View source for Timeline of Italian history

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{History of Italy}}

This is a '''timeline of Italian history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Italy and its predecessor states, including [[Ancient Rome]] and [[Prehistoric Italy]]. Date of the prehistoric era are approximate. For further background, see [[history of Italy]] and [[list of prime ministers of Italy]].

__NOTOC__{{Dynamic list}}

<div class="toc"> '''Millennia''': [[#1st millennium BC|1st <small>BC</small>]]{{·}}[[#1st millennium|1st–2nd]]{{·}}[[#3rd millennium|3rd]] </div>
{{anchor|1st millennium BC}}

<div class="toc"> '''Centuries''': [[#5th century BC|5th <small>BC</small>]]{{·}}[[#4th century BC|4th <small>BC</small>]]{{·}}[[#3rd century BC|3rd <small>BC</small>]]{{·}}[[#2nd century BC|2nd <small>BC</small>]]{{·}}[[#1st century BC|1st <small>BC</small>]]{{·}}[[#See also|See also]]{{·}}[[#Bibliography|Bibliography]] </div>

<div class="toc"> '''Centuries''': [[#1st century|1st]]{{·}}[[#2nd century|2nd]]{{·}}[[#3rd century|3rd]]{{·}}[[#4th century|4th]]{{·}}[[#5th century|5th]]{{·}}[[#6th century|6th]]{{·}}[[#7th century|7th]]{{·}}[[#8th century|8th]]{{·}}[[#9th century|9th]]{{·}}[[#10th century|10th]]{{·}}[[#11th century|11th]]{{·}}[[#12th century|12th]]{{·}}[[#13th century|13th]]{{·}}[[#14th century|14th]]{{·}}[[#15th century|15th]]{{·}}[[#16th century|16th]]{{·}}[[#17th century|17th]]{{·}}[[#18th century|18th]]{{·}}[[#19th century|19th]]{{·}}[[#20th century|20th]]{{·}}[[#21st century|21st]] </div>
{{anchor|1st millennium}}
{{clear}}

== Paleolithic ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-850000|0|ysa}} || || Oldest Oldest human habitation is discovered in Italy at [[Monte Poggiolo]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-50000|0|ysa}} || || [[Neanderthal]] presence in Italy.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-33000|0|ysa}} || || [[Paglicci Cave|Paglicci 33]] is discovered in Italy, the earliest evidence of [[Haplogroup I-M170]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-12000|0|ysa}} || || [[Villabruna 1]] is discovered in Italy, the earliest evidence of [[Haplogroup R1b]].
|-
|}

== 6th millennium BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-6000|0|ysa}} || || [[Neolithic Italy]] begins with the spread of [[Cardium pottery]].
|-
|}

== 4th millennium BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-3345|0|ysa}} || || [[Otzi]] is born.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-3300|0|ysa}} || || Otzi is killed.
|-
|}

== 3rd millennium BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-3000|0|ysa}} || || [[Remedello culture]]. This is the first evidence of copper use in Italy.
|-
| || The [[Rinaldone culture]] appears.
|-
|}

== 2nd millennium BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1800|0|ysa}} || || [[Nuragic civilization]] in Sardinia.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1700|0|ysa}} || || [[Terramare culture]]. Recent archeology, along with ancient Greek accounts, links this culture to the [[Etruscans]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1500|0|ysa}} || || [[Apennine culture]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1300|0|ysa}} || || [[Canegrate culture]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1200|0|ysa}} || || [[Proto-Villanovan culture]] appears in Italy. It is likely a southern extension of the [[Urnfield culture]]. This is possibly the introduction of [[Italic peoples]] into the peninsula.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1194|0|ysa}} || || According to tradition, the beginning of the [[Trojan War]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1184|0|ysa}} || || According to tradition, the end of the Trojan War and the beginning of the Trojan hero [[Aeneas]]'s journey when he escaped the Greeks with others in search of a new land.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1181|0|ysa}} || || According to legend, Aeneas lands in Italy, marries [[Lavinia]], the daughter of [[Latinus]], king of the [[Latins]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-1151|0|ysa}} || || [[Alba Longa]] is founded. According to legend, Alba Longa was founded by [[Ascanius]], the son of Aeneas.
|-
|}

== 8th century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-800|0|ysa}} || || [[Etruscan civilization]]. First evidence of [[Old Italic script]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-753|0|ysa}} || 21 April || [[Founding of Rome|Rome was founded]]. According to Roman legend, Romulus was the founder and first king of Rome, beginning the Roman Kingdom.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-720|0|ysa}} || ||The first Greek colony of [[Magna Graecia]] in mainland Italy, [[Cumae|Kyme]], is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archeoflegrei.it/cuma/|title=Cuma, la prima città greca in Italia|date=29 June 2016 |access-date=12 July 2023|language=it}}</ref>
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-715|0|ysa}} || || [[Numa Pompilius]] became the second [[King of Rome]].
|-
| [[706 BC|706 <small>BC</small>]] || || [[Sparta]]n immigrants found the colony of [[Taranto]] in [[Magna Graecia]], [[Southern Italy]].
|-
|}

== 7th century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-673|0|ysa}} || || [[Tullus Hostilius]] became the third [[King of Rome]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-667|0|ysa}} || || [[Byzantium]] was founded by [[Megara|Megarian]] colonists.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-642|0|ysa}} || || [[Tullus Hostilius]] died.
|-
| || The Curiate Assembly, one of the [[Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom|legislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom]], elected [[Ancus Marcius]] King of Rome.
|-
| [[630s BC|630 <small>BC</small>]] || || The [[Lyric poetry|lyric poet]] [[Stesichorus]] is born in [[Calabria]] in Southern Italy.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-617|0|ysa}} || || [[Ancus Marcius]] died.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-616|0|ysa}} || || The Curiate Assembly elected [[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus]] King of Rome.
|-
|}

== 6th century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-579|0|ysa}} || || [[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus]] was killed in a riot instigated by the sons of [[Ancus Marcius]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-575|0|ysa}} || || The [[Senate of the Roman Kingdom|Senate]] accepted the [[regent]] [[Servius Tullius]] as [[king of Rome|king]] of Rome.
|-
| [[540 BC|540 <small>BC</small>]] || || The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] city of [[Velia|Elea]] is founded in Southern Italy.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-535|0|ysa}} || || [[Servius Tullius]] was murdered by his daughter [[Tullia Minor]] and her husband [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]], who declared himself King of Rome on the steps of the ''[[Curia Hostilia]]''.
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-509|0|ysa}} || || The [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] [[Lucretia]] was raped by [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus|Lucius Tarquinius Superbus's]] son [[Sextus Tarquinius]].
|-
| || ''[[Overthrow of the Roman monarchy]]'': Following [[Lucretia|Lucretia's]] suicide, [[Lucius Junius Brutus]] called the Curiate Assembly, one of the [[Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom|legislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom]].  The latter agreed to the overthrow and expulsion of [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]] and to a provisional constitution under which two [[Roman consul|consuls]] acted as a joint [[executive (government)|executive]] and a [[Curiate Assembly]] held legislative power, and swore never again to let a [[king of Rome|king]] rule Rome.  It further elected Lucius Junius Brutus and [[Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus]], Lucretia's husband, as consuls.
|-
| || ''[[Battle of Silva Arsia]]'': [[Tarquinia]]n and [[Veii|Veientine]] forces loyal to [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]] were defeated in the [[Silva Arsia]] by a Roman army. [[Lucius Junius Brutus]] was killed. [[Publius Valerius Publicola]], returning to Rome with the spoils of war, was awarded the first [[Roman Triumph]] on 1 March.
|-
| || The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Publius Valerius Publicola]] promulgated a number of liberal reforms, including opening the office of consul to all Roman citizens and placing the treasury under the administration of appointed [[quaestor]]s.
|-
| 13 September || The [[Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus]] was ceremonially dedicated to the [[Capitoline Triad]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-508|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Roman–Etruscan Wars]]'': A [[Clusium|Clusian]] army failed to conquer [[Rome]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-501|0|ysa}} || || In the face of a potential [[Sabines|Sabine]] invasion, the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] passed a ''[[senatus consultum]]'' authorizing the [[Roman consul|consuls]] to appoint a [[Roman dictator|dictator]], a magistrate who held absolute power during a national emergency.  The dictator would in turn appoint the ''[[Magister equitum]]'', the commander of the [[Roman cavalry|cavalry]].  The consuls [[Titus Larcius]] and [[Postumus Cominius Auruncus]] selected the former as dictator.
|}

== 5th century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-496|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Lake Regillus]]'': [[Latin League]] invasion near modern [[Frascati]] which sought to reinstall [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-494|0|ysa}} || || [[First secessio plebis|''First'' secessio plebis]]:
[[Lucius Sicinius Vellutus]], the ''[[plebs]]'' abandoned [[Rome]] for the nearby [[Monte Sacro]].
|-
| [[474 BC|474 <small>BC</small>]] || || The [[Battle of Cumae]] occurs, resulting in a [[Syracuse, Sicily|Siracusani]] and [[Cumae]]a victory against the Etruscans and ending Etruscan expansion in Southern Italy.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-471|0|ysa}} || || After a law allowing organization of the ''[[plebs]]'' [[Roman tribe|tribe]], the [[Plebeian Council]] was reorganized by tribes rather than [[curia]]e.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-459|0|ysa}} || || Under popular pressure, the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] increased the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes of the ''plebs'']] from two to ten.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-458|0|ysa}} || || During the first dictatorship of [[Cincinnatus]], the [[Aequi]]ans staged an offensive, breaking a truce. Cincinnatus defeated the Aquians at the [[Battle of Mount Algidus]] and after a triumph, returned to his farm after sixteen days.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Forsythe|first1=Gary|title=A Companion to Livy|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester|pages=313–329}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-449|0|ysa}} || || Resolutions of the [[Plebeian Council]] were given the full force of law subject to [[Roman Senate|Senate]] veto.
|-
| || The second of two [[decemviri]], specially-elected ten man commissions, issued the last of the [[Twelve Tables]], the fundamental laws of the Republic.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-447|0|ysa}} || || The [[Tribal Assembly]] was established, and granted the right to elect [[quaestor]]s.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-445|0|ysa}} || || Marriage between [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patricians]] and [[plebs|plebeians]] was legalized.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-443|0|ysa}} || || The offices of the ''[[Tribuni militum consulari potestate]]'' were established.  A [[collegium (ancient Rome)|collegium]] of three [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] or [[plebs|plebeian]] [[tribune]]s, one each from specific [[Roman tribe]]s (the Titienses, the Ramnenses, and the Luceres), would hold the power of the [[Roman consul|consuls]] from year to year, subject to the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].
|-
| || The office of the [[Roman censor|censor]], a [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] magistrate responsible for conducting the [[census]] in years without a [[Roman consul|consul]], was established.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-439|0|ysa}} || || Cincinnatus was called upon to accept a second dictatorship by the patricians to prevent [[Spurius Maelius]] from seizing power; the patricians suspected Spurius of using wheat to purchase the support of the plebeians, to set himself up as a king. [[Gaius Servilius Ahala]] was appointed [[magister equitum]] in order to stop Maelius; following an attack by Maelius, Ahala slew him. Cincinnatus again resigned his dictatorship and returned to his farm after 21 days.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Forsythe|first1=Gary|title=A Companion to Livy|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester|pages=313–329}}</ref>
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-435|0|ysa}} || || [[Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)|Fidenae]], an important trade post on the Tiber, was captured from the Veii.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Michael|title=The History of Rome|date=1993|publisher=Faber & Faber|page=42}}</ref>
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-408|0|ysa}} || || The ''[[Tribuni militum consulari potestate]]'' held office.
|}

== 4th century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-396|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Veii]]'': Roman forces led by the [[Roman dictator|dictator]] [[Marcus Furius Camillus]] conquered [[Veii]].
|-
| || Roman soldiers first earned a salary ("salary" from Latin for "salt").
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-394|0|ysa}} || || The [[Roman consul|consuls]] held office.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-391|0|ysa}} || || The ''[[Tribuni militum consulari potestate]]'' held office.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-390|0|ysa}} || 18 July || ''[[Battle of the Allia]]'': The [[Senones]] routed a Roman force at the confluence of the rivers [[Allia]] and [[Tiber]].
|-
| || The [[Senones]] sacked [[Rome]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-367|0|ysa}} || || The [[Roman consul|consuls]] held office.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-366|0|ysa}} || || [[Lucius Sextius]] was elected the first [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Roman consul|consul]].
|-
| || The office of ''[[Praetor]]'', which took the [[judiciary]] responsibilities of the [[Roman consul|consul]] and could be held only by a [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]], was established.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-351|0|ysa}} || || The first [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Roman dictator|dictator]] was elected.
|-
| || The first [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Roman censor|censor]] was elected.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-343|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Samnite Wars]]'': Rome marched against the [[Samnites]], probably after an appeal from the [[Campanians]].
|-
| || ''[[Battle of Mount Gaurus]]'': A [[Samnites|Samnite]] force was routed by a Roman army near [[Mount Barbaro]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-342|0|ysa}} || || The ''[[Leges Genuciae]]'' were passed, banning a person from holding two offices at the same time, or during any ten-year period; charging interest on loans was also banned.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-341|0|ysa}} || || ''Samnite Wars'': The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] agreed a peace, following an appeal by the [[Samnites|Samnite]] to a previous treaty of friendship.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-340|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Latin War]]'': The [[Latin League]] invaded [[Samnium]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-339|0|ysa}} || || A law was passed which required the election of at least three [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Roman censor|censor]] every five years.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-338|0|ysa}} || || ''Latin War'': Rome defeated the [[Latin League]] armies.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-337|0|ysa}} || || The first [[plebs|plebeian]] ''[[Praetor]]'' was elected.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-328|0|ysa}} || || ''Samnite Wars'': Rome declared war on the [[Samnites]] after their failure to prevent their subjects raiding [[Fregellae]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-321|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of the Caudine Forks]]'': After being trapped in a mountain pass near [[Caudium]] without a water supply, Roman forces were allowed to retreat by a [[Samnites|Samnite]] army.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-315|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Lautulae]]'': A decisive [[Samnites|Samnite]] victory near [[Terracina]] split Roman territory in two.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-311|0|ysa}} || || ''Samnite Wars'': The [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] laid siege to [[Sutri]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-310|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)]]'': Rome inflicted a substantial military defeat on the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] at [[Lake Vadimo]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-308|0|ysa}} || || ''Samnite Wars'': The [[Umbri]], [[Picentes]] and [[Marsi]] joined the [[Samnites]] against Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-306|0|ysa}} || || The [[Hernici]] declared their independence from Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-305|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Bovianum]]'': A Roman force destroyed the majority of the [[Samnites|Samnite]] army.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-304|0|ysa}} || || Rome conquered the [[Aequi]].
|-
| || ''Samnite Wars'': The treaty of friendship between the Romans and [[Samnites]] was restored.
|-
| || The Greek tyrant [[Agathocles of Syracuse|Agathocles]] takes the title of king of [[Sicily]].
|-
|}

== 3rd century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-300|0|ysa}} || || The ''[[Lex Ogulnia]]'' was passed, allowing [[plebs|plebeians]] to become priests.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-298|0|ysa}} || || ''Samnite Wars'': Rome declared war on the [[Samnites]] after an appeal by the [[Lucani (ancient people)|Lucani]].
|-
| || ''Samnite Wars'': Rome captured the [[Samnites|Samnite]] cities of [[Bojano]] and [[Castel di Sangro]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-297|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Tifernum]]'': A Roman army defeated a numerically superior [[Samnites|Samnite]] force at [[Città di Castello]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-295|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Sentinum]]'': A Roman army decisively defeated a numerically superior force of [[Samnites]], [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], [[Umbri]] and [[Senones]] in coalition at [[Sentinum]].  The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC)]] was killed.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-294|0|ysa}} || || ''Samnite Wars'': Roman and [[Samnites|Samnite]] forces battled at [[Lucera]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-293|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Aquilonia]]'': A Roman army destroyed the majority of [[Samnites|Samnite]] forces, probably in modern [[Agnone]].
|-
| || A census counted about 270,000 residents of Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-291|0|ysa}} || || ''Samnite Wars'': Rome conquered and colonized the [[Samnites|Samnite]] city of [[Venosa]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-290|0|ysa}} || || ''Samnite Wars'': The last effective [[Samnites|Samnite]] resistance was eliminated.
|-
| [[289 BC|289 <small>BC</small>]] || || Agathocles dies, and democracy is restored in [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] due to his wish to not have his sons succeed him as king.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-287|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Conflict of the Orders]]'': A ''[[secessio plebis]]'' took place.
|-
| || ''Conflict of the Orders'': The ''[[Lex Hortensia]]'' was passed, ending the power of the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] to veto resolutions of the [[Plebeian Council]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-283|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC)]]'': A Roman army defeated a combined force of [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], [[Boii]] and [[Senones]] near [[Lake Vadimo]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-281|0|ysa}} || || [[Taranto]] appealed to [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] for aid against Rome.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-280|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Pyrrhic War]]'': An [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] army of some 25,000 landed at [[Taranto]].
|-
| July || ''[[Battle of Heraclea]]'': A [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] coalition force led by the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] king [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] defeated a Roman army after their deployment of war elephants at [[Heraclea Lucania]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-279|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Asculum]]'': A [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] force led by the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] king [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] defeated a Roman army at modern [[Ascoli Satriano]], despite suffering heavy losses.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-275|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)]]'': Roman and [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] armies met in a bloody battle at [[Benevento]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-272|0|ysa}} || || ''Pyrrhic War'': [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] withdrew with his army to [[Epirus]].
|-
| || ''Pyrrhic War'': [[Taranto]] surrendered to Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-267|0|ysa}} || || The number of [[quaestor]]s was raised from four to ten.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-264|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Messana]]'': A Roman force defeated a [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] and [[Syracuse, Sicily|Siracusani]] garrison at [[Messina]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-242|0|ysa}} || || The office of the ''praetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit'', a ''[[Praetor]]'' with jurisdiction over foreigners, was created.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-241|0|ysa}} || || ''[[First Punic War]]'': [[Sicily]] was organized as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Sicilia (Roman province)|Sicilia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-238|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Mercenary War]]'': [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] surrendered its claims on [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]] to Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-229|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Illyrian Wars]]'': Rome invaded the territory of the [[Ardiaei]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-228|0|ysa}} || || ''Illyrian Wars'': The [[Ardiaei]] surrendered some territory, including strategically significant ports, to Rome, ending the war.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-225|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Telamon]]'': A Roman army decisively defeated a [[Gauls|Gallic]] invasion near modern [[Talamone]].  The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Gaius Atilius Regulus (consul 225 BC)|Gaius Atilius Regulus]] was killed.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-219|0|ysa}} || || ''Illyrian Wars'': Rome invaded [[Hvar]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-218|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Second Punic War]]'': A [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] army departed [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]].
|-
| || ''Illyrian Wars'': [[Demetrius of Pharos]] fled to [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-216|0|ysa}} || 2 August || ''[[Battle of Cannae]]'': The [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] [[general officer|general]] [[Hannibal]] decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman force at [[Cannae]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-214|0|ysa}} || || ''[[First Macedonian War]]'': A [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] fleet captured [[Oricum]].
|-
| || ''[[Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)]]'': Rome laid siege to [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-212|0|ysa}} || || ''Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)'': Roman forces breached the inner citadel of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] and slaughtered its inhabitants.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-205|0|ysa}} || || ''First Macedonian War'': Rome and [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] signed the [[Treaty of Phoenice]], according to which Macedonia renounced its alliance with [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] in exchange for Roman recognition of its gains in [[Illyria]].
|-
| || All the cities of [[Magna Graecia]] lost their independence and were annexed to the [[Roman Republic]].<ref name="archeologiaviva">{{cite web|url=https://www.archeologiaviva.it/4139/le-arti-di-efesto-capolavori-in-metallo/|title=Le arti di Efesto. Capolavori in metallo
|access-date=12 July 2023|language=it|page=11}}</ref> 
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-204|0|ysa}} || || ''Second Punic War'': The [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Scipio Africanus]] landed an invasion fleet at [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-202|0|ysa}} || 19 October || ''[[Battle of Zama]]'': A Roman army decisively defeated [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]], probably near modern [[Sakiet Sidi Youssef]].
|-
|{{dr|y|y|-202|0|ysa}}|| || Scipio defeats Hannibal in Africa at the [[Battle of Zama]] ending the [[Second Punic War]]
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-201|0|ysa}} || || ''Second Punic War'': [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] accepted Roman conditions for peace, including disarmament, a war indemnity of ten thousand talents, and the cession of [[Carthaginian Iberia|Iberia]], ending the war.
|}

== 2nd century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-200|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Second Macedonian War]]'': A Roman fleet arrived in [[Illyria]] to relieve a [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] siege of [[Abydos (Hellespont)|Abydos]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-197|0|ysa}} || || The [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Hispania Ulterior]] and [[Hispania Citerior]] were organized.
|-
| || The number of [[quaestor]]s was increased to twelve.
|-
| || The number of ''[[Praetor]]s'' was increased to six.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-196|0|ysa}} || || ''Second Macedonian War'': [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] surrendered its conquests in Greece and agreed to pay a war indemnity, ending the war.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-192|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Roman–Seleucid War]]'': The [[Seleucid Empire]] invaded Greece.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-188|0|ysa}} || || ''Roman–Seleucid War'': The [[Seleucid Empire]] signed the [[Treaty of Apamea]], under which it surrendered all territory west of the [[Taurus Mountains]] to the Roman [[client state|clients]] Rhodes and [[Attalid dynasty|Pergamon]] and agreed to disarm its navy and pay a war indemnity of fifteen thousand talents of silver to Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-180|0|ysa}} || || The ''[[Lex Villia annalis]]'', which established minimum ages for high office and required a minimum of two years in private life between offices, was passed.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-172|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Third Macedonian War]]'': Rome declared war on [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-167|0|ysa}} || || ''Third Macedonian War'': The [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] [[king]] [[Perseus of Macedon]] was captured.  Macedonia was divided into four districts subject to Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-155|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Lusitanian War]]'': The [[Lusitanians]] of [[Hispania Ulterior]] rebelled against Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-150|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Fourth Macedonian War]]'': An [[Andriscus]] rebelled against Rome, claiming to be [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus's]] son and the rightful [[king]] of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-149|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Third Punic War]]'': Rome declared war on [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]].
|-
| || The ''[[Lex Calpurnia]]'' was passed, establishing a ''[[Praetor]]''-led court to hear appeals against extortionate taxes levied by governors in the [[Roman province|provinces]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-148|0|ysa}} || || ''Fourth Macedonian War'': [[Andriscus]] was surrendered to Rome to be executed.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-146|0|ysa}} || || ''Third Punic War'': Roman forces breached the city of [[Carthage]], burned it, and enslaved its surviving inhabitants.
|-
| || ''[[Battle of Corinth (146 BC)]]'': Roman forces decisively defeated the armies of the [[Achaean League]] at [[Corinth]].
|-
| || The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] was organized.
|-
| || The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] was organized on captured [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] territory.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-139|0|ysa}} || || ''Lusitanian War'': The [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] leader [[Viriatus]] was assassinated by his three [[ambassador]]s to Rome [[Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus]].
|-
| [[135 BC|135 <small>BC</small>]] || || The [[First Servile War]], an unsuccessful [[Slave rebellion|slave revolt]] against the [[Roman Republic]], begins.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-133|0|ysa}} || || The [[Tribune of the Plebs]] [[Tiberius Gracchus]] was beaten to death by a mob of [[Roman Senate|senators]] led by the ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'' [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC)]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-121|0|ysa}} || || The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Gallia Narbonensis]] was organized.
|-
| || The first ''[[Senatus consultum ultimum]]'' was passed, granting the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Lucius Opimius]] emergency powers to defeat the partisans of [[Gaius Gracchus]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-112|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Jugurthine War]]'': Rome declared war on [[Numidia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-107|0|ysa}} || || [[Gaius Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-106|0|ysa}} || || [[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was reelected [[Roman consul|consul]].
|-
| || ''Jugurthine War'': The [[Numidia]]n king [[Jugurtha]] was imprisoned in the [[Mamertine Prison]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-105|0|ysa}} || 6 October || ''[[Battle of Arausio]]'': A coalition of the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutons]] inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modern [[Orange, Vaucluse|Orange]].  Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-104|0|ysa}} || ||
[[Gaius Marius|Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]] for the first of three years in a row.
|-
| || The [[Second Servile War]], another failed slave rebellion against the Romans, begins.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-102|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Aquae Sextiae]]'': Rome decisively defeated the forces of the [[Teutons]] and [[Ambrones]] and killed some ninety thousand soldiers and civilians.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-101|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Vercellae]]'': An invasion of Italy by the [[Cimbri]] was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force.  Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their king [[Boiorix]].
|}

== 1st century BC (needs editing) ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| [[100 BC|100 <small>BC</small>]] || || [[Julius Caesar]] is born.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-100|0|ysa}} || || [[Gaius Marinus|Marius]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].
|-
| 10 December || Assassin hired by [[Lucius Appuleius Saturninus]] and [[Gaius Servilius Glaucia]] beat to death [[Gaius Memmius (proconsul of Macedonia)|Gaius Memmius]], a candidate for the [[Roman consul|consulship]].
|-
| [[98 BC|91 <small>BC</small>]] || || The assassination of a [[tribune]] named [[Marcus Livius Drusus (tribune)|Marcus Livius Drusus]] helps spark the [[Social War (90–88 BC)|Marsic War]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-91|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Social War (91–88 BC)]]'': The Roman [[client state|clients]] in Italy the [[Marsi]], the [[Paeligni]], the [[Vestini]], the [[Marrucini]], the [[Picentes]], the [[Fretani]], the [[Hirpini]], the [[Iapyges]], [[Pompeii]], [[Venosa]], [[Lucania]] and [[Samnium]] rebelled against Rome.
|-
| [[88 BC|88 <small>BC</small>]] || || The Marsic War ends in a Roman military victory, though the rest of Italians were granted rights.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-88|0|ysa}} || || The [[Roman consul]] [[Sulla]] led an army of his partisans across the [[pomerium]] into [[Rome]].
|-
| || ''Social War (91–88 BC)'': The war started.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-87|0|ysa}} || || ''[[First Mithridatic War]]'': Roman forces landed at [[Epirus]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-85|0|ysa}} || || ''First Mithridatic War'': A peace was agreed between Rome and [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] under which the latter returned to its prewar borders.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-83|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Sulla's civil war]]'': [[Sulla]] landed with an army at [[Brindisi]].
|-
| || ''[[Second Mithridatic War]]'': The Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)|Lucius Licinius Murena]] invaded [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-82|0|ysa}} || || ''Sulla's civil war'': [[Sulla]] was declared [[Roman dictator|dictator]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-81|0|ysa}} || || ''Second Mithridatic War'': [[Lucius Licinius Murena (propraetor in Asia)|Murena]] withdrew from [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-80|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Sertorian War]]'': [[Quintus Sertorius]] landed on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in support of a [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] rebellion.
|-
| [[73 BC|73 <small>BC</small>]] || || The [[Third Servile War]] begins; one of the participants is the famous [[Thracians|Thracian]] [[gladiator]] known as [[Spartacus]].<ref>'''Frontinus''', ''Stratagems'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/1*.html#5.20 Book I, 5:20–22] and [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/1*.html#7.6 Book VII:6].</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-73|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Third Mithridatic War]]'': [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] invaded [[Bithynia]].
|-
| || ''[[Third Servile War]]'': Some seventy [[gladiator]]s, slaves of [[Lentulus Batiatus]] in [[Capua]], made a violent escape.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-72|0|ysa}} || || ''Sertorian War'': [[Marcus Perpenna Vento]], by now the leader of the Romans in revolt in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], was executed by the general [[Pompey]].
|-
| [[71 BC|71 <small>BC</small>]] || || Like the other [[Servile Wars]], the Third Servile War ends in a Roman victory against the uprising slaves.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-71|0|ysa}} || || ''Third Servile War'': The slaves in rebellion were decisively defeated by Roman forces near [[Petelia]]. Their leader [[Spartacus]] was killed.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-66|0|ysa}} || || The last of the [[Cilician pirates]] were wiped out by [[Pompey]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-63|0|ysa}} || || ''Third Mithridatic War'': Defeated, the [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontic]] [[king]] [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] ordered his friend and bodyguard to kill him.
|-
| || ''[[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)]]'': [[Pompey]] conquered [[Jerusalem]] and entered the [[Holy of Holies]] of the [[Second Temple]].
|-
| || [[Cicero]] was elected [[Roman consul|consul]].
|-
| || ''[[Second Catilinarian conspiracy]]'': A conspiracy led by the [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Catiline]] to overthrow the Republic was exposed before the Senate.  The five conspirators present were summarily executed in the [[Mamertine Prison]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-59|0|ysa}} || || [[Pompey]] joined a political alliance, the so-called [[First Triumvirate]], with the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Julius Caesar]] and the [[Roman censor|censor]] [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-58|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Gallic Wars]]'': Roman forces barred the westward migration of the [[Helvetii]] across the [[Rhône]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-53|0|ysa}} || 6 May || ''[[Battle of Carrhae]]'': A [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] army decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force near [[Harran]]. [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] was killed.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-50|0|ysa}} || || ''Gallic Wars'': The last [[Gauls|Gaulish]] rebels were defeated.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-49|0|ysa}} || 10 January || ''[[Caesar's Civil War]]'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] illegally crossed the [[Rubicon]] into Italy with his army.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-48|0|ysa}} || 4 January || ''Caesar's Civil War'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] landed at [[Durrës]] in pursuit of [[Pompey]] and his partisans the [[optimates]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-46|0|ysa}} || November || [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] left Africa for [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] in pursuit of [[Pompey|Pompey's]] sons [[Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great)]] and [[Sextus Pompey]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-44|0|ysa}} || 15 March || ''[[Assassination of Julius Caesar]]'': [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] was assassinated in the [[Theatre of Pompey]] by a conspiracy of [[Roman Senate|senators]].
|-
| [[44 BC|44 <small>BC</small>]] || 15 March, [[Ides of March]] || [[Julius Caesar]] is assassinated.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-43|0|ysa}} || 27 November || The ''[[Lex Titia]]'' was passed, granting the [[Second Triumvirate]] of [[Augustus]], [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)]] the power to make and annul laws and appoint magistrates.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-42|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Liberators' civil war]]'': [[Augustus]] and [[Mark Antony|Antony]] led some thirty [[Roman legion|legions]] to northern Greece in pursuit of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar's]] assassins [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]].
|-
| 23 October || ''Liberators' civil war'': Brutus committed suicide after being defeated in battle.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-33|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Antony's Parthian War]]'': A campaign led by [[Mark Antony|Antony]] against the [[Parthian Empire]] ended in failure.
|-
| || The [[Second Triumvirate]] expired.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-31|0|ysa}} || 2 September || ''[[Battle of Actium]]'': Forces loyal to [[Augustus]] defeated [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and his lover [[Cleopatra]], [[queen regnant|queen]] of [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Egypt]], in a naval battle near [[Actium]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-30|0|ysa}} || 1 August || ''[[Final War of the Roman Republic]]'': [[Mark Antony|Antony's]] forces defected to [[Augustus]].  He committed suicide.
|-
| 30 August || [[Cleopatra]] committed suicide, probably in Roman custody and by snakebite.
|-
| || The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]] was organized. [[Augustus]] took the title [[pharaoh]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-29|0|ysa}} || || [[Moesia]] was annexed to Rome.
|-
| || ''[[Cantabrian Wars]]'': Rome deployed some eighty thousand soldiers against the [[Cantabri]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-27|0|ysa}} || 16 January || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] granted [[Augustus]] the titles ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'', majestic, and ''[[princeps]]'', first.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-25|0|ysa}} || || [[Augustus]] indicated his nephew [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)]] as his chosen successor by marrying him to his only daughter [[Julia the Elder]].
|-
| || The Roman [[client state|client]] [[Amyntas of Galatia]] died. [[Augustus]] organized his territory as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Galatia (Roman province)|Galatia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-24|0|ysa}} || || Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in [[Hispania Tarraconensis]], the [[Cantabrian Wars]], ended.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-23|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Coinage reform of Augustus]]'': [[Augustus]] centralized the minting of and reformed the composition and value of the Roman currency.
|-
| || [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)|Marcellus]] died.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-21|0|ysa}} || || [[Augustus]] married [[Julia the Elder|Julia]] to his [[general officer|general]] [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-19|0|ysa}} || || ''Cantabrian Wars'': The last major combat operations ended.  The [[Cantabri]] and [[Astures]] were pacified.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-17|0|ysa}} || || [[Augustus]] adopted the sons of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] and [[Julia the Elder|Julia]], his grandsons [[Gaius Caesar]] and [[Lucius Caesar]], as his own sons.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-16|0|ysa}} || || [[Raetia]] and [[Noricum]] were conquered and annexed to Rome.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-12|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Germanic Wars]]'': Roman forces crossed the [[Rhine]] into [[Germania]].
|-
| || [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] died of fever.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-11|0|ysa}} || || [[Augustus]] married [[Julia the Elder|Julia]] to his [[general officer|general]] and stepson [[Tiberius]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-9|0|ysa}} || || The Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] died from injuries sustained falling from a horse.
|-
| || Pannonia was annexed and incorporated into [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|-6|0|ysa}} || || [[Augustus]] offered [[Tiberius]] [[tribune|tribunician]] power and ''[[imperium]]'' over the eastern half of the Empire.  Tiberius refused, announcing his retirement to [[Hodson]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|-2|0|ysa}} || || [[Augustus]] was acclaimed ''[[Pater Patriae]]'', father of the country, by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].<ref name="eck, 3">[[Werner Eck|Eck, Werner]]; translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider; new material by Sarolta A. Takács. (2003) ''The Age of Augustus''. [[Oxford]]: Blackwell Publishing (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-631-22957-4}}; paperback, {{ISBN|0-631-22958-2}}).</ref>
|-
| || [[Augustus]] convicted [[Julia the Elder|Julia]] of adultery and treason, annulled her marriage to [[Tiberius]], and exiled her with her mother [[Scribonia (wife of Augustus)|Scribonia]] to [[Ventotene]].
|}

== 1st century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|2|0|ysa}} || 2 August || [[Lucius Caesar]] died of a sudden illness.
|-
| || [[Augustus]] allowed [[Tiberius]] to return to [[Rome]] as a private citizen.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|4|0|ysa}} || 21 February || [[Gaius Caesar]] died in [[Lycia]] from wounds suffered in battle.
|-
| || [[Augustus]] adopted [[Tiberius]] as his son and granted him [[tribune|tribunician]] power.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|6|0|ysa}} || || [[Augustus]] deposed [[Herod Archelaus]], [[ethnarch]] in [[Samaria]], [[Judea]] and Idumea, and organized the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] on his territories.
|-
| || ''[[Bellum Batonianum]]'': The Daesitiates, an [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] people, rose up against Roman authority in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|9|0|ysa}} || || ''Bellum Batonianum'': The Daesitiate [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Bato (Daesitiate chieftain)]] surrendered to Roman forces.
|-
| September || ''[[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]'': A coalition of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] forces ambushed and destroyed three Roman [[Roman legion|legions]] in the [[Teutoburg Forest]]. [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]], the commander of Roman forces in [[Germania]], committed suicide.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|10|0|ysa}} || || [[Tiberius]] assumed command of Roman forces in [[Germania]].
|-
| || [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] was divided into the [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Pannonia]] and [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|13|0|ysa}} || || [[Tiberius]] was granted power equal to [[Augustus]] as co-''[[princeps]]''.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|14|0|ysa}} || 19 August || [[Augustus]] died.
|-
| || [[Germanicus]], son of [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] and adoptive son of [[Tiberius]], was appointed commander of Roman forces in [[Germania]].
|-
| || [[Germanicus]] and [[Tiberius|Tiberius's]] natural son [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] were sent to suppress mutinies in [[Germania]] and [[Pannonia]], respectively.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|15|0|ysa}} || || [[Lucius Seius Strabo]] was appointed [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]].  His son [[Sejanus]] remained as the sole [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] of the [[Praetorian Guard]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|16|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of the Weser River]]'': A Roman army led by [[Germanicus]] decisively defeated a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] force on the [[Weser]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|17|0|ysa}} || || [[Archelaus of Cappadocia]], [[king]] in [[Cappadocia]] and a Roman [[client state|client]], died. [[Tiberius]] annexed his territory, organizing it as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]].
|-
| || [[Antiochus III of Commagene]], [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Commagene|Commagene]] and a Roman [[client state|client]], died. [[Tiberius]] annexed his territory to the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Roman Syria|Syria]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|18|0|ysa}} || || [[Tiberius]] granted [[Germanicus]] ''[[imperium]]'' over the eastern half of the Empire.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|19|0|ysa}} || 10 October || [[Germanicus]] died in [[Antioch]], possibly after being poisoned on [[Tiberius|Tiberius's]] orders.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|22|0|ysa}} || || [[Tiberius]] granted [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] [[tribune|tribunician]] power, marking him as his choice as successor.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|23|0|ysa}} || 14 September || [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] died, possibly after being poisoned by [[Sejanus]] or his wife [[Livilla]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|26|0|ysa}} || || [[Tiberius]] retired to [[Capri]], leaving [[Sejanus]] in control of Rome through his office.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|28|0|ysa}} || || The [[Frisii]] hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the governor.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|29|0|ysa}} || || [[Livia]], [[Augustus|Augustus's]] widow and [[Tiberius|Tiberius's]] mother, died.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|31|0|ysa}} || 18 October || [[Sejanus]] was executed on [[Tiberius|Tiberius's]] orders.
|-
| || [[Tiberius]] invited [[Germanicus|Germanicus's]] son [[Caligula]] to join him on [[Capri]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|37|0|ysa}} || 16 March || [[Tiberius]] died.  His will left his offices jointly to [[Caligula]] and [[Drusus Julius Caesar|Drusus Julius Caesar's]] son, his grandson [[Tiberius Gemellus]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|38|0|ysa}} || || [[Tiberius Gemellus]] was murdered on [[Caligula|Caligula's]] orders.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|40|0|ysa}} || || [[Ptolemy of Mauretania]], [[king]] of [[Mauretania]] and a Roman [[client state|client]], was murdered on [[Caligula|Caligula's]] orders during a state visit to [[Rome]].  His slave [[Aedemon]] rose in revolt against Roman rule.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|41|0|ysa}} || || The [[general officer|general]] [[Gaius Suetonius Paulinus]] was appointed to suppress the rebellion in [[Mauretania]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 24 January || [[Caligula]] was assassinated by the [[centurion]] [[Cassius Chaerea]].
|-
| The [[Praetorian Guard]] acclaimed [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Nero Claudius Drusus's]] son [[Claudius]] ''[[princeps]]''.
|-
| || [[Claudius]] restored the [[Judea (Roman province)|Judean]] monarchy under [[king]] [[Herod Agrippa]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|42|0|ysa}} || || The territory of the former [[Mauretania]] was organized into the [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Mauretania Caesariensis]] and [[Mauretania Tingitana]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|43|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Roman conquest of Britain]]'': The [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Aulus Plautius]] led four [[Roman legion|legions]] into [[Great Britain]] in support of [[king]] [[Verica]] of the [[Atrebates]].
|-
| || Claudius annexed [[Lycia]] into the Empire as a [[Roman province|province]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|46|0|ysa}} || || The [[Odrysian kingdom|Odrysian]] [[king]] [[Rhoemetalces III]], a Roman [[client state|client]], was killed by anti-Roman insurgents.
|-
| || [[Odrysian kingdom|Odrysia]] was incorporated into the Empire as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Thracia]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|48|0|ysa}} || || [[Claudius|Claudius's]] wife [[Messalina]] was executed for conspiracy.
|-
| || [[Claudius]] appointed [[Herod Agrippa|Herod Agrippa's]] son [[Herod Agrippa II]] [[king]] of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|49|0|ysa}} || || [[Claudius]] married his niece, [[Germanicus|Germanicus's]] daughter [[Agrippina the Younger]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|50|0|ysa}} || || [[Claudius]] adopted [[Agrippina the Younger|Agrippina's]] son [[Nero]] as his own son.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|54|0|ysa}} || 13 October || [[Claudius]] died after being poisoned by [[Agrippina the Younger|Agrippina]]. [[Nero]] succeeded him as ''[[princeps]]''.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|55|0|ysa}} || 11 February || [[Claudius|Claudius's]] young natural son [[Britannicus]] died, probably by poison.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|58|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Roman–Parthian War of 58–63]]'': Roman forces attacked [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] in support of their preferred [[king]] [[Tigranes VI of Armenia]] against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] candidate [[Tiridates I of Armenia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|59|0|ysa}} || 23 March || [[Agrippina the Younger|Agrippina]] died, probably murdered by her son [[Nero]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|60|0|ysa}} || || [[Boudica]], a [[queen regnant|queen]] of the [[Iceni]], was appointed to lead a revolt of the Iceni and the [[Trinovantes]] against Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|61|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Battle of Watling Street]]'': Some eighty thousand soldiers and civilians among the [[Iceni]] and [[Trinovantes]] were killed, probably in the modern [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], ending [[Boudica|Boudica's]] revolt.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|63|0|ysa}} || || ''Roman–Parthian War of 58–63'': The Roman and [[Parthian Empire]]s agreed that [[Tiridates I of Armenia|Tiridates]] and his descendants would remain [[king]]s of [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] as Roman [[client state|clients]], ending the war.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|64|0|ysa}} || 18 July || ''[[Great Fire of Rome]]'': A fire began which would cause massive property damage and loss of life over six days in [[Rome]].
|-
| || [[Nero]] began construction of his large and extravagant villa the [[Domus Aurea]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|65|0|ysa}} || 19 April || ''[[Pisonian conspiracy]]'': [[Nero]] was informed of a broad conspiracy to assassinate him and appoint the [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)|Gaius Calpurnius Piso]] leader of Rome.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|66|0|ysa}} || || ''[[First Jewish–Roman War]]'': The [[Jews|Jewish]] population of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] revolted against Roman rule.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|68|0|ysa}} || rowspan="2" valign="top" | 9 June || [[Nero]], then in hiding in the villa of the [[freedman]] [[Phaon (freedman)]], was notified that the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] had declared him an enemy of the state and ordered him brought to the [[Roman Forum|Forum]] to be publicly beaten to death.  He ordered his secretary [[Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)|Epaphroditos]] to kill him.
|-
| The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] accepted [[Galba]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Hispania Tarraconensis]], as ruler of Rome.
|-
| || ''[[Zealot Temple Siege]]'': The forces of [[Ananus ben Ananus]], the [[Judaism|Jewish]] former [[High Priest of Israel]], laid siege to the [[Zealots (Judea)|Zealots]] in the [[Second Temple]].
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|69|0|ysa}} || 15 January || The [[Praetorian Guard]] assassinated [[Galba]] and acclaimed [[Otho]] ruler of Rome.
|-
| 16 April || Following his defeat by [[Vitellius]], the commander of the Roman army on the lower [[Rhine]], near modern [[Calvatone]], and to prevent further civil war, [[Otho]] committed suicide.
|-
| || ''[[Revolt of the Batavi]]'': [[Gaius Julius Civilis]], commander of the [[Batavi (Germanic tribe)|Batavi]] auxiliaries in the [[Rhine]] [[Roman legion|legions]], turned against Rome.
|-
| December || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] recognized [[Vespasian]], the commander of Roman forces in [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]] and [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]], as ruler of Rome.
|-
| 22 December || [[Vitellius]] was executed in [[Rome]] by troops loyal to [[Vespasian]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|70|0|ysa}} || || ''Revolt of the Batavi'': Following a series of battlefield reversals, [[Gaius Julius Civilis|Civilis]] accepted peace terms from the Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Quintus Petillius Cerialis]].
|-
| September || ''[[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)]]'': The Roman [[general officer|general]] [[Titus]] breached the walls of [[Jerusalem]], sacked the city and destroyed the [[Second Temple]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|71|0|ysa}} || || ''Roman conquest of Britain'': Roman forces entered modern [[Scotland]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|73|0|ysa}} || 16 April || ''[[Siege of Masada]]'': Roman forces breached the walls of [[Masada]], a mountain fortress held by the [[Judaism|Jewish]] extremist sect the [[Sicarii]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|77|0|ysa}} || || [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] was appointed [[Roman consul|consul]] and [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Roman Britain|Britain]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|79|0|ysa}} || 23 June || [[Vespasian]] died.  He was succeeded by his son [[Titus]].
|-
| 24 August || ''[[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79]]'': [[Mount Vesuvius]] erupted, destroying the cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]]. The [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79|eruption]] of [[Mount Vesuvius]] spews massive amounts of [[volcanic gas]], [[Volcanic ash|ash]], and [[Lava|molten rock]]. Several Roman settlements, including [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], are annihilated and buried under colossal amounts of [[Tuff|ashfall deposits]] and rock fragments.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|80|0|ysa}} || || [[Rome]] was partially destroyed by fire.
|-
| March || The [[Colosseum]] was completed.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|81|0|ysa}} || 13 September || [[Titus]] died of fever.  He was succeeded by his younger brother [[Domitian]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|85|0|ysa}} || || [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|Agricola]] was recalled to [[Rome]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|86|0|ysa}} || || ''[[Domitian's Dacian War]]'': The [[Dacia]]n [[king]] [[Decebalus]] invaded [[Moesia]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|88|0|ysa}} || || ''Domitian's Dacian War'': [[Decebalus]] agreed to return all Roman prisoners of war and accept his status as a Roman [[client state|client]] in exchange for an annual subsidy of eight million [[sestertius|sestertii]], ending the war.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|89|0|ysa}} || 1 January || [[Lucius Antonius Saturninus]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Germania Superior]], revolted against [[Domitian|Domitian's]] rule.
|-
| || [[Lucius Antonius Saturninus|Saturninus]] was executed.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{dr|y|y|96|0|ysa}} || rowspan="2" valign="top" | 18 September || [[Domitian]] was assassinated by members of the royal household.
|-
| [[Nerva]] was declared ruler of Rome by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].
|-
| {{dr|y|y|97|0|ysa}} || || [[Nerva]] adopted the [[general officer|general]] and former [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Trajan]] as his son.
|-
| {{dr|y|y|98|0|ysa}} || 27 January || [[Nerva]] died. [[Trajan]] succeeded him.
|}

== 2nd century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[AD 101|101]] || || ''[[First Dacian War]]'': Rome invaded Dacia.
|-
| September || ''[[Second Battle of Tapae]]'': [[Dacia]]n forces retreated from contact with the Romans at [[Tapae]].
|-
| [[AD 102|102]] || || ''First Dacian War'': The [[Dacia]]n [[king]] [[Decebalus]] reaffirmed his loyalty to Rome, ending the war.
|-
| [[AD 105|105]] || || ''[[Second Dacian War]]'': [[Trajan]] responded to the resumption of raids on Roman settlements in [[Moesia]] by invading [[Dacia]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[AD 106|106]] || || ''[[Battle of Sarmisegetusa]]'': Roman forces breached the [[Dacia]]n capital [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]].  The Dacian [[king]] [[Decebalus]] escaped to the east.
|-
| || The [[Nabatean kingdom|Nabatean]] [[king]] [[Rabbel II Soter]] died.
|-
| 22 March || [[Nabatean kingdom|Nabatea]] was annexed to the Roman empire as the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Arabia Petraea]].
|-
| || ''Second Dacian War'': The [[Dacia]]n [[king]] [[Decebalus]] committed suicide in his fortification at [[Ranisstorum]] to avoid capture.
|-
| [[AD 107|107]] || || The [[Roman province|province]] of [[Roman Dacia|Dacia]] was organized.
|-
| [[AD 112|112]] || || [[Trajan's Forum]] was inaugurated.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[AD 113|113]] || || ''Roman–Parthian Wars'': [[Trajan]] launched an expedition against [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]].
|-
| || [[Trajan's Column]] was erected in [[Trajan's Forum]] to commemorate the victory over [[Dacia]].
|-
| [[AD 114|114]] || || [[Trajan]] deposed the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] [[king]] [[Parthamasiris of Armenia]], a Roman [[client state|client]], and organized the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Roman Armenia|Armenia]] on his territory.
|-
| [[AD 115|115]] || || ''[[Kitos War]]'': The [[Jews]] in [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] rose up against Roman authority.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[AD 116|116]] || || The [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]] and [[Assyria (Roman province)|Assyria]] were organized on territory conquered from [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]].
|-
| || [[Trajan]] captured the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]] and deposed its [[shah]] [[Osroes I]] in favor of his son [[Parthamaspates of Parthia]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[AD 117|117]] || || ''Kitos War'': Roman forces captured the rebel stronghold of [[Lod]] and executed many of its inhabitants.
|-
| 8 August || [[Trajan]] died.
|-
| 10 August || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] accepted the [[general officer|general]] [[Hadrian]] as ruler of Rome, following the appearance of documents indicating he had been adopted by [[Trajan]].
|-
| || [[Osroes I]] deposed his son [[Parthamaspates of Parthia]] and replaced him as [[shah]] of [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]].
|-
| [[AD 118|118]] || || [[Hadrian]] withdrew from the territories of [[Roman Armenia|Armenia]], [[Assyria (Roman province)|Assyria]] and [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]], allowing the return of their respective [[client state|client]] monarchies.
|-
| [[AD 119|119]] || || A rebellion took place in [[Roman Britain|Britain]].
|-
| [[AD 122|122]] || || The construction of [[Hadrian's Wall]] at the northern border of [[Roman Britain|Britain]] began.
|-
| [[AD 123|123]] || || [[Hadrian]] arrived in [[Mauretania]] to suppress a local revolt.
|-
| [[AD 124|124]] || || [[Hadrian]] travelled to [[Roman Greece|Greece]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[AD 126|126]] || || [[Hadrian]] returned to [[Rome]].
|-
| || The rebuilt [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] was dedicated to [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]], its original builder.
|-
| [[AD 132|132]] || || ''[[Bar Kokhba revolt]]'': [[Simon bar Kokhba]], believed by his followers to be the [[Messiah in Judaism|Messiah]], launched a revolt against Roman authority in [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]].
|-
| [[AD 135|135]] || || ''Bar Kokhba revolt'': The revolt ended at a cost of tens of thousands of Roman soldiers and some six hundred thousand [[Judaism|Jewish]] rebels and civilians, including [[Simon bar Kokhba|bar Kokhba]], killed. [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] and [[Roman Syria|Syria]] were combined into the single [[Roman province|province]] of [[Syria Palaestina]].
|-
| [[AD 136|136]] || || [[Hadrian]] adopted [[Lucius Aelius]] as his son and successor.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[AD 138|138]] || 1 January || [[Lucius Aelius]] died.
|-
| 25 February || [[Hadrian]] adopted [[Antoninus Pius]] as his son and successor and granted him [[tribune|tribunician]] power and ''[[imperium]]'', on the condition that he in turn adopt [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Lucius Verus]] as his sons.
|-
| 10 July || [[Hadrian]] died, probably from heart failure.
|-
| 11 July || [[Antoninus Pius|Antoninus]] succeeded [[Hadrian]].
|-
| [[AD 141|141]] || || ''Roman conquest of Britain'': Roman forces invaded modern [[Scotland]] under the command of the [[Roman Britain|British]] [[Roman governor|governor]] [[Quintus Lollius Urbicus]].
|-
| [[AD 142|142]] || || The construction of the [[Antonine Wall]] at the northern border of [[Roman Britain|Britain]] began.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[161]] || 7 March || [[Antoninus Pius|Antoninus]] died.  He was succeeded by [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] and [[Lucius Verus]].
|-
| || ''[[Roman–Parthian War of 161–166]]'': The [[Parthian Empire]] deposed the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] [[king]] [[Sohaemus of Armenia]], a Roman client, and installed [[Pacorus of Armenia|Bakur]].
|-
| [[165]] || || ''[[Antonine Plague]]'': A pandemic, probably of smallpox or measles, began which would kill some five million people throughout the Roman Empire.
|-
| [[166]] || || ''Roman–Parthian War of 161–166'': Roman forces sacked the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[169]] || || [[Lucius Verus]] died of disease, leaving [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] the sole ruler of Rome.
|-
| || ''[[Marcomannic Wars]]'': A coalition of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes led by the [[Marcomanni]] invaded the Roman Empire across the [[Danube]].
|-
| [[175]] || || ''Marcomannic Wars'': Rome and the [[Iazyges]] signed a treaty under which the latter agreed to return Roman prisoners of war and supply troops to the [[Auxilia]], ending the war.
|-
| [[177]] || || [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] named his natural son [[Commodus]] co-ruler with himself.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[180]] || 17 March || [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]] died.
|-
| || ''Antonine Plague'': The pandemic ended.
|-
| [[184]] || || The [[Antonine Wall]] was abandoned by Roman forces.
|-
| [[192]] || 31 December || [[Commodus]] was strangled to death.
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | [[193]] || 1 January || The [[Praetorian Guard]] acclaimed the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Pertinax]] ruler of Rome at the [[Castra Praetoria]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 28 March || [[Pertinax]] was assassinated by the [[Praetorian Guard]].
|-
| The [[Praetorian Guard]] acclaimed the former [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Didius Julianus]], who had provided the highest bid, ruler of Rome.
|-
| 9 April || [[Pescennius Niger]], the ''[[legatus Augusti pro praetore]]'' of [[Syria Palaestina]], was proclaimed ruler of Rome by his [[Roman legion|legions]].
|-
| 14 April || The [[Legio XIV Gemina]] acclaimed its commander [[Septimius Severus]] ruler of Rome at [[Carnuntum]].
|-
| May || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] recognized [[Septimius Severus]] as ruler of Rome and sentenced [[Didius Julianus|Julianus]] to death.
|-
| [[194]] || || ''[[Battle of Issus (194)]]'': [[Pescennius Niger|Niger's]] forces were decisively defeated by the armies of [[Septimius Severus]] at [[Issus (town)|Issus]].
|-
| [[196]] || || [[Clodius Albinus]], the commander of Roman troops in [[Roman Britain|Britain]] and [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], took the title ''Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus''.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[197]] || rowspan="2" valign="top" | 19 February || ''[[Battle of Lugdunum]]'': [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Clodius Albinus|Albinus]] met in battle at [[Lugdunum]].
|-
| [[Clodius Albinus|Albinus]] committed suicide or was killed.
|-
| || ''Roman–Parthian Wars'': [[Septimius Severus]] sacked the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] capital [[Ctesiphon]].
|-
| [[198]] || || [[Septimius Severus]] appointed his eldest natural son [[Caracalla]] co-ruler with himself.
|}

== 3rd century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| [[208]] || || ''[[Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210]]'': [[Septimius Severus]] invaded modern [[Scotland]].
|-
| [[209]] || || [[Septimius Severus]] named his youngest natural son [[Publius Septimius Geta]] co-ruler with himself and [[Caracalla]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[211]] || 4 February || [[Septimius Severus]] died.
|-
| || ''Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210'': [[Caracalla]] ended the campaign.
|-
| 26 December || [[Publius Septimius Geta|Geta]] was murdered in his mother's arms by members of the [[Praetorian Guard]] loyal to [[Caracalla]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[217]] || rowspan="2" valign="top" | 8 April || [[Caracalla]] was assassinated by a member of his bodyguard.
|-
| The [[Praetorian Guard]] acclaimed their [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] [[Macrinus]] ruler of Rome.
|-
| [[218]] || 8 June || [[Macrinus]] was captured and executed by an army loyal to [[Elagabalus]], supposedly the illegitimate son of [[Caracalla]].
|-
| [[222]] || 11 March || [[Elagabalus]] was assassinated by the [[Praetorian Guard]], which installed his young cousin [[Severus Alexander]] as ruler of Rome.
|-
| [[230]] || || ''[[Roman–Persian Wars]]'': The [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[shah]] [[Ardashir I]] invaded [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]] and Syria.
|-
| [[232]] || || ''Roman–Persian Wars'': [[Severus Alexander|Alexander]] repelled the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] invasion.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[235]] || 19 March || [[Severus Alexander|Alexander]] was killed in a mutiny of the [[Legio XXII Primigenia]] at [[Mainz]].
|-
| 20 March || The army elected [[Maximinus Thrax]], commander of the [[Legio IV Italica]], ruler of Rome.
|-
| || In 235 AD, Maximinus Thrax leads a rebellion against 26-year-old Emperor Alexander Severus. Thrax's men approached Alexander who pleads with his soldiers to take up arms, but instead abandon a weeping Severus to the Imperial tent and his mother's arms there to await capture and execution.
Civil wars would follow with the first breaking out in 238, another in 249 followed by a third in 253.  From 235 through 284 the average reign of a Roman Emperor was just 18 months, down from average just over 9 years during the first centuries of the Empire.
|-
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | [[238]] || 22 March || [[Gordian I]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], accepted the rule of Rome at the urging of rebels in his [[Roman province|province]].  He appointed his son [[Gordian II]] to rule jointly with him.
|-
| 2 April || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] accepted [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]] as rulers of Rome.
|-
| || ''[[Battle of Carthage (238)]]'': Forces loyal to [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]] were defeated by the army of [[Capelianus]], the [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Numidia]], who claimed fealty to [[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus]].  Gordian II was killed.  Gordian I committed suicide.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 22 April || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected two senators, [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]], as joint rulers of the Empire.
|-
| Facing popular opposition to [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]], the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] gave [[Gordian I|Gordian I's]] young grandson [[Gordian III]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].
|-
| May || [[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus]] was murdered with his son during a mutiny of the [[Legio II Parthica]] at [[Aquileia]].
|-
| 29 July || [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]] were tortured and murdered by the [[Praetorian Guard]] in their barracks.
|-
| [[243]] || || ''[[Battle of Resaena]]'': Roman forces defeated the [[Sasanian Empire]] at [[Resaena]].
|-
| [[244]] || || ''[[Battle of Misiche]]'': The [[Sasanian Empire]] decisively defeated a Roman force at Misiche, near modern [[Fallujah]]. [[Gordian III]] was killed, probably by a fellow Roman.  He was succeeded by [[Philip the Arab]], the [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] of the [[Praetorian Guard]], who was forced to cede [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]] and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] to the Sasanian Empire.
|-
| [[249]] || || [[Philip the Arab|Philip]] was killed at [[Verona, Italy|Verona]] in battle with [[Decius]], commander of Roman forces in Pannonia and [[Moesia]].
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | [[251]] || || [[Decius]] appointed his natural son [[Herennius Etruscus]] co-ruler of Rome jointly with himself.
|-
| || ''[[Battle of Abritus]]'': Roman forces were dealt a bloody defeat by the [[Goths]] near modern [[Razgrad]]. [[Decius]] and [[Herennius Etruscus|Herennius]] were killed.
|-
| || The armies of the [[Danube]] region acclaimed their commander [[Trebonianus Gallus]] ruler of Rome.
|-
| || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] recognized [[Decius|Decius's]] son [[Hostilian]] as ruler of Rome. [[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]] adopted [[Hostilian]] as his son.
|-
| || ''[[Plague of Cyprian]]'': [[Hostilian]] died, probably of plague.
|-
| || [[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]] appointed his natural son [[Volusianus]] co-ruler jointly with himself.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[253]] || || ''[[Battle of Barbalissos]]'': A [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] force destroyed a Roman army at [[Barbalissos]].
|-
| August || [[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]] and [[Volusianus]] were killed in a mutiny at [[Terni]].  The army acclaimed [[Aemilianus]], [[Roman governor|governor]] of Pannonia and [[Moesia]], ruler of Rome.
|-
| || [[Aemilianus]] was killed by his own soldiers in the face of the army of the [[general officer|general]] [[Valerian (emperor)]].
|-
| 22 October || [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] gave his son [[Gallienus]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].
|-
| [[256]] || || The [[Sasanian Empire]] conquered and sacked [[Antioch]].
|-
| [[257]] || || [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] reconquered [[Antioch]].
|-
| [[258]] || || The [[Goths]] invaded [[Asia Minor]].
|-
| [[260]] || || Death of [[Dacian kings|Dacian]] king [[Regalianus]] that became Roman emperor for a brief period.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[260]] || || [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] was taken prisoner by the [[Sasanian Empire]] during truce negotiations.
|-
| September || The [[general officer|general]] [[Postumus]] was declared ruler of Rome in the [[Gallic Empire]].
|-
| [[264]] || || [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] died in captivity.
|-
| [[267]] || || [[Odaenathus]], the [[king]] of [[Palmyra]] and a Roman [[client state|client]], was assassinated.  His widow [[Zenobia]] took power as [[regent]] for their son [[Vaballathus]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[268]] || || [[Gallienus]] was murdered by his soldiers during a siege of [[Pontirolo Nuovo]].
|-
| September || The [[general officer|general]] [[Claudius Gothicus]] was declared ruler of Rome by his soldiers.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[269]] || || [[Postumus]] was killed by his soldiers, who in turn acclaimed one of their own, [[Marcus Aurelius Marius]], [[emperor]] of the [[Gallic Empire]].
|-
| || [[Marcus Aurelius Marius|Marius]] was murdered by [[Victorinus]], formerly [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] of [[Postumus|Postumus's]] [[Praetorian Guard]], who replaced him as [[emperor]] of the [[Gallic Empire]].
|-
| || [[Zenobia]] conquered [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]].
|-
| || ''[[Battle of Naissus]]'': Roman forces decisively defeated the [[Goths]] at modern [[Niš]], stalling an invasion of the [[Balkans]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[270]] || January || [[Claudius Gothicus]] died.  He was succeeded by his brother [[Quintillus]].
|-
| April || [[Quintillus]] died at [[Aquileia]].
|-
| September || [[Aurelian]] became ruler of Rome.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[271]] || || ''[[Battle of Fano]]'': A Roman force defeated the [[Juthungi]] on the [[Metauro]].
|-
| || [[Victorinus]] was murdered by an officer he had cuckolded.
|-
| || [[Tetricus I]], ''[[praeses]]'' of [[Gallia Aquitania]] was acclaimed [[emperor]] of the [[Gallic Empire]].  He appointed his natural son [[Tetricus II]] to rule jointly with him.
|-
| [[272]] || || [[Zenobia]] was arrested ''en route'' to refuge in the [[Sasanian Empire]].
|-
| [[273]] || || [[Palmyra]] rebelled against Roman authority and was destroyed.
|-
| [[274]] || || ''[[Battle of Châlons (274)]]'': [[Aurelian]] defeated the forces of [[Tetricus I]] and [[Tetricus II]] at modern [[Châlons-en-Champagne]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[275]] || September || [[Aurelian]] was murdered by the [[Praetorian Guard]].
|-
| 25 September || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected [[Tacitus (emperor)]] ruler of Rome.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[276]] || June || [[Tacitus (emperor)|Tacitus]] died.
|-
| || [[Marcus Aurelius Probus]], commander of Roman forces in the east and [[Tacitus (emperor)|Tacitus's]] half-brother, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops.
|-
| || [[Florianus]], [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] of the [[Praetorian Guard]] and commander of Roman forces in the west, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops.
|-
| September || [[Florianus]] was assassinated near [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] by his troops following a defeat at the hands of [[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]].
|-
| [[279]] || || [[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]] launched a campaign against the [[Vandals]] in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[282]] || || The [[Praetorian Guard]] elected their [[Praetorian prefect|prefect]] [[Carus]] ruler of Rome.
|-
| || [[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]] was assassinated.
|-
| || [[Carus]] gave his sons [[Carinus]] and [[Numerian]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].
|-
| [[283]] || || [[Carus]] died.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[284]] || || [[Numerian]] died.
|-
| 20 November || Roman forces in the east elected the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Diocletian]] their ruler and proclaimed him ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[285]] || July || ''[[Battle of the Margus]]'': Forces loyal to [[Diocletian]] defeated [[Carinus]] in battle on the [[Morava (river)|Morava]].  Carinus was killed.
|-
| July || [[Diocletian]] gave [[Maximian]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[286]] || || ''[[Carausian Revolt]]'': The naval commander [[Carausius]] declared himself [[emperor]] in [[Roman Britain|Britain]] and northern [[Gaul]].
|-
| 2 April || [[Diocletian]] proclaimed [[Maximian]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire|west]], ruling himself as ''augustus'' of the east.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[293]] || || [[Diocletian]] established the [[Tetrarchy]], appointing [[Constantius Chlorus]] to hold the office of [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] under [[Maximian]] in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]] and [[Galerius]] to hold the title under himself in the east.
|-
| || ''Carausian Revolt'': [[Constantius Chlorus]] conquered [[Carausius|Carausius's]] [[Gaul|Gallic]] territories.
|-
| || [[Carausius]] was murdered by his finance minister [[Allectus]], who replaced him as [[emperor]] in [[Roman Britain|Britain]].
|-
| [[296]] || ||  ''Carausian Revolt'': [[Allectus]] was defeated in battle and killed at [[Calleva Atrebatum]].
|}

== 4th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| [[301]] || || [[Diocletian]] issued the [[Edict on Maximum Prices]], reforming the currency and setting price ceilings on a number of goods.
|-
| [[303]] || 24 February || ''[[Diocletianic Persecution]]'': [[Diocletian]] issued his first edict against [[Christianity|Christians]], calling for the destruction of Christian holy books and places of worship and stripping Christians of their government positions and political rights.
|-
| [[305]] || 1 May || [[Diocletian]] and [[Maximian]] abdicated. [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius]] and [[Galerius]] were elevated to ''[[augustus (honorific)|augusti]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]] and east.  Galerius appointed [[Flavius Valerius Severus]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] in the west and [[Maximinus II]] Caesar in the east.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[306]] || 25 July || [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius]] died at [[Eboracum]].  By his dying wish, his troops acclaimed his son [[Constantine the Great]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.
|-
| || [[Galerius]] recognized [[Flavius Valerius Severus]] as ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]] and granted [[Constantine the Great]] the lesser title of [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]], which he accepted.
|-
| || ''[[Civil wars of the Tetrarchy]]'': Rioters in [[Rome]] acclaimed [[Maximian|Maximian's]] son [[Maxentius]] ruler of Rome.  He took the title ''princeps invictus'', undefeated prince.
|-
| || [[Maxentius]] invited [[Maximian]] to reclaim the title ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[307]] || || ''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Flavius Valerius Severus]] surrendered to [[Maximian]] at [[Ravenna]].
|-
| || ''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Galerius]] laid siege to [[Rome]].  Many of his soldiers defected to [[Maxentius]] and he was forced to flee.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[308]] || || ''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': After a failed ''coup'' against his son [[Maxentius]], [[Maximian]] was forced to flee to [[Constantine the Great|Constantine's]] court.
|-
| 11 November || [[Maximian]] resigned as ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''. [[Galerius]] appointed [[Licinius]] ''augustus'' of the [[Western Roman Empire|west]] and confirmed his recognition of [[Constantine the Great]] as [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] of the west.
|-
| [[310]] || July || ''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Maximian]] was forced to commit suicide following a failed ''coup'' against [[Constantine the Great]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[AD 311|311]] || May || [[Galerius]] died. [[Licinius]] and [[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] agreed to divide the eastern Empire between themselves.
|-
| || ''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Constantine the Great]] concluded an alliance with [[Licinius]], offering his half-sister [[Flavia Julia Constantia]] to him in marriage.
|-
| || ''Civil wars of the Tetrarchy'': [[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] entered a secret alliance with [[Maxentius]].
|-
| 3 December || [[Diocletian]] died, possibly from suicide.
|-
| [[312]] || 28 October || ''[[Battle of the Milvian Bridge]]'': [[Constantine the Great]] had a vision of the [[Christian cross|cross]] appearing over the sun at the [[Ponte Milvio]] with the words "in this sign, conquer."  His forces defeated and killed [[Maxentius]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[313]] || February || [[Constantine the Great]] and [[Licinius]] issued the [[Edict of Milan]], providing for restitution to [[Christianity|Christians]] injured during the persecutions.
|-
| March || [[Licinius]] married [[Flavia Julia Constantia|Constantia]].
|-
| 30 April || ''[[Battle of Tzirallum]]'': [[Licinius]] defeated a vastly numerically superior force loyal to [[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] at modern [[Çorlu]].  Maximinus fled to [[Nicomedia]].
|-
| August || [[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] died at [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]].
|-
| [[314]] || 8 October || ''[[Battle of Cibalae]]'': [[Constantine the Great]] dealt a bloody defeat to [[Licinius|Licinius's]] forces at modern [[Vinkovci]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[317]] || || ''[[Battle of Mardia]]'': After a bloody battle, probably at modern [[Harmanli]], [[Licinius]] retreated from contact with [[Constantine the Great]].
|-
| 1 March || [[Licinius]] recognized [[Constantine the Great]] as his superior, ceded all his territories outside of [[Thrace]], and agreed to depose and execute [[Valerius Valens]], whom he had raised to ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[324]] || 3 July || ''[[Battle of Adrianople (324)]]'': [[Licinius]] suffered a bloody defeat at the hands of [[Constantine the Great]] on the [[Maritsa]].
|-
| 18 September || ''[[Battle of Chrysopolis]]'': [[Constantine the Great]] dealt a decisive defeat to the remnants of [[Licinius|Licinius's]] army.  Licinius surrendered.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[325]] || 20 May || ''[[First Council of Nicaea]]'': An [[ecumenical council]] called by [[Constantine the Great]] at [[Nicaea]] opened which would establish the [[Nicene Creed]], asserting [[Jesus]] to be equal to and of the same substance as [[God the Father]].
|-
| || [[Licinius]] was executed.
|-
| [[326]] || || [[Constantine the Great]] ordered the death of his oldest son [[Crispus]].
|-
| [[330]] || 11 May || [[Constantine the Great]] moved his capital to [[Byzantium]] and renamed the city [[Constantinople]], city of Constantine.
|-
| [[332]] || || [[Constantine the Great]] campaigned against the [[Goths]].
|-
| [[334]] || || [[Constantine the Great]] campaigned against the [[Sarmatians]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[337]] || || ''Roman–Persian Wars'': The [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[shah]] [[Shapur II]] invaded [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] and [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]].
|-
| 22 May || [[Constantine the Great]] died.
|-
| 9 September || [[Constantine the Great|Constantine the Great's]] three sons declared themselves ''[[augustus (honorific)|augusti]]'' and divided their father's empire into three parts, with [[Constantine II (emperor)]] receiving [[Roman Britain|Britain]], [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], [[Gaul]] and [[Illyria]], [[Constantius II]] [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], [[Syria Palaestina]] and [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]], and [[Constans]] [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]] and [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]].  The young Constans was placed under Constantine II's guardianship.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[338]] || || [[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] campaigned against the [[Alemanni]].
|-
| || [[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] granted [[Illyria]] to his brother [[Constans]].
|-
| [[340]] || || [[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] invaded [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]]. He was ambushed and slain at [[Aquileia]] by [[Constans]], who inherited his territory.
|-
| [[341]] || || [[Constans]] and [[Constantius II]] issued a ban against pagan sacrifice.
|-
| [[344]] || || ''[[Siege of Singara]]'': [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] forces failed to capture the Roman fortress of [[Singara]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[350]] || 18 January || [[Magnentius]], commander of the [[Jovians and Herculians]], was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his [[Roman legion|legions]].
|-
| || [[Constans]] was killed in [[Elne]] by followers of [[Magnentius]].
|-
| 3 June || [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius Chlorus's]] grandson [[Nepotianus]] entered [[Rome]] with a band of [[gladiator]]s and there declared himself [[imperator]].
|-
| 30 June || [[Marcellinus (magister officiorum)]], one of [[Magnentius|Magnentius's]] [[general officer|generals]], entered [[Rome]] and executed [[Nepotianus]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[351]] || 15 March || [[Constantius II]] granted his cousin [[Constantius Gallus]] the title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]].
|-
| 28 September || ''[[Battle of Mursa Major]]'': [[Constantius II]] defeated [[Magnentius]] in a bloody battle in the valley of the [[Drava]].
|-
| [[353]] || || ''[[Battle of Mons Seleucus]]'': [[Constantius II]] dealt [[Magnentius]] a decisive defeat at modern [[La Bâtie-Montsaléon]].  Magnentius committed suicide.
|-
| [[354]] || || [[Constantius Gallus|Gallus]] was put to death.
|-
| [[355]] || 6 November || [[Constantius II]] declared [[Julian (emperor)]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] and granted him command in [[Gaul]].
|-
| [[357]] || || ''[[Battle of Strasbourg]]'': [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] defeated a vastly superior [[Alemanni]] force near [[Argentoratum]], solidifying Roman control west of the [[Rhine]].
|-
| [[AD 360|360]] || February || The ''[[Petulantes]]'', ordered east from [[Paris]] in preparation for a war with the [[Sasanian Empire]], instead mutinied and proclaimed [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.
|-
| [[361]] || 3 November || [[Constantius II]] named [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] as his successor before dying of fever.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[363]] || 5 March || ''[[Julian's Persian War]]'': Roman forces embarked from [[Antioch]] on a punitive expedition against the [[Sasanian Empire]].
|-
| 26 June || ''[[Battle of Samarra]]'': [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] forces harassed a Roman army in retreat at [[Samarra]] from a failed siege of their capital [[Ctesiphon]]. [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] was killed.
|-
| 27 June || [[Julian (emperor)|Julian's]] army declared one of their generals, [[Jovian (emperor)]], ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.
|-
| July || ''Julian's Persian War'': [[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]] agreed to cede the five [[Roman province|provinces]] east of the [[Tigris]] to the [[Sasanian Empire]], ending the war.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[364]] || 17 February || [[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]] died.
|-
| 26 February || The army acclaimed the [[general officer|general]] [[Valentinian I|Valentinian I the Great]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.
|-
| 28 March || [[Valentinian I|Valentinian the Great]] appointed his younger brother [[Valens]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' with rule over the eastern Empire, and continued as ''augustus'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].
|-
| 365 || 21 July || An [[365 Crete earthquake|earthquake]] near [[Crete]] with a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of at least eight affects the Eastern [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. Combined with a subsequent tsunami, residents of Sicily are among the casualties.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[375]] || 17 November || [[Valentinian I|Valentinian the Great]] died of a stroke.  His son [[Gratian]], then junior ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]], succeeded him as senior ''augustus''.
|-
| 22 November || The army acclaimed [[Valentinian I|Valentinian the Great's]] young son [[Valentinian II]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[376]] || || Fleeing [[Huns|Hunnic]] aggression, the [[Goths]], under the leadership of the [[Thervingi]] [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Fritigern]], crossed the [[Danube]] and entered the eastern Empire as political refugees.
|-
| || ''[[Gothic War (376–382)]]'': Following the deaths of several Roman soldiers during civil unrest in [[Thrace]], the officer [[Lupicinus (comes per Thracias)|Lupicinus]] arrested [[Fritigern]] and the [[Greuthungi]] [[tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Alatheus]].
|-
| [[378]] || 9 August || ''[[Battle of Adrianople]]'': A combined [[Goths|Gothic]]-[[Alans|Alanic]] force decisively defeated the Roman army near [[Edirne]]. [[Valens]] was killed.
|-
| [[379]] || 19 January || [[Gratian]] named the [[general officer|general]] [[Theodosius I|Theodosius I the Great]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the east.
|-
| [[380]] || 27 February || [[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] issued the [[Edict of Thessalonica]], making [[Christianity]] the [[state church of the Roman Empire]].
|-
| [[382]] || 3 October || ''Gothic War (376–382)'': The [[Goths]] were made ''[[foederati]]'' of Rome and granted land and autonomy in [[Thrace]], ending the war.
|-
| [[AD 383|383]] || 25 August || [[Gratian]] was delivered by mutineers to the ''[[Magister equitum]]'' [[Andragathius]] and executed.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[392]] || 15 May || [[Valentinian II]] was found hanged in his residence.  He may have been murdered by his guardian, the [[Franks|Frankish]] [[general officer|general]] [[Arbogast (magister militum)]].
|-
| 22 August || [[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]] declared [[Eugenius]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' and ruler in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].
|-
| [[393]] || 23 January || [[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] appointed his younger son [[Honorius (emperor)]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].
|-
| [[394]] || 6 September || ''[[Battle of the Frigidus]]'': Forces loyal to [[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] defeated and killed [[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]] and [[Eugenius]], probably near the [[Vipava (river)|Vipava]].
|-
| [[395]] || 17 January || [[Theodosius I|Theodosius the Great]] died.  His elder son [[Arcadius]] succeeded him as ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' in the eastern [[Byzantine Empire]].  The young [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] became sole ''augustus'' in the [[Western Roman Empire]] under the regency of ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Stilicho]].
|-
| [[398]] || || ''[[Gildonic War]]'': [[Gildo]], ''[[comes]]'' of [[Africa (province)|Africa]], was killed following a failed rebellion against the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|}

== 5th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| [[402]] || || The capital of the [[Western Roman Empire]] was moved to [[Ravenna]].
|-
| [[405]] || || [[War of Radagaisus]]: Invasion of [[Radagaisus]] in the Northern part of [[Italy]].
|-
| [[406]] || 31 December || ''[[Crossing of the Rhine]]'': A coalition of foreign tribes including the Germanic [[Vandals]], [[Suebi]] and Iranian [[Alans]] invaded the [[Western Roman Empire]] across the [[Rhine]].
|-
| [[408]] || 1 May || [[Arcadius]] died.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[410]] || 24 August || ''[[Sack of Rome (410)]]'': [[Rome]] was sacked by the [[Visigoths]] under their [[king]] [[Alaric I]].
|-
| || ''[[End of Roman rule in Britain]]'': The last Roman forces left [[Roman Britain|Britain]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[421]] || 8 February || [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] appointed his brother-in-law and ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Constantius III]] co-ruler of the [[Western Roman Empire]] with himself.
|-
| 2 September || [[Constantius III]] died.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[423]] || 15 August || [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] died.
|-
| || The [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] [[Castinus]] declared the ''[[primicerius]]'' [[Joannes]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]''.
|-
| [[424]] || 23 October || The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' [[Theodosius II|Theodosius II the Younger, the Calligrapher]] named the young [[Valentinian III]], his cousin and [[Constantius III|Constantius III's]] son, [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] with rule over the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].  His mother [[Galla Placidia]] was appointed regent.
|-
| [[425]] || || [[Joannes]] was executed in [[Aquileia]].
|-
| [[447]] || || ''[[Battle of the Utus]]'': The [[Huns]] under [[Attila]] defeated a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army in a bloody battle near the river [[Utus]].
|-
| [[450]] || 28 July || [[Theodosius II|Theodosius the Younger]] died in a riding accident.
|-
| [[452]] || || [[Attila]] abandoned his invasion of [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]] following a meeting at the [[Mincio]] with the [[pope]] [[Pope Leo I]].
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | [[455]] || 16 March || [[Valentinian III]] was assassinated on orders of the [[Roman Senate|senator]] [[Petronius Maximus]].
|-
| 17 March || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] acclaimed [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|-
| 31 May || [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] was killed by a mob as he attempted to flee [[Rome]] in the face of a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] advance.
|-
| 2 June || ''[[Sack of Rome (455)]]'': The [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandals]] entered and began to sack [[Rome]].
|-
| 9 July || The ''[[Magister militum]]'' [[Avitus]] was pronounced ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]] at [[Toulouse]] by the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic]] [[king]] [[Theodoric II]].
|-
| [[456]] || 17 October || [[Avitus]] was forced to flee [[Rome]] following a military ''coup'' by the [[general officer|general]] [[Ricimer]] and the ''[[domesticus (Roman Empire)|domesticus]]'' [[Majorian]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[457]] || || [[Avitus]] died.
|-
| 27 January || The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' [[Marcian]] died.
|-
| 28 February || The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' [[Leo I the Thracian]] appointed [[Majorian]] ''[[Magister militum]]'' in the [[Western Roman Empire|west]].
|-
| 1 April || The army acclaimed [[Majorian]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[461]] || 7 August || [[Majorian]] was killed after torture near the [[Staffora]] on [[Ricimer|Ricimer's]] orders.
|-
| 19 November || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] elected [[Libius Severus]] from among their number as ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|-
| [[465]] || 15 August || [[Libius Severus|Severus]] died.
|-
| [[467]] || 12 April || [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]] elevated the ''[[comes]]'' [[Anthemius]] to [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] with rule over the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|-
| [[468]] || || ''[[Battle of Cap Bon (468)]]'': The [[Vandal Kingdom]] destroyed a combined [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] invasion fleet at [[Cap Bon]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[472]] || 11 July || [[Anthemius]] was killed in flight following [[Ricimer|Ricimer's]] conquest of [[Rome]]. [[Petronius Maximus|Maximus's]] son [[Olybrius]] was acclaimed ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|-
| 18 August || [[Ricimer]] died.
|-
| || [[Ricimer|Ricimer's]] nephew [[Gundobad]] succeeded him as ''[[Magister militum]]'' and took the title [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|Patrician]].
|-
| || [[Olybrius]] died.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[473]] || 3 March || The [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] elements of the army elected the ''[[Domesticus (Roman Empire)|domesticus]]'' [[Glycerius]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|-
| || [[Gundobad]] relinquished his [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] titles to succeed his father as [[king]] of [[Kingdom of the Burgundians|Burgundy]].
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | [[474]] || || [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]] appointed [[Julius Nepos]], his nephew and [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]], ruler of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in opposition to [[Glycerius]].
|-
| 18 January || [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]] died.  He was succeeded by his grandson [[Leo II (emperor)]].
|-
| 9 February || [[Zeno (emperor)]] became co-''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Byzantine Empire]] with his young son [[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]].
|-
| July || [[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] deposed [[Glycerius]].
|-
| 17 November || [[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]] died, possibly after being poisoned by his mother [[Ariadne (empress)]].
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | [[475]] || January || [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] was forced to flee [[Constantinople]] for his homeland [[Isauria]] in the face of a popular revolt.
|-
| 9 January || [[Basiliscus]], brother of [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian's]] widow [[Verina]], was acclaimed ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Byzantine Empire]] by the [[Byzantine Senate]].
|-
|  || [[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] appointed [[Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)]] ''[[Magister militum]]'' and [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] military.
|-
| 28 August || [[Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)|Orestes]] took control of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] capital [[Ravenna]], forcing [[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] to flee to [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]].
|-
| 31 October || [[Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)|Orestes]] declared his young son [[Romulus Augustulus]] ''[[augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'' of the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | [[476]] || August || [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] recaptured [[Constantinople]] and accepted [[Basiliscus|Basiliscus's]] surrender.
|-
| 23 August || [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] ''[[foederati]]'' under the command of the [[general officer|general]] [[Odoacer]] renounced [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] authority and declared Odoacer their [[king]].
|-
| 28 August || [[Odoacer]] captured and executed [[Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)|Orestes]] at [[Piacenza]].
|-
| 4 September || [[Odoacer]] conquered the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] capital [[Ravenna]], forced [[Romulus Augustulus|Romulus]] to abdicate and declared himself [[king]] of Italy, the first [[King of Italy]]
|-
| || The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] sent [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] the imperial regalia of the [[Western Roman Empire]].
|-
| [[480]] || 25 April || [[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] was murdered in his residence in [[Split, Croatia|Split]].
|-
| [[491]] || 9 April || [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] died.
|-
| 493 || || An [[Ostrogoths|Ostrogoth]] known as [[Theoderic the Great]] succeeds Odoacer as King of Italy.
|-
|}

== 6th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| [[518]] || 9 July || ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Anastasius I Dicorus]] died.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[527]] || 1 April || ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Justin I]] appointed his older son [[Justinian I|Justinian I the Great]] co-''augustus'' with himself.
|-
| 1 August || [[Justin I]] died.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[529]] || 7 April || The ''[[Codex Justinianus]]'', which attempted to consolidate and reconcile contradictions in Roman law, was promulgated.
|-
| || [[Benedict of Nursia|St. Benedict of Nursia]] establishes his first [[monastery]] at the hill of [[Monte Cassino]].
|-
| [[532]] || || [[Justinian I|Justinian the Great]] ordered the construction of the [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Constantinople]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[533]] || 21 June || ''[[Vandalic War]]'': A Byzantine force under the [[general officer|general]] [[Belisarius]] departed for the [[Vandal Kingdom]].
|-
| 13 Sept || ''[[Battle of Ad Decimum]]'': A Byzantine army defeated a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] force near [[Carthage]].
|-
| 15 Dec || ''[[Battle of Tricamarum]]'': The Byzantines defeated a [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandal]] army and forced their [[king]] [[Gelimer]] into flight.
|-
| [[534]] || March || ''Vandalic War'': [[Gelimer]] surrendered to [[Belisarius]] and accepted his offer of a peaceful retirement in [[Galatia]], ending the war.  The territory of the [[Vandal Kingdom]] was reorganized as the [[praetorian prefecture]] of [[praetorian prefecture of Africa|Africa]].
|-
| [[535]] || || ''[[Gothic War (535–554)]]'': Byzantine forces crossing from [[praetorian prefecture of Africa|Africa]] invaded [[Sicily]], then an [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] possession.
|-
| [[536]] || December || ''Gothic War (535–554)'': Byzantium took [[Rome]] with little [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] resistance.
|-
| [[537]] || 27 Dec || The [[Hagia Sophia]] was completed.
|-
| [[552]] || July || ''[[Battle of Taginae]]'': A Byzantine army dealt a decisive defeat to the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogoths]] at [[Gualdo Tadino]].  The Ostrogoth [[king]] [[Totila]] was killed.
|-
| [[553]] || || ''[[Battle of Mons Lactarius]]'': An [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] force was ambushed and destroyed at [[Monti Lattari]] on its way to relieve a Byzantine siege of [[Cumae]].  The Ostrogoth [[king]] [[Teia]] was killed.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[565]] || March || [[Belisarius]] died.
|-
| 14 Nov || [[Justinian I|Justinian the Great]] died.
|-
| [[568]] || || The [[Lombards]] invade the Italian Peninsula and establish the [[Kingdom of the Lombards]].
|-
| [[573]] || || The [[general officer|general]] [[Narses]] died.
|-
| [[574]] || || ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Justin II]] began to suffer from fits of insanity.
|-
|577 || || The [[Duchy of Benevento]] is established.
|-
| [[578]] || 5 October || [[Justin II]] died.
|-
| [[582]] || 14 August || ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Tiberius II Constantine]] died.
|}

== 7th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| [[602]] || || ''[[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]]'': The [[Sasanian Empire]] declared war on Byzantium.
|-
| [[607]] || 1 August || ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' [[Phocas]] dedicated the [[Column of Phocas]] in the [[Roman Forum]].
|-
| [[626]] || June || ''[[Siege of Constantinople (626)]]'': [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] and [[Avar Khaganate|Avar]] forces laid siege to [[Constantinople]].
|-
| [[634]] || April || ''[[Muslim conquest of the Levant]]'': A [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] army departed [[Medina]] for the [[Levant]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[640]] || January || ''[[Muslim conquest of Egypt]]'': A [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] force laid siege to [[Pelusium]].
|-
| || The [[Roman legion|legions]] of the [[East Roman army]] were reorganized into [[theme (Byzantine district)|themes]].
|-
| [[641]] || 8 Nov || ''[[Siege of Alexandria (641)]]'': Byzantine authorities in the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egyptian]] capital [[Alexandria]] surrendered to the besieging [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] army.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[661]] || || Brothers [[Perctarit]] and [[Godepert]] share the ruling power of [[King of Italy|King of the Lombards]].
|-
| || The [[Duchy of Naples]] is established as a Byzantine province in the coastal territory that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion in the sixth century.
|-
| [[662]] || || [[Grimoald, King of the Lombards]]. 
|- 
| [[663]] || || ''[[Basileus]]'' [[Constans II]] visited [[Rome]].
|-
| [[698]] || || ''[[Battle of Carthage (698)]]'': An [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] siege and blockade of [[Carthage]] forced the retreat of Byzantine forces.  The city was conquered and destroyed.
|-
|}

== 8th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| [[730]] || || ''[[Basileus]]'' [[Leo III the Isaurian]] promulgated an edict forbidding the veneration of religious images, beginning the first [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].
|-
| [[774]] || 10 July || [[Charlemagne]] is crowned in [[Pavia]] and becomes King of the Lombards.
|-
| [[AD 787|787]] || 23 October || ''[[Second Council of Nicaea]]'': An [[ecumenical council]] in [[Nicaea]] ended which endorsed the veneration of images, ending the first [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]].
|-
|}

== 9th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| 813 || || Charlemagne crowns his son [[Louis the Pious]] of [[Aquitaine]] as co-emperor.
|-
| 814 || 28 January || Charlemagne dies in [[Aachen]] of [[pleurisy]].
|-
| 851 || || The [[Principality of Salerno]] is established.
|-
| 861 || || The [[Principality of Capua]] is established.
|-
|}

== 10th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| 961 || 25 Dec || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] becomes King of Italy.
|-
| 965 || || The [[Byzantine Empire]] establishes the [[Catepanate of Italy]].
|-
| 973 || 7 May || Otto I succumbs to a fever and dies.
|-
| 980 || 25 Dec || [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]] becomes the King of Italy.
|-
| 983 || 7 Dec || Otto II dies due to an outbreak of [[malaria]].
|-
| 996 || 12 April || [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] becomes King of Italy.
|-
| 999 || || The [[Normans]] begin migrating to Italy where they primarily work as mercenaries serving the Byzantines and Lombard nobles.
|-
|}

== 11th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| 1002 || 23 Jan || Otto III dies of a sudden fever in a castle near [[Civita Castellana]].
|-
| 1030 || || [[Aversa]] is established, marking the start of permanent [[Normans|Norman]] settlements in Italy.
|-
| 1043 || || William of Hauteville and the Normans found the [[County of Apulia and Calabria]] composed of the territories of Gargano, Capitanata, Apulia, Vulture, and most of Campania.
|-
| 1046 || || Italian [[Feudalism|feudal]] ruler and militant noblewoman [[Matilda of Tuscany]] is born.
|-
|rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1053 || 18 June || The Normans, led by the Count of Apulia, [[Humphrey of Hauteville]] defeat a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army organized by [[Pope Leo IX]] and led on the battlefield by [[Gerard, Duke of Lorraine]] and [[Rudolf]], Prince of Benevento at the [[Battle of Civitate]]. The Norman victory marked the climax of the conflict between the Normans who began to migrate to southern Italy at the end of the tenth century and the local Lombard princes.
|-
| || The [[Duchy of Benevento]] ends.
|-
| 1059 || 23 Aug || The [[Treaty of Melfi]] is signed between [[Pope Nicholas II]] and the Norman princes [[Robert Guiscard]] and [[Richard I of Capua]]. Per the accord, Pope Nicholas recognizes the Norman conquest of Southern Italy and Robert Guiscard as the [[Duke of Apulia and Calabria]], and the [[Count of Sicily]].
|-
| 1061 || || [[Robert Guiscard]] and the Normans first invade [[Sicily]].
|-
| 1063 || June || [[Roger I of Sicily]] and the Normans defeat a Muslim alliance of Sicilian and Zirid troops at the [[Battle of Cerami]], the most significant battle of the Norman conquest of Sicily.
|-
| 1071 || || The Byzantine [[Catepanate of Italy]] ends.
|-
| 1077 || || The [[Principality of Salerno]] ends.
|-
| 1087 || || In the [[Mahdia campaign of 1087]], seafaring vessels from the Italian [[maritime republics]] of [[Genoa]] and [[Pisa]] attack the North African town of [[Mahdia]], burning Mahdia's Muslim fleet in the harbour.
|-
| 1091 || Feb || The Norman conquest of Sicily is complete.
|-
|}

== 12th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| 1115 || 24 July || Matilda of Tuscany dies of [[gout]].
|-
| 1130 || 25 Dec || [[Roger II of Sicily]], the Norman, founds the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] which includes the island of Sicily, the southern portion of the Italian Peninsula, and for a time, territory in Northern Africa.
|-
| 1137 || || The [[Duchy of Naples]] ends when Duke [[Sergius VII]] is forced to surrender to [[Roger II of Sicily]] and the Normans.
|-
| 1139 || || The [[Principality of Capua]] ends.
|-
| 1170 || || Leonardo of Pisa, an Italian mathematician more famously known as [[Fibonacci]], is born.
|-
| 1176 || 29 May || ''[[Battle of Legnano]]'': the troops of the [[Lombard League]] defeated forces of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The battle is alluded to in the ''[[Il Canto degli Italiani|Canto degli Italiani]]'' by [[Goffredo Mameli]] and [[Michele Novaro]], which reads: «From the [[Alps]] to [[Sicily]], [[Legnano]] is everywhere» in memory of the victory of Italian populations over foreign ones.<ref name="quirinale">{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/inno/inno.htm|title=Fratelli d'Italia|access-date=7 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050621/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/inno/inno.htm|archive-date=3 December 2013|language=it}}</ref> Thanks to this battle, Legnano is the only city, besides [[Rome]], to be mentioned in the Italian [[national anthem]].<ref name="quirinale"/>
|-
| 1194 || || [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] conquers the [[Kingdom of Sicily]].
|}

== 13th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| 1202 || || Fibonacci's ''[[Liber Abaci]]'', a book on [[arithmetic]], helps to popularise the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] and brings the idea of the [[integer sequence]] known as the [[Fibonacci number]] to locations outside [[India]].
|-
| 1254 || || [[Marco Polo]] is born in the [[Republic of Venice]].
|-
| 1265 || || [[Dante Alighieri]] is born. He is considered the father of the Italian language for writing works in his dialect, which would become standardized into Modern Italian.
|-
| 1282 || 30 March|| The [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]] begins.
|-
|}

== 14th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| 1302 ||31 August || The [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]] ends.
|-
| 1302|| || [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] is given to Frederick III of the House of Barcelona.
|-
| [[1308]] || || Dante Alighieri begins writing the [[Divine Comedy]].
|-
| [[1320]] || || Dante Alighieri finished writing his Divine Comedy.
|-
| 1323 || || Alfonso IV of Aragon begins the [[Aragonese conquest of Sardinia|conquest of Sardinia]].
|-
| [[1377]] || || [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], a famous Italian architect, is born in [[Florence]], Italy.
|-
|}

== 15th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 1451 || October || [[Christopher Columbus]] is born.
|-
| 1452 ||15 April || [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is born
|-
| 1475 ||6 March || [[Michelangelo]] is born
|-
| 1494 || || The [[Italian War of 1494–1498]], or First Italian War, begins, marking the first major battle in the [[Italian Wars]].
|-
| 1498 || || The First Italian War ends in a victory for the League of Venice.
|-
| 1499 || || The [[Italian War of 1499-1504]], or Second Italian War, begins.
|-
|}

== 16th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 1501-1504 || || Michelangelo created the [[David (Michelangelo)|David]]
|-
| 1503-1513 || || Reign of pope Julius II
|-
| 1525 || 6 May || The [[Sack of Rome (1527)]] happens due to mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. It's considered one of the causes of the decline of the [[High Renaissance]].
|-
| 1551 || || The [[Italian War of 1551-1559]], or Last Italian War begins.
|-
| 1545-1563 || || [[Council of Trent]]
|-
| 1559 || 3 April || The Last Italian War ends with a peace treaty signed between [[Henry II of France]], [[Elizabeth I of England]], [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]], and [[Philip II of Spain]] at [[Le Cateau-Cambrésis]].
|-
| [[1564]] || 15 February || [[Galileo]] is born in [[Pisa]].
|}

== 17th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| 1633 || || The [[Palio di Siena]] is held for the first time.
|-
| 1678 || 4 March || [[Antonio Vivaldi]], a famous Italian [[Baroque music|Baroque]] composer, is born in [[Venice]].
|-
|}

== 18th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|-
| 1725 || || Antonio Vivaldi publishes a now-famous set of [[Violin concerto|concertos]] entitled ''[[The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)|The Four Seasons]]'' as part of a set of twelve concerti called ''[[Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione]]''.
|-
| 1741 || 28 July || Without a sustainable source of income or royal protection, the impoverished Antonio Vivaldi dies of infection during the night.
|-
| 1768 || || [[Corsica]] passes from the [[Republic of Genoa]] to [[France]] after the [[Treaty of Versailles (1768)|Treaty of Versailles]].
|-
| 1789 || 21 August || The [[national colours of Italy]] first appear on [[Cockade of Italy|a tricolour cockade]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1796 || || [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and his [[Army of Italy (France)|French Army of Italy]] invade Italy.
|-
| 17 November || Napoleon defeats [[József Alvinczi]] at the [[Battle of Arcole]].<ref>James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard, The Development of Modern Europe: An Introduction to the Study of Current History, vol. 1 (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1907), 290, {{ISBN?}}.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1797 || 7 January || The [[Flag of Italy|Italian tricolour]] is adopted for the first time as official flag, by the government of the [[Cispadane Republic]].
|-
| 12 May || [[Fall of the Republic of Venice]].
|-
|}

== 19th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 1809 || || Napoleon Bonaparte occupies Rome, exiles [[Pope Pius VII]] to [[Savona]] and then to France, and takes the [[Papal States]]' art collections to the [[Louvre]].
|-
| 1813 || 10 October || [[Giuseppe Verdi]] is born
|-
| 1821 || || A revolt in [[Piedmont]], led by [[Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa|Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo]], takes place in an attempt to remove the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] from Italy and unify the Italian territories under the [[House of Savoy]].
|-
| 1830 || || A series of uprisings along the [[Italian Peninsula]] occur, calling out for the merging of the different territories in the peninsula into one unified nation.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1831 || Spring || Austrian troops gradually crush political resistance along the Italian peninsula.
|-
| July || The political movement [[Young Italy (historical)|Young Italy]] is formed by activist [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], promoting insurrection in Italian states and Austrian lands to help unify Italy.<ref>Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, and Barbara H. Rosenwein. ''The Making of the West, Volume C Since 1740: Peoples and Cultures''. Boston: Bedford/Saint Martin's, 2008.</ref>
|-
| 1834 || 28 May || Mazzini is arrested in [[Solothurn]] and exiled from [[Switzerland]].
|-
| 1846 || || [[Pope Pius IX]] is elected, and his support of the unification of Italy helps to further popularise the movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=moq |title=History of Italy: Blueprints for Italy (1831–1848) |website=HistoryWorld |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030638/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=moq |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |1847 || 29 November || Charles Albert of Sardinia implements the [[Perfect Fusion]] of the Savoyard state extending the reforms carried out on the mainland to the island of Sardinia
|-
| 10 December || ''[[Il Canto degli Italiani]]'', the Italian national anthem since 1946, makes its public debut.
|-
| 1848 || || Fuelled by the revolutionary republican ideology of Mazzini, uprisings lead to revolutionary governments being briefly installed in Rome, [[Milan]] (see [[Cinque giornate di Milano]]), and [[Venice]], and the establishment of constitutions in the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], the Papal States, and [[Tuscany]]. Takeover by reactionary forces and the defeat of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Piedmont-Sardinia]] by Austria lead to a failure in the [[First Italian War of Independence]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1849 || 9 February || A [[Roman Republic (19th century)|Roman Republic]] is declared following an election.
|-
| March || [[Giuseppe Mazzini|Mazzini]] arrives in Rome and is appointed Chief Minister of the Roman Republic.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1856 || || The Congress of Paris, a peace conference held between Austria, France, [[Prussia]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Russian Empire]], and the Kingdom of Sardinia, is held to make peace after the [[Crimean War]].
|-
| || Italian statesman [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour|Camillo Benso of Cavour]] disparages Austria's intrusive presence in the Italian Peninsula.
|-
| 1858 || || [[Napoleon III]] and Cavour meet secretly in France, in [[Plombières-les-Bains]], where they make the [[Plombières Agreement]]. They decide that Cavour will provoke rebellion in Austrian territories in Northern Italy so as to tempt Austria into making a military decision.

|-
| 1859 || || After having allied with France, under the lead of Cavour, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia provokes Austria to war and secure the takeover of Milan and Lombardy ([[Second Italian War of Independence]]). Plebiscites subsequently guarantee the annexation of Tuscany, Emilian dukedoms, and Papal-controlled central Italy. [[Savoy]] and [[Nice]] are ceded to France in exchange for recognition. (to 1860) The annexation of Nice to France caused the [[Niçard exodus]], or the emigration of a quarter of the [[Niçard Italians]] to Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html|title="Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi|date=28 August 2017 |access-date=14 May 2021|language=it|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165302/http://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Niçard Vespers]].
|-
| 1860 || || The [[Expedition of the Thousand]] takes place, in which volunteers led by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] set out to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which collapses. The Papal States are reduced to [[Latium]].
|-
| 1861 || 17 March || Most of the states of the Italian Peninsula are united under [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|King Victor Emmanuel II]] of the [[Savoy]] dynasty, [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|proclamated King of Italy]].
|-
| 1865 || || The capital of Italy is moved from [[Turin]] to [[Florence]], in order to approach it to Rome, considered the natural capital, but still under [[Pope|Papal]] rule and French protection.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1866 || 20 June – 12 August || The [[Third Italian War of Independence]], between the [[Kingdom of Italy]] and [[Austrian Empire]], occurs, resulting in no true victory by either side.
|-
| 3 October || After some heavy losses, like [[Battle of Custoza (1866)|Custoza]] and [[Battle of Lissa (1866)|Lissa]], and few wins (most of them by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]), thanks to Prussian victories the Kingdom of Italy gains [[Veneto]] and western [[Friuli]] by the [[Treaty of Vienna (1866)|Treaty of Vienna]]. [[Trento]] and [[Trieste]] remains "irredeemed".
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1870 || 20 September || Following the defeat of [[Napoleon III]] in the [[French-Prussian War]], Italian forces occupy Rome. The Italian Army breaks into the walls of Rome by the breach of [[Porta Pia]].
|-
| 2 October || Rome replaces [[Florence]] as the capital city of Italy.
|- 
| 2 October || Italian Prime Minister Lanza holds a plebiscite in Rome and the citizens overwhelming vote in favor of union with Italy.
|-
| 9 October || A royal decree confirms the incorporation of Rome and surrounding Lazio into the Kingdom of Italy.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1878 || 3 January || [[Victor Emmanuel II|King Victor Emmanuel II]] of Italy dies.
|-
| 9 January || Victor Emmanuel II's son, [[Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I]], takes the throne.
|-
| 1882 || 5 July || The bay of [[Assab]] ([[Eritrea]]) becomes the first official [[Italian Empire|Italian colonial possession]] in Africa.
|-
| 1889 || || [[Somalia]] is established as the second Italian colony in Africa.
|-
| 1895 || || 21-year-old [[Guglielmo Marconi]] invents the [[radio telegraph]].
|-
| 1896 || || The French [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] publicly screen some of the earliest films in the [[History of film|history of cinema]] in various locations in Italy. The first Italian director is considered to be [[Vittorio Calcina]], a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers, who filmed [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1896, giving birth to the [[cinema of Italy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/gianni-bisiach/AV-002-000398/26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere|title=26 febbraio 1896 – Papa Leone XIII filmato Fratelli Lumière|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1900 || || the population is about 32.4&nbsp;million
|-
| 29 July || King Umberto I is assassinated. Umberto I's son, [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]], takes the throne
|}

== 20th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| [[1906 in Italy|1906]] || || The poet Giosuè Carducci is the first Italian to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1907 || || [[Maria Montessori]] establishes her first ''Casa dei Bambini'' in Rome.
|-
| || Ernestina Prola becomes the first Italian woman to get a [[driving licence]].
|-
| 1908 || || The 7.1 {{M|w|link=y}} [[1908 Messina earthquake|Messina earthquake]] shakes [[Southern Italy]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''Extreme''), killing between 75,000 and 200,000.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1911 || || Italy defeats the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Italian Libya|gains control]] over [[Libya]] and the [[Dodecanese|Rhodes archipelago]].
|-
| || The [[Anniversary of the Unification of Italy]] is established.
|-
| 4 June || The [[Altare della Patria]] is solemnly inaugurated.
|-
| 1915 || 23 May || Although initially aligned with Germany and [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Italian entry into World War I|Italy enters World War I]] on the side of the Anglo-French Allies after the [[Treaty of London (1915)|Treaty of London]]. 
|-
| 1918 || 4 November || [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]], with which Austria-Hungary surrenders to Italy, ending the war. After World War I, Italy expands its borders well beyond [[Trento]] and [[Trieste]], including [[Bolzano]]/Bozen, [[Pula|Pola/Pula]], [[Rijeka|Fiume/Rijeka]] and [[Zadar|Zara/Zadar]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1919 || ||[[Benito Mussolini]] and his supporters found the [[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento]], the predecessor of the [[National Fascist Party]].
|-
| || [[Enzo Ferrari]], having no other job perspective, eventually settles for a job at a small car company called CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali) redesigning used truck bodies into small passenger cars.
|-
| || The [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] is established.
|-
| 1921 || 4 November || The body of the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|Italian Unknown Soldier]] is solemnly buried at the [[Altare della Patria]].
|-
| 1922 || || After the lack of a compromise between socialists and Christian-democrats, and the [[March on Rome]] of the fascist militias, Benito Mussolini is named by the King as prime minister of Italy.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1926 || || Mussolini assumes dictatorial powers.
|-
| || The novelist [[Grazia Deledda]] is the first Italian woman who is awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]].
|-
| 1929 || 3 January || Italian film director [[Sergio Leone]] is born.
|-
| 1934 || || The [[Italy national football team]] wins its first FIFA World Cup.
|-
| 1936 || || Following the invasion of [[Ethiopia]], Italy is expelled from the [[League of Nations]].  Mussolini and Hitler signed the [[Rome-Berlin Axis]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1938 || || The [[Italy national football team]] wins its second FIFA World Cup.
|-
| || [[Enrico Fermi]] is awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on induced [[radioactivity]].
|-
| 1940 || || Italy enters [[World War II]] by invading [[Greece]] from [[Albania]], which had been occupied in 1939.
|-
| 1941 || || While they are confined on the island of [[Ventotene]] by the Fascist regime, [[Altiero Spinelli]] and [[Ernesto Rossi (politician)|Ernesto Rossi]] compile the [[Ventotene Manifesto]], entitled "Towards a Free and United Europe". With his Manifesto, Spinelli gives the major contribution to the formulation of the Federalist thinking and is later one of the main figures of the [[European Parliament]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1943 || || Nazi troops occupy Northern Italy, release Mussolini from prison and have him leading the puppet [[Italian Social Republic]]. Allied troops fight in the following two years to free the whole peninsula. The [[Italian Resistance]] plays a growing role in harassing German occupation forces.
|-
| 25 July || After the Allied occupy Sicily, the government of Mussolini is overthrown by the same [[Grand Council of Fascism]].
|-
| 8 September || General [[Badoglio]] signs the [[Armistice of Cassibile]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top"| 1945 || 25 April || Milan is finally liberated on 25 April 1945. Resistance fighters catch [[Benito Mussolini]] as he flees north in the hope of reaching Switzerland. They shoot him along with his lover, [[Clara Petacci]]. The corpses are brought back to Milan and hang in a gas station in [[Piazzale Loreto]].
|-
| 2 May || [[Surrender of Caserta]], whereby the [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces in Italy surrender, ending the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]] and the [[Italian Civil War]].
|-
| 10 December || [[Alcide De Gasperi]] becomes prime minister, holding the office until 1953. He is one of the [[Founding fathers of the European Union|Founding Fathers of the European Union]] and the [[List of Prime Ministers of Italy|first]] republican prime minister of Italy.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |  1946 || 22 April || The [[Liberation Day (Italy)|Liberation Day]] is established.
|-
| 2 June || [[1946 Italian institutional referendum|Italians vote]] to abolish the [[Kingdom of Italy|monarchy]] and establish a new republic; [[Umberto II of Italy|King Umberto II]], who succeeded his father Victor Emmanuel III on 9 May 1946, goes into exile.
|-
| 10 June || [[Birth of the Italian Republic]]: Italy becomes a republic after the results of a popular referendum. The Constituent Assembly is elected to draft the Republican Constitution and women are granted suffrage. 
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1947 || || [[Primo Levi]] publishes ''[[If This Is a Man]]'', based on his experiences in [[Auschwitz]].<ref>Levi, Primo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VxbSTfGI638C&pg=PA23 Note to the Theatre version of ''If This Is a Man''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522131756/https://books.google.com/books?id=VxbSTfGI638C&pg=PA23 |date=22 May 2016 }}, pp. 23–25.</ref>
|-
| 10 February || [[Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers]], with which [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] was annexed by [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] from Italy causing the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]], which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic [[Istro-Romanians]], choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.<ref>{{cite web |first=Benedetta |last=Tobagi |url=http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |title=La Repubblica italiana &#124; Treccani, il portale del sapere |publisher=Treccani.it |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| || The ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' is established.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1948 || 18 April || The [[Italian general election, 1948|general election]] sanctions the supremacy of the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party, and the belonging of Italy to the Western side.
|-
| 24 November || The film ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' is released.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bicyclethief.htm | title = The Bicycle Thief (1949) | publisher = Box Office Mojo | access-date = 1 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082457/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bicyclethief.htm | archive-date = 6 October 2014 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 22 December || The [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]], agreed between Christian-democrats, Socialists and Communists, comes into force.
|-
| 1949 || || Italy joins [[NATO]].
|-
| 1952 || || Italy becomes a founding member of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]].
|-
| 1953 || 10 February || The national oil company [[Eni|ENI]] (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi) is established, with [[Enrico Mattei]] as his first President. The ENI will become a strong actor in Italian foreign policy towards Arab countries.
|-
| 1954 || || The state-owned [[RAI]] broadcasts the first Italian official TV program.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1955 || || The [[Messina Conference]] achieves the basic agreement on the [[European Economic Community]]
|-
| || Italy joins the United Nations, along with fifteen other states, after years of stalemate due to opposed vetoes between the United States and the [[Soviet Union]].
|-
| 1957 || || The [[Treaty of Rome]] founds the [[European Economic Community]].
|-
| 1958 || 22 September || Singer-songwriter [[Andrea Bocelli]] is born in [[Lajatico]].
|-
| 1959 || || [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]] opens his first atelier, in Rome on [[Via Condotti]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1960 || || Italian film director [[Federico Fellini]] shoots ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'', an episodic study of life along [[Via Veneto]] in Rome.
|-
| || Rightist riots in [[Reggio Calabria]] against the regional capital being set in [[Catanzaro]].
|-
| || Leftist riots in Genoa and [[Reggio Emilia]] against the [[Tambroni Cabinet]] led by [[Fernando Tambroni]], a coalition between [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]] and post-fascist [[Italian Social Movement]].
|-
| 25 August || The [[1960 Summer Olympics]] opens in Rome.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1963 || || The DC switches to a strategy of alliance with the socialist PSI. Electric energy is nationalised and the high school system is reformed.
|-
| 30 June || [[Ciaculli massacre]]: a bomb intended for the mafia boss [[Salvatore Greco "Ciaschiteddu"]] explodes in [[Ciaculli]], killing seven police and military officers.
|-
| 9 October || Two thousand people die when a landslide causes the overtopping of the [[Vajont Dam]] north of [[Venice]]; the flooding wave completely wipes out several villages.
|-
|1964
|
|Singer-songwriter Cristina d'Avena is born.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1964 || 12 September || Sergio Leone's ''[[A Fistful of Dollars]]'', the first of three films in his ''[[Dollars Trilogy]]'' of [[Spaghetti Western]]s starring [[Clint Eastwood]], is released.
|-
| || An attempted coup ([[Piano Solo]]) is defused.
|-
| || Michele, the son of Mastro Pietro Ferrero, modifies his father's recipe for the "supercrema gianduja" (invented in 1946) and renames it [[Nutella]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1965 || 18 November || The film ''[[For a Few Dollars More]]'' is released.
|-
| 8 December || End of [[Second Vatican Council]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1966 || 30 October || [[Italian Socialist Party|Socialist]] and [[Italian Democratic Socialist Party|Democratic Socialist Party]] joined forces in the [[Unified Socialist Party (Italy)|Unified Socialist Party]].
|-
| 15 December || The film ''[[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly]]'' is released. The film is now considered to be one of the [[List of films considered the best|greatest films of all time]].
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1968 || 14 January || The [[1968 Belice earthquake|Belice earthquake]] sequence took place in [[Sicily]] between 14 and 15 January.<ref name =CFTI4MED>{{Cite web|url=http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/quakes/35810.html|title=Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500)|last=Guidoboni|first=E.|author2=Ferrari G.|author3=Mariotti D.|author4=Comastri A.|author5=Tarabusi G.|author6=Valensise G.|publisher=INGV-SGA|access-date=30 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207220458/http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/quakes/35810.html|archive-date=7 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}<!--Note firstly that the link takes you to an index map, which can be interrogated for information about individual earthquakes and secondly that this source is occasionally unavailable for weeks at a time, but always comes back eventually--></ref>  The largest shock measured 5.5 on the [[moment magnitude scale]], with five others of magnitude 5+.<ref name="Lavecchia">{{cite journal|last=Lavecchia|first=G.|author2=Ferrarini F.|author3=de Nardis R.|author4=Visini F.|author5=Barbano M.S.|year=2007|title=Active thrusting as a possible seismogenic source in Sicily (Southern Italy): Some insights from integrated structural–kinematic and seismological data|journal=Tectonophysics|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|volume=445|issue=3–4|pages=145–167|bibcode=2007Tectp.445..145L|doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2007.07.007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The maximum perceived intensity was X (''Extreme'') on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]]. The [[earthquake]] sequence, [[epicenter|centred]] between the towns of [[Gibellina]], [[Salaparuta]] and [[Poggioreale]], killed at least 231 people, possibly more than 400, with between 632 and about 1,000 injured and left 100,000 homeless.
|-
| 31 January || The [[University of Trento]] is occupied by students.
|-
| 10 June || The Italy national football team wins its first UEFA European Championship at Rome, against Yugoslavia.
|-
| 24 June || [[Giovanni Leone]] was appointed First Minister: remains in office until December.
|-
| 2 December || In Sicily clashes between strikers and police.
|-
| 12 December || [[Mariano Rumor]] reconstitutes a center-left government.
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1969 || July || Published the first issue of ''[[Il manifesto]]'' (it will become daily in 1971).
|-
| 4 July || New split the [[Unified Socialist Party (Italy)|Unified Socialist Party]]: reborn PSI and PSDI.
|-
| September–December || The "Hot Autumn" of 1969 features occupations of factories and universities, and violence between right and left-wing students.
|-
| 19 November || During the disorders of far-left peoples of lyrical theatre, in [[Milan]], policeman [[Antonio Annarumma]] was hit by an iron tube, according to the court inquiry. After his death his vehicle without guidance hit another [[Polizia di Stato|police officer]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cadutipolizia.it/fonti/1943-1981/1969annarumma.htm |title=1969 Annarumma Antonio |access-date=13 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225192625/http://www.cadutipolizia.it/fonti/1943-1981/1969annarumma.htm |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Students believe it is the accident which killed him, but this claim was repudiated by the medical examination.<ref>{{cite book |first=Indro |last=Montanelli |author2=Mario Cervi|title=L'Italia degli anni di piombo|place=Milan, Lombardy, Italy |publisher=Rizzoli Editore | year=1991}}</ref> Annarumma considered to be the first victim of the [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]], a period of social and political upheaval in Italy.
|-
| 20 November || Agreement between Italy and Austria for a system of self-government in [[South Tyrol]].
|-
| 12 December || Far-right terrorists bomb the [[Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura]] in Milan ([[Piazza Fontana bombing]]), killing 17 people and wounding 88. Four more bombs detonate without victims. Investigations are blurred, and no responsible party has been held accountable.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1970 || 6 August || After the resignation of Mariano Rumor (6 July), [[Emilio Colombo]] forms a new Government.
|-
| September–October || Serious incidents of violence across Italy.
|-
| 1 December || Parliament approved the law on divorce.
|-
| 7–8 December || Another rightist coup attempt is defused ([[golpe Borghese]]).
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1971 || 16 February || The regional council of Calabria recognizes Catanzaro regional capital.
|-
| February || In Italy resume violent riots.
|-
| 13 June || Partial local elections showed a decline of the Christian Democrats and an advanced of [[Italian Social Movement|MSI]].
|-
| October || The band [[Pink Floyd]] films performances for their songs "[[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|Echoes]]", "[[One of These Days (instrumental)|One of These Days]]", and "[[A Saucerful of Secrets (song)|A Saucerful of Secrets]]" in Pompeii. The footage was included in their [[Concert film|concert]] documentary film ''[[Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii]]''.
|-
| 24 December || [[Giovanni Leone]] is elected President of the Republic at the twenty-third ballot.
|-
| 1974 || 12 May || A referendum asking voters to repeal a government law allowing divorce is defeated. The result of [[Italian divorce referendum, 1974]] is the retention of the law allowing divorce.
|-
| 1975 || 22 November || The controversial Italian-French [[art film]] ''[[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom]]'', is first released.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1978 || 16 March || Kidnapping of the former prime minister [[Aldo Moro]] by the [[Red Brigades]].
|-
| 9 May || Aldo Moro is killed after the government refuses to negotiate with the Communist group. The "[[historic compromise]]" is stopped and Giulio Andreotti steps down from government. The Red Brigades begin falling apart.
|-
| 15 June || President Giovanni Leone resigned.
|-
| July || Socialist [[Sandro Pertini]] is the new President of the Republic.
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1979 || 7 April || Arrest of several academics accused of subversive and terrorist activities.
|-
| 3–4 June || In the early parliamentary elections fall of PCI, advanced the Radical party and stability of DC.
|-
| 10–11 June || First election for the European Parliament.
|-
| August || First government led by [[Francesco Cossiga]].
|-
| December || First transmissions of the third RAI channel, [[Rai 3]].
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1980 || || [[Umberto Eco]] publishes ''[[The Name of the Rose]]'', a medieval murder mystery.
|-
| 27 June || [[Ustica Massacre]]: a DC-9 operated by Itavia crashes into the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] between [[Ponza]] and [[Ustica]], killing all 81 people on board. The disaster led to numerous investigations, legal actions, and accusations, and continues to be a source of speculation, including claims of conspiracy by the Italian government and others.
|-
| 2 August || [[Bologna massacre]]: a [[terrorism|terrorist]] bombing of the [[Bologna Central Station|Central Station]] at [[Bologna]] kills 85 people and wounds more than 200. This was found to be a neo-fascist bombing, mainly organized by the [[Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari]]: [[Francesca Mambro]] and [[Valerio Fioravanti]] were sentenced to life imprisonment. In April 2007 the Supreme Court confirmed the conviction of Luigi Ciavardini, a NAR member associated closely with close ties to [[Terza Posizione]]. Ciavardini received a 30-year prison sentence for his role in the attack.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bologna bomber's 30-year jail term confirmed | publisher = Associated Press | date = 11 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
| September || Broadcaster [[Canale 5]] starts to broadcast on a national scale. This is the first national private television.
|-
| 23 November || [[1980 Irpinia earthquake|Irpinia earthquake]], took place in [[Southern Italy]] with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 6.9 and a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''Extreme''). The shock was centered on the village of [[Conza della Campania|Conza]] and left at least 2,483 people dead, at least 7,700 injured, and left 250,000 homeless.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1981 || 17 March || The prosecutors of Milan and the police discovered the existence of the [[Propaganda Due|P2 lodge]]. Head of loggia is [[Licio Gelli]].
|-
| June || [[Giovanni Spadolini]] ([[Italian Republican Party|PRI]]) is premier of a coalition (PRI-DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI) called [[Pentapartito]]. Spadolini is the first non-Christian Democrat minister since 1945. His government lasts one year.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1982 || 29 May || Parliament approves law on "collaborators of justice". It was officially created the figure of ''[[Pentito]]''.
|-
| 18 June || [[Roberto Calvi]] was found hanged in [[London]].
|-
| 11 July || The Italy national football team wins in Spain its third FIFA World Cup.
|-
| 3 September || General [[Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa]] and his wife are killed by the mafia in [[Palermo]].
|-
| rowspan="1" valign="top" | 1983 || August || [[Bettino Craxi]] ([[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]) is premier of a PSI-DC coalition until 1987. Under his government, a television reform allows Berlusconi to build up his media empire. The [[Concordat]] with the Vatican is revised, and [[salary indexation]] is abolished to curb inflation from 12% to 5%, but [[public debt]] raises up to 90% of GDP.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1984 || June || At the European Parliament elections, in the wake of the death of the leader [[Enrico Berlinguer]], the PCI gains 33.3% of votes and overcomes the DC as first party in Italy.
|-
| 23 December || [[Sicilian Mafia]] bomb the [[Train 904 bombing|904 express train]] between [[Bologna]] and [[Florence]], killing 16 people and wounding 267. Mafia boss [[Giuseppe Calò]], also known as "Pippo", was convicted for ordering and organising the attack in November 1992.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1985 || || [[Franco Modigliani]] receives the [[Nobel Prize for Economics]] for his work on household savings and the dynamics of financial markets.
|-
| 9 June || A [[Italian wage referendum, 1985|referendum on abolishing the wage escalator]] was defeated by margin of 54.3% to 45.7% on a [[voter turnout]] of 77.9% out of 45 million eligible Italian electors.
|-
| June || [[Francesco Cossiga]] is elected President of the Republic.
|-
| 27 December || [[1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks|Rome airport]] is attacked by Palestinian terrorists; 16 people die.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1986 || || The start of the [[Maxi Trial]] against the [[Sicilian Mafia]] that took place in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]. It lasted until 1992 (the final day of the [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]]). Sicilian prosecutors indicted 475 mafiosi for a multitude of crimes, of which 338 were convicted and sentenced to a total of 2,665 years, not including life sentences handed to 19 [[crime boss|bosses]].<ref name=schneiders>[http://members.multimania.co.uk/ocnewsletter/SGOC0502/Schneiders.html Giovanni Falcone, Paolo Borsellino and the Procura of Palermo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021092210/http://members.multimania.co.uk/ocnewsletter/SGOC0502/Schneiders.html |date=21 October 2012 }}, Peter Schneider & Jane Schneider, May 2002, essay is based on excerpts from Chapter Six of Jane Schneider and Peter Schneider, Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia and the Struggle for Palermo, Berkeley: U. of California Press</ref>  It is considered to be the most significant trial ever against the [[Sicilian Mafia]], as well as the biggest trial in world history.<ref>Alfonso Giordano, Il maxiprocesso venticinque anni dopo – Memoriale del presidente, p. 68, Bonanno Editore, 2011. {{ISBN|978-88-7796-845-6}}</ref>
|-
| || Italy-US relations are strained by the Libyan retaliation after the American bombing of Tripoli, and by the [[Crisis of Sigonella|Sigonella crisis]] following the kidnapping of the [[MS Achille Lauro|Achille Lauro]] liner ship by the [[Palestinian Liberation Front]].
|-
| || The neurologist [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]], together with [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]], receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of [[Nerve growth factor]] (NGF). Since 2001, she has also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1987 || July || [[Giovanni Goria]] is the new prime minister. His Cabinet lasts up to April 1988.
|-
| November || In the wake of the [[Chernobyl disaster]], a referendum put off the use of nuclear plants. The three working plants are slowly decommissioned. The [[Green party]] establishes itself in Italy.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1988 || April || [[Ciriaco De Mita]] replaces Goria as prime minister. His Cabinet lasts one year.
|-
| 11 June || Former President Giuseppe Saragat dies.
|-
| 21 June || [[Achille Occhetto]] is the new leader of PCI.
|-
|1988
|14 August
|[[Enzo Ferrari]], founder of [[Ferrari]] and [[Scuderia Ferrari]], died at the age of 90. Weeks after his death, both Ferrari drivers [[Gerhard Berger]] and [[Michele Alboreto]] dedicated the 1–2 finish for Enzo at [[1988 Italian Grand Prix|Monza]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1989 || 30 April || Sergio Leone dies of a heart attack.
|-
| 22 July || [[Giulio Andreotti]] is premier of a [[Pentapartito|coalition]] until 1992.
|-
| October || New Code of Criminal Procedure shall enter into force.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1990 || 24 February || Former President Sandro Pertini dies.
|-
| May || [[Italian regional elections, 1990|Italian regional elections]]. [[Umberto Bossi]]'s [[Lega Nord]] obtained a stunning result in the main election of this round of vote, the choice of the [[Lombard Regional Council]].
|-
| June–July || [[1990 FIFA World Cup|Italy hosts the World Football Cup]], but loses in the semi-final against Argentina at penalties.
|-
| October || Prime Minister [[Giulio Andreotti]] reveals the existence of [[Operation Gladio]]. Gladio was the codename for a clandestine [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) "stay-behind" operation in Italy during the [[Cold War]]. Its purpose was to prepare for, and implement, armed resistance in the event of a [[Warsaw Pact]] invasion and conquest. Although Gladio specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO [[stay-behind]] organizations, "Operation Gladio" is used as an informal name for all of them.<ref name="Haberman Times 1990">{{cite web | last1=Haberman | first1=Clyde | last2=Times | first2=Special to The New York | title=EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; Italy Discloses Its Web Of Cold War Guerrillas | website=The New York Times | date=16 November 1990 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/16/world/evolution-in-europe-italy-discloses-its-web-of-cold-war-guerrillas.html | access-date=20 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314170646/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/16/world/evolution-in-europe-italy-discloses-its-web-of-cold-war-guerrillas.html | archive-date=14 March 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1991 || January || Italy takes part in the Operation Desert Storm, during the [[Gulf War]], for the liberation of [[Kuwait]].
|-
| 3 February || The [[Italian Communist Party]] split into the [[Democratic Party of the Left]] (PDS), led by [[Achille Occhetto]], and the [[Communist Refoundation Party]] (PRC), headed by [[Armando Cossutta]].
|-
| 9 June || A referendum abolished the multiple preferences for the election of [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]'s members, in favor of the single preference.
|-
| 19 September || [[Ötzi the Iceman|A man found frozen high in the Alps]] is discovered, and is later found to be a Neolithic hunter who lived approximately 5,000 years ago.
|-
| 1 October || ''[[The Simpsons]]'' is aired on the Italian TV for the first time.
|-
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1992 || || ''[[Mani pulite]]'' (clean hands), a nationwide judicial investigation into political corruption and influence-peddling, leads to the fall and dissolution of the Christian Democracy, and of the Socialist party, which had been the most influential political parties in Italy since 1948. Bettino Craxi flees to [[Tunisia]] to avoid prosecution.
|-
| 5–6 April || General elections. Lega Nord's first electoral breakthrough was at the 1990 regional elections, but it was with the 1992 general election that the party emerged as a leading political actor. Having gained 8.7% of the vote, 56 deputies and 26 senators,<ref>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Parenzo |first2=Davide |last2=Romano |title= Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega |year=2009 |publisher=Sperling & Kupfer |location=Milan |pages=263–266}}</ref> it became the fourth largest party of the country and within Parliament.
|-
| 25 April || President Francesco Cossiga resigned.
|-
| 25 May || [[Oscar Luigi Scalfaro]] is elected President of the Republic.
|-
| 28 June || [[Giuliano Amato]] ([[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]) is premier of a PSI-DC-PLI-PSDI coalition.
|-
| May–July || [[Giovanni Falcone]] and [[Paolo Borsellino]], two Italian anti-Mafia magistrates, are assassinated by the mafia.
|-
| 15 December || Bettino Craxi is under investigation in Milan for corruption.
|-
| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1993 || 27 March || [[Giulio Andreotti]] is under investigation for collusion with the mafia.
|-
| 18 April ||  The public overwhelmingly backed the abrogation of the existing [[proportional representation]] parliamentary electoral law in a referendum, for the benefit of a majority system.
|-
| 21 April || Prime Minister [[Giuliano Amato]] resigns.
|-
| 26 April || [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]], former governor of the national bank, was appointed head of the government and appointed a [[technical government]] without political influences.
|-
| 29 April || Italian Parliament denied permission to proceed against Bettino Craxi, accused of corruption. Several members of the government, having been in office just three days, resigned in protest; among them were [[Francesco Rutelli]], [[Minister of the Environment]] and [[Vincenzo Visco]], Minister of [[Finance]].
|-
| May–July || The [[Sicilian Mafia]] organizes some attacks in Rome, Florence and Milan.
|-
| 4 August || A [[Mixed member proportional representation|mixed system]] was introduced by the Parliament.
|-
| August || Parliament grants authorization to proceed against Bettino Craxi.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1994 || 27 April || Media magnate [[Silvio Berlusconi]] becomes prime minister for a rightist coalition. However, the pact between northern autonomists and southern post-fascists collapsed late in the year, and Berlusconi is forced to resign as prime minister.
|-
| 1 September || The Italian film ''[[Il Postino: The Postman]]'' premieres at the [[Venice Film Festival]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1996 || 17 May || [[Romano Prodi]] becomes prime minister for the Olive Tree coalition, voted into power with the external support of the communists.
|-
| 31 December || The [[Tricolour Day]] is established.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1997 || || [[Valentino Rossi]] wins his first World Championship at the [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season]].
|-
| October || [[Dario Fo]], an Italian avant-garde playwright, manager-director, and actor-mime, is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. A theatrical caricaturist with a flair for social agitation, he has often faced government censure.
|-
| 20 December || [[Roberto Benigni]]'s film ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]'' is released.
|-
| 1998 || 3 February || 20 skiers (of which 3 Italians) die in the [[Cavalese cable car disaster (1998)|Cavalese cable car disaster]], when a US EA-6B Prowler military jet severed the cables supporting the Cermis mountain cable car. Pilots will be later found not guilty by an American court.
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1999 || 1 January || Italy is accepted in the [[eurozone]].
|-
| 21 March || The film ''Life is Beautiful'' is nominated for seven Academy Awards. The film wins the awards for Best Actor (the first for a male performer in a non-English-speaking role, and only the third overall acting Oscar for non-English-speaking roles), the Best Original Dramatic Score and the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film.
|-
| 24 March || Italy takes part in the [[Kosovo War]], a NATO-led aerial operation against Milosevic's Yugoslavia to prevent genocide in Kosovo. The premier is [[Massimo D'Alema]], of the post-communist [[Partito Democratico della Sinistra]].
|-
| 13 May || [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]] is elected President of the Republic.
|-
| 2000 || 20 January || Bettino Craxi dies at [[Hammamet, Tunisia]].
|}

== 21st century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | [[2001 in Italy|2001]] || 11 June || Berlusconi's second term as prime minister begins.
|-
| 20 July || Violence erupts at the [[27th G8 summit|G8 demonstrations]] in Genoa. The police are accused of severe abuses; one demonstrator is shot dead.
|-
| October || Italy takes part in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]].
|-
| November || Former President [[Giovanni Leone]] dies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/10/world/giovanni-leone-italy-s-ex-president-dies-at-93.html|title=Giovanni Leone, Italy's Ex-President, Dies at 93|last=Honan|first=William H.|work=The New York Times |date=10 November 2001 |access-date=2018-08-19|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182114/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/10/world/giovanni-leone-italy-s-ex-president-dies-at-93.html|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || 1 January || The [[euro]] begins circulating as new official currency of Italy.
|-
| 2003 || March || Italy takes part in the [[Iraq War]], although populations show disapproval through [[peace flag]]s.
|-
| 2004 || 30 March || It is established the [[National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe]].
|-
| 2005 || 4 March || [[Nicola Calipari]], Italian secret agent, is shot dead by friendly fire from a US patrol during the rescue of journalist [[Giuliana Sgrena]] from kidnappers in [[Baghdad]]. US later refused the extradition of the identified shooter, [[Mario Lozano]].
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 2006 || 10 February || The [[2006 Winter Olympics]] are held in [[Turin]] (to 26 February).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/english/archives/past.shtml |title=Olympic Bid Election History—Voting Records and Results |publisher=[[GamesBids]] |access-date=19 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510132655/http://www.gamesbids.com/english/archives/past.shtml |archive-date=10 May 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 17 May || Prodi's second term as prime minister begins.
|-
| 9 July || The Italy national football team wins its fourth [[2006 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup in Germany]].
|-
| September || Italy's engagement is pivotal in the deployment of the [[UNIFIL]] peace force after the [[2006 Lebanon War]].
|-
| December || Italian government withdraws its troops from [[Iraq]], ending the [[Operation Ancient Babylon]].
|-
| 2008 || || Berlusconi's third term as prime minister begins.
|-
| 2009 || 6 April || [[2009 L'Aquila earthquake|An earthquake strikes L'Aquila]], causing the death of 307 people and making about 65,000 homeless.
|-
| 2010 || August || Former President [[Francesco Cossiga]] dies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/10_agosto_17/cossiga-morto_18d90b48-a9f3-11df-8b1f-00144f02aabe.shtml|title=Addio al Picconatore, è morto Cossiga - Corriere della Sera|website=www.corriere.it|language=it|access-date=2018-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615023033/http://www.corriere.it/politica/10_agosto_17/cossiga-morto_18d90b48-a9f3-11df-8b1f-00144f02aabe.shtml|archive-date=15 June 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || January || Former president [[Oscar Luigi Scalfaro]] dies.
|-
| 2013 || 6 May || Former prime minister [[Giulio Andreotti]] dies at 94 years old in [[Rome]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 2015 || January || President [[Giorgio Napolitano]] resigns.
|-
| 31 January || [[Sergio Mattarella]] is the new President of the Italian Republic.
|-
| 2016 || September || Former President [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]] died in [[Rome]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/italys-former-president-carlo-azeglio-ciampi-dies-aged-95-1474023277|title=Italy's Former President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Dies Aged 95|date=2016-09-16|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2018-08-19|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713135605/https://www.wsj.com/articles/italys-former-president-carlo-azeglio-ciampi-dies-aged-95-1474023277|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/16/former-italian-president-carlo-azeglio-ciampi-dies-at-95|title=Former Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi dies at 95|last=Rome|first=Agence France-Presse in|date=2016-09-16|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713164439/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/16/former-italian-president-carlo-azeglio-ciampi-dies-at-95|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|4 March
|[[Italian general election, 2018]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/17_dicembre_13/scioglimento-camere-ac1b958a-df86-11e7-b8cc-37049f602793.shtml|title=Si vota il 4 marzo: l'annuncio il 27 dicembre|last=Verderami|first=Francesco|work=Corriere della Sera|access-date=2018-08-19|language=it-IT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313232115/http://www.corriere.it/politica/17_dicembre_13/scioglimento-camere-ac1b958a-df86-11e7-b8cc-37049f602793.shtml|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|February
|[[COVID-19 pandemic]] hits Italy among the first countries in [[Europe]]. [[COVID-19 virus]] originated in [[China]], spreads in Italy without being clearly detected in the winter of [[2019]].
|-
|2020
|March
|In March 2020, the government imposed a [[2020 Italy coronavirus lockdown|national quarantine]] as a measure to limit the spread of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|coronavirus pandemic in the country]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51810673|title=Italy extends emergency measures nationwide|publisher=BBC|date=10 March 2020|accessdate=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy|title=From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy|date=2020-03-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-12|last2=Sample|first2=Ian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Later that month, Italy became the country with the highest total number of deaths in the [[COVID-19 pandemic|worldwide coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellyatt |first1=Holly |title=Italy's lockdown will be extended, prime minister says as death toll spikes and hospitals struggle |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/italys-death-rate-reaches-record-high-hospitals-in-lombardy-struggle.html |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=CNBC |date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|December
|On 27 December 2020, the [[COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Italy]] starts. The first [[Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine|Pfizer - BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines]] are sent to Italy.
|-
|2021
|February
|[[Mario Draghi]] appointed [[Italian Prime Minister|Prime Minister]].
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 2022
|July
|[[2022 Italian government crisis]].
|-
| 25 September || |[[Italian general election, 2022]]
|-
| 22 October || [[Giorgia Meloni]] appointed [[Italian Prime Minister|Prime Minister]], the [[List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government|first woman]] to hold this position.
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Timelines of cities in Italy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author= Thomas Bartlett |title= New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events|year=1841|publisher=Thomas Kelly |location=London |chapter= Italy |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rJ9fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA589 }}
* {{cite book |title=Index of Dates ... Facts in the Chronology and History of the World |author= J. Willoughby Rosse |location= London |publisher=[[Henry George Bohn|H.G. Bohn]] |year=1858 |via=Hathi Trust |chapter= Italy |hdl= 2027/uva.x030807786 }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co. |location = London |author = George Henry Townsend |title = A Manual of Dates |date = 1867 |edition=2nd |chapter=Italy |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/manualofdatesdic00townrich#page/523/mode/1up |author-link = George Henry Townsend }}
* {{cite book|editor= [[William Henry Overall]] |title= Dictionary of Chronology|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchro00over |year=1870|publisher=William Tegg |location=London |chapter= Italy |hdl= 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949}}
* {{cite book|author=Alfredo Comandini |author-link=:it:Alfredo Comandini |title=L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1801–1900): giorno per giorno |date=29 November 2023 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007376351 |publisher=[[:it:Antonio Vallardi Editore|Antonio Vallardi Editore]] |location=Milan |language=it |oclc=2899668 }} 1900–1942. (Chronology)
* {{Citation |publisher = Funk & Wagnalls |location = New York |title = Cyclopedia of Classified Dates |author = Charles E. Little|date = 1900 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cyclopediaofclas00littuoft#page/1050/mode/2up |chapter= Italy }}
* {{cite book|editor= [[Henry Smith Williams]] |series=Historians' History of the World |volume=9 |title= Italy |year=1908|publisher= Hooper & [[Walter Montgomery Jackson|Jackson]] |location=London |chapter=Chronological Résumé of Italian History |hdl=2027/njp.32101063964868 }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |location = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |date = 1910 |chapter=Italy |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/755/mode/1up |title-link = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates }}
* {{cite book|editor=Zygmunt G. Baranski and Rebecca J. West|title=Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian Culture|year= 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55982-9 |chapter=Chronology |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1hVfHLOGAxwC&pg=PR17
}}
* {{cite book
|title= Regions of Italy: a Reference Guide to History and Culture |author=Roy Domenico |publisher=Greenwood|isbn= 978-0313307331 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ-PMNC5XOkC
|year=2002
|chapter= Chronology 
|ref= {{harvid|Domenico|2002}}
}}
* {{cite book|title=Western Europe |edition=5th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9QYndAPmuQC |isbn=978-1-85743-152-0 |series=Regional Surveys of the World |publisher=[[Europa Publications]]  |year=2003
|chapter=Italy: Chronology |pages= 357–361
}}
* {{cite book|author1=Mark Gilbert|author2=Robert K. Nilsson|title=Historical Dictionary of Modern Italy |year= 2007|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-6428-3 |chapter=Chronology |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XQCyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://exhibitions.guggenheim.org/futurism/timeline/ |title=Time Line |author=Guggenheim Museum |location=New York |work=Italian Futurism, 1909–1944 |year=2014 |author-link=Guggenheim Museum }}
* {{cite book|editor=Michael Wyatt|title= Cambridge Companion to the Italian Renaissance|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weDGAwAAQBAJ|year= 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-99167-4 |chapter=Timeline |page=xxi+ }}

==External links==
* {{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17435616 |title=Italy Profile: Timeline |work=BBC News |date=7 February 2019 }}
* {{cite web |title=Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Italy |url= http://www.katolsk.no/organisasjon/verden/chronology/italy |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo]] |location=Norway }}

{{Years in Italy}}
{{Timelines of cities in Italy}}
{{Italy topics}}

[[Category:Italian history timelines| ]]
[[Category:Years in Italy]]
[[Category:Timelines by country|Italy]]