel, Timiș|Jebel]], etc. Between 1969 and 1975, pond-like lakes for [[flood control]], [[irrigation]] and [[fishing]] were arranged on the courses of both Timiș and Bega. The largest of these, [[Lake Surduc]], was arranged on [[Gladna|Gladna stream]], a tributary of the Bega, and has an area of 460 ha and a volume of 51 million m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2016/02/lacul-surduc-sursa-de-apa-si-loc-de-agrement-pentru-vestul-tarii-ce-legende-si-ce-promisiuni-au-ramas-neindeplinite-foto/ |title=Lacul Surduc, sursă de apă și loc de agrement pentru vestul țării. Ce legende are și ce promisiuni au rămas neîndeplinite |work=pressalert.ro |last=Păun |first=Liana |date=20 February 2016 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207231902/https://www.pressalert.ro/2016/02/lacul-surduc-sursa-de-apa-si-loc-de-agrement-pentru-vestul-tarii-ce-legende-si-ce-promisiuni-au-ramas-neindeplinite-foto/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the county there are also two lakes with hot (20 °C) and mineral water at [[Tomești, Timiș|Românești]], with an area of 50 m<sup>2</sup> and the muddy volcano from [[Boldur|Ohaba-Forgaci]], in the Magheruș valley, of 50 m<sup>2</sup>.

The high density of the hydrographic network, the low slopes of the riverbeds in the plain sector, the reduced depth of the groundwater, the presence of [[ultisol]]s, all favor the floods and marshes. To reduce the amplitude of these phenomena, since the first half of the 18teenth century, large engineering works (damming, canalization, draining etc.) were made in the region, most of which are still functional today. Among the major [[flash flood]]s and [[flood]]s in the Banat Plain, the most important were those of May 1912, June 1966 and [[2005 European floods|April 2005]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoL2DAAAQBAJ |title=Landform Dynamics and Evolution in Romania |editor-last1=Rădoane |editor-first1=Maria |editor-last2=Vespremeanu-Stroe |editor-first2=Alfred |publisher=Springer |date=2017 |pages=834–835 |issn=2194-3168 |isbn=978-3-319-32589-7 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207231405/https://books.google.com/books?id=EoL2DAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Flora ===
The natural vegetation, strongly influenced by human activities, is characterized by the small-scale presence of [[forest-steppe]] plants and by a higher frequency of hydro- and hygrophilous vegetation in low plains and meadows with excess moisture. The extensive agricultural crops in the plain alternate with small areas of secondary meadows dominated by fescue associations (''[[Festuca valesiaca]]'', ''[[Festuca rupicola]]'' and ''[[Festuca|Festuca pseudovina]]'') mixed with wormwood (''[[Artemisia austriaca]]'') and others. The deciduous forests, made up of pedunculate oak (''[[Quercus robur]]''), Austrian oak (''[[Quercus cerris]]'') and Hungarian oak (''[[Quercus frainetto]]''), occupy insularly or on compact areas the Lipova Plateau, the Lugoj and Pogăniș Hills and partly the Gătaia Plain. In the eastern extremity of Timiș County there are sessile oak forests (''[[Quercus petraea]]'') mixed with Austrian oak (''[[Quercus cerris]]''), beech forests (''[[Fagus sylvatica]]'') mixed with hornbeam (''[[Carpinus betulus]]''), and the upper slopes of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains are covered with [[spruce]] forests mixed with [[fir]] and [[beech]].

In Timiș County there are 45 [[nature reserve]]s that total 134,766.49 ha or about 13% of the county's area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.banatulazi.ro/13-din-suprafata-judetului-timis-se-afla-in-arii-naturale-protejate/ |title=13% din suprafața județului Timiș se află în arii naturale protejate |work=Banatul Azi |last=Dogaru |first=Viorel |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522203014/https://www.banatulazi.ro/13-din-suprafata-judetului-timis-se-afla-in-arii-naturale-protejate/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Fauna ===
The fauna, adapted to the relief and vegetation conditions, includes steppe species ([[European hare|hares]], [[Spermophilus|ground squirrels]], [[European polecat|polecats]], [[Apodemus|field mice]], [[European mole|moles]], [[European roller|rollers]], [[common quail|quails]], [[grey partridge|partridges]], [[lark]]s, [[common starling|starlings]], [[lizard]]s, various insects), forest species ([[roe deer|deer]], [[squirrel]]s, [[bear]]s, [[wolf|wolves]], [[fox]]es, [[wild boar]]s, [[wildcat]]s, [[dormouse|dormice]], [[Eurasian jay|jays]], [[salamander]]s, etc.) and water species ([[heron]]s, [[mallard]]s, [[goose|geese]], [[stork]]s, [[frog]]s and a wide variety of fish, such as [[northern pike|pike]], [[common barbel|barbel]], [[Prussian carp]], [[wels catfish|wels]], [[perch]], [[Eurasian carp|carp]], etc.).

=== Climate ===
The climate has a moderate temperate [[continental climate|continental]] character, with hot summers and mild winters due to both the influences of the oceanic (from the west) and Mediterranean (from the south and southwest) air masses and the fact that over 85% of the territory belongs to the plain climate (the remaining 15% belongs to the climate of hilly and mountainous regions).<ref name="cadru-natural" />{{rp|49}} The western area of the Banat Plain is classified according to [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen's guide]] as [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]], and the mountainous area in the east of the county as [[Humid continental climate|Dfb]].<ref name="cadru-natural">{{cite book |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/PATJ-Timis-Volumul-II-Cadrul-natural-mediu-zone-de-risc.pdf |title=Plan de amenajare a teritoriului județului Timiș |volume=2. Cadru natural, mediu, zone de risc |publisher=Consiliul Județean Timiș |date=April 2013 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194639/https://www.cjtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/PATJ-Timis-Volumul-II-Cadrul-natural-mediu-zone-de-risc.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|50}} Due to the high uniformity of the relief, the average annual temperatures are poorly differentiated on the territory of Timiș County. The annual averages are close to 11 °C in the region with plain climate and decrease by 1–2 °C on the hills in the east of the county.<ref name="barbu" />{{rp|9}} The averages of the warmest month (July) exceed 21 °C in the plain and fall below 18 °C in the east. The averages of the coldest month (January) are higher than –2 °C in the plain and rise to values higher than –1 °C in the east of the county. The absolute maximum temperature (42 °C) was recorded in [[Banloc]] (24 July 2007), and the absolute minimum temperature (–35.3 °C) in Timișoara (29 January 1963).<ref name="cadru-natural" />{{rp|55}}

The average multiannual precipitation amounts to increasing quantities from west to east, i.e. 569 mm in Jimbolia, 620.6 mm in Timișoara, 734 mm in Făget and over 1,200 mm on the ridges of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains. The maximum rainfall occurs in June, as a result of the intensification of cyclonic activity in the [[North Atlantic]] or in the Mediterranean basin. On the other hand, the lowest average monthly amounts fall in February–March. The snow layer is unstable and has insignificant thicknesses.

Predominant winds blow from the north (16.9%), east (15%), northwest (9.1%) and south (8.4%), with average annual speeds between 1.2 and 3.8 m/s. Local winds include ''austru'' (dry wind from the south), ''coșavă'' (high-speed cold wind), ''rușavăț'' (in the Banat Plain) and mountain breezes (in the east).<ref name="cadru-natural" />{{rp|65}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Characteristic parameters of the topoclimates of Banat
! colspan="2" | Territory 
! colspan="2" | Plain 
! Hills !! Mountains
|-
! colspan="2" | Topoclimate 
! Low plain !! High plain !! Banat Hills !! Poiana Ruscă
|-
| colspan="2" | Average annual temperature (°C) 
| 10…11 || 10…11 || 8…11 || 2…6
|-
| rowspan="2" | Average temperature (°C) in
| January || >–2 || <–2 || <–3 || –4…–6
|-
| July || >21 || 20…21 || 18…19 || 14…17
|-
| colspan="2" | Average annual amplitude (°C)
| >23 || 22…23 || 21…22 || 20…21
|-
| colspan="2" | No. of days with frost
| <90 || <90 || 100…110 || >180
|-
| colspan="2" | No. of days without frost
| 190 || 180…190 || 160…180 || 120…160
|-
| colspan="2" | No. of tropical days
| >40 || 30…40 || 20…30 || <5
|-
| colspan="2" | Average annual rainfall (mm)
| <600 || 600…700 || 800…1,000 || >1,200
|-
| colspan="2" | No. of days with snow cover
| <40 || 40…50 || 50…75 || 75…100
|-
| colspan="2" | Relative humidity in July (%)
| <64 || <64 || <64…>72 || 72…80
|-
| colspan="2" | No. of clear days
| >60 || >60 || >50 || 40…50
|-
| colspan="6" | {{small|Sources: <ref>{{cite book |title=Geografia României |volume=1. Geografia fizică |last1=Badea |first1=Lucian |last2=Gâștescu |first2=Petre |last3=Velcea |first3=Valeria Amelia |location=Bucharest |publisher=Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România |date=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Tipuri de peisaje rurale în Banat |last=Vert |first=Constantin |location=Timișoara |publisher=Mirton |date=2001 |isbn=9735854694}}</ref>}}
|}

== History ==
{{Empty section|date=June 2022}}

== Demographics ==
{{Div flex row}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb=left
|style=clear:none;
|caption=Ethnic composition of Timiș County (2021)
|label1=[[Romanians]]|value1=74.44|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]]|value2=3.27|color2=#80ff80
|label3=[[Romani people in Romania|Romani]]|value3=1.19|color3=#80ffff
|label4=[[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]]|value4=0.99|color4=#c03f3f
|label5=[[Germans of Romania|Germans]] <small>([[Banat Swabians]])</small>|value5=0.72|color5=#ff80ff
|label6=[[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]]|value6=0.64|color6=#ffff80
|label7=[[Bulgarians in Romania|Bulgarians]]|value7=0.5|color7=#3fc03f
|label8=[[Slovaks of Romania|Slovaks]]|value8=0.14|color8=#3f3fc0
|label9=Others|value9=17.39|color9=#9f9f9f}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Religious composition of Timiș County (2021)
|label1=[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]]|value1=79.12|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholics]]|value2=7.66|color2=#ffff80
|label3=[[Pentecostal Union of Romania|Pentecostals]]|value3=5.13|color3=#3fc03f
|label4=[[Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania|Baptists]]|value4=1.57|color4=#80ffff
|label5=[[Reformed Church in Romania|Reformed]]|value5=1.28|color5=#80ff80
|label6=[[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]]|value6=1.04|color6=#c03f3f
|label7=[[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholics]]|value7=0.98|color7=#ff80ff
|label8=Others|value8=1.47|color8=#9f9f9f
|label9=[[Irreligion|Irreligious]], [[Atheism|atheists]] and [[Agnosticism|agnostics]]|value9=1.73|color9=#555555}}
{{div flex row end}}
According to the [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]], Timiș County had a population of 650,533 (or 3.4% of the country's population), being the sixth most populous county in Romania. The [[population density]] was {{Pop density|650533
|8696.7|km2|sqmi|prec=1}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-rpl-2021/rezultate-definitive-caracteristici-etno-culturale-demografice/|title=Rezultate definitive: Caracteristici etno-culturale demografice|website=Recensamantromania.ro|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805020348/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-rpl-2021/rezultate-definitive-caracteristici-etno-culturale-demografice/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Timiș County has an [[urbanization]] rate of 61.8%,<ref name="insse" />{{rp|8}} above the national rate but decreasing amid an expanding [[suburbanization]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/739811525697535701-0080022018/original/RLRFULLonline20180501.pdf |title=Rethinking Lagging Regions: Using Cohesion Policy to Deliver on the Potential of Europe's Regions |last1=Farole |first1=Thomas |last2=Goga |first2=Soraya |last3=Ionescu-Heroiu |first3=Marcel |publisher=The World Bank |date=2018 |page=96 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194651/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/739811525697535701-0080022018/original/RLRFULLonline20180501.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| colspan="11" align="center" | 
{{Chart|definition=Population of Timiș County.chart|data=Population of Timiș County.tab|Width=400}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Census<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/tmetn02.pdf |title=Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája |volume=3. Arad, Krassó-Szörény és Temes megye |last=Varga |first=E. Árpád |location=Miercurea Ciuc |publisher=Pro-Print |date=2000 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610213704/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/tmetn02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/vol2_t1.xls |title=Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930–2011 – județe |work=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401225728/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/vol2_t1.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="9" | Ethnic group
|-
! Year !! Population
! [[Romanians]] !! [[Hungarians]] !! [[Germans]] !! [[Jews]] !! [[Romani people|Roma]] !! [[Ukrainians]] !! [[Serbs]] !! [[Slovaks]] !! [[Bulgarians]]
|-
| 1880 || 454,145 
| 200,834 {{small|(44.2%)}} || 33,947 {{small|(7.5%)}} || 171,539 {{small|(37.8%)}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 64 {{small|(<0.1%)}} || 31,316 {{small|(6.9%)}} || 3,549 {{small|(0.8%)}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| ''1890''* || 502,582 || 211,748 {{small|(42.1%)}} || 45,998 {{small|(9.2%)}} || 195,588 {{small|(38.9%)}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 49 {{small|(<0.1%)}} || 31,467 {{small|(6.3%)}} || 2,869 {{small|(0.6%)}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| ''1900''* || 541,849 || 221,305 {{small|(40.8%)}} || 70,338 {{small|(13%)}} || 201,795 {{small|(37.2%)}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 69 {{small|(<0.1%)}} || 30,939 {{small|(5.7%)}} || 2,911 {{small|(0.5%)}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| ''1910''* || 560,258 || 223,816 {{small|(39.9%)}} || 96,364 {{small|(17.2%)}} || 188,440 {{small|(33.6%)}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 296 {{small|(0.1%)}} || 32,430 {{small|(5.8%)}} || 3,269 {{small|(0.6%)}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| 1920 || 512,891 || 217,056 {{small|(42.3%)}} || 74,324 {{small|(14.5%)}} || 168,605 {{small|(32.9%)}} || 11,779 {{small|(2.3%)}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| 1930 || 559,591 || 236,305 {{small|(42.2%)}} || 84,756 {{small|(15.1%)}} || 178,238 {{small|(31.9%)}} || 9,768 {{small|(1.7%)}} || 8,090 {{small|(1.4%)}} || 1,399 {{small|(0.3%)}} || 27,075 {{small|(4.8%)}} || 3,919 {{small|(0.7%)}} || 7,527 {{small|(1.3%)}}
|-
| 1941 || 578,881 || 263,474 {{small|(45.5%)}} || 74,745 {{small|(12.9%)}} || 176,732 {{small|(30.5%)}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| 1956 || 568,881 || 325,834 {{small|(57.3%)}} || 77,530 {{small|(13.6%)}} || 114,194 {{small|(20.1%)}} || 7,378 {{small|(1.3%)}} || 6,089 {{small|(1.1%)}} || 1,405 {{small|(0.2%)}} || 23,781 {{small|(4.2%)}} || 2,667 {{small|(0.5%)}} || 7,440 {{small|(1.3%)}}
|-
| 1966 || 607,596 || 378,183 {{small|(62.2%)}} || 76,183 {{small|(12.5%)}} || 109,315 {{small|(18%)}} || 2,909 {{small|(0.5%)}} || 4,637 {{small|(0.8%)}} || 1,780 {{small|(0.3%)}} || 22,709 {{small|(3.7%)}} || 2,300 {{small|(0.4%)}} || 7,509 {{small|(1.2%)}}
|-
| 1977 || 696,884 || 472,912 {{small|(67.9%)}} || 77,525 {{small|(11.1%)}} || 98,296 {{small|(14.1%)}} || 1,799 {{small|(0.3%)}} || 9,828 {{small|(1.4%)}} || 3,773 {{small|(0.5%)}} || 20,891 {{small|(3%)}} || 2,128 {{small|(0.3%)}} || 7,151 {{small|(1%)}}
|-
| 1992 || 700,033 || 561,200 {{small|(80.2%)}} || 62,866 {{small|(9%)}} || 26,722 {{small|(3.8%)}} || 625 {{small|(0.1%)}} || 14,836 {{small|(2.1%)}} || 6,468 {{small|(0.9%)}} || 17,144 {{small|(2.4%)}} || 2,229 {{small|(0.3%)}} || 6,466 {{small|(0.9%)}}
|-
| 2002 || 677,926 || 565,639 {{small|(83.4%)}} || 50,556 {{small|(7.5%)}} || 14,174 {{small|(2.1%)}} || 441 {{small|(0.1%)}} || 16,084 {{small|(2.4%)}} || 7,321 {{small|(1.1%)}} || 13,273 {{small|(2%)}} || 1,908 {{small|(0.3%)}} || 5,562 {{small|(0.8%)}}
|-
| 2011 || 683,540 || 550,836 {{small|(80.6%)}} || 35,295 {{small|(5.2%)}} || 8,504 {{small|(1.2%)}} || 220 {{small|(<0.1%)}} || 14,525 {{small|(2.1%)}} || 5,950 {{small|(0.9%)}} || 10,344 {{small|(1.5%)}} || 1,424 {{small|(0.2%)}} || 4,478 {{small|(0.7%)}}
|-
| 2021 || 650,533 || 484,243 {{small|(74.44%)}} || 21,285 {{small|(3.27%)}} || 4,684 {{small|(0.72%)}} || 144 {{small|(0.02%)}} || 12,438 {{small|(1.91%)}} || 4,131 {{small|(0.64%)}} || 6,447 {{small|(0.99%)}} || 939 {{small|(0.14%)}} || 3,244 {{small|(0.5%)}}
|-
| colspan="11" | {{small|*Censuses in ''italics'' are based on mother tongue and not ethnicity.}}
|}
According to the 2011 census, [[Hungarians]] are the largest ethnic minority in Timiș County, numbering 35,295 people or 5.2% of the county's population. Significant concentrations of the Hungarian population follow the areas where the policy of colonization of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] manifested itself in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. At the 2011 census, there were 16 localities – all rural – that had at least 20% Hungarian population. However, their total population represents only 12.6% of the Hungarian population in the county. This is explained by the migration of Hungarians from rural to urban areas after 1990. By weight, the largest Hungarian communities are found in [[Otelec]] (''Ótelek''; 75.1%), [[Beba Veche|Cherestur]] (''Pusztakeresztúr''; 69.7%), [[Balinț|Bodo]] (''Nagybodófalva''; 64%), [[Tormac]] (''Végvár''; 60.6%) and [[Sacoșu Turcesc|Otvești]] (''Ötvösd''; 52.6%).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346084403 |title=Comunitățile etnice minoritare maghiare din județul Timiș – perspectivă istorico-geografică |last=Berceanu |first=Iancu C. |journal=Morisena |volume=3 |issue=19 |date=2020 |pages=40–48 |issn=2501-1359}}</ref>

[[Romani people|Roma]] are the second largest minority, with 14,525 people (or 2.1% of the county's population) at the 2011 census, although unofficial estimates put the figure at 45,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/cati-romi-avem-in-timisoara-rudolf-stancu-liderul-romilor-banateni-in-timisoara-suntem-cam-7-000-de-romi-in-timis-16-500-dar-in-total-suntem-peste-45-000/18/07/2012 |title=Câți romi avem în Timișoara? Rudolf Stancu, liderul romilor bănățeni: În Timișoara suntem cam 7.000 de romi, în Timiș 16.500, dar în total suntem peste 45.000 |last=Deaconescu |first=Roxana |work=Opinia Timișoarei |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304235429/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/cati-romi-avem-in-timisoara-rudolf-stancu-liderul-romilor-banateni-in-timisoara-suntem-cam-7-000-de-romi-in-timis-16-500-dar-in-total-suntem-peste-45-000/18/07/2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lugoj|Măguri]], a component locality of [[Lugoj]] municipality, is the only village in the county where the Roma have an absolute majority (69.4% in 2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/singurul-sat-din-timis-unde-romii-au-majoritate-absoluta-intre-saracie-si-pitoresc-182062/ |title=Singurul sat din Timiș unde romii au majoritate absolută, între sărăcie și pitoresc |work=TION |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207231421/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/singurul-sat-din-timis-unde-romii-au-majoritate-absoluta-intre-saracie-si-pitoresc-182062/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The largest communities of [[Serbs]], [[Germans]] and [[Bulgarians]] in Romania also live in Timiș County. The number of Serbs living in Timiș exceeds 10,000. Most of them are located in Timișoara and in the localities near the border with [[Serbia]]: [[Topolovățu Mare|Cralovăț]] (Краљевац/''Kraljevac''; 64.5%), [[Recaș|Petrovaselo]] (Петрово Село/''Petrovo Selo''; 48.4%), [[Peciu Nou|Sânmartinu Sârbesc]] (Српски Семартон/''Srpski Semarton''; 35.6%), [[Cenei]] (Ченеј/''Čenej''; 24.2%), [[Peciu Nou|Diniaș]] (Дињаш/''Dinjaš''; 21.8%), etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digi24.ro/regional/digi24-timisoara/recensamant-in-timis-avem-cele-mai-mari-comunitati-de-sarbi-germani-si-bulgari-din-romania-88992 |title=Recensământ în Timiș: avem cele mai mari comunități de sârbi, germani și bulgari din România! |work=Digi 24 |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207231545/https://www.digi24.ro/regional/digi24-timisoara/recensamant-in-timis-avem-cele-mai-mari-comunitati-de-sarbi-germani-si-bulgari-din-romania-88992 |url-status=live }}</ref> Up to the 20th century, the Germans (specifically [[Banat Swabians]]) were a very large community. They were colonized here at the end of the 17th century and during the 18th century, in three successive waves, during the reigns of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]], [[Maria Theresa]] and [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]. They came from different areas of Germany, especially [[Rhineland]], the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] and [[Swabia]], but also [[Luxembourg]], [[Lorraine]], [[Alsace]], [[Westphalia]], [[Hesse]], [[East Franconia]] and [[Bavaria]]. Deported to the [[Soviet Union]] for forced labor after 1945 and subjected to [[nationalization]] and [[collectivization]] during the communist period, most Germans in Timiș County left for [[Germany]] and [[Austria]], with one last wave after 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/mediterranee/523 |title=Identity and multiculturalism in the Romanian Banat |last1=Crețan |first1=Remus |last2=Turnock |first2=David |last3=Woudstra |first3=Jaco |journal=Méditerranée |year=2008 |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=17–26 |doi=10.4000/mediterranee.523 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629122805/https://journals.openedition.org/mediterranee/523 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> At present, they account for merely {{frac|1|24}} of the number at the 1900 census, when the highest number of Germans was recorded. [[Banat Bulgarians]], a Bulgarian Catholic minority, began settling in Banat in the late 17th century from the north and northwest of today's [[Bulgaria]]. The largest communities of Banat Bulgarians in Timiș County live in [[Denta|Breștea]] (''Brešća''; 80.3%), [[Dudeștii Vechi]] (''Stár Bišnov''; 66.5%) and [[Denta]] (''Dénta''; 5.2%).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01LeCwAAQBAJ |chapter=The Rise, Fall, and Revival of the Banat Bulgarian Literary Language: Sociolinguistic History from the Perspective of Trans-Border Interactions |last=Nomachi |first=Motoki |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders |editor-last1=Kamusella |editor-first1=Tomasz |editor-last2=Nomachi |editor-first2=Motoki |editor-last3=Gibson |editor-first3=Catherine |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=2016 |page=395 |isbn=978-1-137-34839-5 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207231419/https://books.google.com/books?id=01LeCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Religion === 

In Timiș County there are over 300 places of worship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2015/08/consiliul-judetean-timis-aloca-inca-600-000-de-lei-pentru-bisericile-din-judet-cate-lacasuri-de-cult-avem-timis/ |title=Consiliul Județean Timiș alocă încă 600.000 de lei pentru bisericile din județ. Câte lăcașuri de cult avem în Timiș |work=pressalert.ro |last=Mîț |first=Adriana |date=31 August 2015 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610080205/https://www.pressalert.ro/2015/08/consiliul-judetean-timis-aloca-inca-600-000-de-lei-pentru-bisericile-din-judet-cate-lacasuri-de-cult-avem-timis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Timisoara is the seat of the Archbishopric of Timișoara, the see of the [[Metropolis of Banat]]. The archbishopric has jurisdiction over the territory of Timiș County, which is divided into 273 [[parish]]es organized in six [[deanery|deaneries]] (Timișoara I, Timișoara II, [[Lugoj]], [[Făget]], [[Deta, Romania|Deta]] and [[Sânnicolau Mare]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mitropolia-banatului.ro/sematisme/ |title=Protopopiatele Eparhiei |work=Mitropolia Banatului |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525234931/https://mitropolia-banatului.ro/sematisme/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Timișoara is also the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Timișoara|Roman Catholic Archbishopric of Timișoara]] and the [[Eparchy of Temišvar|Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara]] and one of the nine deaneries of the [[Reformed Diocese of Királyhágómellék|Reformed Eparchy of Piatra Craiului]]. Lugoj is the seat of the [[Romanian Catholic Eparchy of Lugoj|Greek Catholic Archbishopric of Lugoj]] and one of the two deaneries of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Vicariate Sighetu Marmației|Ukrainian Orthodox Vicarage]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://culte.gov.ro/fg-content/BookEN.pdf |title=State and Religions in Romania |location=Bucharest |publisher=Litera |author=State Secretariat for Religious Affairs |date=2015 |isbn=978-606-741-674-9 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630101817/http://culte.gov.ro/fg-content/BookEN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Politics and administration ==

Timiș County is administered by a county council (''consiliu județean'') consisting of 36 councilors. Following the [[2020 Romanian local elections|2020 local elections]], the council is chaired by {{ill|Alin Nica|ro}} from [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|PNL]],<ref name="cj-timis" /> and the political composition of the council is as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/data/json/sicpv/pv/pv_tm_final.json |title=Rezultatele finale ale alegerilor locale din 2020 |work=Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427033608/https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/data/json/sicpv/pv/pv_tm_final.json |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#ccc" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
! style="background:#ccc" | Party
! style="background:#ccc" | Seats
! style="background:#ccc" colspan="16" | Current County Council
|-
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL)
| style="text-align: right" | '''16'''
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| [[Save Romania Union]] (USR)
| style="text-align: right" | '''10'''
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]]–[[Social Liberal Humanist Party]] (PSD–PUSL)
| style="text-align: right" | '''7'''
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|PRO Romania}} &nbsp;
| [[PRO Romania]] (PRO)
| style="text-align: right" | '''3'''
| {{party color cell|PRO Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|PRO Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|PRO Romania}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}

==Administrative divisions==

[[File:Timis Harta Administrativa.png|thumb|Administrative map of Timiș County
{{legend|#0094ff|Municipality}}
{{legend|#00ff90|Town}}]]
Timiș County is divided into two municipalities (''municipiu''), eight towns (''oraș'') and 89 communes (''comună'') with 313 villages:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/judetul-timis/primariile-din-judetul-timis/ |title=Primăriile din județul Timiș |work=Consiliul Județean Timiș |date=8 March 2021 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523134512/https://www.cjtimis.ro/judetul-timis/primariile-din-judetul-timis/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="insse">{{cite web |url=https://timis.insse.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Anuarul-Judetului-Timis-Editia-2021.pdf |title=Anuarul statistic al județului Timiș pe anul 2019 |work=Direcția Regională de Statistică Timiș |date=2021 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620194707/https://timis.insse.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Anuarul-Judetului-Timis-Editia-2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|1}} 
;Municipalities
* [[Timișoara]] – county seat; population: 319,279 (as of 2011)
* [[Lugoj]] – population: 40,361 (as of 2011)
;Towns
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sânnicolau Mare]] – population: 12,312 (as of 2011)
* [[Jimbolia]] – population: 10,808 (as of 2011)
* [[Recaș]] – population: 8,336 (as of 2011)
* [[Buziaș]] – population: 7,023 (as of 2011)
* [[Făget]] – population: 6,761 (as of 2011)
* [[Deta, Romania|Deta]] – population: 6,260 (as of 2011)
* [[Gătaia]] – population: 5,861 (as of 2011)
* [[Ciacova]] – population: 5,348 (as of 2011)
{{div col end}}
;Communes
{{div col begin|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Balinț]]
* [[Banloc]]
* [[Bara, Timiș|Bara]]
* [[Bârna]]
* [[Beba Veche]]
* [[Becicherecu Mic]]
* [[Belinț]]
* [[Bethausen]]
* [[Biled]]
* [[Birda]]
* [[Bogda]]
* [[Boldur]]
* [[Brestovăț]]
* [[Bucovăț, Timiș|Bucovăț]]
* [[Cărpiniș]]
* [[Cenad]]
* [[Cenei]]
* [[Checea]]
* [[Chevereșu Mare]]
* [[Comloșu Mare]]
* [[Coșteiu]]
* [[Criciova]]
* [[Curtea]]
* [[Darova]]
* [[Denta]]
* [[Dudeștii Noi]]
* [[Dudeștii Vechi]]
* [[Dumbrava, Timiș|Dumbrava]]
* [[Dumbrăvița, Timiș|Dumbrăvița]]
* [[Fârdea]]
* [[Fibiș]]
* [[Foeni]]
* [[Gavojdia]]
* [[Ghilad]]
* [[Ghiroda]]
* [[Ghizela]]
* [[Giarmata]]
* [[Giera]]
* [[Giroc]]
* [[Giulvăz]]
* [[Gottlob, Timiș|Gottlob]]
* [[Iecea Mare]]
* [[Jamu Mare]]
* [[Jebel, Timiș|Jebel]]
* [[Lenauheim]]
* [[Liebling, Timiș|Liebling]]
* [[Livezile, Timiș|Livezile]]
* [[Lovrin]]
* [[Margina]]
* [[Mașloc]]
* [[Mănăștiur]]
* [[Moravița]]
* [[Moșnița Nouă]]
* [[Nădrag]]
* [[Nițchidorf]]
* [[Ohaba Lungă]]
* [[Orțișoara]]
* [[Otelec]]
* [[Parța]]
* [[Pădureni, Timiș|Pădureni]]
* [[Peciu Nou]]
* [[Periam]]
* [[Pesac]]
* [[Pietroasa, Timiș|Pietroasa]]
* [[Pișchia]]
* [[Racovița, Timiș|Racovița]]
* [[Remetea Mare]]
* [[Sacoșu Turcesc]]
* [[Saravale]]
* [[Satchinez]]
* [[Săcălaz]]
* [[Sânandrei]]
* [[Sânmihaiu Român]]
* [[Sânpetru Mare]]
* [[Secaș]]
* [[Șag]]
* [[Șandra]]
* [[Știuca]]
* [[Teremia Mare]]
* [[Tomești, Timiș|Tomești]]
* [[Tomnatic]]
* [[Topolovățu Mare]]
* [[Tormac]]
* [[Traian Vuia, Timiș|Traian Vuia]]
* [[Uivar]]
* [[Variaș]]
* [[Vălcani]]
* [[Victor Vlad Delamarina, Timiș|Victor Vlad Delamarina]]
* [[Voiteg]]
{{div col end}}

=== Official symbols ===
{{See also|Lion and Sun}}

The flag of Timiș County has a rectangular shape, with its width equal to two-thirds of its length and consists of the county coat of arms superimposed on a white background. White chosen for the flag signifies purity and peace. Above the coat of arms is inscribed in capital letters in [[vermilion]] the word "Romania", and below it is inscribed with the same characters in [[cobalt blue]] the words "Timiș County". The county flag was approved in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/247846 |title=Hotărâre nr. 1129 din 14 octombrie 2021 |work=Portal Legislativ |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613164228/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/247846 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The coat of arms was approved in 2002 and consists of a cut [[escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]]; at the top, on the red [[field (heraldry)|field]], a golden lion coming out of the battlements of a wall of built gold; the lion holds a bent sword, with a wide point, made of silver; in the upper right-hand corner is a golden sun, and in the upper left, a rising silver moon. At the bottom, on the blue field, is a wavy silver band. The lion with armed arm, characteristic of [[Banat of Temeswar]], symbolizes the defenders of the land and of Christianity against the Ottoman armies; the lion carries the victorious sword of [[Pál Kinizsi]], Count of [[Temes County]]. The gold wall symbolizes the [[Timișoara Fortress|fortress of Timișoara]]. The golden sun symbolizes, through its position, the lofty goals for which the heroes of this land fought. The silver moon represents the pair of the sun. The wavy silver band on the blue field symbolizes the [[Timiș (river)|Timiș River]], which gives the county its name.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/FormaPrintabila/00000G0E1XE8G0XPEG631J9VZE1H3TFG |title=Hotărâre nr. 541 din 30 mai 2002 |work=Portal Legislativ |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207231543/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/FormaPrintabila/00000G0E1XE8G0XPEG631J9VZE1H3TFG |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Historical variants
<gallery>
File:Interbelic Timis-Torontal County CoA.png|In the interwar period
File:RSR Jud Timis.png|During the communist period
</gallery>

== Economy ==
Timiș County has one of the most dynamic economies in Romania. The county's economy gradually transformed from a predominantly industrial one, sometimes with significant losses due to the non-use of labor and capital endowments, into a [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary one]] (based mainly on [[Service (economics)|services]]).<ref name="economie" />{{rp|141}} The specialization of Timiș County stands out in the computer, automotive and electrical equipment industry, these registering high values of the [[location quotient]] (as of 2019).<ref name="ghid">{{cite web |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/17/book.html |title=Ghidul investitorului |work=Consiliul Județean Timiș |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192524/https://www.cjtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/17/book.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|18}}

In 2021, Timiș County had a GDP per capita of 31,519 euros, 40% above the national average, and an annual growth rate of 5–10%.<ref name="cnp" />{{rp|4}} At national level, it ranks third in terms of [[GDP]], reaching 62.5 billion lei in 2021, with a contribution of 6.5% of Romania's total GDP,<ref name="cnp">{{cite web |url=https://cnp.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/PROGNOZA_2020_2024_in_profil_teritorial.pdf |title=Proiecția principalilor indicatori economico-sociali în profil teritorial 2020–2024 |work=Comisia Națională de Strategie și Prognoză |date=February 2021 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521150458/https://cnp.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/PROGNOZA_2020_2024_in_profil_teritorial.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|2}} having a developed economy and among the highest entrepreneurial rates in the country (36 [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|SMEs]] per 1,000 inhabitants in 2019).<ref name="economie">{{cite web |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/infocjt/admin/upload/79hkmnt84pxj.pdf |title=Economia |work=Consiliul Județean Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194700/https://www.cjtimis.ro/infocjt/admin/upload/79hkmnt84pxj.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|145}} The most important sector represented locally is the [[automotive industry]], supported by large companies such as [[Continental AG|Continental]], [[Delphi Technologies|Delphi Packard]], [[Hella (company)|Hella]], [[Mahle GmbH|Mahle]], [[Dräxlmaier Group|Dräxlmaier]], [[Flex (company)|Flex]], etc. In recent years, certain [[high tech]] [[Knowledge intensive services|know-how-intensive services]], such as [[information technology|IT&C]], have seen strong growth. Timiș has one of the lowest [[unemployment rate]]s in the country – 0.8% in 2019.<ref name="insse" />{{rp|39}} Most employees are in manufacturing (27%), trade (15.2%) and agriculture (15.1%).<ref name="economie" />{{rp|152}}

Timiș stands out as the second business pole at national level, after [[Bucharest-Ilfov|Bucharest–Ilfov]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zf.ro/analiza/cum-arata-economia-judetului-timis-al-doilea-cel-mai-puternic-pol-de-business-din-tara-17549103 |title=Cum arată economia județului Timiș, al doilea cel mai puternic pol de business din țară |work=Ziarul Financiar |last=Panaete |first=Mădălina |date=9 October 2018 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009003752/https://www.zf.ro/analiza/cum-arata-economia-judetului-timis-al-doilea-cel-mai-puternic-pol-de-business-din-tara-17549103 |url-status=live }}</ref> with a turnover of companies of 72 billion lei, which constitutes about 5% of the turnover of 1,400 billion lei of all companies in Romania.<ref name="prezentare" /> The county's exports stood at over 39.05 billion lei, Timiș being among the few counties in the country with a positive trade balance. Timiș County's exports consist mainly of the following groups of goods: [[electric machines|electrical machines]], [[home appliance|appliances]] and [[electrical device|equipment]] (37%), [[plastics]] and [[rubber]] (14%), means of transport (11%), [[footwear]] (9%), [[optical instrument]]s and appliances (7%), [[furniture]] (5%). Timiș County is also the largest importer of consumer goods, after Bucharest.<ref name="prezentare" />
=== Industry ===
The industry of Timiș County is strong and diversified, due to the high rate of [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] and brownfield investments, the western location of the county, the high qualification of the labor force, as well as the entrepreneurial tradition. The most significant share in the total production of the county is held by the [[manufacturing industry]], having as sub-branches: [[electronics industry]], [[food industry]], [[chemical industry]], [[textile industry]], [[metalworking|metal]] and [[wood industry|wood processing industry]] and [[construction]]. Although with only 8% of the number of companies in Timiș, the manufacturing industry registers a turnover of 40% of the county's total.<ref name="prezentare">{{cite web |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/judetul-timis/prezentarea-judetului/ |title=Prezentarea județului |work=Consiliul Județean Timiș |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624093339/https://www.cjtimis.ro/judetul-timis/prezentarea-judetului/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Timiș County ranks first in the country in terms of both agricultural and arable land. Timiș County has an agricultural area of 691,299 ha, of which 531,472 ha is [[arable land]], 118,671 [[pasture]]s, 28,632 [[Hay|hayfield]]s, 4,121 [[vineyard]]s and vine nurseries and 8,403 [[orchard]]s and fruit nurseries.<ref name="insse" />{{rp|74}}

One of the oldest and most important agricultural activities in the county, with favorable climatic conditions, is the cultivation of [[cereals]] and technical plants, and [[viticulture]] is practiced in most of the communes in the plain and hill area of the county. Places like [[Recaș]], [[Buziaș]] and [[Giarmata]] are renowned for their [[wine production]]. The production of vegetables in individual micro-farms is also a traditional economic activity, especially in the rural localities in the vicinity of urban centers. By cultivated area, the main crops are [[maize]] (165,643 ha), [[wheat]] and [[rye]] (133,657 ha), [[sunflower]] (78,242 ha), perennial [[fodder]] (38,060 ha) and [[soybeans]] (21,200 ha).<ref name="insse" />{{rp|77}} Livestock farming is also an important, traditional branch of Timiș agriculture, and in recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of animals in the private sector. As of 2019, livestock in Timiș County consisted of 1,524,625 [[bird]]s, 612,638 [[sheep]], 605,619 [[swine]], 45,332 [[bee]] families, 37,305 [[cattle]], 21,890 [[goat]]s and 5,659 [[horse]]s.<ref name="insse" />{{rp|80}}

Unlike industry, trade and construction, which also generates a large part of the [[gross value added]] (GVA) of the county economy, agriculture stands out with a very high share of employment correlated with a low share in GDP (5%), although that it places the county on the first place at national level from the perspective of the GVA obtained in agriculture.<ref name="economie" />{{rp|152}}

=== Banking ===
With several units of national and international banks operating here ([[Banca Comercială Română|BCR]], [[Raiffeisen Bank (Romania)|Raiffeisen Bank]], [[Banca Transilvania|BT]], [[BRD – Groupe Société Générale|BRD]], [[CEC Bank]], [[OTP Bank]], [[UniCredit Bank Romania|UniCredit Bank]], [[Alpha Bank]], [[Citibank]], [[Credit Europe Bank]], [[Garanti BBVA]], [[ING Group|ING Bank]], [[Intesa Sanpaolo|Intesa Sanpaolo Bank]], etc.), Timiș County is a national leader in the field of financial intermediation.<ref name="ghid" />{{rp|23}} As of 2021, the turnover of companies with financial and insurance activities was 69 million euros in Timișoara alone.<ref name="ghid" />{{rp|23}}
=== Tourism ===
The geographical position of the county in the immediate vicinity of the border with Hungary and Serbia leads to a high transit tourism, but with short and medium length of stay. The main form of tourism practiced in the county is [[business tourism]], followed by recreational, shopping and gastronomic tourism.<ref name="turism">{{cite web |url=https://turismtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Strategie-sectoriala-de-dezvoltare-turistica-a-jud.-Timis-final.pdf |title=Strategia sectorială de dezvoltare turistică a județului Timiș 2018–2028 |work=Asociația pentru Promovarea și Dezvoltarea Turismului în Județul Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620085143/https://turismtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Strategie-sectoriala-de-dezvoltare-turistica-a-jud.-Timis-final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The tourist infrastructure of Timiș County consists of 56 [[hotel]]s, 14 [[hostel]]s, two [[motel]]s, a [[campsite]], four tourist villas, 49 tourist pensions, 27 agritourism pensions and two camps for students and preschoolers with an accommodation capacity of 7,746 places.<ref name="insse" />{{rp|94}} In 2019, Timiș County had 396,644 tourists, of which 30% were foreigners.<ref name="insse" />{{rp|95}}

Cultural-historical tourism includes many objectives in historical and archeological sites, architectural monuments and museums. [[Timișoara]] has the largest architectural ensemble of historic buildings in Romania (about 14,500), consisting of the urban heritage of the [[Cetate, Timișoara|Cetate]], [[Iosefin]], [[Fabric, Timișoara|Fabric]] and [[Elisabetin]] districts. In addition, there are 31 castles and mansions in Timiș County.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://turismtimis.ro/conace-si-castele-din-banat/ |title=Conace și castele din Banat |work=Asociația pentru Promovarea și Dezvoltarea Turismului în Județul Timiș |date=29 January 2018 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519022737/https://turismtimis.ro/conace-si-castele-din-banat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable are the Swabian-specific localities in the western Banat Plain ([[Jimbolia]], [[Sânnicolau Mare]], [[Șandra]], [[Lovrin]], [[Lenauheim]], etc.), in the past important settlements of colonists from the German lands of the Habsburg Empire. Religious tourism includes many places of worship, churches and historic monasteries. Among the monastic ensembles are the historic wooden churches in Țara Făgetului, all built after the liberation of Banat from Ottoman occupation (1716),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/banat-faget-banatul-mioritic-1_5214f84cc7b855ff56fd5c5f/index.html |title=Bisericile de lemn din Țara Făgetului, ținute departe de ochii turiștilor. Misterele micilor lăcașe de cult din Banatul mioritic |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620085141/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/banat-faget-banatul-mioritic-1_5214f84cc7b855ff56fd5c5f/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the 11th-century Morisena Monastery (the first monastery in Romania), the 14th-century [[Partoș Monastery]] with the relics of St. Joseph of Partoș, the 15th-century Săraca Monastery, the 15th-century Serbian Orthodox [[Sveti Đurađ monastery|St. George Monastery]] of [[Birda]], the 18th-century Cebza Monastery and, more recently, the Izvorul Miron Monastery (1912; nicknamed the "[[Voroneț]] of Banat") and the Timișeni Monastery (1944).

[[Ecotourism]] is practiced mainly in the mountainous area in the east of the county, where Lake Surduc is located (the largest lake in western Romania), but also a series of waterfalls and caves. Areas with a rich hunting fund, as well as those with a diversified fishing fund are suitable for sport [[hunting]] and [[fishing]]. On the territory of Timiș County there are 86 hunting funds and 30 fishing funds.<ref name="turism" /> [[Canoeing]] and [[kayaking]] can be practiced on the [[Bega Canal]], and [[rafting]] on the [[Timiș (river)|Timiș River]]. Spa tourism is practiced in [[Buziaș]] (declared a [[spa resort]] in 1911), [[Timișoara]], [[Deta, Romania|Deta]], as well as [[Orțișoara|Călacea]], [[Teremia Mare]] and [[Lovrin]]. Wine tourism is represented by the [[Recaș]]–[[Buziaș]] area, renowned both in the country and abroad for its wines.
{{Gallery
| title        = Tourist attractions in Timiș County
| height       =
| width        =
| captionstyle =
| File:Timfloralis in Piata Unirii (3).jpg
 | Historic centre of [[Timișoara]]
| File:Buzias Ansamblu balnear (2).jpg
 | Spa ensemble in [[Buziaș]]
| File:Nako Castle.jpg
 | Nákó Castle in [[Sânnicolau Mare]]
| File:Biserica de lemn din Românești 01.jpg
 | Wooden church in [[Tomești, Timiș|Românești]]
| File:Aerial view of Charlottenburg.jpg
 | [[Bogda|Charlottenburg]], the only ''[[Rundling]]'' in Banat
}}

== Culture ==
=== Music ===
Timiș County has a rich musical history. Notable in this respect are the choirs of Banat ''Bauer''. Banat choirs have their origins in [[church music]], learned in schools, where the teacher was both organist, choir conductor, and not infrequently, composer. The choirs, which were to become a real movement in Banat, were an important means of national manifestation of the people of Banat, through which the Romanian language and culture were promoted. The oldest Romanian choir in Banat was the plowmen's vocal choir, founded in 1857 in [[Belinț|Chizătău]], which was born from the old church choir. It was also the most famous and appreciated choral formation in the area, which had resounding success at various competitions and festivals, along with other Banat choirs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Corul din Chizătău |last=Stan |first=Constantin-Tufan |location=Timișoara |publisher=Marineasa |date=2004 |isbn=973-631-126-0}}</ref> Banat choirs had a rich repertoire, consisting of national, folk songs or choral works composed by [[Ion Vidu]], [[Filaret Barbu]] or Iosif Velceanu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2019/02/istorie-muzicala-povestile-corurilor-din-zona-banatului-subiectul-unei-noi-editii-evenimentului-serile-patrimoniului/ |title=Istorie muzicală. Poveștile corurilor din zona Banatului, subiectul unei noi ediții a evenimentului "Serile Patrimoniului" |work=pressalert.ro |last=Păun |first=Liana |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511045044/https://www.pressalert.ro/2019/02/istorie-muzicala-povestile-corurilor-din-zona-banatului-subiectul-unei-noi-editii-evenimentului-serile-patrimoniului/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Timișoara was a reputed city of music in the 19th century. Many famous musicians performed here, including [[Franz Liszt]] (1846), [[Johann Strauss II]] (1847), [[David Popper]] (1867), [[Leopold Auer]] (1867), [[Pablo de Sarasate]] (1877), [[Henryk Wieniawski]] (1877), [[Johannes Brahms]] (1879) and [[Joseph Joachim]] (1879).<ref name="bratu">{{cite journal |url=https://analelebanatului.ro/static/media/articles/2022/01/18/19__Bratu.pdf |title=Evoluția vieții muzicale timișorene în perioada antebelică |last=Bratu |first=Lava |journal=Analele Banatului, S.N., Arheologie–Istorie |volume=15 |date=2007 |pages=215–229 |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519045401/https://analelebanatului.ro/static/media/articles/2022/01/18/19__Bratu.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The only [[philharmonic]] in the county, the [[Banatul Philharmonic of Timișoara|Banatul Philharmonic]], was founded in 1947 and organizes, in addition to the music season, events in unconventional spaces and successful festivals, such as ''Timișoara muzicală'', the longest-lived cultural festival in Timișoara, which debuted in 1968. The first [[music school]] in the county was founded by the Hungarian administration in 1907 in Timișoara.<ref name="bratu" /> Until 1907, music education was exclusively private.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/istoria-primei-Scoli-muzica-timisoara-infiintata-urma-110-ani-regimul-comunist-desfiintat-o-1_59c4e4285ab6550cb86b4da7/index.html |title=Istoria primei Școli de muzică din Timișoara, înființată în urmă cu 110 ani. Regimul comunist a desființat-o |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=23 September 2017 |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608100343/http://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/istoria-primei-Scoli-muzica-timisoara-infiintata-urma-110-ani-regimul-comunist-desfiintat-o-1_59c4e4285ab6550cb86b4da7/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Banat cuisine has been strongly influenced by the [[Austrian cuisine|Austro-Hungarian one]], but to a large extent by [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] and [[French cuisine|French cuisines]] too.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/bucataria-banateana-sta-influenta-austro-ungariei-1_513b1cab00f5182b85e7ebe4/index.html |title=Bucătăria bănățeană stă sub influența "Austro-Ungariei" |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=9 March 2013 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619204413/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/bucataria-banateana-sta-influenta-austro-ungariei-1_513b1cab00f5182b85e7ebe4/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The dishes prepared in Banat are mostly made of [[pork]], [[chicken]] or [[beef]], with vegetables fried in [[lard]] or [[oil]], with flour sauces, to make them more consistent, seasoned with [[Piperaceae|pepper]], [[thyme]], [[paprika]] or [[caraway]].<ref name="bucatarie">{{cite web |url=http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/ce-mai-pune-banateanul-pe-masa-din-bunatatile-pastrate-din-mosi-stramosi-tu-cand-ai-mancat-ultima-oara-zupa-papricas-beigli-gomboti-ori-crempita-o-poveste-de-ti-lasa-gura-apa-foto/23/02/2015 |title=Ce mai pune bănățeanul pe masă din bunătățile păstrate din moși-strămoși? Tu când ai mâncat ultima oară zupă, papricaș, beigli, gomboți ori crempită? O poveste de-ți lasă gura apă |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Mihalache |first=Magda |date=23 February 2015 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404194208/http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/ce-mai-pune-banateanul-pe-masa-din-bunatatile-pastrate-din-mosi-stramosi-tu-cand-ai-mancat-ultima-oara-zupa-papricas-beigli-gomboti-ori-crempita-o-poveste-de-ti-lasa-gura-apa-foto/23/02/2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Broadly speaking, Banat cuisine is characterized by fatty, wholesome and tasty food; it can be individualized by the unusual association of salty and sweet taste, by the prevalence of [[soup]] to the detriment of [[stew]] and by showy desserts with multiple influences. Among the traditional dishes in this area are [[noodle soup]], [[goulash]], {{ill|papricache|hu|paprikás}}, [[sauerkraut]], [[sarma (food)|sarme]], [[pljeskavica]], [[rasol (Romanian dish)|rasol]], [[aspic|cotoroage]] and fresh pork preparations and semi-preparations ({{ill|caltaboș|ro}}, [[blood sausage|sângerete]], [[liverwurst|maioș]], [[sausage]]s, [[slănină]], [[ham|șonc]], [[tobă]], etc.). Desserts include [[krofne]], [[scovardă|scovergi]], [[poppy seed roll|bejgli]] with walnuts or poppy seeds, [[Cremeschnitte]], [[Apfelküchle]], [[knedle]]s, [[dobos torte|dobostorta]], {{ill|ischler|hu|isler}} and {{ill|vargabéles|hu}}.<ref name="bucatarie" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://discovertimis.com/places/gastronomia-banateana-ijdje9i6msxkew |title=Gastronomia bănățeană |work=Discover Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121035249/https://discovertimis.com/places/gastronomia-banateana-ijdje9i6msxkew |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:West University of Timisoara (1).jpg|thumb|[[West University of Timișoara]], the largest university in Timiș County]]
In the school year 2019/2020, Timiș County had a school population of 177,301: 25,266 children in [[primary education|pre-school education]], 97,934 pupils in [[secondary education|pre-university education]] and 54,101 students in [[higher education|university]], [[postgraduate education|post-university]], academic and [[continuing education]].<ref name="isj-timis">{{cite web |url=https://www.isj.tm.edu.ro/public/data_files/media/Documente-Publice/202011121451-Raport%20Starea%20inv%202019_2020.pdf |title=Raport privind starea învățământului din județul Timiș în anul școlar 2019–2020 |work=Inspectoratul Școlar Județean Timiș |date=2020 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194637/https://www.isj.tm.edu.ro/public/data_files/media/Documente-Publice/202011121451-Raport%20Starea%20inv%202019_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Timiș County, 617 educational units are accredited and authorized, of which 580 are [[state school|state-funded]].<ref name="isj-timis" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siiir.edu.ro/carto/ |title=Cartografia școlară |work=Sistemul Informatic Integrat al Învățământului din România |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042124/https://www.siiir.edu.ro/carto/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Timișoara]] is one of the four national university centers, together with [[Bucharest]], [[Cluj-Napoca]] and [[Iași]], as established by the [[Ministry of National Education (Romania)|Ministry of Education]], gathering about 8% of the total number of students at national level.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zf.ro/zf-24/harta-studentilor-din-romania-centrele-universitare-au-atras-cei-mai-multi-investitori-mai-bine-de-50-dintre-studentii-romani-invata-in-doar-trei-orase-din-romania-16333898 |title=Harta studenților din România: centrele universitare au atras cei mai mulți investitori. Mai bine de 50% dintre studenții români învață în doar trei orașe din România |work=Ziarul Financiar |last=Mihai |first=Adelina |date=19 May 2017 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410013421/https://www.zf.ro/zf-24/harta-studentilor-din-romania-centrele-universitare-au-atras-cei-mai-multi-investitori-mai-bine-de-50-dintre-studentii-romani-invata-in-doar-trei-orase-din-romania-16333898 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Higher education]] takes place in eight universities in the county, four [[public university|public]] and four [[private university|private]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! University<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.gov.ro/dataset/reteaua-unitatilor-de-invatamant-universitar-2020-2021 |title=Rețeaua unităților de învățământ universitar – 2020–2021 |work=data.gov.ro |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530220625/https://data.gov.ro/dataset/reteaua-unitatilor-de-invatamant-universitar-2020-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> !! Location !! Founded !! Faculties !! Students<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rei.gov.ro/statistici-universitati-13 |title=Statistici universități |work=Registrul Educațional Integrat |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610235501/https://rei.gov.ro/statistici-universitati-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><br>{{small|(2019/2020)}}
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Public university|Public universities]]
|-
| [[West University of Timișoara|West University]] || [[Timișoara]] || 1944 || 11 || 15,032
|-
| [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Politehnica University]] || [[Timișoara]] || 1920 || 10 || 12,613
|-
| [[Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara|Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy]] || [[Timișoara]] || 1944 || 3 || 7,326
|-
| [[Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine]] || [[Timișoara]] || 1945 || 6 || 5,530
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Private university|Private universities]]
|-
| Ioan Slavici University || [[Timișoara]] || 2000 || 2 || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Tibiscus University of Timișoara|Tibiscus University]] || [[Timișoara]] || 1991 || 4 || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University]] || [[Timișoara]] || 1991 || 1 || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Drăgan European University of Lugoj|Drăgan European University]] || [[Lugoj]] || 1992 || 2 || {{n/a}}
|}

== Healthcare ==
At the county level, there are 22 [[hospital]]s (15 public and seven private), five [[dispensary|medical dispensaries]], three mental health centers, 522 [[doctor's office|medical offices]] (school, student and [[family medicine]]), 846 dental offices, 115 [[medical laboratory|medical laboratories]], 87 dental laboratories and a [[blood transfusion|transfusion center]]. Regarding the pharmaceutical network in Timiș County, in 2019 there were 295 [[pharmacy|pharmacies]] (16 public and 279 private), seven pharmaceutical points and 34 pharmaceutical warehouses.<ref name="insse" />{{rp|53}}

Timișoara is nationally recognized as a center of excellence in medicine. Timișoara has made several breakthroughs in Romanian medicine, including the first [[in vitro fertilization]], the first [[cardiac surgery|laser heart surgery]] and the first [[stem cell transplant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/component/content/article/45-informatii-practice/263-premiere-timisoara.html |title=Premiere ale orașului Timișoara |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116110007/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/component/content/article/45-informatii-practice/263-premiere-timisoara.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Pius Brînzeu County Emergency Clinical Hospital and the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases from Timișoara were included by the [[Healthcare in Romania|Ministry of Health]] in the first class of competence (out of five possible).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.ms.ro/upload/Clasificarea%20spitalelor.xls |title=Clasificarea spitalelor |work=Ministerul Sănătății |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502005255/http://old.ms.ro/upload/Clasificarea%20spitalelor.xls |url-status=live }}</ref> Première Hospital, run by Regina Maria private health network, is the largest [[private hospital]] in the west of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.economica.net/reteaua-de-sanatate-regina-maria-preia-spitalul-premiere-din-timisoara-cel-mai-mare-din-vestul-tarii_169275.html |title=Rețeaua de sănătate Regina Maria preia spitalul Première din Timișoara, cel mai mare din vestul țării |work=Economica.net |last=Șomănescu |first=Cristina |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207232007/https://www.economica.net/reteaua-de-sanatate-regina-maria-preia-spitalul-premiere-din-timisoara-cel-mai-mare-din-vestul-tarii_169275.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Transport ==
=== Road transport ===
{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | image1 = A1 Arad-Timisoara - 01.JPG
 | image2 = Pan-European corridor 4.svg
 | footer = [[A1 motorway (Romania)|A1 motorway]] (up) near Timișoara. It is part of the [[Pan-European Corridor IV]] (down).
}}
Timiș County is connected to the European transport network by the Central and Global [[Trans-European Transport Network|TEN-T]] networks, so the main corridor that serves it is the [[Rhine–Danube Corridor]], which provides the connection with [[Vienna]], with the central-southern part of [[Germany]] ([[Munich]], [[Stuttgart]] and [[Nuremberg]] and with [[Strasbourg]]. The [[Orient/East–Med Corridor]] also crosses the county's territory and connects with [[Budapest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/tentec/tentec-portal/map/maps.html?layer=1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9&country=RO |title=TENtec Interactive Map Viewer |work=European Commission |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614070010/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/tentec/tentec-portal/map/maps.html?layer=1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9&country=RO |url-status=live }}</ref>

Inter- and intra-county connections are provided by the main and secondary national roads from which a dense network of local roads emerges. The public road network of Timiș County has a length of about 2,930 km, with a density of 33.7 km/100 km<sup>2</sup>. More detailed, there are about 563 km of national roads, 1,145 km of county roads and 1,222 km of communal roads.<ref name="untrr">{{cite book |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/activitate/strategii/planul-de-amenajare-a-teritoriului-judetean-timis-2/volumul-v-cai-de-comunicatie-si-transport/ |title=Plan de amenajare a teritoriului județului Timiș |volume=5. Căi de comunicație și transport |publisher=Consiliul Județean Timiș |date=April 2013 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614123711/https://www.cjtimis.ro/activitate/strategii/planul-de-amenajare-a-teritoriului-judetean-timis-2/volumul-v-cai-de-comunicatie-si-transport/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|5}} Also, Timiș County is served by almost 108 km of [[motorway]]s, represented by the [[A1 motorway (Romania)|A1]] and [[A6 motorway (Romania)|A6]] motorways.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drdptm.ro/index.php?page=despre |title=Despre |work=Direcția Regională de Drumuri și Poduri Timișoara |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628220341/https://www.drdptm.ro/index.php?page=despre |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Timiș County had a motorization index of 361.64 vehicles/1,000 inhabitants, being among the highest in the country.<ref name="strategie-2">{{cite book |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Vol.2.-Strategia_draft-final_FINAL_compressed.pdf |title=Strategia de dezvoltare economică și socială a județului Timiș 2021–2027 |volume=2. Planificare strategică |publisher=Consiliul Județean Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531092446/https://www.cjtimis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Vol.2.-Strategia_draft-final_FINAL_compressed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|74}}

=== Rail transport ===
The railway network totals 795 km, of which 113 are electrified railways.<ref name="untrr" />{{rp|7}} With 91.4 km of railway per 1,000 km<sup>2</sup>, Timiș County has the densest railway network in the country.<ref name="untrr" />{{rp|8}} On the territory of Timiș County, the railway network consists of a main line ([[Căile Ferate Române Line 900|900]]) and 18 secondary lines belonging to the CFR lines 900 ([[Bucharest]]–[[Timișoara]]), 200 ([[Brașov]]–[[Curtici]]) and 300 ([[Bucharest]]–[[Episcopia Bihor]]). The [[Căile Ferate Române Line 900|railway line 900]], whose route is [[Bucharest]] (north)–[[Roșiorii de Vede|Roșiori]] (north)–[[Craiova]]–[[Filiași]]–[[Caransebeș]]–[[Timișoara]] (north), crosses the county on the [[Lugoj]]–[[Timișoara]] relation. It is part of the [[Pan-European Corridor IV]].

In Timiș County there are 133 [[train station|stations]] operated by state and private railway operators such as [[Căile Ferate Române]] (CFR), [[Astra Arad|Astra Trans Carpatic]] and [[Regio Călători]]. The busiest of them is [[Timișoara North railway station|Timișoara North]], with over 1.7 million passengers in 2011.<ref name="untrr" />{{rp|25}}

=== Air transport ===
Timiș County is served by [[Timișoara Traian Vuia International Airport|Traian Vuia International Airport]], located northeast of [[Timișoara]], about 10 km from the city center. With 1.5 million passengers in 2019, it is the [[List of the busiest airports in Romania|third busiest Romanian airport]], after [[Bucharest]]'s [[Henri Coandă International Airport]] and [[Cluj-Napoca]]'s [[Cluj International Airport|Avram Iancu International Airport]]. Traian Vuia Airport concentrates 17.2% of the total number of passengers boarded at Romanian airports, 35.5% of the total tons of goods loaded and 13.7% of the total number of flights.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/transportul_aeroportuar_de_pasageri_si_marfuri_in_anul_2019.pdf |title=Transportul aeroportuar de pasageri și mărfuri în anul 2019 |last1=Sîrbu |first1=Anca |last2=Țurcanu |first2=Alida |publisher=Institutul Național de Statistică |date=March 2020 |issn=2065-7129 |page=7 |work=<!-- none, series of books, not really a journal --> |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202034624/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/transportul_aeroportuar_de_pasageri_si_marfuri_in_anul_2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Cioca Airfield]], used as an airport for a short period of time, between 1941 and 1942,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpstimis.ro/servicii/aerodromul-cioca |title=Aerodromul Cioca |work=Direcția de Prestări Servicii Timiș |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813220844/https://dpstimis.ro/servicii/aerodromul-cioca |url-status=live }}</ref> serves today as [[aerodrome|airfield]] for recreational aircraft, [[air taxi]]s and [[utility aircraft]] and venue for various festivals. It is located in the northwest of Timișoara, about 5 km from it.

=== Naval transport ===
Timiș County is crossed by one of the few artificially arranged waterways in Romania, the [[Bega Canal]]. The Bega Canal is part of the [[Rhine–Main–Danube Canal|Rhine–Main–Danube system]], making possible the connection between the [[North Sea]] and the [[Black Sea]]. The length of the canal on the Romanian territory is about 44.5 km and 74 km on the Serbian territory. The navigable part of the canal starts from Timișoara from where it continues to the southwest until it flows into the [[Tisza]], located on Serbian territory. The Bega Canal is the first navigable canal built in Romania. Originally built for the sanitation of floodplains around Timișoara, it was later arranged for navigation.<ref name="untrr" />{{rp|13–14}}

Timișoara is the only Romanian city with [[public transport]] by water, made with [[vaporetto]]-like boats along the nine stations on the Bega Canal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-timisoara-oras-romania-transport-comun-apa-inceput-circule-vaporasele-pasageri-bega-1_5b642ca9df52022f75f5a5ad/index.html |title=Timișoara, primul oraș din România cu transport în comun pe apă. Au început să circule vaporașele cu pasageri pe Bega |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=3 August 2018 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130150706/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-timisoara-oras-romania-transport-comun-apa-inceput-circule-vaporasele-pasageri-bega-1_5b642ca9df52022f75f5a5ad/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
<gallery>
File:Arsa Teodorović, Dositej Obradović, 1818, oil on canvas, National Museum of Serbia.jpg|[[Dositej Obradović]]
File:Matevž Langus - Nikolaus Lenau.jpg|[[Nikolaus Lenau]]
File:Traian Vuia.jpg|[[Traian Vuia]]
File:Béla Bartók (1881-1945).jpg|[[Béla Bartók]]
File:Lugosi Béla fortepan 14652 (cropped).jpg|[[Bela Lugosi]]
File:Johny Weissmuller-publicity.JPG|[[Johnny Weissmuller]]
File:Herta Müller 1.jpg|[[Herta Müller]]
</gallery>
{{div col}}
* [[Osman Aga of Temesvar]] (1670-1725), [[Ottoman army|Ottoman]] army officer, historian, and famous travel writer 
* [[Dositej Obradović]] (1739–1811), educator, writer and reformer
* [[Nikolaus Lenau]] (1802–1850), poet
* [[Ion Ivanovici]] (1845–1902), military band conductor and composer
* [[Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza]] (1854–1924), Commander-in-Chief of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]
* [[Traian Vuia]] (1872–1950), inventor and aviation pioneer
* [[Béla Bartók]] (1881–1945), composer, pianist and ethnomusicologist
* [[Bela Lugosi]] (1882–1956), actor
* [[Károly Kerényi]] (1897–1973), scholar and philologist
* [[Johnny Weissmuller]] (1904–1984), Olympic swimmer, water polo player and actor
* [[Ștefan Kovács]] (1920–1995), football player and coach
* [[György Kurtág]] (b. 1926), composer and pianist
* [[Josef Posipal]] (1927–1997), footballer
* [[Iolanda Balaș]] (1936–2016), Olympic athlete
* [[Ana Blandiana]] (b. 1942), writer and civic activist
* [[Patriarch Daniel of Romania|Daniel Ciobotea]] (b. 1951), [[Patriarch of All Romania|Patriarch]] of the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] (2007–present)
* [[Herta Müller]] (b. 1953), writer and recipient of the 2009 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
* [[Cosmin Contra]] (b. 1975), football player and manager
* [[Edina Gallovits-Hall]] (b. 1984), tennis player
* [[Gabriel Torje]] (b. 1989), footballer
{{colend}}

== See also ==
* [[Krassó-Szörény County|Krassó-Szörény]], [[Temes County|Temes]] and [[Torontál County|Torontál]] counties of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
* [[Severin County|Severin]] and [[Timiș-Torontal County|Timiș-Torontal]] counties of the [[Kingdom of Romania]]

== References ==
{{Commons category|Timiș County}}
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Timiș County}}
{{Counties (judete) of Romania}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timis County}}
[[Category:Timiș County]]
[[Category:Counties of Romania]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Romania]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1968]]