View source for Timeline of Jerusalem

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This is a [[Chronology|timeline]] of major events in the [[history of Jerusalem]]; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history.<ref>Steckoll, Solomon H., ''The gates of Jerusalem'', Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968, preface</ref> During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.<ref name="Moment">{{cite web|url=http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html |publisher=Moment Magazine |title=Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City? |access-date=5 March 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080603214950/http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html| archive-date = 3 June 2008}}. According to Eric H. Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged.</ref>

==Chalcolithic==
* 4500–3500 BC: First settlement established near [[Gihon Spring]] (earliest archaeological evidence).

==Bronze Age: [[Canaan]]ite city==
[[File:Egypt 1450 BC.svg|thumb|right|New Kingdom at its maximum territorial extent in the 15th century BCE]]

* c. 2000 BCE: First known mention of the city, using the name ''Rušalimum'', in the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom Egyptian]] [[Execration texts]]; although the identification of ''Rušalimum'' as Jerusalem has been challenged.<ref name="Slavik2001 p.60">Slavik, Diane. 2001. ''Cities through Time: Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem''. Geneva, Illinois: Runestone Press, p. 60. {{ISBN|978-0-8225-3218-7}}</ref><ref name="MazarB p.45">Mazar, Benjamin. 1975. ''The Mountain of the Lord''. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., p. 45. {{ISBN|0-385-04843-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jane M. Cahill|editor1-last=Vaughn|editor1-first=Andrew|editor2-last=Killebrew|editor2-first=Ann. E.|title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period|date=2003|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|isbn=978-1-58983-066-0|page=21|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C&pg=PA21|chapter=Jerusalem at the time of the United Monarchy}}</ref> The Semitic root [[S-L-M]] in the name is thought to refer to either "peace" (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew) or [[Shalim]], the god of dusk in the [[Canaanite religion]].
* c. 1850 BCE: According to the [[Book of Genesis]], the [[Binding of Isaac]] takes place on a mountain in the [[Moriah|land of Moriah]] (see [[Chronology of the Bible]]). Biblical scholars have often interpreted the location of the mountain to be in Jerusalem, although this is disputed.
* c. 1700–1550 BCE: According to [[Manetho]] (via [[Josephus]]' ''[[Against Apion]]''), the [[Hyksos]] invade the region.
* c. 1550–1400 BCE: Jerusalem becomes a [[vassal]] to Egypt as the Egyptian [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] reunites Egypt and expands into the [[Levant]] under [[Ahmose I]] and [[Thutmose I]].
* c. 1330 BCE: Correspondence in the [[Amarna letters]] between [[Abdi-Heba]], [[Canaanites|Canaanite]] ruler of Jerusalem (then known as Urusalim), and [[Amenhotep III]], suggesting the city was a [[vassal]] to [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] [[Egypt]].

==Iron Age==
[[File:Levant 830.svg|thumb|right|The Levant showing Jerusalem in c. 830 BCE]]
[[File:Map of Assyria.png|thumb|right|Neo-Assyrian Empire at its greatest extent]]
[[File:Map achaemenid empire en.png|thumb|right|Achaemenid Empire under Darius III]]

* 1178 BCE: The [[Battle of Djahy]] ([[Canaan]]) between [[Ramesses III]] and the [[Sea Peoples]] marks the beginning of the decline in power of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] in the Levant during the [[Bronze Age collapse]] (depicted on the North Wall of the [[Medinet Habu|Medinet Habu temple]] and the [[Papyrus Harris]]).
* c. 1000 BCE: According to the [[Bible]], Jerusalem is inhabited by [[Jebusites]] and is known as Jebus.

===Independent [[Israelite]] capital===
Jerusalem becomes the capital of the [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Kingdom of Judah]] and, according to the Bible, for the first few decades even of a wider united kingdom of Judah and Israel, under kings belonging to the [[Davidic line|House of David]].
* c. 1010 BCE: biblical King [[David]] attacks and captures Jerusalem. Jerusalem becomes [[City of David (historic)|City of David]] and capital of the [[United Kingdom of Israel]].<ref name="Slavik2001 p.60"/>
* c. 962 BCE: biblical King [[Solomon]] builds the [[First Temple]].
* c. 931–930 BCE: Solomon dies, and the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)#Golden age|Golden Age of Israel]] ends. Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern) [[Kingdom of Judah]] led by [[Rehoboam]] after the split of the [[United Monarchy]].
* 925 BCE: [[Sack of Jerusalem (925 BC)|Egyptian Sack of Jerusalem]] – Pharaoh [[Sheshonk I]] of the [[Third Intermediate Period]] invades [[Canaan]] following the [[Battle of Bitter Lakes]]. Possibly the same as [[Shishak]], the first Pharaoh mentioned in the [[Bible]] who captured and pillaged Jerusalem (see [[Bubastite Portal]]).
* 853 BCE: The [[Battle of Qarqar]] in which Jerusalem's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against [[Shalmaneser III]] of [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyria]] ([[Jehoshaphat]] of Judah was allied to [[Ahab]] of [[Northern Kingdom of Israel|Israel]] according to the [[Bible]]) (see [[Kurkh Monoliths]]).
* c. 850 BCE: Jerusalem is sacked by [[Philistine]]s, [[Arab]]s and [[Ethiopia]]ns, who looted King [[Jehoram of Judah|Jehoram's]] house, and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son [[Ahaziah of Judah|Jehoahaz]]. 
* c. 830 BCE: [[Hazael]] of [[Aram Damascus]] conquers most of Canaan. According to the Bible, [[Jehoash of Judah]] gave all of Jerusalem's treasures as a tribute, but Hazael proceeded to destroy "all the princes of the people" in the city.
* 786 BCE: [[Jehoash of Israel]] sacks the city, destroys the walls and takes [[Amaziah of Judah]] prisoner.
* c. 740 BCE: [[Assyria]]n inscriptions record military victories of [[Tiglath Pileser III]] over [[Uzziah of Judah]].

==Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian period==
* 733 BCE: According to the Bible, Jerusalem becomes a vassal of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]<ref>{{cite book
|last=Crouch
|first=Carly Lorraine
|title=Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd3PBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18
|date=2014-10-01
|publisher=SBL Press
|isbn=978-1-62837-026-3
|quote=Judah's reason(s) for submitting to Assyrian hegemony, at least superficially, require explanation, while at the same time indications of its read-but-disguised resistance to Assyria must be uncovered... The political and military sprawl of the Assyrian empire during the late Iron Age in the southern Levant, especially toward its outer borders, is not quite akin to the single dominating hegemony envisioned by most discussions of hegemony and subversion. In the case of Judah it should be reiterated that Judah was always a vassal state, semi-autonomous and on the periphery of the imperial system, it was never a fully-integrated provincial territory. The implications of this distinction for Judah's relationship with and experience of the Assyrian empire should not be underestimated; studies of the expression of Assyria's cultural and political powers in its provincial territories and vassal states have revealed notable differences in the degree of active involvement in different types of territories. Indeed, the mechanics of the Assyrian empire were hardly designed for direct control over all its vassals' internal activities, provided that a vassal produced the requisite tribute and did not provoke trouble among its neighbors, the level of direct involvement from Assyria remained relatively low. For the entirety of its experience of the Assyrian empire, Judah functioned as a vassal state, rather than a province under direct Assyrian rule, thereby preserving at least a certain degree of autonomy, especially in its internal affairs. Meanwhile, the general atmosphere of Pax Assyriaca in the southern Levant minimized the necessity of (and opportunities for) external conflict. That Assyrians, at least in small numbers, were present in Judah is likely - probably a qipu and his entourage who, if the recent excavators of Ramat Rahel are correct, perhaps resided just outside the capital - but there is far less evidence than is commonly assumed to suggest that these left a direct impression of Assyria on this small vassal state... The point here is that, despite the wider context of Assyria's political and economic power in the ancient Near East in general and the southern Levant in particular, Judah remained a distinguishable and semi-independent southern Levantine state, '''part of but not subsumed by the Assyrian empire''' and, indeed, benefitting from it in significant ways.
}}</ref><ref name=Historyfiles>{{cite web
|title=Chronology of the Israelite Tribes
|work=The History Files (historyfiles.co.uk)
|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/CanaanIsraelites.htm
}}</ref> after [[Ahaz]] of Judah appeals to [[Tiglath Pileser III]] of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] to protect the city from [[Pekah]] of [[Northern Kingdom of Israel|Israel]] and [[Rezin]] of [[Aram Damascus|Aram]]. Tiglath Pileser III subsequently conquers most of the [[Levant]]. At around this time, the [[Siege of Gezer (c. 733 BC)|Siege of Gezer]], {{convert|20|mi}} west of Jerusalem, is recorded on a stone relief at the Assyrian royal palace in [[Nimrud]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}
* c. 712 BCE: The [[Siloam Tunnel]] is built in order to keep water from the [[Gihon Spring]] inside the city. According to the Bible, the tunnel was built by King [[Hezekiah]] in preparation for a siege by the Assyrians, along with an expansion of Jerusalem's fortifications across the [[Tyropoeon Valley]] to enclose the hill today known as [[Mount Zion#Change in meaning|Mount Zion]].<ref name="BenDov1985 p.34">{{cite book
|last=Ben-Dov
|first=Meir
|date=1985
|title=In the Shadow of the Temple
|location=New York, New York
|publisher=Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.
|pages=34–35
|isbn=0-06-015362-8
}}</ref>
* 712 BCE: [[Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem]] – Jerusalem pays further tribute to the Neo-Assyrian Empire after the [[Assyrian Empire#Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] King [[Sennacherib]] laid [[Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem|siege to the city]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}
* c. 670 BCE: [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]], the ruler of Jerusalem, is brought in chains to the Assyrian king, presumably for suspected disloyalty.<ref name=Bright>{{Cite book| title=A History of Israel| first=John | last=Bright| page=311| year=1980 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&pg=PA311|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22068-6}}</ref>
* c. 627 BCE: The death of [[Ashurbanipal]] and the successful revolt of [[Nabopolassar]] replaces the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}
* 609 BCE: Jerusalem becomes part of the Empire of the [[Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt]] after [[Josiah]] of Judah is killed by the army of Pharaoh [[Necho II]] at the [[Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)|Battle of Megiddo]]. Josiah's son [[Jehoahaz of Judah]] is deposed by the Egyptians and replaced as ruler of Jerusalem by his brother [[Jehoiakim]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}
* 605 BCE: Jerusalem switches its tributary allegiance back to the Neo-Babylonians after Necho II is defeated by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] at the [[Battle of Carchemish]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}
* 599–597 BCE: [[Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)|first Babylonian siege]] – Nebuchadnezzar II crushed a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Judah]] and other cities in the Levant which had been sparked by the Neo-Babylonians failed invasion of Egypt in 601 BCE. [[Jehoiachin]] of Jerusalem deported to [[Babylon]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}
* 587–586 BCE: [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|second Babylonian siege]] – Nebuchadnezzar II fought Pharaoh [[Apries]]'s attempt to invade [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]. Jerusalem mostly destroyed including the [[First Temple]], and the city's prominent citizens exiled to [[Babylon]] (see [[Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle]]).{{fact|date=June 2025}}
* 582 BCE: [[Gedaliah]] the Babylonian governor of [[Yehud Medinata|Judah]] assassinated, provoking refugees to Egypt and a third deportation.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==Persian (Achaemenid) period==
* 539 BCE: [[Jerusalem]] becomes part of the [[Eber-Nari]] [[satrapy]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] after King [[Cyrus the Great]] conquers the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] by defeating [[Nabonidus]] at the [[Battle of Opis]]
:* [[Cyrus the Great]] issues the [[Cyrus's edict|Edict of Cyrus]] allowing [[Iraqi Jews|Babylonian Jews]] to return from the [[Babylonian captivity]] and rebuild the Temple (Biblical sources only, see [[Cyrus (Bible)]] and [[The Return to Zion]]).<ref>http://studentreader.com/jerusalem/#Edict-of-Cyrus Student Reader ''Jerusalem'': "When Cyrus captured Babylon, he immediately issued the Edict of Cyrus, a decree that those who had been exiled by the Babylonians could return to their homelands and start rebuilding."</ref>
:* The first wave of Babylonian returnees is [[The Return to Zion#Sheshbazzar's Aliyah|Sheshbazzar's Aliyah]]. 
:* The second wave of Babylonian returnees is [[The Return to Zion#Zerubbabel's Aliyah|Zerubbabel's Aliyah]]. 
:* The return of Babylonian Jews increases the [[Jewish schisms|schism]] with the [[Samaritan]]s, who had remained in the region during the Assyrian and Babylonian deportations.
* 516 BCE: The [[Second Temple]] is built in the 6th year of [[Darius the Great]]. 
* 458 BCE: The third wave of Babylonian returnees is [[The Return to Zion#Ezra's Aliyah|Ezra's Aliyah]]. 
* 445 BCE: The fourth and final wave of Babylonian returnees is [[The Return to Zion#Nehemiah's Aliyah|Nehemiah's Aliyah]]. [[Nehemiah]] is the appointed governor of Judah, and rebuilds the [[Jerusalem's Old City walls|Old City walls]].
* 410 BCE: The [[Great Assembly]] is established in Jerusalem.
* 365/364-362 and c. 347 BCE: Judea participates in Egyptian-inspired and [[Sidon]]ian-led revolts against the Achaemenids, and coins minted in Jerusalem are reflecting the short-lived autonomy.<ref name=Betlyon>{{cite journal |last= Betlyon |first= John Wilson |title= The Provincial Government of Persian Period Judea and the Yehud Coins |pages= 633–642 [637–638] |journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]] |publisher=[[Society of Biblical Literature]] |volume= 105 |number= 4 |year= 1986 |doi= 10.2307/3261210 |jstor= 3261210 }}</ref><ref name=OxHandbook>{{cite book |editor-last1= Steiner |editor-first1= Margreet L. |editor-last2= Killebrew |editor-first2= Ann E. |title= The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE |pages= 142–143 |publisher= OUP Oxford |series= Oxford Handbooks |year= 2014 |isbn= 978-0-19-166255-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d_Z0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT142 |access-date=24 September 2020}} For the Sidonian revolt of King [[Tennes]].</ref> Achaemenid general [[Bagoas]] is possibly the same as 'Bagoses' in [[Josephus]]' ''Antiquities'', who defiles the Temple and imposes taxes on sacrifices performed there.<ref name=Betlyon/><ref name="JewEnc">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1906 |title=Jerusalem |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8604-jerusalem |access-date=23 September 2020 |author=Richard Gottheil |author2=Gotthard Deutsch |author3=[[Martin A. Meyer]] |author4=Joseph Jacobs |author5=M. Franco |via=JewishEncyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>Josephus, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-11.html ''Antiquities of the Jews''], Book XI, Chapter 7. William Whiston edition, London 1737. Accessed 23 September 2020.</ref>

==Hellenistic period==
[[File:Diadoch.png|thumb|right|Kingdoms of the Diadochi and others before the battle of Ipsus, c. 303 BCE]]
[[File:Rome-Seleucia-Parthia 200bc.jpg|thumb|right|The Seleucid Empire in c. 200 BCE]]
[[File:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|thumb|right|Hasmonean Kingdom at its greatest extent under [[Salome Alexandra]]]]

===Under Alexander, the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]], and [[Seleucid]]s===
* 332 BCE: [[Jerusalem]] capitulates to [[Alexander the Great]], during his six-year [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]] conquest of the empire of [[Darius III of Persia]]. Alexander's armies took Jerusalem without complication while travelling to Egypt after the [[Siege of Tyre (332 BC)]].
* 323 BCE: The city comes under the rule of [[Laomedon of Mytilene]], who is given control of the province of [[Syria]] following Alexander's death and the resulting [[Partition of Babylon]] between the [[Diadochi]]. This partition was reconfirmed two years later at the [[Partition of Triparadisus]].
* 320 BCE: General [[Nicanor (Ptolemaic general)|Nicanor]], dispatched by [[satrap]] of [[Egypt]] [[Ptolemy I Soter]] and founder of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]], takes control of Syria including Jerusalem and captures Laomedon in the process.
* 315 BCE: The [[Antigonid dynasty]] gains control of the city after Ptolemy I Soter withdraws from Syria including Jerusalem and [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] invades during the [[Wars of the Diadochi|Third War of the Diadochi]]. [[Seleucus I Nicator]], then governor of [[Babylon]] under Antigonus I Monophthalmus, fled to [[Egypt]] to join [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]].
* 312 BCE: Jerusalem is re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after he defeats Antigonus' son [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius I]] at the [[Battle of Gaza (312 BC)|Battle of Gaza]]. It is probable that Seleucus I Nicator, then an Admiral under Ptolemy's command, also took part in the battle, as following the battle he was given 800 infantry and 200 cavalry and immediately travelled to [[Babylon]] where he founded the [[Seleucid Empire]].
* 311 BCE: The Antigonid dynasty regains control of the city after Ptolemy withdraws from Syria again following a minor defeat by Antigonus I Monophthalmus, and a peace treaty is concluded.
* 302 BCE: Ptolemy invades Syria for a third time, but evacuated again shortly thereafter following false news of a victory for Antigonus against [[Lysimachus]] (another of the Diadochi).
* 301 BCE: [[Coele-Syria]] (Southern Syria) including Jerusalem is re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after Antigonus I Monophthalmus is killed at the [[Battle of Ipsus]]. Ptolemy had not taken part in the battle, and the victors Seleucus I Nicator and Lysimachus had carved up the Antigonid Empire between them, with Southern Syria intended to become part of the Seleucid Empire. Although [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] did not attempt to conquer the area he was due, Ptolemy's pre-emptive move led to the [[Syrian Wars]] which began in 274 BC between the successors of the two leaders.
* 219–217 BCE: The northern portion of Coele-Syria is given to the [[Seleucid Empire]] in 219 through the betrayal of Governor [[Theodotus of Aetolia]], who had held the province on behalf of [[Ptolemy IV Philopator]]. The Seleucids advanced on Egypt, but were defeated at the [[Battle of Raphia]] ([[Rafah]]) in 217.
* 200 BCE: Jerusalem falls under the control of the Seleucid Empire following the [[Battle of Panium]] (part of the Fifth [[Syrian Wars|Syrian War]]) in which [[Antiochus III the Great]] defeated the [[Ptolemies]].
* 175 BCE: [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] succeeds his father and becomes King of the Seleucid Empire. He accelerates Seleucid efforts to eradicate the [[Judaism|Jewish religion]] by forcing the Jewish High Priest [[Onias III]] to step down in favour of his brother [[Jason (high priest)|Jason]], who was replaced by [[Menelaus (High Priest)|Menelaus]] three years later. He outlaws [[Shabbat|Sabbath]] and [[Brit milah|circumcision]], sacks Jerusalem and erects an altar to [[Zeus]] in the Second Temple after plundering it.
* 167 BCE: [[Maccabean revolt]] sparked when a [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid Greek]] government representative under King [[Antiochus IV]] asked [[Mattathias]] to offer sacrifice to the [[Greek gods]]; he refused to do so, killed a Jew who had stepped forward to do so and attacked the government official that required the act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://virtualreligion.net/iho/maccabee.html |title=Maccabean Revolt |publisher=Virtualreligion.net |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> Led to the guerilla [[Battle of Wadi Haramia]].
* 164 BC 25 [[Kislev]]: The [[Maccabees]] capture Jerusalem following the [[Battle of Beth Zur]], and rededicate the Temple (see [[Hanukkah]]). The [[Hasmoneans]] take control of part of Jerusalem, while the Seleucids retain control of the [[Acra (fortress)]] in the city and most surrounding areas.
* 160 BCE: The Seleucids retake control of the whole of Jerusalem after [[Judas Maccabeus]] is killed at the [[Battle of Elasa]], marking the end of the Maccabean revolt.
* 145–144 BCE: [[Alexander Balas]] is overthrown at the [[Battle of Antioch (145 BC)|Battle of Antioch]] (the capital of the empire) by [[Demetrius II Nicator]] in alliance with [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] of [[Egypt]]. The following year, [[Mithradates I of Parthia]] captured [[Seleucia]] (the previous capital of the Seleucid Empire), significantly weakening the power of Demetrius II Nicator throughout the remaining empire.

===Hasmonean kingdom===
* c. 140 BCE: The [[Acra (fortress)|Acra]] is captured and later destroyed by [[Simon Thassi]].
* 139 BCE: [[Demetrius II Nicator]] is taken prisoner for nine years by the rapidly expanding [[Parthian Empire]] after defeat of the [[Seleucid]]s in [[Persia]]. Simon Thassi travels to [[Rome]], where the [[Roman Republic]] formally acknowledges the [[Hasmonean Kingdom]]. However the region remains a province of the [[Seleucid empire]] and Simon Thassi is required to provide troops to Antiochus VII Sidetes.
* 134 BCE: [[Sadducee]] [[John Hyrcanus]] becomes leader after his father Simon Thassi is murdered. He takes a Greek [[regnal name]] (see [[Hyrcania]]) in an acceptance of the [[Hellenistic]] culture of his Seleucid [[suzerain]]s.
* 134 BCE: Seleucid King [[Antiochus VII Sidetes]] recaptures the city. John Hyrcanus opened King [[David]]'s sepulchre and removed three thousand talents which he paid as [[tribute]] to spare the city (according to [[Josephus]].<ref>Josephus The Jewish Wars (1:60)</ref>) John Hyrcanus remains as governor, becoming a [[vassal]] to the [[Seleucids]]
* 116 BCE: A civil war between Seleucid half-brothers [[Antiochus VIII Grypus]] and [[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus]] results in a breakup of the kingdom and the independence of certain principalities, including Judea.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barthold Georg Niebuhr|author2=Marcus Carsten Nicolaus von Niebuhr|title=Lectures on Ancient History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4McAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465|year=1852|publisher=Taylor, Walton, and Maberly|page=465}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://christianbookshelf.org/josephus/the_antiquities_of_the_jews/chapter_10_how_upon_the.htm |title=Josephus, chapter 10 |publisher=Christianbookshelf.org |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref>
* 110 BCE: John Hyrcanus carries out the first military conquests of the independent Hasmonean kingdom, raising a mercenary army to capture [[Madaba]] and [[Schechem]], significantly increasing the regional influence of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEj7FA8InCoC&pg=PA287|title=Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Bible, Volume 5, William George Smith |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=2005|isbn=978-81-7268-095-4 }}</ref><ref>Sievers, 142</ref>
* c. 87 BCE: According to [[Josephus]], following a six-year civil war involving Seleucid king [[Demetrius III Eucaerus]], [[Hasmonean]] ruler [[Alexander Jannaeus]] crucified 800 Jewish rebels in Jerusalem.
* 73–63 BCE: The [[Roman Republic]] extends its influence into the region in the [[Third Mithridatic War]]. During the war, [[Armenians|Armenian]] King [[Tigranes the Great]] takes control of Syria and prepares to invade [[Judea]] and [[Jerusalem]] but has to retreat following an invasion of Armenia by [[Lucullus]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Sicker|title=Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman-Judaean Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKK4ge9FD14C&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97140-3|page=39}}</ref> However, this period is believed to have resulted in the first settlement of Armenians in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pr-inside.com/armenians-of-jerusalem-launch-project-to-preserve-r779106.htm |title=Armenians of Jerusalem Launch Project To Preserve History and Culture |publisher=Pr-inside.com |access-date=26 July 2012  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708022748/http://www.pr-inside.com/armenians-of-jerusalem-launch-project-to-preserve-r779106.htm |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> According to Armenian historian [[Movses Khorenatsi]] writing in c. 482 CE, Tigranes captured Jerusalem and deported Hyrcanus to Armenia, however most scholars deem this account to be incorrect.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aram Topchyan|author2=Aram Tʻopʻchʻyan|title=The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movses Xorenacʻi's History of Armenia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRPxTNpJJfIC|year=2006|publisher=Isd|isbn=978-90-429-1662-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jacob Neusner|title=A History of the Jews in Babylonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA351|volume=2|year=1997|publisher=Brill Archive|page=351}}</ref>

==Roman period==
[[File:Augusto 30aC - 6dC 55%CS jpg.JPG|thumb|right|Extent of the [[Roman Empire]] under Augustus, 30BCE – 6CE]]
[[File:Pompée dans le Temple de Jérusalem.jpg|thumb|right|Pompey in the Temple, 63 BCE ([[Jean Fouquet]] 1470–1475)]]

===Early Roman period===
Events from the [[New Testament]] ([[Canonical Gospels]], [[Acts of the Apostles]], Epistles -[[Pauline epistles|Pauline]] and [[Catholic epistles|Catholic]]- and the [[Book of Revelation]]) offer a narrative regarded by most Christians as Holy Scripture. Much of the narrative lacks historical anchors and Christian [[apologists]] have tried to calculate a historical chronology of events without reaching consensual conclusions. All such events and dates listed here are presented under this reservation, and are generally lacking non-sectarian scholarly recognition. They are marked in the list with a cross [†].

* 63 BCE: [[Roman Republic]] under [[Pompey the Great]] [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)|besieges]] and takes the city.<ref name="Slavik2001 p.60"/> Pompey enters the temple but leaves treasure. [[Hyrcanus II]] is appointed [[Kohen Gadol|High Priest]] and [[Antipater the Idumaean]] is appointed governor.
* 57–55 BCE: [[Aulus Gabinius]], proconsul of [[Syria (Roman province)#Syria in antiquity|Syria]], split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts of legal and religious councils known as [[sanhedrin]] based at Jerusalem, [[Sepphoris]] ([[Galilee]]), [[Jericho]], Amathus ([[Perea (Bible)|Perea]]) and [[Umm Qais|Gadara]].<ref>"And when he had ordained five councils (συνέδρια), he distributed the nation into the same number of parts. So these councils governed the people; the first was at Jerusalem, the second at Gadara, the third at Amathus, the fourth at [[Jericho]], and the fifth at Sepphoris in Galilee." [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146;query=whiston%20chapter%3D%23182;layout=;loc=14.54 Josephus, ''Ant.'' xiv 54]:</ref><ref>"Josephus uses συνέδριον for the first time in connection with the decree of the Roman governor of Syria, Gabinius (57 BCE), who abolished the constitution and the then existing form of government of Palestine and divided the country into five provinces, at the head of each of which a sanhedrin was placed ("Ant." xiv 5, § 4)." via [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=229&letter=S&search=Gabinius Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanhedrin]:</ref>
* 54 BCE: [[Crassus]] loots the temple, confiscating all its gold, after failing to receive the required tribute.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* 45 BCE: [[Antipater the Idumaean]] is appointed [[Procurator (Roman)|Procurator]] of [[Hasmonean|Judaea]] by [[Julius Caesar]], after Julius Caesar is appointed [[Roman dictator|dictator]] of the [[Roman Republic]] following [[Caesar's Civil War]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* 43 BCE: Antipater the Idumaean is killed by poison, and is succeeded by his sons [[Phasael]] and [[Herod the Great|Herod]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* 40 BCE: [[Antigonus II Mattathias|Antigonus]], son of [[Hasmonean]] [[Aristobulus II]] and nephew of [[Hyrcanus II]], offers money to the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian army]] to help him recapture the Hasmonean realm from the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. Jerusalem is captured by [[Barzapharnes]], [[Pacorus I of Parthia]] and Roman deserter [[Quintus Labienus]]. Antigonus is placed as King of Judea. Hyracanus is mutilated, Phasael commits suicide, and Herod escapes to Rome.
* 40–37 BCE: The [[Roman Senate]] appoints [[Herod the Great|Herod]] "King of the Jews" and provides him with an army. Following Roman General [[Publius Ventidius Bassus]]' defeat of the Parthians in Northern Syria, Herod and Roman General [[Gaius Sosius]] wrest Judea from [[Antigonus II Mattathias]], culminating in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)|siege of the city]].<ref name=armstrong/><ref name=sicker/>
* 37–35 BCE: [[Herod the Great]] builds the [[Antonia Fortress]], named after [[Mark Antony]], on the site of the earlier [[Hasmonean Baris]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dave Winter|title=Israel Handbook: With the Palestinian Authority Areas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFmaH4AbP6QC&pg=PA123|year=1999|publisher=Footprint Handbooks|isbn=978-1-900949-48-4|page=123}}</ref>
* 19 BCE: Herod expands the [[Temple Mount]], whose retaining walls include the [[Western Wall]], and rebuilds the Temple ([[Herod's Temple]]).
* 15 BCE: [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]], son-in-law of Emperor [[Augustus]] visits Jerusalem and offers a [[hecatomb]] in the temple.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Emil Schürer|author2=Géza Vermès|author3=Fergus Millar|title=History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p75tWhrwGT8C&pg=PA318|year=1973|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-02242-4|page=318}}</ref>

[[File:Giovanni Paolo Pannini 001.jpg|thumb|right|Jesus at the Temple ([[Giovanni Paolo Pannini]] c. 1750)]]

* c. 6 BCE [†]: [[John the Baptist]] is born in [[Ein Kerem]] to [[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]] and [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)|Elizabeth]].
* c. 6-4 BCE [†]: [[Infant Jesus at the Temple|Presentation of Jesus]] at the Temple, 40 days after his birth in Bethlehem.
* 6 CE: End of Herodian governorate in Jerusalem.
:* [[Herod Archelaus]] deposed as the [[ethnarch]] of the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|Tetrarchy of Judea]]. [[Herodian Dynasty]] replaced in the newly created [[Iudaea province]] by Roman [[prefects]] and after 44 by [[Procurator (Roman)|procurator]]s, beginning with [[Coponius]] ([[Herodian Dynasty|Herodians]] continued to rule elsewhere and [[Agrippa I]] and [[Agrippa II]] later served as Kings).
:* Senator [[Quirinius]] appointed [[Legatus|Legate]] of the [[Syria (Roman province)|Roman province of Syria]] (to which Judea had been "added" according to [[Josephus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-18.htm |title=Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews – Book XVIII, "Cyrenius came himself into Judea, which was now added to the province of Syria" |publisher=Ccel.org |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> though [[Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson|Ben-Sasson]] claims it was a "satellite of Syria" and not "legally part of Syria"<ref>H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', pp. 247–248: "Consequently, the province of Judea may be regarded as a satellite of Syria, though, in view of the measure of independence left to its governor in domestic affairs, it would be wrong to say that in the Julio-Claudian era Judea was legally part of the province of Syria."</ref>) carries out a tax census of both Syria and Judea known as the [[Census of Quirinius]].
:* Both events spark the failed revolt of [[Judas the Galilean]] and the founding of the [[Zealot]] movement, according to Josephus.
:* Jerusalem loses its place as the administrative capital to [[Caesarea Palaestina]].<ref>''A History of the Jewish People'', H.H. Ben-Sasson editor, 1976, p. 247: "When Judea was converted into a Roman province [in 6 CE, p. 246], Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities (Sebaste, Caesarea and others)."</ref>
*7–26 CE: Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Judea and [[Galilee]].<ref>John P. Meier's [[John P. Meier#A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus|''A Marginal Jew'']], vol. 1, ch. 11; also H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, p. 251: "But after the first agitation (which occurred in the wake of the first Roman census) had faded out, we no longer hear of bloodshed in Judea until the days of Pilate."</ref>
* c. 12–38 CE: According to the [[Haran Gawaita]], [[Nazarene (sect)#Nasoraean Mandaeans|Nasoraean]] [[Mandaeans|Mandaean]] disciples of [[John the Baptist]] flee persecution in Jerusalem during the reign of a [[Parthia]]n king identified as [[Artabanus II of Parthia|Artabanus II]] who ruled between 12 and 38 CE.<ref name = BuckleyOrigins>Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). Turning the Tables on Jesus: The Mandaean View. In {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncuQxl5Ate0C&dq=buckley+mandaean+turning+the+table+on+jesus&pg=PA109|title=''Christian Origins''|isbn=978-1-4514-1664-0|last1=Horsley|first1=Richard|date=March 2010|publisher=Fortress Press }}(pp94-111). Minneapolis: Fortress Press</ref><ref name=HG>{{cite book|last=Drower|first=Ethel Stefana|title=The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa|publisher=Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana|year=1953}}</ref>{{rp|IX}}
* c. 28–30 CE [†]: Three-year [[Ministry of Jesus]], during which a number of key events took place in Jerusalem, including: 
:* [[Temptation of Christ]].
:* [[Cleansing of the Temple]] – Jesus drives the merchants and moneylenders from [[Herod's Temple]].
:* Meeting with [[Nicodemus]].
:* [[Healing the blind at birth|Healing the man blind from birth]].

[[File:Enrique Simonet - Flevit super illam 1892.jpg|thumb|right|250px|"[[Triumphal entry into Jerusalem#Gospel accounts|Flevit super illam]]" (He wept over it); by [[Enrique Simonet]], 1892.]]

* c. 30 CE [†]: Key events in the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|martyrdom of Jesus]] which took place in Jerusalem.
:* [[Palm Sunday]] (Jesus enters Jerusalem as the [[Messiah]], while riding on a donkey).
:* [[Last Supper]].
:* [[Passion (Christianity)|The Passion]] and [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]].
:* [[Resurrection of Jesus]].
:* [[Ascension of Jesus]].
* c. 30-36 CE [†]: The first [[Christianity|Christian]] martyr ([[Protomartyr]]) [[Saint Stephen]] stoned to death following [[Sanhedrin]] trial.
* 37–40 CE: "Crisis under [[Caligula|Gaius Caligula]]" – a financial crisis throughout the empire results in the "first open break" between [[Anti-Judaism#Pre-Christian Roman Empire|Jews and Romans]] even though problems were already evident during the [[Census of Quirinius]] in 6 CE and under [[Sejanus]] before 31 CE.<ref>H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, ''The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula'', pp. 254–256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the [[Julio-Claudian]] empire. Until then—if one accepts [[Sejanus]]' heyday and the trouble caused by the [[Census of Quirinius|census after Archelaus' banishment]]—there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the [[Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem]]. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire [[Eastern Roman Empire|East]]."</ref>
* 45–46 CE [†]: After a famine in Judea, [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] and [[Barnabas]] provide support to the Jerusalem poor from [[Antioch]].
* 50 CE [†]: The [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] thought to have held the [[Council of Jerusalem]], the first [[Christianity|Christian]] council. May mark the first formal [[Split of early Christianity and Judaism|schism between Christianity and Judaism]] at which it was agreed that Christians did not need to be [[Circumcision controversy in early Christianity|circumcised]] or alternately may represent a form of early [[Noahide Law]].
* 57 CE [†]: [[Paul of Tarsus]] is arrested in Jerusalem after he is attacked by a mob in the Temple ({{bibleverse|Acts|21:26–39}}) and defends his actions before a [[sanhedrin]].
* 64–68 CE: [[Nero]] persecutes Jews and Christians throughout the [[Roman Empire]].
* 66 CE: [[James the Just]], the [[brothers of Jesus|brother of Jesus]] and first [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Bishop of Jerusalem]], is killed in Jerusalem at the instigation of the high priest [[Ananus ben Ananus]] according to [[Eusebius of Caesarea]].<ref>See also Flavius Josephus, ''[[Jewish Antiquities]]'' XX, ix, 1.</ref>
[[File:Roberts Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|The siege of Jerusalem, 70 CE ([[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]], 1850)]]
* 66–73 CE: [[First Jewish-Roman War]], with the Judean rebellion led by [[Simon Bar Giora]]
* 70 CE: [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)]] [[Titus]], eldest son of Emperor [[Vespasian]], ends the major portion of [[First Jewish–Roman War]] and destroys [[Herod's Temple]] on [[Tisha B'Av]]. The Roman legion [[Legio X Fretensis]] is garrisoned in the city.
:* The Sanhedrin is [[Council of Jamnia|relocated]] to [[Yavne]]. [[Pharisees]] become dominant, and their form of Judaism evolves into modern day [[Rabbinic Judaism]] (whereas [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]] are no longer recorded as groups in history—see [[Origins of Rabbinic Judaism]]).
:* The city's leading Christians relocate to [[Pella, Jordan|Pella]].
* c. 90–96 CE: [[Jews]] and [[Christians]] heavily persecuted throughout the Roman Empire towards the end of the reign of [[Domitian]].
* 115–117 CE: Jews revolt against the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] throughout the empire, including Jerusalem, in the [[Kitos War]].
* 117 CE: Saint [[Simeon of Jerusalem]], second [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Bishop of Jerusalem]], was [[Crucifixion|crucified]] under [[Trajan]] by the proconsul Atticus in Jerusalem or the vicinity according to Eusebius of Caesarea (260/265 – 339/340).<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxxii.html Eusebius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', III, xxxii].</ref>

===Late Roman period (Aelia Capitolina)===
[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|right|The Roman empire at its peak under Hadrian showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in 125 CE.]]

* 130: Emperor [[Hadrian]] visits the ruins of [[Jerusalem]] and decides to rebuild it as a city dedicated to [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] called [[Aelia Capitolina]]
* 131: An additional legion, [[Legio VI Ferrata]], was stationed in the city to maintain order, as the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[governor]] performed the foundation ceremony of Aelia Capitolina. Hadrian abolished [[History of male circumcision#Male circumcision in the Greco-Roman world|circumcision]] (''[[brit milah]]''), which he viewed as [[mutilation]].<ref name=Mackay>Christopher Mackay. "Ancient Rome a Military and Political History" 2007: 230</ref>
* 132–135: [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]] – [[Simon Bar Kokhba]] leads a revolt against the [[Roman Empire]], controlling the city for three years. He is proclaimed as the [[Messiah in Judaism|Messiah]] by [[Rabbi Akiva]]. [[Hadrian]] sends [[Sextus Julius Severus]] to the region, who brutally crushes the revolt and retakes the city.
* 136: Hadrian formally reestablishes the city as Aelia Capitolina, and forbids Jewish and Christian presence in the city.
* c. 136–140: A Temple to [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] is built on the [[Temple Mount]] and a temple to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] is built on [[Calvary]].
* 138: Restrictions over Christian presence in the city are relaxed after Hadrian dies and [[Antoninus Pius]] becomes emperor.
* 195: Saint [[Narcissus of Jerusalem]] presides over a council held by the bishops of Palestine in Caesarea, and decrees that [[Easter]] is to be always kept on a Sunday, and not with the [[Jewish Passover]].
* 251: Bishop [[Alexander of Jerusalem]] is killed during Roman Emperor [[Decius]]' persecution of Christians.
* 259: Jerusalem falls under the rule of [[Odaenathus]] as King of the [[Palmyrene Empire]] after the capture of Emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] by [[Shapur I]] at the [[Battle of Edessa]] causes the Roman Empire to splinter.
* 272: Jerusalem becomes part of the Roman Empire again after [[Aurelian]] defeats the Palmyrene Empire at the [[Battle of Emesa]] ([[Homs]]).
* 303: Saint [[Procopius of Scythopolis]] is born in Jerusalem.
* 312: [[Macarius of Jerusalem|Macarius]] becomes the last Bishop of Aelia Capitolina.
* 313: [[Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre]] founded in Jerusalem after [[Constantine I]] issued the [[Edict of Milan]], legalizing Christianity throughout the Roman Empire following his own conversion the previous year.

==Byzantine period==
[[File:Europe and the Near East at 476 AD.png|thumb|right|Europe after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in 476]]
[[File:St Helena finding the true cross.jpg|thumb|right|Helena finding the [[True Cross]] (Italian manuscript, c. 825)]]
[[File:Madaba map.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Madaba Map]] depiction of sixth-century Jerusalem]]
[[File:Church of the Holy Sepulchre by Gerd Eichmann (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]: Jerusalem is generally considered the cradle of [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Orientalism and Musical Mission: Palestine and the West|first=Rachel |last=Beckles Willson|year= 2013| isbn=978-1-107-03656-7| page =146|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>]]
* 324–325: Emperor [[Constantine I|Constantine]] wins the [[Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324)|Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy]] and reunites the empire. Within a few months, the [[First Council of Nicaea]] (first worldwide Christian council) confirms status of [[Aelia Capitolina]] as a patriarchate.<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.x.html Schaff's ''Seven Ecumenical Councils'': First Nicaea: Canon VII]: "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of Aelia [i.e., Jerusalem] should be honored, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honor."; "It is very hard to determine just what was the "precedence" granted to the Bishop of Aelia, nor is it clear which is the "metropolis" referred to in the last clause. Most writers, including [[Karl Josef von Hefele|Hefele]], [[Balsamon]], [[Alexios Aristenos|Aristenus]] and Beveridge [[William Beveridge (bishop)|William Beveridge]]?] consider it to be [[Caesarea Maritima|Cæsarea]]; while [[Zonaras]] thinks Jerusalem to be intended, a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs; others again suppose it is [[Antioch]] that is referred to."</ref> A significant wave of Christian immigration to the city begins. This is the date on which the city is generally taken to have been renamed Jerusalem.
* c. 325: The ban on Jews entering the city remains in force, but they are allowed to enter once a year to pray on [[Tisha B'Av]].
* 326: Constantine's mother [[Helena (empress)|Helena]] visits Jerusalem and orders the destruction of [[Hadrian]]'s temple to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] which had been built on [[Calvary]]. Accompanied by [[Macarius of Jerusalem]], the excavation reportedly discovers the [[True Cross]], the [[Holy Tunic]] and the [[Holy Nails]].
* 333: The [[Eleona Basilica]] is built on the [[Mount of Olives]], marking the site of the [[Ascension of Jesus]].
* 335: First [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] built on [[Calvary]].
* 347: Saint [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] delivers his [[Cyril of Jerusalem#Catechetical Lectures|Mystagogical Catecheses]], instructions on the principal topics of Christian faith and practice.
* 361: [[Neoplatonist]] [[Julian the Apostate]] becomes [[Roman emperor|Roman Emperor]] and attempts to reverse the growing influence of [[Christianity]] by encouraging other religions. As a result, [[Alypius of Antioch]] is commissioned to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem and Jews are allowed to return to the city.<ref name="Browning1978 p.176">Browning, Robert. 1978. ''The Emperor Julian''. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, p. 176. {{ISBN|0-520-03731-6}}</ref>
* 363: The [[Galilee earthquake of 363]] together with the re-establishment of Christianity's dominance following the death of Julian the Apostate at the [[Battle of Samarra]] ends attempts to build a third Temple in Jerusalem.
* 380: [[Theodosius I]] declares [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicene]] Christianity the [[state church of the Roman Empire]]. The Roman Empire later loses its [[Western Roman Empire|western provinces]], with Jerusalem continuing under the jurisdiction of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Empire]] (commonly known as the [[Byzantine Empire]]).
* c. 380: [[Tyrannius Rufinus]] and [[Melania the Elder]] found the first [[monastery]] in Jerusalem on the [[Mount of Olives]].
* 386: [[Saint Jerome]] moves to Jerusalem in order to commence work on the [[Vulgate]], commissioned by [[Pope Damasus I]] and instrumental in the fixation of the [[Biblical canon]] in the West. He later moves to [[Bethlehem]].
* 394: [[John II, Bishop of Jerusalem]], consecrates the Church of the Holy Zion built on the site of the [[Cenacle]].
* 403: [[Euthymius the Great]] founds the Pharan [[lavra]], six miles east of Jerusalem.
* 438: Empress [[Aelia Eudocia Augusta]], wife of [[Theodosius II]], visits Jerusalem after being encouraged by [[Melania the Younger]].
* 451: The [[Council of Chalcedon]] confirms Jerusalem's status as a [[Patriarchate]] as one of the [[Pentarchy]]. [[Juvenal of Jerusalem]] becomes the first [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Patriarch of Jerusalem]].<ref name="Horn2008 p.60">Horn, Cornelia B.; Robert R. Phenix, Jr. 2008. ''The Lives of Peter the Iberian, Theodosius of Jerusalem, and the Monk Romanus''. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature, p. lxxxviii. {{ISBN|978-1-58983-200-8}}</ref>
* 443–60: Empress Aelia Eudocia Augusta moves to Jerusalem where she dies in 460, after being banished by Theodosius II for adultery.
* 483: [[Sabbas the Sanctified]] founds the Great Lavra, also known as [[Mar Saba]], in the [[Kidron Valley]].
* 540–550: Emperor [[Justinian I]] undertakes a number of building works, including the once magnificent [[Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos]] ("the Nea") and the extension of the [[Cardo]] thoroughfare.<ref>[https://archive.today/20020628165559/http://www.snunit.k12.il/njeru/ed34.htm The Emperor Justinian and Jerusalem (527–565)]</ref>
* c. 600: Latin [[Pope Gregory I]] commissions Abbot Probus of Ravenna to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat Latin pilgrims to the [[Holy Land]].
* 610: The [[Temple Mount]] in Jerusalem becomes the focal point for [[Muslim]] [[salat]] (prayers), known as the First [[Qibla]], following [[Muhammad]]'s initial revelations ([[Wahy]]). ([[Islamic]] sources)
* 610: [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius]] begins in [[Antioch]] and spreads to other cities including Jerusalem.
* 614: [[Siege of Jerusalem (614)]] – Jerusalem falls to [[Khosrau II]]'s [[Sassanid Empire]] led by General [[Shahrbaraz of Persia|Shahrbaraz]], during the [[Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628]]. Jewish leader [[Nehemiah ben Hushiel]] allied with Shahrbaraz in the battle, as part of the [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius]], and was made governor of the city. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is burned, Patriarch [[Zacharias of Jerusalem|Zacharias]] is taken prisoner, the [[True Cross]] and other relics are taken to [[Ctesiphon]], and much of the Christian population is massacred.<ref name="Hussey1961 p.25">Hussey, J.M. 1961. ''The Byzantine World''. New York, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, p. 25.</ref><ref>Karen Armstrong. 1997. ''Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths''. New York, New York: Ballantine Books, p. 229. {{ISBN|0-345-39168-3}}</ref> Most of the city is destroyed.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
* 617: Jewish governor [[Nehemiah ben Hushiel]] is killed by a mob of Christian citizens, three years after he is appointed. The [[Sassanids]] quell the uprising and appoint a Christian governor to replace him.
* 620: Muhammad's night journey ([[Isra and Mi'raj]]) to Jerusalem, according to Islamic belief.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://quran.com/al-isra | title=Surah Al-Isra - 1-111 }}</ref>
* 624: Jerusalem loses its place as the [[Qibla|focal point for Muslim prayers]] to [[Mecca]], 18 months after the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] (Muhammad's migration to [[Medina]]).
* c. 625: According to [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], Muhammad ordained the [[Temple Mount|Masjid Al-Aqsa]] as one of the three holy mosques of Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/sunnah/bukhari/021.sbt.html |title=Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 21, Number 281: "Do not set out on a journey except for three Mosques i.e. Al-Masjid-AI-Haram, the Mosque of Allah's Apostle, and the Mosque of Al-Aqsa, (Mosque of Jerusalem)." |publisher=Islamicity.com |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref>
* 629: Byzantine emperor [[Heraclius]] retakes Jerusalem, after the decisive defeat of the Sassanid Empire at the [[Battle of Nineveh (627)]]. Heraclius personally returns the True Cross to the city.<ref>Ostrogorsky, George. 1969. ''History of the Byzantine State''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. 104. {{ISBN|0-8135-0599-2}}</ref>

==Early Muslim period==
===Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates===
[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|right|The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads. {{legend|#a1584e|Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632}} {{legend|#ef9070|Expansion during the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], 632–661}} {{legend|#fad07d|Expansion during the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], 661–750}}]]
[[File:Shattering isochamend.png|thumb|right|An anachronistic map of the various de facto independent emirates after the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] lost their military dominance (c. 950)]]

* 636–637: [[Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)]] [[Arabian]] [[Caliph]] [[Umar|Umar the Great]] conquers [[Jerusalem]] and at the request of Jerusalem's Christian Patriarch, enters the city on foot, following the decisive defeat of the [[Byzantine Empire]] at the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] a few months earlier.<ref name="Slavik2001 p.60"/> Patriarch [[Sophronius of Jerusalem|Sophronius]] and Umar are reported to have agreed the [[Covenant of Umar I]], which guaranteed non-Muslims [[freedom of religion]], and under Islamic rule, for the first time since the Roman period, Jews were once again allowed to live and worship freely in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book|author=Leslie J. Hoppe|title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCxHOC8B2pYC|year=2000|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5081-3}}</ref> Jerusalem becomes part of the [[Jund Filastin]] province of the [[Arab Caliphate]].
* 638: The [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] began appointing its own [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem|bishop in Jerusalem]].
* 661: [[Mu'awiya I]] is ordained as Caliph of the Islamic world in Jerusalem following the assassination of [[Ali]] in [[Kufa]], ending the [[First Fitna]] and marking the beginning of the [[Umayyad]] Empire.
* 677: According to interpretations of [[Maronite]] historian [[Theophilus of Edessa]], [[Mardaites]] (possibly ancestors of today's [[Maronites]]) took over a swathe of land including Jerusalem on behalf of the Byzantine Emperor, who was simultaneously repelling the Umayyads in the [[Siege of Constantinople (674–678)]]. However, this has been contested as a mistranslation of the words "Holy City".<ref>{{cite book|author=Theophilus (of Edessa)|title=Theophilus of Edessa's Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1379rbkgssC&pg=PA169|year=2011|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-84631-698-2|page=169}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Elizabeth Jeffreys|author2=Fiona K. Haarer|title=Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21-26 August, 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWec0i621ekC&pg=PA198|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5740-8|page=198}}</ref>
* 687–691: The [[Dome of the Rock]] is built by Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] during the [[Second Fitna]], becoming the world's first great work of [[Islamic architecture]].<ref name="Slavik2001 p.60"/>
* 692: Orthodox [[Council in Trullo]] formally makes Jerusalem one of the [[Pentarchy]] (disputed by [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]).
* 705: The [[Umayyad]] Caliph [[Al-Walid I]] builds the [[Temple Mount|Jami'a al-Aqsa]].
* 730–749: [[John of Damascus]], previously chief adviser to Caliph [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]], moves to the [[monastery]] [[Mar Saba]] outside Jerusalem and becomes the major opponent of the [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|First Iconoclasm]] through his theological writings.
* 744–750: Riots in Jerusalem and other major [[Syrian]] cities during the reign of [[Marwan II]], quelled in 745–46. The Umayyad army is subsequently defeated in 750 at the [[Battle of the Zab]] by the [[Abbasids]], who take control of the entire empire including Jerusalem. Marwan II flees via Jerusalem but is assassinated in [[Egypt]].
* 793–796: [[Qays–Yaman war (793–796)]].
* 797: First embassy sent from [[Charlemagne]] to Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] as part of the attempted [[Abbasid–Carolingian alliance]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Miriam Greenblatt|title=Charlemagne and the Early Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7blNe7VXfUwC&pg=PA29|year=2002|publisher=Benchmark Books|isbn=978-0-7614-1487-2|page=29}}</ref> 
* 799: Charlemagne sent another mission to [[George of Jerusalem|Patriarch George of Jerusalem]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Majid Khadduri|title=War and Peace in the Law of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHWd6gLZsFIC&pg=PA247|year=2006|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-58477-695-6|page=247}}</ref>
* 801: [[Sufi]] saint [[Rabia Al-Adawiyya]] dies in Jerusalem.
* 813: Caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] visits Jerusalem and undertakes extensive renovations to the Dome of the Rock.
* 878: [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]], ruler of Egypt and founder of the [[Tulunid]] dynasty, conquers Jerusalem and most of [[Syria]], four years after declaring Egypt's independence from the [[Abbasid]] court in [[Baghdad]].
* 881: Patriarch [[Elias III of Jerusalem]] corresponded with European rulers asking for financial donations, including [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and King of [[West Francia]] [[Charles the Fat]] and [[Alfred the Great]] of England.
* 904: The [[Abbasids]] regain control of Jerusalem after invading Syria, and the army of Tulunid Emir [[Harun of Tulunids|Harun]] retreats to Egypt where the [[Tulunids]] were defeated the following year.
* 939/944: [[Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid]], governor of Abbasid Egypt and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], is given the title al-Ikhshid by Abbasid Caliph [[Ar-Radi]], and in 944 is named hereditary governor of his lands.
* 946: Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid dies. [[Abu al-Misk Kafur]] becomes de facto ruler of the Ikhshidid lands.
* 951–978: [[Estakhri]], ''Traditions of Countries'' and [[Ibn Hawqal]], ''The Face of the Earth'' write of [[Jund Filistin]]: ''"Its capital and largest town is [[Ramla]], but the Holy City of Jerusalem comes very near this last in size"'', and of Jerusalem: ''"It is a city perched high on the hills: and you have to go up to it from all sides. In all Jerusalem there is no running water, excepting what comes from springs, that can be used to irrigate the fields, and yet it is the most fertile portion of Filastin."''<ref name="gds">{{cite book|title= Palestine Under the Moslems from AD 650 to 1500, Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers|author= Guy le Strange|location=Florence|year= 1890|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund]]|url= https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft/palestineundermo00lestuoft_djvu.txt}}</ref>
* 966: [[Al-Muqaddasi]] leaves Jerusalem to begin his 20-year geographical study, writing in detail about Jerusalem in his ''Description of Syria, Including Palestine''<ref name="gds"/>
* 968: [[Abu al-Misk Kafur]] dies and is also buried in Jerusalem. The [[Ikhshidid]] government divides and the [[Fatimids]] prepare for invasion of Egypt and Palestine.

===Fatimid and Seljuk rule===
* 969: The [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] [[Fatimid]]s under General [[Jawhar al-Siqilli]] conquer the [[Ikhshidid]] domains of the [[Abbasid]] empire including [[Jerusalem]], following a treaty guaranteeing the local [[Sunni]]s freedom of religion.
* 975: Byzantine Emperor [[John I Tzimiskes]]'s second Syrian campaign takes [[Emesa]], [[Baalbek]], [[Damascus]], [[Tiberias]], [[Nazareth]], [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]], [[Sidon]], [[Beirut]], [[Byblos]] and [[Tripoli (Lebanon)|Tripoli]], but is defeated en route to Jerusalem. The emperor dies suddenly in 976 on his return from the campaign.
* 1009: [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliph]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al-Hakim]] orders destruction of churches and synagogues in the empire, including the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]].
* 1021: Caliph [[Ali az-Zahir]] undertakes extensive renovations to the [[Dome of the Rock]].
* 1023–1041: [[Anushtakin al-Dizbari]] is the governor of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Syria]], and defeats the [[Jarrahids|Jarrahid]] revolt of 1024–29. Fifteen years later, in 1057, his body was ceremonially transferred to Jerusalem by Caliph [[al-Mustansir Billah|al-Mustansir]] for reburial.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ross Burns|title=Damascus: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTs77Ft6FXQC&pg=PA138|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-27105-9|page=138}}</ref>
* 1030: Caliph Ali az-Zahir authorizes the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other Christian churches in a treaty with Byzantine Emperor [[Romanos III Argyros]].
* 1042: Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine IX Monomachos]] pays for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, authorized by Caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]]. Al-Mustansir authorizes a number of other Christian buildings, including the [[Muristan]] hospital, church and monastery built by a group of Amalfian merchants in c. 1050.
* 1054: [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] – the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Patriarch of Jerusalem]] joined the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], under the jurisdiction of [[Constantinople]]. All Christians in the Holy Land came under the jurisdiction of the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem]], setting in place a key cause of the [[Crusades]].
* 1073: Jerusalem is captured by under Turcoman Emir [[Atsiz ibn Uwaq]], who was advancing south into the weakening [[Fatimid Empire]] following the decisive defeat of the [[Byzantine]] army at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] fought against the [[Great Seljuk Empire]] two years previously and a devastating six-year famine in Egypt between 1067 and 1072.<ref name="Singh2002 p.455">Singh, Nagendra. 2002. "International Encyclopedia of Islamic Dynasties"'</ref>
* 1077: Jerusalem revolts against the rule of Atsiz while he is fighting the Fatimid Empire in [[Egypt]]. On his return to Jerusalem, Atsiz retakes the city and massacres the local population.<ref name="Bosworth2007 p.234">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2007. ''Historic Cities of the Islamic World''</ref> Not long after, Atsiz is executed by [[Tutush I]], governor of Syria under his brother, [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] leader [[Malik-Shah I]]. Tutush I appoints [[Artuqids|Artuq bin Ekseb]], later founder of the Artuqid dynasty, as governor.
* 1091–1095: Artuq bin Ekseb dies in 1091, and is succeeded as governor by his sons [[Ilghazi]] and [[Ahlatshahs|Sokmen]]. Malik Shah dies in 1092, and the Seljuk Empire splits into smaller warring states. Control of Jerusalem is disputed between [[Duqaq (Seljuk ruler of Damascus)|Duqaq]] and [[Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan|Radwan]] after the death of their father Tutush I in 1095. The ongoing rivalry weakens Syria.
* 1095–1096: [[Al-Ghazali]] lives in Jerusalem.
* 1095: At the [[Council of Clermont]] Pope [[Urban II]] calls for the [[First Crusade]].
* 1098: [[Fatimid]] regent [[Al-Afdal Shahanshah]] reconquers Jerusalem from Artuq bin Ekseb's sons Ilghazi and Sokmen.

==Crusader/Ayyubid period==
===First Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187)===
[[File:The Byzantine Empire, c.1180.PNG|thumb|left|Crusader states in 1180]]
[[File:Prise de Jérusalem par les Croisés, le 15 juillet 1099 Emil Signol, Musée du Château Versailles.JPG|thumb|right|The capture of [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Crusaders]] on 15 July 1099<br />1. The Holy Sepulchre, 2. The [[Dome of the Rock]], 3. Ramparts]]
[[File:View and Plan of Jerusalem Fac simile of a Woodout in the Liber Chronicarum Mundi large folio Nuremberg 1493.png|right|thumb|A woodcut of Jerusalem in the [[Nuremberg Chronicle]], 1493]]
{{main|Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem}}

* 1099: [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)]] – [[First Crusade]]rs capture Jerusalem and slaughter most of the city's [[Muslim]] and [[History of the Jews and the Crusades|Jewish inhabitants]]. The [[Dome of the Rock]] is converted into a Christian church. [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] becomes Protector of the [[Holy Sepulchre]].<ref>Runciman, Steven. 1951. ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 1 The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem''. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 279–290. {{ISBN|0-521-06161-X}}</ref>
* 1100: [[Dagobert of Pisa]] becomes [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]]. Godfrey of Bouillon promises to turn over the rule of Jerusalem to the Papacy once the crusaders capture [[Egypt]]. The invasion of Egypt did not occur as Godfrey died shortly thereafter. [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin I]] was proclaimed the first [[King of Jerusalem]] after politically outmanoeuvering Dagobert.
* 1104: The [[Qibli Mosque|Jami Al-Aqsa]] becomes the Royal Palace of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].
* 1112: [[Arnulf of Chocques]] becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem for the second time and prohibits non-Catholic worship at the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]].
* 1113: The foundation of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] by [[Gerard Thom]] at the [[Muristan]] Christian hospice in Jerusalem is confirmed by a [[Papal Bull]] from [[Pope Paschal II]].
* 1119: [[Hugues de Payens]] and [[Godfrey de Saint-Omer]] found the [[Knights Templar]] in the Al Aqsa Mosque.
* 1123: [[Pactum Warmundi]] alliance established between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the [[Republic of Venice]].
* 1131: [[Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem|Melisende]] became Queen of Jerusalem, later acting as regent for her son between 1153 and 1161 while he was on campaign. She was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the Armenian princess [[Morphia of Melitene]].
* 1137: [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Zengi]] defeats [[Fulk of Jerusalem]] at the [[Battle of Ba'rin]]. Fulk was trapped in Ba'rin Castle, but released by Zengi on payment of a ransom.
* 1138: [[St Anne's Church, Jerusalem|St Anne's Church]] is built by [[Arda of Armenia]], widow of [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem]].
* 1149: New Church of the Holy Sepulchre built.
* 1141–1173: Jerusalem is visited by [[Yehuda Halevi]] (1141), [[Maimonides]] (1165), [[Benjamin of Tudela]] (1173).
* 1160: According to Benjamin of Tudela, messianic claimant [[David Alroy]] called his followers in [[Baghdad]] to join him on a mission to Jerusalem.
* 1170–1184: [[William of Tyre]] writes his magnum opus Historia Hierosolymitana.

===Ayyubids and Second Crusader Kingdom===
The Crusader defeat at the [[Battle of Hattin]] leads to the end of the First Crusader Kingdom (1099–1187). During the Second Crusader Kingdom (1192–1291), the [[Crusaders]] can only gain a foothold in Jerusalem on a limited scale, twice through treaties (access rights in 1192 after the [[Treaty of Jaffa (1192)|Treaty of Jaffa]]; partial control 1229–39 after the [[Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul]]), and again for a last time between 1241 and 1244.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule |author=Adrian J. Boas |year=2001 |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=1 |isbn=978-0-415-23000-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TuCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref>

[[File:Ayyubid Dynasty.svg|thumb|left|Jerusalem under the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] after the death of Saladin, 1193]]
[[File:Bahri Dynasty 1250 - 1382 (AD).PNG|thumb|left|The Bahri Mamluk Dynasty 1250–1382]]

* 1187: [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)]] – [[Saladin]] captures [[Jerusalem]] from the Crusaders, after [[Battle of the Horns of Hattin]]. Allows Jewish and [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] settlement. The [[Dome of the Rock]] is converted to an [[Islamic]] centre of worship again.
* 1192: [[Third Crusade]] under [[Richard the Lionheart]] fails to recapture Jerusalem, but ends with the [[Treaty of Ramla]] in which Saladin agreed that Western [[Christians|Christian]] pilgrims could worship freely in Jerusalem.
* 1193: [[Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)|Mosque of Omar]] built under Saladin outside the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], commemorating [[Umar]] the Great's decision to pray outside the church so as not to set a precedent and thereby endanger the Church's status as a Christian site.
* 1193: The [[Moroccan Quarter]] is established.
* 1206: [[Ibn Arabi]] makes a pilgrimage to the city.
* 1212: 300 [[Rabbi]]s from England and France settle in Jerusalem.
* 1219: Despite having rebuilt the walls during the [[Third Crusade]], [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa|Al-Mu'azzam]], [[Ayyubid]] Emir of [[Damascus]], destroys the city walls to prevent the [[Crusaders]] from capturing a fortified city.
* 1219: [[Jacques de Vitry]] writes his magnum opus Historia Hierosolymitana.
* 1229–1244: From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 Treaty agreed between the crusading [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II]] and [[al-Kamil]], the Ayyubid [[Sultan]] of [[Egypt]], that ended the [[Sixth Crusade]].<ref name=Addington01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CBEesvW2okC&pg=PA59|title=The Patterns of War Through the Eighteenth Century|series=Midland book|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|author=Larry H. Addington|page=59| date=1990|isbn=978-0-253-20551-3|quote=... in the Sixth Crusade, Frederick II ...concluded a treaty with the Saracens in 1229 that placed Jerusalem under Christian control but allowed Muslim and Christian alike freedom of access to the religious shrines of the city. ... Within fifteen years of Frederick's departure from the Holy Land, the Khwarisimian Turks, successors to the Seljuks, rampaged through Syria and Palestine, capturing Jerusalem in 1244. (Jerusalem would not be ruled again by Christians until the British occupied it in December 1917, during World War I.)}}</ref><ref name=Pringle01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA5|title=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem: A Corpus|series=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author=Denys Pringle|page=5| date=2007|isbn=978-0-521-39038-5|quote=During the period of Christian control of Jerusalem between 1229 and 1244 ...}}</ref><ref name=Wharton01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1_BBK-LsesC&pg=PA106|title=Selling Jerusalem: Relics, Replicas, Theme Parks|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|author=Annabel Jane Wharton|page=106| date=2006|isbn=978-0-226-89422-5|quote=(footnote 19): It is perhaps worth noting that the same sultan, al-Malik al-Kamil, was later involved in the negotiations with Emperor Frederick II that briefly reestablished Latin control in Jerusalem between 1229 and 1244.}}</ref><ref name=Askari01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6REAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=Conflicts in the Persian Gulf: Origins and Evolution|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|author=[[Hossein Askari]]|page=52| date=2013|isbn=978-1-137-35838-7|quote=Later, during the years 1099 through 1187 AD and 1229 through 1244 AD, Christian Crusaders occupied Jerusalem ...}}</ref><ref name=Maoz01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6YuXfFUwBgC&pg=PA3|title=The Meeting of Civilizations: Muslim, Christian, and Jewish|publisher=[[Sussex Academic Press]]|editor=Moshe Ma'oz|page=3| date=2009|isbn=978-1-84519-395-9|quote=(Introduction by Moshe Ma'oz) ... When the Christian Crusaders occupied Jerusalem (AD 1099–1187, 1229–1244) ...}}</ref> The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications.
* 1239: [[An-Nasir Dawud]], Ayyubid Emir of [[Kerak]], briefly occupies the city and destroys its fortifications before withdrawing to Kerak.
* 1240–1244: An-Nasir Dawud competes with his cousin [[As-Salih Ayyub]], who had allied with the [[Crusaders]], for control of the region.
* 1244: [[Siege of Jerusalem (1244)]] – In order to permanently retake the city from rival breakaway Abbasid rulers who had allied with the Crusaders, As-Salih Ayyub summoned a huge mercenary army of [[Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty#Mercenaries|Khwarezmians]], who were available for hire following the defeat of the [[Khwarazm Shah]] dynasty by the Mongols ten years earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jerusalem (After 1291) |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> The Khwarezmians could not be controlled by As-Salih Ayyub, and destroyed the city. A few months later, the two sides met again at the decisive [[Battle of La Forbie]], marking the end of the Crusader influence in the region.
* 1246: The Ayyubids regain control of the city after the Khwarezmians are defeated by [[Al-Mansur Ibrahim]] at [[Lake Homs]].
* 1248–1250: The [[Seventh Crusade]], launched in reaction to the 1244 destruction of Jerusalem, fails after [[Louis IX of France]] is defeated and captured by Ayyubid Sultan [[Al-Muazzam Turanshah|Turanshah]] at the [[Battle of Fariskur (1250)|Battle of Fariskur]] in 1250. The [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] is indirectly created in Egypt as a result, as Turanshah is killed by his [[Mamluk]] soldiers a month after the battle and his stepmother [[Shajar al-Durr]] becomes [[Sultana (title)|Sultana]] of Egypt with the Mamluk [[Aybak]] as [[Atabeg]]. The Ayyubids relocate to [[Damascus]], where they continue to control the rump of their empire including Jerusalem for a further ten years.
* 1260: The Army of the [[Mongol Empire]] reaches Palestine for the first time:
:* [[Jerusalem]] raided as part of the [[Mongol raids into Palestine]] under [[Nestorian Christian]] general [[Kitbuqa]]. [[Hulagu Khan]] sends a message to [[Louis IX of France]] that Jerusalem remitted to the [[Christians]] under the [[Franco-Mongol Alliance]].
:* Hulagu Khan returns to Mongolia following the death of [[Möngke Khan|Mongke]], leaving Kitbuqa and a reduced army to fight the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]], north of Jerusalem. The [[Mongols]] are defeated by the Egyptian [[Mamelukes]] under [[Qutuz]] and [[Baibars]].<ref>[http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=50287&display_order=3&mini_id=1051 Jerusalem Timeline From David to the 20th century] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227151801/http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=50287&display_order=3&mini_id=1051 |date=27 February 2007 }}</ref>

==Mamluk period==
* 1267: [[Nachmanides]] goes to Jerusalem and prays at the [[Western Wall]]. Reported to have found only two Jewish families in the city.
* 1300: Further Mongol raids into Palestine under [[Ghazan]] and [[Mulay]]. Jerusalem held by the Mongols for four months (see [[Ninth Crusade]]). [[Hetham II]], King of Armenia, was allied to the Mongols and is reported to have visited Jerusalem where he donated his sceptre to the Armenian Cathedral.
* 1307: [[Marino Sanuto the Elder]] writes his magnum opus Historia Hierosolymitana.
* 1318–1320: Regional governor [[Sanjar al-Jawli]] undertook renovations of the city, including building the Jawliyya [[Madrasa]].
* 1328: [[Tankiz]], the [[Governor of Damascus]], undertook further renovations including of the [[Qibli Mosque|Jami Al-Aqsa]] and building the [[Tankiziyya Madrasa]].
* 1340: The [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] builds a wall around the [[Armenian Quarter]].
* 1347: The [[Black Death]] sweeps Jerusalem and much of the rest of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]].
* 1377: Jerusalem and other cities in [[Mamluk]] [[Syria]] revolt, following the death of [[Al-Ashraf Sha'ban]]. The revolt was quelled and a [[coup d'etat]] is staged by [[Barquq]] in [[Cairo]] in 1382, founding the Mamluk [[Burji dynasty]].
* 1392–1393: [[Henry IV of England]] makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
* 1482: The visiting [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] priest [[Felix Fabri]] described Jerusalem as "a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a sect possibly Druzes, Mamelukes, and "the most accursed of all", Jews. Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".
* 1496: [[Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi]] writes ''The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron''.

==Ottoman period==
===Early Ottoman period===
[[File:OttomanEmpire1683.png|thumb|left|The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in 1683, showing Jerusalem]]

* 1516: The [[Ottoman Empire]] replaces the Mamluks in Palestine after Sultan [[Selim I]] defeats the last [[Mamluk]] Sultan [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri]] at the [[Battle of Marj Dabiq]] ([[Aleppo]]) and the [[Battle of Yaunis Khan]] (Gaza).
* 1517: Sultan Selim I makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem on his way to the final defeat of the Mamluks at the [[Battle of Ridaniya]] ([[Cairo]]). Selim proclaims himself [[Caliph]] of the Islamic world.
* 1518: [[Abu Ghosh]] clan sent to Jerusalem to restore order and to secure the pilgrimage route between [[Jaffa]] and Jerusalem.
* 1535–1538: [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] rebuilds walls around Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Facts about the Walls of Jerusalem|url=http://blog.eteacherhebrew.com/traveling-in-israel/10-facts-about-the-walls-of-jerusalem/|website=eTeacher Hebrew|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321065401/http://blog.eteacherhebrew.com/traveling-in-israel/10-facts-about-the-walls-of-jerusalem/}}</ref>
* 1541: The [[Golden Gate (Jerusalem)|Golden Gate]] is permanently sealed.
* 1546: On 14 January a damaging earthquake shook the [[Palestine region]]. The epicentre of the earthquake was in the [[Jordan River]] in a location between the [[Dead Sea]] and the [[Sea of Galilee]]. The cities of [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]], [[Nablus]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Damascus]] were damaged.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ambraseys | first = N. | author-link= Nicholas Ambraseys| date = 2009 | title = Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FzXSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1| edition = First | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-87292-8 | pages = 444–451}}</ref>
* 1555: Father Boniface of [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]], [[Franciscan]] [[Custodian of the Holy Land]], repairs the Tomb of Christ (the [[Aedicula]]) in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. This was the first time the tomb was opened since the visit of [[Saint Helena]] in 326. It was carried out with the permission of [[Pope Julius III]] and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and with funds from [[Philip II of Spain]] who claimed the title [[King of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Augustine Prendergast|title=Chaucer's Dead Body: From Corpse to Corpus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIr29B12jOoC&pg=PA48|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96679-5|page=48}}</ref>
* 1604: First [[Protectorate of missions]] agreed under the [[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire]], in which [[Ahmad I]] agreed that the subjects of [[Henry IV of France]] were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem and other major [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] cities.
* 1624: Following the [[Battle of Anjar]], [[Druze]] prince [[Fakhr-al-Din II]] is appointed the "Emir of Arabistan" by the Ottomans to govern the region from Aleppo to Jerusalem. He toured his new provinces in the same year.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin|title=The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BprjrZzee5EC&pg=PA192|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09705-8|page=192}}</ref>
* 1663–1665: [[Sabbatai Zevi]], founder of the [[Sabbateans]], preaches in Jerusalem before travelling back to his native [[Smyrna]] where he proclaimed himself the [[Messiah]].
* 1672: [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)|Synod of Jerusalem]].
* 1700: [[Judah HeHasid (Jerusalem)|Judah the Pious]] with 1000 followers settle in Jerusalem.
* 1703–1705: The [[Naqib al-Ashraf revolt]], during which the city's inhabitants revolted against heavy taxation. It was ultimately put down two years later by Jurji Muhammad Pasha.<ref>Asali, K.J. ''Jerusalem in History''. Brooklyn, New York: Olive Branch Press, p. 215. {{ISBN|978-1-56656-304-8}}</ref>
* 1705: Restrictions imposed against the Jews.
* 1744: The English reference book ''Modern history or the present state of all nations'' stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine".<ref>{{cite book |title= Modern History, Or, The Present State of All Nations: Describing Their Respective Situations, Persons, Habits, and Buildings, Manners, Laws and Customs ... Plants, Animals, and Minerals|last= Salmon|first= Thomas|author-link=Thomas Salmon (historian)|page= 461| year= 1744|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=f7I-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA534}}</ref>
* 1757 Ottoman [[firman]] is issued regarding the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]].
* 1771–1772: The renegade Christian Mamluk ruler of Egypt [[Ali Bey al-Kabir]] temporarily took control of Jerusalem with 30,000 troops, together with [[Zahir al-Umar]] and [[Russia]] (who had also instigated a Greek revolt as part of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)]]).
* 1774: The [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] is signed between [[Catherine the Great]] and Sultan [[Abdul Hamid I]] giving Russia the right to protect all Christians in the [[Ottoman Empire]].(Same rights previously given to France (1535) and England.)
* 1798: [[Patriarch Anthemus of Jerusalem]] contended that the Ottoman Empire was part of God's [[divine providence]] to protect the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] from [[Roman Catholicism]] and Western secularism.
* 1799: [[Napoleon]]'s unsuccessful [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|campaign in Egypt and Syria]] intends to capture Jerusalem, but is defeated at the [[Siege of Acre (1799)|Siege of Acre]].

===Late Ottoman period===
[[File:Jerusalem1883.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Jerusalem in 1883]]
[[File:Ottoman levant.png|thumb|left|"Independent" [[Vilayet]] of Jerusalem shown within Ottoman administrative divisions in the Levant after the reorganisation of 1887–88]]

* 1821: [[Greek War of Independence]] begins after [[Metropolitan bishop]] [[Germanos of Patras]] proclaimed a national uprising against the [[Ottoman empire]] at the Monastery of [[Agia Lavra]]. Jerusalem's [[Christians|Christian]] population, who were estimated to make up around 20 percent of the city's total<ref>Fisk and King, 'Description of Jerusalem,' in ''The Christian Magazine'', July 1824, p. 220. Mendon Association, 1824.</ref> (with the majority being [[Greek Orthodox]]), were forced by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities to relinquish their weapons, wear black and help improve the city's fortifications.
* 1825–1826: Antitax rebellion takes control of the citadel and expels the city's garrison. The rebellion is put down by [[Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali|Abdullah Pasha]].
* 1827: First visit by [[Sir Moses Montefiore]].
* 1831: [[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]] [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] conquers the city following Sultan [[Mahmud II]]'s refusal to grant him control over [[Syria]] as compensation for his help fighting the Greek War of Independence. The invasion led to the [[First Turko-Egyptian War]].
* 1833: Armenians establish the first printing press in the city.
* 1834: Jerusalem revolts against conscription under the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt during the [[1834 Arab revolt in Palestine]].
* 1836: The first charity medical clinic opened by a Christian doctor and a druggist, who were missionaries of the [[Church's Ministry Among Jewish People]].<ref>Shvarts, Shifra. "Health Services in Eretz Israel (Palestine) in the Nineteenth Century." ''The Workers' Health Fund in Eretz Israel: Kupat Holim, 1911-1937'', Boydell & Brewer, 2002, pp. 7–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt7zsv0p.9. Accessed 12 Oct. 2022.</ref>
* 1838–1857: The first European consulates are opened in the city (e.g. [[UK|Britain]] 1838).
* 1839–1840: Rabbi [[Judah Alkalai]] publishes "The Pleasant Paths" and "The Peace of Jerusalem", urging the return of European Jews to [[Jerusalem]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
* 1840: A [[firman (decree)|firman]] is issued by [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] forbidding Jews to pave the passageway in front of the [[Western Wall]]. It also cautioned them against "raising their voices and displaying their books there."
* 1840: The Ottoman Turks retake the city—with help from the English ([[Lord Palmerston]]).
* 1841: The [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Prussia]]n Governments as well as the [[Church of England]] and the [[Evangelical Church in Prussia]] establish a joint Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem, with [[Michael Solomon Alexander]] as the first Protestant bishop in Jerusalem.
* 1844: Christian clinic had become a hospital.<ref>Shvarts, 2002, p. 10.</ref>
* 1847: [[Giuseppe Valerga]] is appointed as the first [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]] since the Crusades.
* 1852: Sultan [[Abdülmecid I]] published a firman setting out the rights and responsibility of each community at the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. The firman is known as the "[[Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)|Status quo]]" and its protocol is still in force today.
* 1853–1854: Under military and financial pressure from [[Napoleon III]], Sultan Abdulmecid I accepts a treaty confirming [[France]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]] as the supreme authority in the Holy Land with control over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This decision contravened the 1774 treaty with Russia, and led to the [[Crimean War]].
* 1854: [[Albert Cohn (scholar)|Albert Cohn]] makes his first visit to the city, at the request of the [[Consistoire Central des Israélites de France]].
* 1857–1890: The [[Batei Mahse]], two-storey buildings, are built in the Jewish Quarter by the Batei Mahse Company, an organization of Dutch and German Jews<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jerusalem.muni.il/en/SitesMuni/Sites/Sightseeing/Pages/PageSite_477.aspx |title=Batei Mahseh Square |publisher=Jerusalem Municipality |access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref>
* 1860: The first Jewish neighbourhood ([[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]]) is built outside the Old City walls, in an area later known as [[Yemin Moshe]], by Sir Moses Montefiore and [[Judah Touro]], as part of the process to "leave the walls" ({{langx|he|היציאה מן החומות}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/mishkenot.html |title=Mishkenot Sha'ananim |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mishkenot.org.il/en/secmain.asp?secid=1 Mishkenot Sha'ananim] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010120734/http://www.mishkenot.org.il/en/secmain.asp?secid=1 |date=10 October 2010 }}</ref>
* 1862: [[Moses Hess]] publishes [[Rome and Jerusalem]], arguing for a Jewish homeland in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] centred on Jerusalem.
* 1862: The eldest son of [[Queen Victoria]], [[Prince Albert Edward]] (later [[Edward VII]]), visited Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hasson |first=Nir |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/a-new-state-funded-project-lets-photo-albums-tell-the-history-of-the-land-of-israel-1.356525 |title=A new state-funded project lets photo albums tell the history of the Land of Israel – Israel News &#124; Haaretz Daily Newspaper |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=18 April 2011 |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref>
* 1864-1865: [[Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem]]
* 1868: Bahá’u’lláh  is exiled to Akko fortress by the Ottoman Turks, with about 70 followers in His retinue. He calls for the return of the Jews. [[Mahane Israel]] becomes the second Jewish neighbourhood outside the walls after it was built by [[Maghrebi Jews]] from the Old City.
* 1869: [[Nahalat Shiv'a]] becomes the third Jewish neighbourhood outside the walls, built as a cooperative effort.
* 1872: [[Beit David]] becomes the fourth Jewish neighbourhood outside the walls, built as an [[almshouse]].
* 1873–1875: [[Mea She'arim]] is built (the fifth Jewish neighbourhood outside the walls).
* 1877: Jerusalem representative [[Yousef al-Khalidi]] is appointed President of the Chamber of Deputies in the short-lived first Ottoman parliament following the accession of [[Abdul Hamid II]] and the declaration of the [[Kanun-ı Esasî]].
* 1881: The [[American Colony, Jerusalem|American Colony]] is established by [[Chicago]] natives [[Anna Spafford|Anna]] and [[Horatio Spafford]].
* 1881: [[Eliezer Ben-Yehuda]] moves to Jerusalem to begin his development of modern [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] to replace the languages used by Jews who made [[aliyah]] from various regions of the world.
* 1882: The [[First Aliyah]] results in 25,000–35,000 [[Zionist]] immigrants entering the Palestine region.
* 1886: [[Church of Maria Magdalene]] is built by the [[Russian Orthodox]] Church.
* 1887–1888: Ottoman Palestine divided into the districts of Jerusalem, [[Nablus]] and [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]—Jerusalem District is "autonomous", i.e. attached directly to [[Istanbul]].
* 1892: Bahá’u’lláh passes away 29 May, succeeded by His eldest Son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
* 1897: [[First Zionist Congress]] at which Jerusalem was discussed as the possible capital of a future Jewish state. In response, [[Abdul Hamid II]] initiates policy of sending members of his own palace staff to govern province of Jerusalem.
* 1898: German Emperor [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] [[Wilhelm II's voyage to the Levant in 1898|visits the city]] to dedicate the [[Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem|Lutheran Church of the Redeemer]]. He meets [[Theodor Herzl]] outside the city walls.
* 1899: [[St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem|St. George's Cathedral]] is built, becoming the seat of the [[Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem]] of the [[Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East]].
* 1901: [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] restrictions on Zionist immigration to and land acquisition in Jerusalem district take effect.
* 1906: [[Bezalel Academy of Art and Design]] is founded.
* 1908: [[Young Turk Revolution]] reconvenes the [[General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Parliament]], to which the Jerusalem district sends two members.

==British Mandate==
[[File:Sykes-Picot-1916.gif|thumb|left|Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]]]]
[[File:Allenby enters Jerusalem 1917.jpg|thumb|right|General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot out of respect for the Holy City, 11 December 1917]]

* 1917: The [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] are defeated at the [[Battle of Jerusalem]] during the [[First World War]]. The [[British Army]]'s General [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Allenby]] enters [[Jerusalem]] on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph [[Umar]] in 637. The [[Balfour Declaration]] had been issued just a month before.
* 1918: The [[Pro-Jerusalem Society]] is founded by Sir [[Ronald Storrs]], the British Governor of Jerusalem, and [[Charles Robert Ashbee]], an architect.<ref>{{cite book|author=Simon Goldhill|title=Jerusalem: City of Longing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGbyr5h4OsQC&pg=PA136|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03772-4|page=136}}</ref> They repair the city walls, and institute a number of key city planning laws including that all buildings must be faced with [[Jerusalem stone]].
* 1918: The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] (HUJI) is founded (inaugurated in 1925) on [[Mount Scopus]] on the land owned by the [[Jewish National Fund]].
* 1918–1920: Jerusalem is under British military administration.
* 1920: establishment of the [[British Mandate-Palestine|British Mandate]]
*1920: [[1920 Palestine riots|Nabi Musa Riots]] in and around the [[Old City of Jerusalem]] mark the first large-scale skirmish of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].
* 1921: Hajj [[Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]] is appointed [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]].
* 1923: The first lecture is delivered by the first president of [[World Union of Jewish Students]] (WUJS), [[Albert Einstein]].
* 1924: [[Jacob Israël de Haan]] was assassinated in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Haganah]], becoming the first victim of [[Zionist political violence]].
* 1929: [[1929 Palestine riots]] sparked by a demonstration organized by [[Joseph Klausner]]'s ''Committee for the Western Wall''.<ref name=segev>{{cite book |last=Segev |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Segev |title=One Palestine, Complete |year=1999 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |isbn=0-8050-4848-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege/page/295 295–313] |url=https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege/page/295 }} The group assembled at the Wall shouting "the Wall is ours". They raised the [[Flag of Israel|Jewish national flag]] and sang [[Hatikvah]], the [[Israel]]i anthem. The authorities had been notified of the march in advance and provided a heavy police escort in a bid to prevent any incidents. Rumours spread that the youths had attacked local residents and had cursed the name of [[Muhammad]].</ref><ref>Levi-Faur, Sheffer and Vogel, 1999, p. 216.</ref><ref>Sicker, 2000, p. 80.</ref><ref>'The Wailing Wall in Jerusalem Another Incident', ''The Times'', Monday, 19 August 1929; p. 11; Issue 45285; col D.</ref>
* 1932: [[King David Hotel]] is opened. The first issue of ''[[The Palestine Post]]'' is published.
* 1946: [[King David Hotel bombing|King David Hotel is blown up]] by militant [[Irgun Tzvai-Leumi]] Zionists, killing 91 people including 28 [[United Kingdom|British]] government officials. It remains the deadliest explosion in the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] to date.<ref name=truth>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=29576|title=Reflective truth|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=27 July 2006|first=Eetta|last=Prince-Gibson|access-date=10 May 2009}}</ref>
* 1947: 29 November, [[1947 UN Partition Plan]] calls for internationalization of Jerusalem as a "[[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|corpus separatum]]" ([[UN General Assembly Resolution 181]]).

==After 1948==
===Partition into West (Israel) and East (Jordan)===
* 1947–1948: [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine]].
* 1948: [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]].
:* 6 January: [[Semiramis Hotel bombing]].
:* 9 April: [[Deir Yassin massacre]].
:* 13 May: [[Hadassah medical convoy massacre]].
:* 14 May: The term of the British Mandate ends and the British forces leave the city.<ref>[[Yoav Gelber]], ''Independence Versus Nakba''; Kinneret–Zmora-Bitan–Dvir Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|965-517-190-6}}, p.104</ref>
:* 14 May: [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|The State of Israel is established at 4 pm.]]
:* 22 May: American Consul General [[Thomas C. Wasson]] is killed on Wauchope Street by an unknown assassin.
:* 27 May: The [[Arab Legion]] destroys the [[Hurva Synagogue]].
:* 28 May: The Jewish Quarter of the Old City falls to Arab Legion under British officer [[Glubb Pasha]]; synagogues are destroyed and Jews evacuated. [[Mordechai Weingarten]] discusses surrender terms with [[Abdullah el Tell]].
:* 26 July: [[West Jerusalem]] is proclaimed territory of Israel.
:* 17 September: [[Folke Bernadotte]], the United Nations' mediator in Palestine and the first official mediator in the UN's history, is killed by [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] assassins.
* 1949: Jerusalem is proclaimed the capital of Israel. The [[Knesset]] moves to Jerusalem from [[Tel Aviv]]. [[Jordan]] prevents access to the [[Western Wall]] and [[Mount Scopus]], in violation of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]].
* 1950: [[East Jerusalem]] is [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed by Jordan]] along with the [[West Bank]]. 
*1951: King [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] is assassinated by Palestinian extremists on the [[Temple Mount]].
* 1953: Establishment of [[Yad Vashem]].
* 1955-1965: the Dome of the Rock undergoes restoration, going from blackened lead to [[Gold plating|gold-plated]]
*1964: [[Pope Paul VI]] visits [[Israel]], becoming the first pope in one thousand years to visit the [[Holy Land]], but performs a ceremony at [[Mount Zion]] without visiting the [[Old City of Jerusalem]]. His meeting with [[Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople]] led to the rescinding of the [[excommunication]]s of the 1054 [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]].
* 1966: Inauguration of new Knesset Building. [[Israel Museum]] and [[Shrine of the Book]] are established.

===Reunification after 1967===
{{stack|[[File:The west wall and the temple mount.jpg|thumb|The [[Temple Mount]] as it appears today. The [[Western Wall]] is in the foreground with the [[Dome of the Rock]] in the background.]]}}
* 1967 5–11 June: The [[Six-Day War]]. Israel captures the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. 
:* 6 June: The [[Battle of Ammunition Hill]] takes place in the northern part of Jordanian-controlled East Jerusalem.
:* 7 June: The Old City is captured by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF).
:* 10 June: The [[Moroccan Quarter]] including 135 houses is razed, creating the [[Western Wall Plaza]].
:* 28 June: Israel declares Jerusalem unified and announces free access to holy sites of all religions.
* 1968: Israel starts rebuilding the [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish Quarter]], confiscating 129 dunams (0.129&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of land which had made up the Jewish Quarter before 1948.<ref>"Christians in the Holy Land" Edited by Michael Prior and William Taylor. {{ISBN|0-905035-32-1}}. p. 104: Albert Aghazarian "The significance of Jerusalem to Christians". This writer states that "Jews did not own any more than 20% of this quarter" prior to 1948</ref> 6000 residents and 437 shops are evicted.<ref>"Palestine and Palestinians", p. 117.</ref>
* 1969: [[Denis Michael Rohan]], an Australian [[Protestant]] extremist, [[Al-Aqsa mosque fire|burns a part of]] the [[Qibli Mosque|Jami Al-Aqsa]].
* 1977: [[Anwar Sadat]], President of Egypt, visits Jerusalem and addresses the Knesset during negotiations over the [[Camp David Accords]].
* 1978: [[World Union of Jewish Students]] (WUJS) headquarters moves from London to Jerusalem.
* 1980: Israel enacts the [[Jerusalem Law]] officially annexing Jerusalem. The [[United Nations Security Council|U.N. Security Council]] ratifies [[UN Security Council Resolution 478|Resolution 478]] stating that it does not recognize the change in status.
* 1993: In Oslo Accords, Jerusalem was not included, except parts of few neighborhoods were transferred to the newly formed [[Palestinian Authority]]
* 2000: [[Pope John Paul II]] becomes the first Latin Pope to visit Jerusalem, and prays at the Western Wall.
* 2000: Final Agreement between [[Israel]] and [[Palestinian Authority]] is not achieved at the [[2000 Camp David Summit]], with the status of Jerusalem playing a central role in the breakdown of talks.
* 2000: The [[Second Intifada]] (also known as [[Al-Aqsa Intifada]]) begins two months after the end of the Camp David Summit—[[Ariel Sharon]]'s visit to the [[Temple Mount]] is reported to have been a relevant factor in the uprising.
* 2008: Israeli Sephardic Religious Party [[Shas]] refuses to form part of the government without a guarantee that there will be no negotiations that will lead to a partition of Jerusalem.
* 2017: December: [[United States|US]] president [[Donald Trump]] recognizes Jerusalem as the [[capital of Israel]]; this sparks protest by many Palestinians and other Muslims in the region.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-42265337 |work=BBC News |title=Trump Jerusalem move sparks Israeli-Palestinian clashes |date= 7 December 2017}}</ref>
* 2018: The United States, followed by [[Guatemala]] and [[Paraguay]] become the first three countries to open embassies to Israel in Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/paraguay-becomes-third-country-to-open-embassy-in-jerusalem/|title=Paraguay becomes third country to open embassy in Jerusalem|access-date=2018-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Graphical overview of Jerusalem's historical periods==
{{Graphical Overview of Jerusalem's Historical Periods}}

==See also==
* [[List of people from Jerusalem]]
* [[Timeline of the Palestine region]]
* [[Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
* [[Timeline of Second Temple period Judaism]]
* [[Time periods in the Palestine region]]
* [[:Category:City timelines|Timelines]] of [[List of cities in Israel|cities in Israel]]: [[Timeline of Haifa]], [[Timeline of Tel Aviv]], [[Timeline of Jaffa]]
* Timelines of [[List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority|cities in Palestinian territories]]: [[Timeline of Hebron]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=armstrong>[[#citeArmstrong|Armstrong 1996]], p. 126</ref>
<ref name=sicker>[[#Sicker2001|Sicker 2001]], p. 75</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|title=Jerusalem – One City. Three Faiths|first=Karen|last=Armstrong|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-39168-1|year=1996|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MJuf1yZrY0C|ref=citeArmstrong}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKK4ge9FD14C|title=Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 years of Roman-Judaean relations|first=Martin|last=Sicker|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97140-3|ref=Sicker2001}}

==External links==
*[http://www.centuryone.com/hstjrslm.html Main Events in the History of Jerusalem] at CenturyOne Bookstore

{{Years in Israel}}
{{Years in Palestine}}
{{Timeline of religion}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Jerusalem}}
[[Category:History of Jerusalem|*Timeline]]
[[Category:Jewish history timelines|Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Timelines of cities in Israel|Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Timelines of cities in Palestine|Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Timelines of capitals|Jerusalem]]