View source for Timeline of German history

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
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This is a '''timeline of [[Germany|German]] history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Germany and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see [[History of Germany]].  See also the [[list of German monarchs]] and [[list of chancellors of Germany]] and the list of [[years in Germany]].

{{Dynamic list}}

<div class="toc"> '''Centuries''': [[Timeline of German history#1st century|1st]]{{·}}[[#3rd century|3rd]]{{·}}[[#4th century|4th]]{{·}}[[#5th century|5th]]{{·}}[[#6th century|6th]]{{·}}[[#7th century|7th]]{{·}}[[#8th century|8th]]{{·}}[[#9th century|9th]]{{·}}[[#10th century|10th]]{{·}}[[#11th century|11th]]{{·}}[[#12th century|12th]]{{·}}[[#13th century|13th]]{{·}}[[#14th century|14th]]{{·}}[[#15th century|15th]]{{·}}[[#16th century|16th]]{{·}}[[#17th century|17th]]{{·}}[[#18th century|18th]]{{·}}[[#19th century|19th]]{{·}}[[#20th century|20th]]{{·}}[[#21st century|21st]] </div>

== BC==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Date
!Event
!Source
|-
|c. 1.33 million years [[Before Present|BP]]
|
| The first stone tools were made in the [[Upper Rhine Plain]]
|<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3390/h8030129 | doi-access=free | title=Several Lower Palaeolithic Sites along the Rhine Rift Valley, Dated from 1.3 to 0.6 Million Years | date=2019 | last1=Fiedler | first1=Lutz | last2=Humburg | first2=Christian | last3=Klingelhöfer | first3=Horst | last4=Stoll | first4=Sebastian | last5=Stoll | first5=Manfred | journal=Humanities | volume=8 | issue=3 | page=129 }}</ref>
|-
|609,000 ± 40,000 BP
|
|The hominid to whom the [[Mauer 1]] mandible (discovered in 1907 in [[Mauer (Baden)|Mauer]]) belonged, the type specimen of [[Homo heidelbergensis]], dies.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany|volume=107|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=November 2010|author=Günther A. Wagner|author2=Matthias Krbetschek|issue=46 |display-authors=1|pages=19726–19730|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012722107 |jstor=25748747 |pmid=21041630 |pmc=2993404 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10719726W |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Rp|19727}}
|-
|~225,000 BP
|
|The hominid to whom the [[Steinheim skull]] (discovered in 1933 in [[Steinheim an der Murr]]) belonged (previously sometimes dubbed [[Homo steinheimensis]]) dies.
|<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution|editor-first=Bernard|editor-last=Wood|year=2011|isbn=9781405155106|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}</ref>{{Rp|740}}
|-
|~130,000 BP
|
|The [[Neanderthal]] (named after its initial site of discovery, the [[Neandertal (valley)|Neandertal valley]]) emerges in Europe.
|<ref name="klein1983">{{cite journal|first=R. G.|last=Klein|year=1983|title=What Do We Know About Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon Man?|journal=Anthropology|volume=52|issue=3|pages=386–392|jstor=41210959}}</ref>
|-
|~45,000 BP
|
|[[Homo sapiens]] first appears in Europe (sometimes called [[Early European modern humans|EEMH]] or ''Cro-Magnon'').
|<ref>{{cite journal|first1=J.-J.|last1=Hublin|first2=N.|last2=Sirakov|display-authors=et al.|year=2020|title=Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z|volume=581|issue=7808|pages=299–302|pmid=32433609|bibcode=2020Natur.581..299H|s2cid=218592678|url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/81524/1/Hublin%20et%20al%20_authors%20accepted.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature10617|first11=S.|last8=Mallegni|first8=F.|last9=Bayle|first9=P.|last10=Coquerelle|first10=M.|last11=Condemi|last12=Ronchitelli|last7=Pap|first12=A.|last13=Harvati|first13=K.|last14=Weber|first14=G.W.|bibcode=2011Natur.479..525B|s2cid=205226924|first7=I.|first6=J.Í.|pmid=22048311|first1=S.|title=Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour|journal=Nature|volume=479|issue=7374|pages=525–528|year=2011|last1=Benazzi|last2=Douka|last6=Svoboda|first2=K.|last3=Fornai|first3=C.|last4=Bauer|first4=C.C.|last5=Kullmer|first5=O.|display-authors=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature10484|first10=S.|first7=B.|last8=Gröning|first8=F.|last9=Collins|first9=C.|last10=Hillson|last11=O'Higgins|first6=E.|first11=P.|last12=Fitzgerald|first12=C.|last13=Fagan|first13=M.|bibcode=2011Natur.479..521H|s2cid=4374023|last7=Chandler|last6=Trinkaus|pmid=22048314|last1=Higham|title=The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe|journal=Nature|volume=479|issue=7374|pages=521–524|year=2011|first1=T.|first5=B.|last2=Compton|first2=T.|last3=Stringer|first3=C.|last4=Jacobi|first4=R.|last5=Shapiro|display-authors=1}}</ref>
|-
|35,000–45,000 BP
|
|The [[Venus of Hohle Fels]] is made.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany|author-first=Nicholas J.|author-last=Conard|doi=10.1038/nature07995|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|year=2009|volume=459|issue=7244|pages=248–252|pmid=19444215 |bibcode=2009Natur.459..248C |s2cid=205216692 }}</ref>
|-
|>32,000 BP
|
|The ''[[Löwenmensch]]'' figurine is made.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hohlenstein-Stadel and the Evolution of Human Conceptual Thought|author-first=Thomas|author-last=Wynn|display-authors=et al.|pages=73–84|volume=19|issue=1|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|date=Feb 2009|doi=10.1017/S0959774309000043}}</ref>
|-
|~23,000 BP
|
|The [[Venus of Willendorf]] is made.
|<ref>Antl-Weiser, Walpurga (2009). "The time of the Willendorf figurines and new results of palaeolithic research in Lower Austria". ''Anthropologie''. Brno. '''47''' (1–2): 131–141.</ref>
|-
|~11,500 BP
|
|The [[Pleistocene]] ([[Last Glacial Period]] (LGP)) ends.
|<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Introduction: A World with Agriculture|author-first=Graeme|author-last=Barker|pages=1–25|title=A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE – 500 CE|series=The Cambridge World History|volume=2|editor-first=Graeme|editor-last=Barker|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780521192187|author2-first=Candice|author2-last=Goucher|editor2-first=Candice|editor2-last=Goucher}}</ref>{{Rp|1ff.}}
|-
|~10,000 B.C.
|
|The [[Ahrensburg culture]] prospers in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia.
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siiriäinen|first=Ari|title=Prehistory to 1520|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521472997|editor-first=Knut|editor-last=Helle|series=Cambridge History of Scandinavia|volume=1|pages=43–59|chapter=The Stone and Bronze Ages}}</ref>{{Rp|43}}
|-
|5,500–5,000 B.C.
|
|Sedentary [[agriculture]] is adopted in central Europe, following a southeastern-to-northwestern trajectory of spread. The [[Linear Pottery culture]] is present in central Europe.
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Archaeology|editor-first=Deborah M.|editor-last=Persall|author-first=Peter|author-last=Bogucki|year=2008|chapter=Europe, Neolithic|pages=1175–1187|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780125480307}}</ref>
|-
|~4,500 B.C.
|
|The Linear Pottery culture disintegrates into more distinct regional styles, such as the [[Michelsberg culture]] and the [[Funnelbeaker culture]].
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Archaeology|editor-first=Deborah M.|editor-last=Persall|author-first=Arkadiusz|author-last=Marciniak|year=2008|chapter=Europe, Central and Eastern|pages=1199–1210|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780125480307}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd millennium BC|3rd Millennium BCE]]
|
|The [[Corded Ware culture]] (emerging from Poland around 2,800 BCE) and the [[Bell Beaker culture]] are present in central Europe.
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|Late 3rd Millennium BCE
|
|With the discovery of [[Bronze]], the [[Neolithic]] ends and the [[Bronze Age]] begins. The [[Unetice culture]] spreads.
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|~1,300 B.C.
|
|The [[Urnfield culture]] (also known as ''Tumulus period'') spreads.
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|~800 B.C.
|
|The [[Hallstatt culture]] (named for [[Hallstatt]], Austria) spreads.
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[5th century BC|5th century BCE]]
|
|The Hallstatt culture develops into the [[La Tène culture]], the first distinctly [[Celts|Celtic]] cultural group.
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory|edition=15th|author-first=Brian M.|author-last=Fagan|author2-first=Nadia|author2-last=Durrani|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|orig-year=1971|isbn=9781315193298}}</ref>{{Rp|392}}
|-
|390 B.C.
|
|[[Battle of the Allia]]: Rome, then the capital of the growing [[Roman Republic]], is sacked by Celtic warriors.
|<ref>{{Cite book|title=Erkundungen zwischen Krieg und Frieden|language=de|author-first=Manfred|author-last=Leber|author2-first=Sikander|author2-last=Singh|publisher=Universaar|year=2017|isbn=9783862232383}}</ref>{{Rp|11}}
|-
|113–101 B.C.
|
|'''[[Cimbrian War]]''': The [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutons]] undertake migratory movements during which they clash with Roman forces ([[Battle of Noreia]], [[Battle of Arausio]], [[Battle of Aquae Sextiae]], [[Battle of Vercellae]]). The Cimbri and Teutons are later added by [[Julius Caesar]] to the category of "Germans", even though they were perceived as Celts by the Romans of their own time.
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Die Germanen|author-first=Walter|author-last=Pohl|publisher=R. Oldenbourg Verlag|location=Munich|year=2004|edition=2nd|isbn=3486567551|language=de}}</ref>{{Rp|11}}
|-
|58–50 B.C.
|
|'''[[Gallic Wars]]''': [[Julius Caesar]] marches his forces into [[Gaul]] for purposes of conquest, broadly categorizing the people he encountered into "Gauls", "Aquitani", "Belgae", and "Germans" (using the Rhine river as a boundary between Germania and Gaul). He classifies [[Ariovistus]] as "King of the Germans", and defeats the forces of Ariovistus at the [[Battle of Vosges (58 BC)|Battle of Vosges]]. Caesar documents his military campaigns in his [[Commentarii de Bello Gallico]].
|<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|3f.}}
|}

== 1st century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 9 || || [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]: An alliance of Germanic tribes under the leadership of [[Arminius]] ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]]. 
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Teutoburg Forest AD 9: The destruction of Varus and his legions|author-first=Michael|author-last=McNally|year=2011|isbn=9781849083089|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Botley}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || || [[Battle at Pontes Longi]]
|
|-
| 16 || || [[Battle of the Angrivarian Wall]] fought near [[Porta Westfalica]] between the Roman general [[Germanicus]] and an alliance of Germanic tribes commanded by Arminius.
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Die Germanen|author-first=Herwig|author-last=Wolfram|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3406390043|edition=8th|year=2007|orig-year=1995|language=de}}</ref>{{Rp|35}}
|-
| 16 || || [[Battle of Idistaviso]] fought between Roman legions commanded by Roman emperor [[Tiberius]]' heir and adopted son Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic peoples commanded by Arminius. 
|<ref name=":5" />{{Rp||pages=90f.}}
|-
|98
|
|The Roman historian [[Tacitus]] finishes his influential ''[[Germania]]'' (in the original: "De origine et situ Germanorum"), describing Ancient Germany and its inhabitants.
|<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania_(Church_%26_Brodribb)|title=The Origin and Situation of the Germans|last=Tacitus|first=Cornelius|year=1876|translator-last=Church|translator-first=Alfred J.|orig-year=98|translator2-first=William J.|translator2-last=Brodribb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Eckerman|first=Nancy Pippen|title=Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1999|isbn=1884964338|editor-last=Boyd|editor-first=Kelly|volume=2|pages=1169–1170|chapter=Tacitus: c.56–after 118 CE}}</ref>
|}

== 3rd century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 235 || || [[Battle at the Harzhorn]]
|
|-
| 235 || || Roman emperor [[Severus Alexander]] died at [[Mainz|Mogantiacum]] (Mainz).
|
|-
| 260 || || The Romans make [[Cologne]] their capital city.
|
|-
| 297 || || The [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Roman emperor|emperor]] allowed the [[Salian Franks]] to settle among the [[Batavi (Germanic tribe)|Batavi]].
|
|}

== 4th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 310 || || A bridge was constructed near [[Cologne]].
|
|-
| 313 || || The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne|Roman Catholic Diocese of Cologne]] was founded.
|
|-
| 314 || || The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz]] was founded.
|
|-
| 357 || || The [[Battle of Strasbourg]] took place.
|
|-
| 368 || || The [[Battle of Solicinium]] took place.
|
|}

== 5th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
|406 || 21 December
 || [[Battle of Mainz (406)|Battle of Mainz]], [[Crossing of the Rhine]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 450 || || [[King]] [[Chlodio]] of the [[Salian Franks]] died.
|
|-
| || [[Chlodio|Chlodio's]] son [[Merovech]] became [[king]] of the [[Salian Franks]] with the support of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman]] ''[[dux]]'' [[Flavius Aetius]].
|
|-
| 451 || 20 June || [[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains]]: The [[Franks]] joined a coalition led by the [[Western Roman Empire]] which defeated the [[Huns]] in modern northeastern [[France]].
|
|-
| 457 || || [[Merovech]] died.  He was succeeded as [[king]] of the [[Salian Franks]] by his son [[Childeric I]].
|
|-
| 463 || || [[Battle of Orleans (463)]]: The [[Salian Franks]] and forces loyal to the ''[[magister militum]]'' [[Aegidius]] defeated an attack by the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] at [[Orléans]].
|
|-
| 481 || || [[Childeric I|Childeric]] died.  He was succeeded as [[king]] of the [[Salian Franks]] by his son [[Clovis I]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 486 || || [[Battle of Soissons (486)]]: An alliance of [[Franks]] led by [[Clovis I|Clovis]] defeated the [[Kingdom of Soissons]]. [[Syagrius]], the [[king]] of Soissons and son of [[Aegidius]], fled to the [[Visigothic Kingdom]].
|
|-
| || The [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigoths]] surrendered [[Syagrius]] to the [[Salian Franks]] to be executed.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 496 || || [[Battle of Tolbiac]]: A [[Franks|Frankish]] force under [[Clovis I|Clovis]] defeated the [[Alemanni]] in modern [[Zülpich]].  The former credited his victory to [[Jesus]].<ref>He was baptized by [[Saint Remigius]], [[bishop of Reims]].</ref><ref>See Daly 1994:640 and note.</ref><ref>The date of the death of [[Childeric I|Childeric]], commonly given as 481/82, is thus calculated as fifteen years before Tolbiac, as dated by Gregory.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gregory-clovisconv.html |title=On-line text in English translation. |access-date=11 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209110316/http://www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/source/gregory-clovisconv.html |archive-date=9 February 2005 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>A single Frankish-Alemannic combat, in summer 506, is presented, for example, in J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, ''Long-Haired Kings'' p 168, or Rolf Weiss, ''Chlodwigs Taufe: Reims 508'' (Bern) 1971; the debate is briefly summarised in William M. Daly, "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" ''Speculum'' '''69'''.3 (July 1994, pp. 619–664) p 620 note.</ref>
|
|-
| || [[Clovis I|Clovis]] was baptized [[Catholicism|Catholic]] at [[Reims]].
|
|-
| 500 || || [[Clovis I|Clovis]] commissioned the [[Salic Law]], the first written code of [[shadle law (legal system)|civil law]] among the [[Franks]].  The law forbade women from inheriting land.
|
|}

== 6th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 507 || || [[Battle of Vouillé]]: A [[Franks|Frankish]] force led by [[Clovis I|Clovis]] defeated the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] at [[Vouillé, Vienne|Vouillé]].  The Visigothic [[king]] [[Alaric II]] was killed.  Clovis annexed [[Aquitaine]].
|<ref name="europe400">{{cite web|year=2005|title=World Timeline of Europe AD 400–800 Early medieval|url=http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/AD400-800|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227014820/http://worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/AD400-800|archive-date=27 February 2009|access-date=2009-04-06|publisher=The British Museum}}</ref>
|-
| 508 || || [[Clovis I|Clovis]] was crowned [[king]] of the [[Franks]] with his capital at [[Paris]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 511 || || [[First Council of Orléans]]: A [[synod]] of [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]] called by [[Clovis I|Clovis]] at [[Orléans]] granted some legal powers and immunities to the [[Catholic Church]].
|
|-
| 28 November || [[Clovis I|Clovis]] died.  His domain was split among his four sons [[Theuderic I]], [[Chlodomer]], [[Childebert I]] and [[Chlothar I|Chlothar I the Old]], who became [[king]]s ruling at [[Reims]], [[Orléans]], [[Paris]], and [[Soissons]], respectively.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 524 || 25 June || [[Battle of Vézeronce]]: A [[Franks|Frankish]] invasion of [[Kingdom of the Burgundians|Burgundy]] was halted near modern [[Vézeronce-Curtin]].  The Burgundian [[king]] [[Sigismund of Burgundy]] was captured and [[Chlodomer]] was killed.
|
|-
| || [[Chlodomer|Chlodomer's]] wife [[Guntheuc]] married [[Chlothar I|Chlothar]].
|
|-
| || [[Chlothar I|Chlothar]] had two of [[Chlodomer|Chlodomer's]] sons killed.  The third, [[Clodoald]], fled to [[Provence]].
|
|-
| 531 ||  || [[Battle of the Unstrut River (531)]]: [[Theuderic I|Theuderic]] conquered the [[Thuringii]] near the [[Unstrut]].
|
|-
| 532 ||  || [[Battle of Autun (532)|Battle of Autun]]: [[Childebert I|Childebert]] and [[Chlothar I|Chlothar]] defeated [[Kingdom of the Burgundians|Burgundy]] near [[Autun]].
|
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 534 || || [[Theuderic I|Theuderic]] died.  His son [[Theudebert I]] inherited his throne.
|
|-
| || The [[Kingdom of the Burgundians|Burgundian]] [[king]] [[Godomar]] was killed by [[Franks|Frankish]] forces.
|
|-
| 30 April || The pro-[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[regent]] of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]], [[Amalasuntha]], was murdered on the orders of her cousin and coregent [[Theodahad]].
|
|-
| || [[Gothic War (535–554)|'''Gothic War''']]: The [[Byzantine Empire]] invaded the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]].
|
|-
| 535 || || [[Council of Clermont (535)]]: A [[synod]] was held in modern [[Clermont-Ferrand]] which limited the rights of [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]] to appeal to the state and which condemned marriage between [[Christianity|Christians]] and [[Judaism|Jews]] and between relatives.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 539 || || [[Franks|Frankish]] forces under [[Theudebert I]] drove [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] armies from their encampments on the [[Po (river)|Po]].
|
|-
| November || The [[Franks|Frankish]] army on the [[Po (river)|Po]], suffering from dysentery, surrendered to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]].
|
|-
| 548 || || [[Theudebert I]] died.  His son [[Theudebald]] inherited his kingdom.
|
|-
| 549 || October || [[Fifth Council of Orléans]]: A [[synod]] presided over by [[Sacerdos of Lyon]] in [[Orléans]] condemned [[Nestorianism]] and [[simony]].
|
|-
| 554 || || [[Battle of the Volturnus (554)]]: A [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] force cut off and destroyed a joint [[Franks|Frankish]]-[[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic]] army at their camp on the [[Volturno]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 555 || || [[Theudebald]] died, childless.  His kingdom passed to [[Chlothar I|Chlothar]].
|
|-
| || [[Garibald I of Bavaria|Garibald]], head of the frankisch [[Agilolfings|Agilolfing]] noble family becomes the first [[Duchy of Bavaria|Duke of Bavaria]] 
|
|-
| 558 || 13 December || [[Childebert I]] died without male heirs. [[Chlothar I|Chlothar]] inherited his kingdom.
|<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=Edward|title=The Franks|year=1991}}</ref>
|-
| 560 || December || [[Conomor]], [[king]] of [[Domnonée]], who had allied with [[Chlothar I|Chlothar's]] son [[Chram]] against him, was killed in battle by Chlothar's forces.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 561 || || [[Chram]] was captured and executed.
|
|-
| 29 November || [[Chlothar I|Chlothar]] died of pneumonia.  His kingdom was divided among his surviving sons [[Charibert I]], [[Guntram]], [[Sigebert I]] and [[Chilperic I]].
|
|-
| 567 || December || [[Charibert I]] died.  His kingdom was divided among his brothers [[Guntram]], [[Chilperic I]] and [[Sigebert I]], the latter of whose domains become known as [[Austrasia]], the eastern land, with its capital at [[Metz]].
|
|-
| 575 || || [[Sigebert I]] died.  He was succeeded by his young son [[Childebert II]], with his wife [[Brunhilda of Austrasia]] acting as regent.
|
|-
| 577 || || [[Guntram|Guntram's]] sons died of dysentery.
|
|-
| 584 || September || [[Chilperic I]] was stabbed to death.  His infant son [[Chlothar II|Chlothar II the Great, the Young]] inherited his kingdom under the regency of his mother [[Fredegund]].
|
|-
| 587 || || [[Guntram]] and [[Brunhilda of Austrasia|Brunhilda]] agreed to the [[Treaty of Andelot]], according to which the former adopted [[Childebert II]] as his son and heir.
|
|-
| 591 || || [[Childebert II]] appointed [[Tassilo I of Bavaria]] [[king]] of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]].
|
|-
| 592 || 28 January || [[Guntram]] died.  His kingdom passed to [[Childebert II]].
|
|-
| 595 || || [[Childebert II]] died. [[Austrasia]] was divided between his two sons [[Theudebert II]] and [[Theuderic II]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 599 || || [[Theudebert II]] expelled [[Brunhilda of Austrasia|Brunhilda]] from his kingdom.
|
|-
| || [[Theuderic II]] declared war on [[Theudebert II]].
|
|}

== 7th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 602 || || The [[Duchy of Gascony]] was created as a buffer state against the [[Vascones]] and the [[Visigothic Kingdom]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 612 || || [[Theuderic II]] captured [[Theudebert II]] in battle in modern [[Zülpich]].
|
|-
| || [[Theudebert II]] was killed in captivity along with his son on [[Brunhilda of Austrasia|Brunhilda's]] orders. [[Theuderic II]] inherited his kingdom as [[king]] of unified [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 613 || || [[Theuderic II]] died of dysentery.  His young bastard son [[Sigebert II]] became [[king]] of [[Austrasia]] under the regency of [[Brunhilda of Austrasia|Brunhilda]].
|
|-
| || [[Chlothar II|Chlothar the Great]] invaded [[Austrasia]].  The Austrasian [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] [[Warnachar II]] recognized him as regent and ordered the army not to resist.
|
|-
| || [[Brunhilda of Austrasia|Brunhilda]], [[Sigebert II]] and Sigebert's brother were executed on [[Chlothar II|Chlothar the Great's]] orders.  The latter annexed [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| 614 || 18 October || [[Chlothar II|Chlothar the Great]] issued the [[Edict of Paris]].  Among its provisions, the edict banned [[Jews]] from holding royal office and granted the nobility the exclusive power to appoint royal officers.
|
|-
| 617 || || [[Chlothar II|Chlothar the Great]] made the office of the [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] a lifetime appointment.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 623 || || [[Chlothar II|Chlothar the Great]] donated [[Austrasia]] to his son [[Dagobert I]].
|
|-
| || [[Dagobert I]] took [[Arnulf of Metz]], the [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz]], as an adviser and appointed the [[Austrasia]]n noble [[Pepin of Landen]] his [[Mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 629 || 18 October || [[Chlothar II|Chlothar the Great]] died.
|
|-
| || [[Dagobert I]] laid claim to [[Chlothar II|Chlothar the Great's]] territory with the exception of [[Aquitaine]], which he left to his half-brother [[Charibert II]].
|
|-
| || [[Dagobert I]] dismissed [[Pepin of Landen]] as [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 631 || || ''[[Battle of Wogastisburg]]'': An invading [[Franks|Frankish]] army was defeated by [[Samo's Empire]].
|
|-
| || [[Dagobert I]] established the [[Duchy of Thuringia]] on the former territory of the [[Thuringii]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 632 || || [[Charibert II]] was killed on the orders of [[Dagobert I]].
|
|-
| || [[Charibert II|Charibert II's]] infant son [[Chilperic of Aquitaine]] was killed on the orders of [[Dagobert I]], who established the [[Duchy of Aquitaine]] on his territories with the [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patrician]] [[Felix of Aquitaine]] as [[duke]].
|
|-
| || The nobility of [[Austrasia]] joined a revolt led by [[Pepin of Landen]].
|
|-
| 634 || January || [[Dagobert I]] ceded [[Austrasia]] to his young son [[Sigebert III]], with [[Adalgisel]] acting as coregent and [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] of Austrasia and the [[bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] [[Cunibert]] acting as coregent.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 639 || 19 January || [[Dagobert I]] died.  His kingdom passed to his young son [[Clovis II]], with his wife [[Nanthild]] acting as regent.
|
|-
| || [[Pepin of Landen]] replaced [[Adalgisel]] as [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] of [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 640 || 27 February || [[Pepin of Landen]] died.
|
|-
| || [[Otto (mayor of the palace)]] was appointed [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] of [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| 643 || || [[Otto (mayor of the palace)|Otto]] was murdered by [[duke]] [[Leuthari II]] on the orders of [[Pepin of Landen|Pepin of Landen's]] son [[Grimoald the Elder]], who succeeded him as [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] of [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| 650 || || [[Synod of Rouen]]: A [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[synod]] was held in [[Rouen]] which again condemned [[simony]].
|
|-
| 656 || 1 February || [[Sigebert III]] died. [[Grimoald the Elder]] tonsured Sigebert's son [[Dagobert II]] and declared his own son [[Childebert the Adopted]], whom Sigebert III had adopted while still childless, [[king]] of [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| 657 || 27 November || [[Clovis II]] died.  His kingdom passed to his young son [[Chlothar III]], under the regency of his wife [[Balthild]].
|
|-
| 661 || || [[Chlothar III]] conquered [[Austrasia]] and executed [[Grimoald the Elder]] and [[Childebert the Adopted]].
|
|-
| 662 || || [[Chlothar III]] ceded [[Austrasia]] to his young brother [[Childeric II]] and appointed [[Wulfoald]] his regent and [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 673 || || [[Chlothar III]] died.  His younger brother [[Theuderic III]] inherited his kingdom with the support of his [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] [[Ebroin]].
|
|-
| || [[Childeric II]] invaded and annexed [[Theuderic III|Theuderic III's]] kingdom.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 675 || || [[Childeric II]] was killed along with his wife [[Bilichild]] and a son, Dagobert, by a conspiracy of nobles.
|
|-
| || [[Theuderic III]] reclaimed his kingdom.
|
|-
| || [[Clovis III]] became [[king]] of [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 676 || || [[Clovis III]] died.
|
|-
| || [[Dagobert II]] became [[king]] of [[Austrasia]] with the support of [[Wulfoald]].
|
|-
| 679 || 23 December || [[Dagobert II]] was murdered, probably on [[Ebroin|Ebroin's]] orders. [[Theuderic III]] inherited his kingdom.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 680 || || [[Wulfoald]] died.
|
|-
| || [[Pepin of Herstal]], the son of [[Arnulf of Metz|Arnulf's]] son [[Ansegisel]] and [[Pepin of Landen|Pepin of Landen's]] daughter [[Begga]], became [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] of [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 687 || || [[Battle of Tertry]]: [[Austrasia]]n forces loyal to [[Pepin of Herstal]] defeated the invading army of [[Theuderic III]] at modern [[Tertry, Somme]].  Pepin of Herstal accepted Theuderic's unification of the [[Franks|Frankish]] kingdoms on the condition that he replace [[Berchar]] as his [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]].
|
|-
| || [[Pepin of Herstal]] took the title [[Duke of the Franks]].
|
|-
| 690 || || [[Battle of Dorestad]]: A [[Franks|Frankish]] force conquered [[Dorestad]] from the [[Frisian Kingdom]].
|
|-
| 691 || || [[Theuderic III]] died.  He was succeeded by his young son [[Clovis IV]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 695 || || [[Clovis IV]] died.  He was succeeded by his young brother [[Childebert III|Childebert III the Just]].
|
|-
| || [[Pepin of Herstal]] appointed his sons [[Drogo of Champagne]] and [[Grimoald the Younger]] [[mayor of the Palace|mayors of the palaces]] in Neustria and Burgundy, respectively.
|
|}

== 8th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 708 || || [[Drogo of Champagne|Drogo]] died.
|
|-
| 711 || 24 April || [[Childebert III|Childebert the Just]] died.  His young son [[Dagobert III]] succeeded him as [[king]] of the [[Franks]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 714 || || [[Grimoald the Younger]] was assassinated.
|
|-
| 16 December || [[Pepin of Herstal]] died.  His son [[Theudoald]] succeeded him as [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] of [[Austrasia]] and in the west, with his mother [[Plectrude]] as regent.
|
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 715 || || [[Dagobert III]] appointed [[Ragenfrid]] [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] in the west.
|
|-
| 26 September || ''[[Battle of Compiègne]]'': Forces loyal to [[Ragenfrid]] defeated an army loyal to the young [[Theudoald]], forcing him to flee to [[Cologne]].
|
|-
| || [[Pepin of Herstal|Pepin of Herstal's]] illegitimate son [[Charles Martel]] was acclaimed [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] of [[Austrasia]] by the Austrasian nobility.
|
|-
| || [[Dagobert III]] died.  He was succeeded by [[Chilperic II]], his cousin and a son of [[Childeric II]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 716 || || [[Battle of Cologne]]: A [[Frisian Kingdom|Frisian]] army joined by the forces of [[Chilperic II]] conquered [[Cologne]] in [[Austrasia]], forcing [[Charles Martel|Charles]] to flee to the [[Eifel]] and compelling [[Plectrude]] to accept Chilperic II as king.
|
|-
| || [[Battle of Amblève]]: [[Charles Martel|Charles]] defeated the forces of [[Frisian Kingdom|Frisia]] and [[Chilperic II]] at [[Amel]].
|
|-
| 717 || 21 March || [[Battle of Vincy]]: [[Charles Martel|Charles]] dealt [[Chilperic II]] a decisive defeat at modern [[Les Rues-des-Vignes]] and subsequently declared [[Chlothar IV]] [[king]] of [[Austrasia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 718 || || [[Battle of Soissons (718)]]: [[Charles Martel|Charles]] defeated the armies of [[Chilperic II]] and [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]] at [[Soissons]].  Chilperic II fled to Aquitaine.
|
|-
| || [[Charles Martel|Charles]] recognized [[Chilperic II]] as king of the [[Franks]] in exchange for his appointment as [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] with extensive powers.
|
|-
| || [[Chlothar IV]] died.
|
|-
| 719 || || [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul]]: The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] conquered [[Narbonne]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 721 || 13 February || [[Chilperic II]] died.  He was succeeded by [[Dagobert III|Dagobert III's]] son [[Theuderic IV]].
|
|-
| || [[Battle of Toulouse (721)]]: An [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitainian]] force broke an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] siege of [[Toulouse]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 732 || || [[Battle of the River Garonne]]: An [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] army wiped out an [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitainian]] force on the [[Garonne]].
|
|-
| 10 October || [[Battle of Tours]]: [[Charles Martel|Charles]], joined by the [[Duchy of Aquitaine]] and the [[Kingdom of the Lombards]], dealt a decisive defeat to the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] near modern [[Vouneuil-sur-Vienne]]. [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi]], the Umayyad governor of [[al-Andalus]], was killed.
|
|-
| 734 || || [[Battle of the Boarn]]: A [[Franks|Frankish]] army led by [[Charles Martel|Charles]] defeated and annexed the [[Frisian Kingdom]] and killed its [[king]], [[Bubo, Duke of the Frisians]].
|
|-
| 736 || || [[Battle of Nîmes]]: [[Charles Martel|Charles]] destroyed the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[Septimania]]n cities of [[Nîmes]], [[Agde]], [[Béziers]] and what is now [[Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone]].
|
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 737 || || [[Battle of Avignon]]: [[Charles Martel|Charles]] breached and burned the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]]-held city of [[Avignon]].
|
|-
| || [[Battle of Narbonne (737)]]: [[Charles Martel|Charles]] besieged but failed to capture the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]]-held city of [[Narbonne]].
|
|-
| || [[Battle of the River Berre]]: [[Charles Martel|Charles]] intercepted and destroyed an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] army sent to relieve his siege of [[Narbonne]] near the [[Étang de Berre]].
|
|-
| || [[Theuderic IV]] died. [[Charles Martel|Charles]] prevented his succession.
|
|-
| 740 || || [[Charles Martel|Charles]] divided his lands between his two elder sons [[Carloman (mayor of the palace)|Carloman]] and [[Pepin the Short]], the former ruling as [[king]] in the east and the latter in the west.
|
|-
| 741 || 22 October || [[Charles Martel|Charles]] died.
|
|-
| 742 || 21 April || [[Concilium Germanicum]]: A [[synod]] called by [[Carloman (mayor of the palace)|Carloman]] and presided over by [[Saint Boniface]] settled some issues of [[Catholicism|Catholic]] ritual and organization.  The [[Rule of Saint Benedict]] became mandatory in [[Franks|Frankish]] monasteries.
|
|-
| 743 || || [[Childeric III]] was appointed [[king]] of the [[Franks]].
|
|-
| 746 || || ''[[Council of Cannstatt]]'': [[Carloman (mayor of the palace)|Carloman]] executed the [[Alemanni]] nobility, numbering in the thousands, in modern [[Stuttgart]].
|
|-
| 747 || 15 August || [[Carloman (mayor of the palace)|Carloman]] retired to live as a monk in [[Rome]].  His son [[Drogo (mayor of the palace)|Drogo]] succeeded him as [[mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 751 || March || The [[pope]] [[Pope Zachary]] deposed [[Childeric III]] as [[king]] of the [[Franks]] at the urging of [[Pepin the Short]].
|
|-
| || An assembly of [[Franks|Frankish]] nobles elected [[Pepin the Short]] [[king]].
|
|-
| 752 || || [[Siege of Narbonne (752–59)]]: [[Pepin the Short]] laid siege to [[Narbonne]], still held by forces loyal to [[Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri]], governor of [[Al-Andalus]] under the defunct [[Umayyad Caliphate]].
|
|-
| 753 || || [[Drogo (mayor of the palace)|Drogo]] was tonsured and forced to live in a monastery.
|
|-
| 755 || || [[Pepin the Short]] closed or nationalized the private mints and fixed pence and shillings to the silver [[French denier]].
|
|-
| 756 || || [[Pepin the Short]] gave the [[Donation of Pepin]], territories ceded by the [[Kingdom of the Lombards]] under military pressure, to the [[pope]], [[Pope Stephen II]].
|
|-
| 759 || || Siege of Narbonne: The defenders of [[Narbonne]] opened the city gates to the [[Franks]].
|
|-
| 768 || 24 September || [[Pepin the Short]] died.  His kingdom was divided between his sons [[Charlemagne]] and [[Carloman I]], with the latter receiving territories including the [[Paris Basin]], the [[Massif Central]], [[Provence]], southern [[Austrasia]] and [[Alsace]].
|
|-
| 770 || || [[Charlemagne]] married [[Desiderata of the Lombards]], a daughter of [[Desiderius]], the [[king]] of the [[Kingdom of the Lombards]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 771 || 4 December || [[Carloman I]] died.  His widow [[Gerberga, wife of Carloman I]] fled with his two sons to the [[Kingdom of the Lombards]].
|
|-
| || [[Charlemagne]] repudiated his marriage to [[Desiderata of the Lombards|Desiderata]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 772 || 1 February || [[Pope Stephen III]] died. [[Pope Adrian I]] was elected to succeed him as [[pope]].
|
|-
| || [[Pope Adrian I|Adrian]] demanded that [[Desiderius]] cede to the [[Papal States]] the territory surrendered in 756.
|
|-
| || ''[[Saxon Wars]]'': [[Charlemagne]] invaded the territory of the [[Saxons]] and destroyed their sacred symbol [[Irminsul]] near [[Paderborn]].
|
|-
| 773 || September || [[Siege of Pavia (773–74)]]: [[Charlemagne]] laid siege to the [[Kingdom of the Lombards|Lombard]] capital [[Pavia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 774 || June || Siege of Pavia (773–74): [[Desiderius]] opened the gates of [[Pavia]] and surrendered to [[Charlemagne]].
|
|-
| 10 July || [[Charlemagne]] was crowned with the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]] [[king]] of the [[Lombards]] at [[Pavia]].
|
|-
| 776 || || [[Charlemagne]] established the [[March of Friuli]] on the territory of the old [[Duchy of Friuli]].
|
|-
| 778 || 15 August || [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]]: A [[Basques|Basque]] force attacked and decimated [[Charlemagne|Charlemagne's]] army in the [[Roncevaux Pass]].
|
|-
| 781 || 15 April || [[Charlemagne]] appointed his son [[Pepin of Italy]] [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 782 || || [[Battle of Süntel]]: A [[Saxons|Saxon]] force led by [[Widukind]] defeated a [[Franks|Frankish]] expedition.
|
|-
| October || [[Massacre of Verden]]: [[Charlemagne]] had some forty-five hundred [[Saxons|Saxon]] captives murdered at modern [[Verden an der Aller]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 785 || || Saxon Wars: The [[Saxons|Saxon]] leader [[Widukind]] converted to [[Christianity]] and pledged fealty to [[Charlemagne]].
|
|-
| || [[Charlemagne]] issued the ''[[Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae]]'', a legal code which, among other clauses, prescribed the death penalty for any [[Saxons]] who refused to convert to [[Christianity]].
|
|-
| || [[Council of Paderborn]]: A council held at [[Paderborn]] outlawed idolatry and called for the death penalty for anyone who had caused another to be executed for witchcraft.
|
|-
| 789 || || [[Charlemagne]] issued the ''[[Admonitio generalis]]'', reforming the [[Christianity|Christian]] liturgy in his empire and calling for the establishment of schools.
|
|-
| 795 || || [[Charlemagne]] established the [[Marca Hispanica]] between the [[Pyrenees]] and the [[Ebro]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 799 || || [[Siege of Trsat]]: [[Eric of Friuli]], the [[duke]] of [[March of Friuli|Friuli]] and an officer of [[Charlemagne]], was killed during a failed siege of [[Trsat]], in [[Duchy of Croatia|Croatia]].
|
|-
| 26 December || The [[pope]] [[Pope Leo III]] was assaulted in [[Rome]] and nearly mutilated before his rescue and flight to the [[Duchy of Spoleto]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 800 || November || [[Charlemagne]] arrived in [[Rome]].
|
|-
| 23 December || [[Pope Leo III|Leo]] took an oath of innocence of the charges of his political enemies. [[Charlemagne]] ordered them exiled.
|
|-
| 25 December || [[Pope Leo III|Leo]] crowned [[Charlemagne]] [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|}

== 9th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 802 || || [[Charlemagne]] issued the ''[[Capitularia missorum specialia]]'', defining the office of the ''[[missus dominicus]]'', a salaried emissary to the kingdom.
|
|-
| 803 || || [[Charlemagne]] issued the ''[[Lex Saxonum]]'', allowing [[Saxons|Saxon]] customs which were not contradictory to [[Christianity]] and granting some rights and protections to the church in the Saxon lands.
|
|-
| 804 || || [[Charlemagne]] organized the [[Duchy of Saxony]] on the territories of the conquered [[Saxons]].
|
|-
| 810 || 8 July || [[Pepin of Italy]] died.  He was succeeded as [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] by his illegitimate son [[Bernard of Italy]].
|
|-
| 811 || || [[Charlemagne]] and [[Hemming of Denmark]], the [[king]] of [[Denmark]], signed the [[Treaty of Heiligen]], promising peace and fixing their border at the [[Eider (river)|Eider]].
|
|-
| 812 || || [[Charlemagne]] established the [[March of Tuscany]].
|
|-
| 813 || 13 September || [[Charlemagne]] crowned his son [[Louis the Pious|Louis the Pious, the Fair, the Debonaire]] co-[[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| 814 || 28 January || [[Charlemagne]] died.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 816 || || [[Battle of Pancorbo (816)]]: Forces loyal to the [[Franks|Frankish]] vassal [[Velasco the Gascon]] were routed by the [[Emirate of Córdoba]] at [[Pancorbo]].
|
|-
| August || [[Synods of Aachen (816–819)]]: A [[synod]] was called at the [[Palace of Aachen]] in [[Aachen]] which would conform [[monk]]s to the [[Rule of Saint Benedict]] and separate them from [[Canon (priest)|canons]], who were called to live according to the ''[[Institutio canonicorum Aquisgranensis]]''.
|
|-
| 817 || || [[Louis the Pious]] appointed his son [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]] [[king]] of [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]], his son [[Louis the German]] king of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]], and his son [[Lothair I]] co-[[Holy Roman Emperor]] with the promise of receiving his other domains.
|
|-
| 818 || 17 April || [[Bernard of Italy|Bernard]] died, two days after being blinded with a hot poker on [[Louis the Pious|Louis the Pious's]] orders. [[Lothair I]] inherited [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]].
|
|-
| 819 || || [[Louis the Pious]] issued the ''[[Notitia de servitio monasteriorum]]'', which listed monasteries in his kingdom and the services they owed the crown.
|
|-
| 823 || 5 April || [[Lothair I]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in [[Rome]] by the [[pope]] [[Pope Paschal I]].
|
|-
| 824 || || ''[[Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)]]'': A combined [[Basques|Basque]]-[[Banu Qasi]] force defeated a [[Franks|Frankish]] pacifying expedition at [[Roncevaux Pass]].
|
|-
| 829 || || [[Louis the Pious]] promised the inheritance of [[Alamannia]] to his son [[Charles the Bald]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 830 || May || A rebellion of [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]], [[Louis the German]] and [[Lothair I]], instigated in part by [[Wala of Corbie]], the [[abbot]] of [[Corbie Abbey]], captured their father [[Louis the Pious]] at [[Compiègne]] and forced their stepmother, [[Charles the Bald|Charles the Bald's]] mother [[Judith of Bavaria (died 843)]], into a nunnery.
|
|-
| || [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]] and [[Louis the German]] declared their loyalty to their father [[Louis the Pious]] against [[Lothair I]] in exchange for the promise of a greater portion of his inheritance. [[Wala of Corbie|Wala]] was deposed as [[abbot]] of [[Corbie Abbey]] and [[Judith of Bavaria (died 843)|Judith]] returned to her husband's court.
|
|-
| 832 || || [[Louis the Pious]] declared [[Charles the Bald]] [[king]] of [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]] and promised [[Lothair I]] the rest of his kingdom in the face of an uprising by [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]] and [[Louis the German]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 833 || || [[Lothair I]] joined the rebellion of his brothers [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]] and [[Louis the German]] against his father [[Louis the Pious]].
|
|-
| || [[Louis the Pious]] met his sons [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]], [[Louis the German]] and [[Lothair I]] and their armies, as well as the [[pope]], [[Pope Gregory IV]], at the [[Field of Lies]] near [[Colmar]].
|
|-
| 13 November || [[Ebbo]], [[archbishop]] of the [[archdiocese]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims|Reims]], presided over a [[synod]] in [[Soissons]] which deposed [[Louis the Pious]] as [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| 834 || 1 April || [[Louis the Pious]] was restored as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] with the support of the [[Franks|Frankish]] nobility.
|
|-
| 835 || 2 February || [[Synod of Thionville]]: [[Ebbo]] publicly recanted his charges against [[Louis the Pious]] at a [[synod]] at [[Thionville]].
|
|-
| 836 || || [[Louis the Pious]] appointed [[Lothair I]] [[king]] only of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]; all else was divided between [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]], [[Louis the German]] and [[Charles the Bald]].
|
|-
| 837 || || [[Louis the Pious]] crowned [[Charles the Bald]] [[king]] of [[Alamannia]] and Burgundy, granting him some lands which were before promised to [[Louis the German]].  Louis the German rose in revolt; Louis the Pious responded by promising all his lands save [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] to Charles the Bald.
|
|-
| 838 || 13 December || [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]] died. [[Louis the Pious]] appointed [[Charles the Bald]] [[king]] of [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]].
|
|-
| 839 || || The [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitainian]] nobility rebelled in favor of [[Pepin I of Aquitaine|Pepin I of Aquitaine's]] son [[Pepin II of Aquitaine|Pepin II the Younger of Aquitaine]]. [[Louis the German]] invaded [[Swabia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 840 || || [[Louis the Pious]] and [[Lothair I]] agreed to a division of the empire after the former's death, with [[Charles the Bald]] inheriting the western part and Lothair I inheriting the eastern, including [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]].
|
|-
| || Defeated by the forces of [[Louis the Pious]] and [[Lothair I]], the [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitainian]] nobility accepted [[Charles the Bald]] as [[king]] of Aquitaine.
|
|-
| || [[Louis the Pious]] and [[Lothair I]] defeated the armies of [[Louis the German]].
|
|-
| 23 February || [[Lothair I]] and [[Pietro Tradonico]], [[Doge of Venice|doge]] of the [[Republic of Venice]], signed the [[Pactum Lotharii]], reiterating earlier agreements between the [[Franks]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]].
|
|-
| 20 June || [[Louis the Pious]] died. [[Lothair I]] claimed the whole inheritance of his territories as [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 841 || 25 June || [[Battle of Fontenoy (841)|Battle of Fontenoy]]: The forces of [[Charles the Bald]] and [[Louis the German]] dealt a decisive defeat to [[Lothair I]] and [[Pepin II of Aquitaine|Pepin the Younger]] at [[Fontenoy, Yonne|Fontenoy]].
|
|-
| || An uprising began among [[Saxons|Saxon]] peasants who called themselves the ''[[Stellinga]]''.
|
|-
| 842 || 12 February || [[Louis the German]] and [[Charles the Bald]] took the [[Oaths of Strasbourg]], in which each pledged to aid the other against [[Lothair I]].  Their soldiers pledged not to obey an order counter to this oath.
|
|-
| 843 || August || The [[Treaty of Verdun]] was signed, ending the war between [[Charles the Bald]], [[Lothair I]], and [[Louis the German]], who received [[West Francia]], [[Middle Francia]], and [[East Francia]], respectively. [[Lothair I]] retained the title [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| 844 || 15 June || [[Lothair I|Lothair I's]] son [[Louis II of Italy]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] jointly with his father in [[Rome]] by the [[pope]] [[Pope Sergius II]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 855 || 19 September || [[Lothair I]] and his sons signed the [[Treaty of Prüm]] in [[Schüller]].  On his death [[Louis II of Italy]] was to become [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]], [[Lothair II]] king of [[Lotharingia]], and [[Charles of Provence]] king of the rest of his domains.
|
|-
| 29 September || [[Lothair I]] died.
|
|-
| 869 || 8 August || [[Lothair II]] died. [[Lotharingia]] passed to his brother [[Louis II of Italy|Louis II]], at that time away at war with the [[Emirate of Bari]].
|
|-
| 870 || 8 August || [[Louis the German]] and [[Charles the Bald]] signed the [[Treaty of Meersen]], under which they agreed to partition [[Lotharingia]] between themselves.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 875 || 12 August || [[Louis II of Italy|Louis II]] died.  He left [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] and the title of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] to his cousin, [[Louis the German|Louis the German's]] son [[Carloman of Bavaria]].
|
|-
| || [[Charles the Bald]] was crowned [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] at [[Pavia]] with the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]] with the support of the [[pope]] [[Pope John VIII]].
|
|-
| 29 December || [[Charles the Bald]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in [[Rome]] by the [[pope]] [[Pope John VIII]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 876 || 28 August || [[Louis the German]] died.  His kingdom was divided along ethnic lines among his sons [[Carloman of Bavaria]], [[Louis the Younger]] and [[Charles the Fat]], who received, roughly, [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]], and [[Swabia]], respectively.
|
|-
| || [[Carloman of Bavaria]] appointed his illegitimate son [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] [[duke]] of Carinthia.
|
|-
| 8 October || ''[[Battle of Andernach (876)]]'': [[Louis the Younger]] defeated an attempted [[West Francia|West Frankish]] invasion of [[East Francia]] across the [[Rhine]] near [[Andernach]].
|
|-
| 877 || 6 October || [[Charles the Bald]] died. [[Carloman of Bavaria]] conquered [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]. West Francia Passed to his son, [[Louis the Stammerer]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 879 || || [[Carloman of Bavaria]] was incapacitated, probably by a stroke.
|
|-
| November || [[Carloman of Bavaria]] abdicated [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] to his brothers [[Louis the Younger]] and [[Charles the Fat]], respectively.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 880 || February || ''[[Battle of Thimeon]]'': [[Louis the Younger]] destroyed a [[Vikings|Viking]] camp near modern [[Charleroi]].
|
|-
| February || [[Louis the Younger]] signed the [[Treaty of Ribemont]] with [[Louis III of France]] and [[Carloman II]], [[king]]s ruling jointly in [[West Francia]], recognizing some territorial gains he had made in [[Lotharingia]].
|
|-
| 881 || 12 February || [[Charles the Fat]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by the [[pope]] [[Pope John VIII]].
|
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 882 || 20 January || [[Louis the Younger]] died.  His brother [[Charles the Fat]] inherited his kingdom.
|
|-
| || [[Siege of Asselt]]: The [[Vikings|Viking]] leader [[Godfrid, Duke of Frisia]] was besieged in his camp in the valley of the [[Meuse]] by [[East Francia|East Frankish]] forces.  After converting to [[Christianity]] he was granted the [[Kennemerland]] as a vassal of [[Charles the Fat]].
|
|-
| || [[Wilhelminer War]]: The [[Wilhelminers]] rebelled against [[Aribo of Austria]], the [[margrave]] of the [[East Francia|East Frankish]] [[March of Pannonia]].
|
|-
| || The [[Wilhelminers]] paid homage to [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] in exchange for his support against [[Aribo of Austria|Aribo]].
|
|-
| || ''[[Frankish-Moravian War]]'': [[Svatopluk I of Moravia]], the [[king]] of [[Great Moravia]], intervened in [[March of Pannonia|Pannonia]] on the side of [[Aribo of Austria|Aribo]].
|
|-
| 884 || 12 December || [[King]] [[Carloman II]] of [[West Francia]] died on a hunting expedition.  His cousin [[Charles the Fat]] inherited his kingdom.
|
|-
| 885 || 25 November || ''[[Siege of Paris (885–86)]]'': Some three hundred [[Vikings|Viking]] ships arrived at [[Paris]].
|
|-
| 886 || October || ''Siege of Paris (885–86)'': The army of [[Charles the Fat]] arrived in [[Paris]].  He allowed the [[Vikings|Viking]] fleet to sail to Burgundy, then in revolt.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 887 || November || An assembly of [[East Francia|East Frankish]] nobles at [[Trebur]] deposed [[Charles the Fat]] in favor of his nephew [[Arnulf of Carinthia]].
|
|-
| 26 December || [[Berengar I of Italy]], the [[margrave]] of [[March of Friuli|Friulu]], was crowned [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] at [[Pavia]] by the Italian nobility.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 888 || 13 January || [[Charles the Fat]] died.
|
|-
| || The nobility in [[Upper Burgundy]] elected [[Rudolph I of Burgundy]] [[king]].
|
|-
| February || The [[Count of Paris]] [[Odo of France]] was crowned [[king]] of [[Kingdom of France|France]] at [[Compiègne]] following his election by the French nobility.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 891 || 21 February || The [[pope]] [[Pope Stephen V]] crowned [[Guy III of Spoleto]], his preferred claimant to the throne of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]], [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| September || [[Battle of Leuven (891)]]: An [[East Francia|East Frankish]] force repelled a [[Vikings|Viking]] invasion at modern [[Leuven]].
|
|-
| 892 || 30 April || [[Guy III of Spoleto|Guy's]] son [[Lambert of Italy]] was crowned co-[[Holy Roman Emperor]] with his father at [[Ravenna]] by the [[pope]], [[Pope Formosus]].
|
|-
| 894 || 12 December || [[Guy III of Spoleto|Guy III]] died.
|
|-
| 895 || || [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] appointed his illegitimate son [[Zwentibold]] [[king]] of [[Lotharingia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 896 || 21 February || [[Arnulf of Carinthia]], joined by [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar]], conquered [[Rome]] from [[Lambert II of Spoleto|Lambert]] and freed the [[pope]] [[Pope Formosus]] from his imprisonment in the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]].
|
|-
| 22 February || The [[pope]] [[Pope Formosus]] crowned [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| 899 || 8 December || [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] died.  His young son [[Louis the Child]] succeeded him as [[king]] of [[East Francia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 900 || || [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]]: [[Principality of Hungary|Hungary]] conquered the [[Great Hungarian Plain]] and the [[March of Pannonia]].
|
|-
| 13 August || [[Zwentibold]] was killed by [[Reginar, Duke of Lorraine]].  His young half-brother [[Louis the Child]] inherited his kingdom.
|
|-
| 12 October || The [[king]] of [[Provence]] [[Louis the Blind]] conquered [[Pavia]] from [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar]], and had himself crowned there [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] with the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]].
|
|}

== 10th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 901 || 22 February || [[Louis the Blind]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by the [[pope]] [[Pope Benedict IV]].
|
|-
| 903 || || [[Louis the Child]] issued the [[Raffelstetten customs regulations]], regulating customs on a bridge in modern [[Asten, Austria|Asten]].
|
|-
| 905 || 21 July || [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar]] ordered [[Louis the Blind]] stripped of his royal [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italian]] and imperial titles and blinded in [[Verona]].
|
|-
| 907 || 6 July || [[Battle of Pressburg]]: An [[East Francia|East Frankish]] army was wiped out by a [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian]] force at modern [[Bratislava]] during an attempted reconquest of [[March of Pannonia|Pannonia]].
|
|-
| 908 || 3 August || [[Battle of Eisenach (908)]]: An [[East Francia|East Frankish]] army was dealt a crushing defeat by a [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian]] force at [[Eisenach]]. [[Burchard, Duke of Thuringia]], the [[duke]] of [[Duchy of Thuringia|Thuringia]], was killed.  Thuringia was absorbed into [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]].
|
|-
| 910 || 12 June || [[Battle of Lechfeld (910)]]: A [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian]] force decisively defeated an [[East Francia|East Frankish]] army near [[Augsburg]] after a feigned retreat.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 911 || 20 September || [[Louis the Child]] died.  The [[Lotharingia]]n nobility, led by [[Reginar, Duke of Lorraine]], elected [[Charles the Simple]], [[king]] of [[France]], to succeed him.
|
|-
| 10 November || [[Conrad I of Germany|Conrad I the Younger of Germany]], [[duke]] of [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconia]], was elected king of [[East Francia]] by the rulers of the other East Frankish [[duchy|duchies]], the so-called [[stem duchy|stem duchies]] of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Alamannia]].
|
|-
| 915 || December || [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by the [[pope]] [[Pope John X]].
|
|-
| 918 || 23 December || [[Conrad I of Germany|Conrad]] died from injuries sustained in battle with [[Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria|Arnulf the Bad, Duke of Bavaria]], the [[duke]] of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]].  He was succeeded as duke of [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconia]] by his younger brother [[Eberhard of Franconia]].
|
|-
| 919 || 24 May || [[Henry the Fowler]], the [[duke]] of [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Conrad I of Germany|Conrad's]] choice, was crowned [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] after his election by the dukes of the [[stem duchy|stem duchies]].
|
|-
| 923 || 15 June || [[King]] [[Charles the Simple]] of [[Lotharingia]] was captured in battle by [[Kingdom of France|French]] forces.
|
|-
| 924 || 7 April || [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar]] was murdered by a member of his retinue.
|
|-
| 925 || || The [[Lotharingia]]n nobility, led by [[Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine]], elected [[Henry the Fowler]] their [[king]].
|
|-
| 932 || || [[Synod of Erfurt]]: A [[synod]] at [[Erfurt]] decided that [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] would cease paying tribute to [[Principality of Hungary|Hungary]].
|
|-
| 933 || 15 March || [[Battle of Riade]]: A [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian]] force camped on the [[Unstrut]] was put to flight by a [[Kingdom of Germany|German]] army.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 936 || 2 July || [[Henry the Fowler|Henry]] died after a stroke.  He was succeeded as [[duke]] of [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] by his son [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I the Great, Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] created the [[Billung March]], governed by [[Hermann Billung]], and the ''[[Marca Geronis]]''.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 937 || 11 July || [[Rudolph II of Burgundy]], the [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles|Burgundy]], died.
|
|-
| || [[Rudolph II of Burgundy|Rudolph II's]] son [[Conrad I of Burgundy]] became [[king]] of [[Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles|Burgundy]] with the support of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] against [[Hugh of Italy]], the king of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]].
|
|-
| 938 || || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] deposed the [[duke]] of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] [[Eberhard, Duke of Bavaria]], installing his uncle [[Berthold, Duke of Bavaria]] on the condition that as [[king]] he retain the right to appoint [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]] and administer royal property in Bavaria.
|
|-
| 939 || 2 October || [[Battle of Andernach]]: A rebellion of [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconia]] and [[Lotharingia]] against [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] was decisively defeated at [[Andernach]].  The [[duke]]s of Franconia and Lotharingia [[Eberhard of Franconia]] and [[Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine|Gilbert]] were killed.  Otto the Great prevented succession in both duchies and dissolved the former.
|
|-
| 940 || || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] appointed his younger brother [[Henry I, Duke of Bavaria]] [[duke]] of [[Lotharingia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 955 || 10 August || ''[[Battle of Lechfeld (955)]]'': [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] repelled a [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian]] invasion on the flood plain of the [[Lech (river)|Lech]].
|
|-
| 16 October || [[Battle on the Raxa]]: A [[Kingdom of Germany|German]] army defeated an [[Obotrites|Obotrite]] rebellion in the [[Billung March]], probably on the [[Recknitz]].
|
|-
| 962 || 2 February || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| 965 || 20 May || [[Gero]], the [[margrave]] of the ''[[Marca Geronis]]'', died.  The [[march (territorial entity)|march]] was divided into five: the [[Northern March]], the [[Saxon Eastern March]], the [[Margravate of Meissen]], the [[March of Zeitz]] and the [[March of Merseburg]].
|
|-
| 967 || 25 December || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great's]] young son [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II the Red, Holy Roman Emperor]] was crowned co-[[Holy Roman Emperor]] with his father by the [[pope]] [[Pope John XIII]].
|
|-
| 972 || 24 June || [[Battle of Cedynia]]: The forces of [[Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark]], the [[margrave]] of the [[Saxon Eastern March]], were decisively repelled by the [[Polans (western)|Polans]] near the [[Oder]], possibly near [[Cedynia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 973 || 7 May || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] died.
|
|-
| 8 May || The [[Holy Roman Empire|Roman]] nobility acclaimed [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Red]] his father's successor as [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| 976 || || [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] established the [[Margraviate of Austria]], a [[march (territory)|march]] subordinate to [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] on the territory of the former [[March of Pannonia]].
|
|-
| 981 || || [[Wigger I]], the [[margrave]] of [[March of Zeitz|Zeitz]], died. [[Rikdag]], the margrave of [[Margravate of Meissen|Meissen]], inherited his territory.
|
|-
| 982 || 14 July || [[Battle of Stilo]]: A [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicilian]] army dealt heavy casualties to a [[Holy Roman Empire|Roman]] force at [[Capo Colonna]]. [[Gunther, Margrave of Merseburg]], the [[margrave]] of [[March of Merseburg|Merseburg]], died. [[Rikdag]] inherited his territory.
|
|-
| 983 || || [[Great Slav Rising]]: An uprising by the [[Polabian Slavs]] overthrew [[Kingdom of Germany|German]] authority in the [[Northern March]] and the [[Billung March]].
|
|-
| 996 || 3 May || Bruno of Carinthia was elected [[Pope Gregory V]].
|
|-
|}

== 11th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1046 || 25 December || [[Pope Clement II|Clement II]] was elected pope.
|
|-
| 1048 || 17 July || [[Pope Damasus II|Damasus II]] was elected pope.
|
|-
| 1049 || 12 February || [[Pope Leo IX|Leo IX]] was elected pope.
|
|-
| 1055 || 13 April || [[Pope Victor II|Victor II]] was elected pope.
|
|-
| 1057 || 3 August || [[Pope Stephen IX|Stephen IX]] was elected pope.
|
|-
| 1072 || || [[Agnes of Waiblingen|Agnes of Germany]] was born.
|
|-
| 1075 || 28 February || [[Investiture controversy]]: A council held at the [[Lateran Palace]] concluded that popes alone could appoint, remove and transfer [[Bishop (Catholicism)|bishops]].
|<ref>Uta-Renate Blumenthal, ''The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century'' (1991)</ref>
|-
| 1077 || 28 January || [[Walk to Canossa]]: After fasting outdoors in a blizzard for three days, [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] was allowed to enter [[Canossa Castle]] and receive forgiveness from [[Pope Gregory VII]] for the illegitimate appointment of [[Bishop (Catholicism)|bishops]].
|
|-
| 1095 || 27 November || [[First Crusade]]: [[Pope Urban II]] called on all [[Catholicism|Catholics]] to assist the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]] in repelling the invading [[Seljuk Empire]].
|
|-
| 1096 || || [[Rhineland massacres]]: [[People's Crusade|Crusaders]] took part in anti-[[Jewish]] violence in the [[Rhineland]].
|
|-
| 1098 || || [[Hildegard of Bingen]] was born.
|
|-
|}

== 12th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1122 || 23 September || Investiture Controversy: [[Pope Callixtus II]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] signed the [[Concordat of Worms]], under which it was agreed that Holy Roman Emperors had the right to grant [[Bishop (Catholicism)|bishops]] secular authority but not religious authority.
|
|-
| 1143 || 24 September || [[Agnes of Waiblingen|Agnes]] died.
|
|-
| 1147 || || [[Northern Crusades]]: A series of crusades began against the [[Paganism|pagan]] peoples around the [[Baltic Sea]].
|
|-
| 1152 || 9 March || [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I Barbarossa]] was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|
|-
| 1170 || || [[Walther von der Vogelweide]] was born.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1190 || || A field hospital was established at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] which would become the nucleus of the [[Teutonic Order]].
|
|-
| || The {{Lang|de|[[Nibelungenlied]]}} was written.
|
|-
|}

== 13th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1201 || || [[Valdemar II of Denmark]] occupied [[Hamburg]].
|
|-
| 1210 || || The [[Lübeck Cathedral]] was constructed.
|
|-
| 1214 || 27 July || [[Battle of Bouvines]]: The combined forces of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[County of Boulogne|Boulogne]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] were dealt a decisive defeat by the [[Kingdom of France|French]] at [[Bouvines]].
|
|-
| 1230 || || [[St. Nicholas' Church, Berlin|St. Nicholas' Church]] was constructed in [[Berlin]].
|
|-
| 1241 || || [[Lübeck]] and [[Hamburg]] formed an alliance.
|
|-
| 1244 || || Freie Stadt Mainz was founded in [[Mainz]].
|
|-
| 1248 || || A Fire started in [[Hamburg]].
|
|-
| 1273 || 29 September || [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]] was crowned [[King of the Romans]].
|
|-
| 1290 || || [[Duchy of Cleves]] captured [[Duisburg]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1291 || || [[Crusades]]: The Crusades ended.
|
|-
| August || The people of [[Canton of Uri|Uri]], [[Canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]] and the Lower Valley joined an alliance under the [[Federal Charter of 1291]].
|
|-
| 1298 || || St. Lawrence church was constructed.
|
|}

== 14th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1338 || || The [[prince-elector]]s of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] declared in the [[Declaration of Rhense]] that the election of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] was not subject to the approval of the pope.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1356 || || The [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] issued the [[Golden Bull of 1356]], which fixed the offices of the seven [[prince-elector]]s and established that the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] could be elected by a simple majority vote.
|
|-
| || The [[Hanseatic League]] was established.
|
|-
| 1370 || || The [[Treaty of Stralsund (1370)|Treaty of Stralsund]] was signed, ending a war between [[Denmark]] and the [[Hanseatic League]].
|
|-
| 1392 || || The [[Victual Brothers]] were hired by the [[Mecklenburg|Duchy of Mecklenburg]] to assist in its fight against [[Denmark]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1400 || || The period of ''[[Meistersinger]]'' lyric poets began.
|
|-
| || The period of ''[[Minnesang|Minnesänger]]'' singers ended.
|
|-
|}

== 15th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1410 || 15 July || [[Battle of Grunwald]]: The [[Teutonic Order]] was decisively defeated by the combined forces of [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]] and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] at [[Grunwald, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|Grunwald]].
|
|-
| 1414 || || [[Council of Constance]]: An [[ecumenical council]] began which would condemn [[Jan Hus]] as a [[heresy|heretic]], depose [[Antipope]]s [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] and [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]], and elect [[Pope Martin V]].
|
|-
| 1418 || || Council of Constance: The council ended.
|
|-
| 1455 || || The [[Gutenberg Bible]], one of the first books in the West made using moveable type, was first printed by [[Johann Gutenberg]].
|
|-
| 1471 || 21 May || [[Albrecht Dürer]] was born.
|
|-
| 1483 || 10 November || [[Martin Luther]] was born.
|
|-
| 1495 || || The [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] established the ''[[Reichskammergericht]]'', a permanent court of appeal with jurisdiction over the whole of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
|
|-
| 1499 || || [[Swabian War]]: A war between the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] and the [[House of Habsburg]] took place in which the Swiss would win an exemption from paying taxes to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and participating in the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]].
|
|-
|}

== 16th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1517 || 31 October || [[Martin Luther|Luther]] posted [[the Ninety-Five Theses]], a [[disputation]] condemning abuses in the [[Catholic Church]], on the door of [[All Saints' Church, Wittenberg|All Saint's Church]] in [[Wittenberg]].
|
|-
| 1521 || || [[Diet of Worms]]: An [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] was held at [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] which would condemn [[Martin Luther|Luther]] as a heretic.
|
|-
| 1522 || 9 January || [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]] became pope.
|
|-
| 1524 || || [[German Peasants' War]]: An uprising of German-speaking peasants began.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1525 || || German Peasants' War: The war ended in the defeat of the peasant army.
|
|-
| 10 April || [[Prussian Homage]]: [[Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order|Grand Master]] [[Albert, Duke of Prussia|Albert]] of the [[Teutonic Order]] resigned his position and was appointed duke of [[Duchy of Prussia|Prussia]] by the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Polish]] king [[Sigismund I the Old]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1529 || 19 April || [[Protestation at Speyer]]: Six [[fürst|princes]] and the representatives of fourteen [[free imperial city|free imperial cities]] read out their objection to the [[imperial ban]] on [[Martin Luther|Luther]] and his works at the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] at [[Speyer]].
|
|-
| || [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|Siege of Vienna]]: The [[Ottoman Empire]] was forced to retreat after the failure of their siege of [[Vienna]].
|
|-
| 1546 || 10 July || [[Schmalkaldic War]]: A war began between the [[Schmalkaldic League]] of [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] principalities and a coalition led by the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
|
|-
| 1547 || 23 May || Schmalkaldic War: The war ended in an [[Holy Roman Empire|imperial]] victory.
|
|-
| 1554 || || [[Moritzbastei]] was constructed as a [[bastion]].
|
|-
| 1555 || 25 September || The [[Peace of Augsburg]] was signed, granting princes of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] the right to determine the state religion within their territories.
|
|-
| 1583 || || Beginning of the [[Cologne War]].
|
|-
| 1588 || || End of the [[Cologne War]].
|
|-
| 1600 || || The period of ''[[Meistersinger]]'' lyric poets ended.
|
|-
|}

== 17th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1608 || 14 May || The [[Protestant Union]], a military alliance of [[Protestant]] German princes, was established under the command of [[prince-elector|Elector]] [[Frederick IV, Elector Palatine|Frederick IV]] of the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]].
|
|-
| 1609 || 10 July || The [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]], an alliance of [[Catholicism|Catholic]] German princes, was established.
|
|-
| 1613 || || King [[James VI and I|James I]] of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] married his daughter [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Elizabeth Stuart]] to [[prince-elector|Elector]] [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine|Frederick V]] of the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]], leader of the [[Protestant Union]].
|
|-
| 1618 || || [[Thirty Years' War]]: A war began which would cause massive devastation and loss of life, primarily in Germany.
|<ref>Henry Kamen, "The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years' War," ''Past and Present'' (1968) 39#1 pp 44–61 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/649855 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803164933/http://www.jstor.org/stable/649855|date=3 August 2016}}</ref><ref>Theodore K. Rabb, "The Effects of the Thirty Years' Wr on the German Economy," ''Journal of Modern History'' (1962) 34#1 pp. 40–51 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1874817 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803203149/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1874817|date=3 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1629 || 6 March || [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] issued the [[Edict of Restitution]], which demanded that lands expropriated since and in contradiction to the terms of the [[Peace of Augsburg]] be restored to the [[Catholic Church]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1631 || 20 May || [[Sack of Magdeburg]]: Forces under the command of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] breached the walls of the [[Protestant]] city of [[Magdeburg]] and murdered some twenty thousand of its thirty thousand inhabitants.
|
|-
| 17 September || [[Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)|Battle of Breitenfeld]]: The combined forces of [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] and the [[Swedish Empire]] dealt a decisive defeat to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and its allies near [[Breitenfeld, Leipzig|Breitenfeld]].
|
|-
| 1632 || 16 November || [[Battle of Lützen (1632)|Battle of Lützen]]: Forces led by the [[Swedish Empire]] defeated forces under the command of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] near [[Lützen]]. The Swedish king [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus Adolphus]] was killed.
|
|-
| 1642 || 23 October || [[Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)|Battle of Breitenfeld]]: The [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] army dealt a decisive defeat to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] near [[Breitenfeld, Leipzig|Breitenfeld]].
|
|-
| 1648 || || Thirty Years' War: The [[Peace of Westphalia]] was concluded, ending the war and granting [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]] and the [[Spanish Netherlands|Netherlands]] independence from the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
|
|-
| 1683 || 11 September || [[Battle of Vienna]]: The combined forces of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and their allies broke an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] siege of [[Vienna]].
|
|-
| 1686 || || The [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|League of Augsburg]], a military alliance of European countries, was established to defend the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]] from [[Kingdom of France|France]].
|
|-
| 1697 || 15 September || The [[prince-elector|elector]] of [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] was elected King [[Augustus II the Strong]] of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
|
|-
| 1700 || 17 July || [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] founded the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]].
|
|-
|}

== 18th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1701 || 18 January || [[Frederick I of Prussia]] crowned himself [[King in Prussia|king]]; the [[Duchy of Prussia]] became the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].
|
|-
| 1706 || || [[Johann Pachelbel]] died.
|
|-
| 1712 || 24 January || [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia, the Great]], was born.
|<ref name="online">Peter Paret, "Frederick the Great:A Singular Life, Variably Reflected," ''Historically Speaking'' (Jan. 2012) 13#1 [https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/historically_speaking/v013/13.1.paret.html online]</ref>
|-
| 1716 || 14 November || [[Gottfried Leibniz]] died.
|<ref name="J. Aiton, 1985">E. J. Aiton, ''Leibniz: A Biography'' (1985)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1740 || 11 December || The [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[king]] [[Frederick the Great]] issued an ultimatum to [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] demanding the cession of [[Silesia]] according to the terms of an inheritance treaty.
|
|-
| 16 December || [[Silesian Wars]]: [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] invaded [[Silesia]].
|
|-
| 1742 || 28 July || Silesian Wars: The [[Treaty of Berlin (1742)|Treaty of Berlin]] was signed, transferring most of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria's]] [[Silesia]]n territories to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and ending the war.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1745 || 4 June || [[Battle of Hohenfriedberg]]: A [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] force led by [[Frederick the Great]] decisively defeated the allied armies of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], halting the attempted reconquest of [[Silesia]].
|
|-
| 25 December || Silesian Wars: [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] signed the [[Treaty of Dresden]], confirming Prussia's sovereignty over [[Silesia]] and ending the war.
|
|-
| valign="top" | 1750 || 28 July || [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] died.
|
|-
|1756
| 29 August || [[Third Silesian War]] ([[Seven Years' War]]): [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] invaded [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]].
|
|-
| 1763 || 15 February || Third Silesian War: [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] signed the [[Treaty of Hubertusburg]], ending the war and restoring the three states' prewar borders.
|
|-
| 1786 || 17 August || [[Frederick the Great]] died.
|<ref name="online" />
|-
| 1788 || || The [[Abitur]], a university admission exam, was established in Prussia.
|
|-
| 1789 || 13 June || [[French Revolution]]: The Third Estate of the [[Kingdom of France|French]] [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]] declared itself the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1791 || 27 August || [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] issued the [[Declaration of Pillnitz]], promising to join a coalition to restore [[Louis XVI]] of France to the [[Kingdom of France|French]] throne.
|
|-
| 5 December || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] died.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1792 || 20 April || [[French Revolutionary Wars]]: [[Kingdom of France (1791–92)|France]] declared war on [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]].
|
|-
| 25 July || [[Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]], commander of the allied armies of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]], issued the [[Brunswick Manifesto]], which threatened reprisals against [[Kingdom of France (1791–92)|French]] civilians in the event that the French [[king]] [[Louis XVI]] or his family were harmed.
|
|-
| 1796 || 20 May || [[Rhine Campaign of 1796]]: [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] declared that its truce with [[French First Republic|French]] forces in the area of the [[Rhine]] was over effective 31 May.
|
|-
| 1797 || 16 November
|[[Frederick William III of Prussia]] became king of Prussia.
|-
| 1799 || 9 November || [[Coup of 18 Brumaire]]: Three of the five members of the [[French Directory]] were persuaded to resign, the other two arrested.
|
|}

== 19th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 1802 || 25 March || French Revolutionary Wars: [[French First Republic|France]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] signed the [[Treaty of Amiens]], ending the war.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1803 || 27 April || [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], ratified the ''[[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss]]'', consolidating the states of the Empire especially through the secularization of ecclesiastical lands and abolishment of [[Free imperial city|free imperial cities]].
|
|-
| 18 May || ''[[Napoleonic Wars]]'': Great Britain declared war on [[French First Republic|France]].
|
|-
| 5 July || The [[Convention of Artlenburg]], dissolved Hanover and incorporating its territory into France.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1804 || 12 February || [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] died.
|
|-
| || [[Friedrich Schiller]] published ''[[William Tell (play)|William Tell]]''.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1805 || 9 May || [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]] died.
|
|-
| || ''Napoleonic Wars'': [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] joined Britain, Sweden and Russia in the [[War of the Third Coalition]] against France.
|
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1806 || 12 July || Sixteen German states established the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], a [[confederation]] and [[protectorate]] of France.
|
|-
| 6 August || ''[[Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire]]'': [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], abdicated his title and released his subjects from their obligations to the empire.
|
|-
| || ''Napoleonic Wars'': [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] declared war on [[First French Empire|France]].
|
|-
| 14 October || ''[[Battle of Jena-Auerstedt]]'': [[First French Empire|French]] forces dealt a decisive defeat to a numerically superior [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] army at [[Jena]] and [[Auerstedt]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1807 || || The [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] minister [[Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein]] published the ''Nassauer Denkschrift'', laying out his vision for the [[Prussian reforms]].
|<ref name="1922 online">Guy Stanton Ford, ''Stein and the era of reform in Prussia, 1807–1815'' [[iarchive:steinanderarefo00fordgoog|(1922 online)]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510032452/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUV3jwf9C4IC|date=10 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 9 July || [[First French Empire|France]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] signed the second of the [[Treaties of Tilsit]], in which the latter ceded half of its territory to [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and French [[client state]]s.
|<ref>{{cite book|author=Sam A. Mustafa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_hsFbNYdnwC&pg=PA95|title=Germany in the Modern World: A New History|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2011|isbn=9780742568020|page=95|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426023237/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_hsFbNYdnwC&pg=PA95|archive-date=26 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1808 || || [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] published his ''[[Addresses to the German Nation]]'', arguing for [[Germans|German]] nationalism and unity.
|<ref name="G. Barraclough, 1947 p 408">G. Barraclough, ''The Origins of Modern Germany'' (1947) p 408</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1810 || || [[Robert Schumann]] was born.
|
|-
| valign="top" | || The [[Brothers Grimm]] published their first collection of fairy tales.
|
|-
| 1812 
| || The [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg]] signed the [[Convention of Tauroggen]], establishing an armistice with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in contravention of the [[Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)|Treaty of Paris]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1813 || 22 May || [[Richard Wagner]] was born.
|
|-
| 19 October || ''[[Battle of Leipzig]]'': The [[First French Empire|French]] army was encircled and forced to retreat from [[Leipzig]] in a battle in which some ninety thousand French and allied troops were killed or injured.
|
|-
| 1814 || 30 May || ''[[War of the Sixth Coalition]]'': [[First French Empire|France]] signed the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]], under which it returned to its 1792 borders and the [[House of Bourbon]] was restored to the French throne, ending the war.
|
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1815 || 1 April || [[Otto von Bismarck]] was born.
|
|-
| 9 June || [[Congress of Vienna]]: A conference of twenty-three [[ambassador]]s signed a treaty reordering Europe's national boundaries and establishing freedom of navigation on the [[Rhine]] and the [[Danube]]. France was greatly expanded and a [[German Confederation]] of thirty-four states was established.
|
|-
| 18 June || [[Battle of Waterloo]]: The restored [[First French Empire|French]] [[Emperor of the French|emperor]] [[Napoleon]] was dealt a decisive defeat by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and its allies at [[Waterloo, Belgium|Waterloo]].
|
|-
| 31 October || [[Karl Weierstrass]] was born.
|
|-
| 1816 || 5 May || The constitution of the [[Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] was promulgated.
|
|-
| 1817 || 18 October || [[Wartburg Festival]]: A protest of liberal students took place at [[Wartburg]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1818 || 5 May || [[Karl Marx]] was born.
|
|-
| 26 May || The [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavarian]] [[King of Bavaria|king]] [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]] issued a constitution which established a bicameral legislature, the [[Landtag of Bavaria]], and guaranteed freedom of religion.
|
|-
| 22 August || The legislature of the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] held its first meeting.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1819 || 18 March || The [[conservatism|conservative]] writer [[August von Kotzebue]] was fatally stabbed by a [[liberalism|liberal]] theology student, [[Karl Ludwig Sand]].
|
|-
| 20 September || Representatives of the states of the [[German Confederation]] issued the [[Carlsbad Decrees]], under which each resolved to become involved in instruction and hiring at universities, require [[prior restraint]] on all serial publications, and dissolve student organizations such as the liberal ''[[Burschenschaft]]en''.
|
|-
| 1826 || 17 September || [[Bernhard Riemann]] was born.
|
|-
| 1827 || 26 March || [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] died.
|
|-
| 1828 || 19 November || [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] died.
|
|-
| 1830 || 7 September || [[Charles II, Duke of Brunswick]] was forced by an angry mob to flee the capital [[Braunschweig]].
|
|-
| 1831 || 14 November || [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] died.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1832 || 22 March || [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] died.
|
|-
| 15 April || [[Wilhelm Busch]] was born.
|
|-
| 27 May || [[Hambach Festival]]: A rally began at [[Hambach Castle]] where participants demonstrated for the liberalization and unification of the German states.
|
|-
| 1833 || 7 May || [[Johannes Brahms]] was born.
|
|-
| 1834 || 1 January || The [[Zollverein]] came into existence, merging the Bavaria–Württemberg Customs Union, the Prussia–Hesse-Darmstadt Customs Union and the Thuringian Customs and Commerce Union into a single [[customs union]].
|
|-
| 1837 || || The [[Göttingen Seven]] published a document opposing the decision of [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover]], to abrogate his country's 1833 constitution.
|
|-
| 1839 || || [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]], the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[July Monarchy|France]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and the [[German Confederation]] signed the [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]], recognizing Belgium's independence and guaranteeing its neutrality.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1840 || 7 June || [[Frederick William III of Prussia|Frederick William]] died.
|
|-
| 28 June || The educator [[Friedrich Fröbel]] coined the term ''kindergarten''.
|
|-
| 1841 || || The economist [[Friedrich List]] published his ''National System of Political Economy''.
|
|-
| 1844 || 15 October || [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] was born.
|
|- 
| ||25 November|| [[Karl Benz]] was born
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1848 || 27 February || [[German revolutions of 1848–49]]: An assembly in [[Mannheim]] adopted a resolution demanding a bill of rights.
|
|-
| 24 March || ''[[First Schleswig War]]'': Ethnic [[Germans|German]] rebels loyal to the provisional government in the [[Denmark|Danish]] [[duchy|duchies]] of [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]] and [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]] captured the government fortress at [[Rendsburg]].
|
|-
| 1 May || [[German federal election, 1848]]: Elections were held in the thirty-nine states of the [[German Confederation]] to a national [[constituent assembly]], the [[Frankfurt Parliament]].
|
|-
| 1849 || 18 June || ''German revolutions of 1848–49'': The chamber of the [[Frankfurt Parliament]], since reduced to a rump parliament and moved to [[Stuttgart]], was occupied by the [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]] army.  A repression began which would force the liberal [[Forty-Eighters]] into exile.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1850 || 30 May || The [[Prussian three-class franchise]], according to which all males over the age of 24 were allowed to vote for their representatives in the lower house of the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] parliament, with votes weighted by amount of taxes paid, was introduced.
|
|-
| 29 November || [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] signed the [[Punctuation of Olmütz]], under which the former agreed to the dissolution of the Prussian-led [[Erfurt Union]] and the revival of the [[German Confederation]] under Austrian leadership.
|
|-
| 1852 || 8 May || First Schleswig War: [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[French Second Republic|France]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] signed the [[London Protocol (1852)|London Protocol]], guaranteeing the nominal independence of [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]] and [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]] in personal union with Denmark and ending the war.
|
|-
| 1855 || 23 February || [[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss]] died.
|
|-
| 1856 || August || [[Neanderthal]] remains were discovered in [[Neandertal (valley)|Neandertal]].
|
|-
| 1858 || 23 April || [[Max Planck]] was born.
|
|-
| 1859 || || The reformist [[Albrecht von Roon]] was appointed [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] minister of war.
|
|-
| 1863 || 23 May || The [[General German Workers' Association]] was formed.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1864 || 1 February || [[Second Schleswig War]]: [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] invaded [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]].
|
|-
| 30 October || Second Schleswig War: [[Denmark]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] signed the [[Treaty of Vienna (1864)|Treaty of Vienna]], placing the [[duchy|duchies]] of [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]] and [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]] under Prussian and Austrian administration, respectively, and ending the war.
|
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1866 || 14 June || [[Austro-Prussian War]]: [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] declared war on [[Austrian Empire|Austria]].
|
|-
| 3 July || [[Battle of Königgrätz]]: [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] forces broke an [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] line and dealt them a decisive defeat at modern [[Hradec Králové]].
|
|-
| 20 July || [[Bernhard Riemann|Riemann]] died.
|
|-
| 18 August || [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and fifteen smaller [[Northern Germany|northern German]] states signed the [[North German Confederation Treaty]], transferring their armed forces to the North German Confederation under the command of the Prussian [[king]] [[William I, German Emperor]].
|
|-
| 23 August || Austro-Prussian War: [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] signed the [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Peace of Prague]], in which the latter agreed to some small territorial concessions and the dissolution of the [[German Confederation]], ending the war.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1870 || 10 March || [[Deutsche Bank]] was established.
|
|-
| 16 July || [[Franco-Prussian War]]: [[Second French Empire|France]] declared war on [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]].
|
|-
| 10 December || The [[Reichstag (North German Confederation)|Reichstag]] of the North German Confederation renamed the North German Confederation the German Empire.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1871 || 18 January || [[William I, German Emperor|William]] was crowned [[German Emperor|emperor]] of the German Empire in the [[Hall of Mirrors]] at [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]].
|
|-
| 21 March || [[Minister President of Prussia|Minister President]] [[Otto von Bismarck]] of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] was appointed [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] of the German Empire.
|<ref name="Jonathan Steinberg 2011">Jonathan Steinberg, ''Bismarck: A Life'' (2011)</ref>
|-
| 1872 || 11 March || [[Kulturkampf]]: The School Supervision Act was passed, transferring all religious schools to state control.
|<ref name="Rebecca Ayako Bennette 2012">Rebecca Ayako Bennette, ''Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification'' (2012)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1873 || 22 October || Germany joined the [[League of the Three Emperors]], a conservative alliance with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and [[Austria-Hungary]] aimed at preserving those nations' interests in [[Eastern Europe]].
|
|-
| || [[Albrecht von Roon|Roon]] resigned from the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[Prussian Ministry of War|Ministry of War]].
|
|-
| 1875 || 6 June || [[Thomas Mann]] was born.
|
|-
| 1878 || 13 July || [[Congress of Berlin]]: The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Austria-Hungary]], [[French Third Republic|France]], the German Empire, [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] signed the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)]], granting independence to the former Ottoman territories of [[United Principalities|Romania]], [[Principality of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegro]] and autonomy to a [[federalism|federal]] [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]].
|
|-
| 1879 || 7 October || Germany and [[Austria-Hungary]] joined a mutual defense treaty, the [[Dual Alliance (1879)|Dual Alliance]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1880 || July || Kulturkampf: The First Mitigation Law was passed, resuming government payments to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[diocese]]s.
|
|-
| 16 December || [[First Boer War]]: [[Boer]] rebels laid siege to a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] fort at [[Potchefstroom]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1882 || 20 May || [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] joined the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] with Germany and [[Austria-Hungary]].
|<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Trueland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c04iK3H24I8C&pg=PA15|title=International Co-operation and Conflict 1890s–1920s|publisher=Heinemann|year=2003|isbn=9780435326906|page=15|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502084748/https://books.google.com/books?id=c04iK3H24I8C&pg=PA15|archive-date=2 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|3 September
|[[Hugstetten rail disaster]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1883 || 13 February || [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] died.
|
|-
| 14 March || [[Karl Marx|Marx]] died.
|
|-
| 1884 || 15 November || [[Berlin Conference]]: A conference was convened in [[Berlin]] to formalize the practice of territorial claims in [[Africa]] by the participating powers [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[French Third Republic|France]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]], [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden-Norway]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the United States.
|
|-
| 1886 || || Automobiles with gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were produced independently by [[Karl Benz]] and [[Gottlieb Daimler]].
|
|-
| 1887 || 18 June || Germany and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] signed the secret [[Reinsurance Treaty]], in which each promised benevolent neutrality in the event the other should go to war.
|
|-
| 1889 || 20 April || [[Adolf Hitler]] was born.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1890 || 20 March || [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] was dismissed as [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]].<ref name="Jonathan Steinberg 2011"/>
|
|-
| 1 July || Germany and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] signed the [[Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty]], under which Germany renounced its claims over [[Zanzibar]] in exchange for the strategic island of [[Heligoland]].
|<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Stuart Olson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA279|title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism|author2=Robert Shadle|publisher=Greenwood|year=1991|isbn=9780313262579|page=279|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429221912/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA279|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1891 || || The [[Pan-German League]] was established.
|
|-
| 1892 || || [[Rudolf Diesel]] invented the Diesel engine.
|
|-
| 1896 || 3 January || The German [[German Emperor|emperor]] [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]] sent the [[Kruger telegram]] to [[President (government title)|president]] [[Paul Kruger]] of the [[South African Republic]], congratulating him on the successful repulsion of the [[Jameson Raid]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1897 || 19 February || [[Karl Weierstrass|Weierstrass]] died.
|
|-
| 3 April || [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] died.
|
|-
| 1898 || 30 July || [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] died.
|
|-
| 1899 || 11 October || [[Second Boer War]]: The [[South African Republic]] and the [[Orange Free State]] declared war on the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
|
|-
| 1900 || 25 August || [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] died.
|
|}

== 20th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1905 || 31 March || [[First Moroccan Crisis]]: [[Wilhelm II|Wilhelm]] met with repreesentitives of the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[sultan]] [[Abdelaziz of Morocco]] in [[Tangier]] in support of Moroccan sovereignty.
|
|-
| || [[Field marshal]] [[Alfred von Schlieffen]], chief of the [[German General Staff]], developed the [[Schlieffen Plan]], a plan for the quick invasion and conquest of [[French Third Republic|France]] through [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]] in the event of a two-front war.
|
|-
| 1906 || 7 April || [[Algeciras Conference]]: Germany, [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]], the United States, [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Morocco]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] and [[Belgium]] signed the final act of the conference, which limited Moroccan spending and placed French and Spanish officers in charge of its police.
|
|-
| 1908 || 9 January || Poet [[Wilhelm Busch]] died.
|
|-
| 1911 || 1 July || [[Agadir Crisis]]: The German gunboat {{SMS|Panther|1901|6}} arrived at the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] port of [[Agadir]].
|
|-
| 1913 || 6 November || [[Saverne Affair]]: Two local [[Saverne]] papers reported on offensive comments made by a local [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] military officer.
|
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1914 || || [[Albert Einstein]] moved to [[Berlin]].
|
|-
| 28 July || [[World War I]]: [[Austria-Hungary]] declared war on [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 4 August || World War I: The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] declared war on Germany.
|
|-
| [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|Blockade of Germany]]: The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] established a [[blockade]] of war materiel and foodstuffs bound for Germany.
|
|-
| 30 August || [[Battle of Tannenberg]]: The German [[8th Army (German Empire)|8th Army]] decisively defeated a [[Russian Empire|Russian]] force near [[Olsztyn]], practically destroying the Russian [[2nd Army (Russian Empire)|2nd Army]].
|
|-
| 9 September || [[First Battle of the Marne]]: [[French Third Republic|French]] forces met the invading [[1st Army (German Empire)|1st]] and [[2nd Army (German Empire)|2nd Armies]] of the German Empire at the [[Marne (river)|Marne]].
|
|-
| 1915 || 22 April|| [[Second Battle of Ypres]]: The German army released chlorine gas against the [[French Third Republic|French]] line at [[Ypres]].
|
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1916 || 31 May || [[Battle of Jutland]]: The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Grand Fleet]] and the German [[High Seas Fleet]] met in battle in the [[North Sea]], at a cost of some ten thousand lives and several ships sunk.
|
|-
| 4 June || [[Brusilov offensive]]: The [[Russian Empire]] launched an offensive across the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] in the [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] which would cost some half million Russian casualties and over a million German and Austrian casualties.
|
|-
| 1 July || [[Battle of the Somme]]: A [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] force drove the German [[2nd Army (German Empire)|2nd Army]] behind its first line of defense at a cost of some sixty thousand casualties.
|
|-
| 24 October || [[Battle of Verdun]]: The [[French Third Republic|French]] [[Second Army (France)|Second Army]] consolidated control over [[Fort Douaumont]] in [[Douaumont]], ending major operations in a battle which cost as many as one million French and German casualties.
|
|-
| || The [[Turnip Winter]] begins—a period of famine in which the German people were driven to subsist on turnips.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1917 || 1 February || The German navy introduced [[unrestricted submarine warfare]], in which submarines sought to destroy surface ships without warning.
|
|-
| || The [[Turnip Winter]] ended.
|
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1918 || 21 March || [[German spring offensive]]: German forces attacked the British [[Fifth Army (United Kingdom)|Fifth Army]] and broke their line in northern France.
|
|-
| 8 August || [[Hundred Days Offensive]]: An allied force of primarily French, British and American troops drove back the German line at [[Amiens]].
|
|-
| 9 November || [[German revolution of 1918–1919|German Revolution of 1918–1919]]: [[Wilhelm II|Wilhelm]] abdicated his titles as [[German Emperor]] and king of Prussia.
|
|-
| 10 November || German Revolution of 1918–1919: The [[Council of the People's Deputies]], a body elected from the [[workers' council]]s of Berlin, introduced sweeping liberal reforms including the elimination of the [[Prussian three-class franchise]] and women's suffrage.
|
|-
| 17 November || World War I: A German delegation signed the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]], promising an immediate cessation of hostilities, significant territorial concessions, and the surrender of Germany's war materiel.
|
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1919 || 15 January || [[Spartacist uprising]]: Government and [[Freikorps]] troops put down an uprising in Berlin by the [[Marxist]] [[Spartacus League]], killing some hundred and fifty insurgents. Their leaders [[Karl Liebknecht]] and [[Rosa Luxemburg]] were murdered extrajudicially a few days later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scriba |first=Arnulf |date=1 September 2014 |title=Der Januaraufstand 1919 |trans-title=The January Uprising 1919 |url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/januaraufstand-1919.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Deutsches Historisches Museum |language=de}}</ref>
|
|-
| 11 February || [[German presidential election, 1919]]: [[Friedrich Ebert]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)]] was elected [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|president]] by the [[Weimar National Assembly]], with seventy-three percent of the vote.
|
|-
| 6 April || [[Ernst Toller]] declared the establishment of a [[Bavarian Council Republic]] in [[Bavaria]].
|
|-
| 28 June || [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919]]: Representatives of some thirty world powers signed the [[Treaty of Versailles]], under which Germany was forced to disarm, give up its colonies, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]].
|
|-
| 14 August || The [[Weimar Constitution]] came into force. The Weimar Republic succeeded the German Empire.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1920 || rowspan="2" valign="top" | 13 March || [[Kapp Putsch]]: The [[Freikorps]] [[Marinebrigade Ehrhardt]] occupied [[Berlin]]. [[Wolfgang Kapp]] of the [[national conservatism|national conservative]] [[German National People's Party|German National People's Party (DNVP)]] declared himself [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]]. The coup attempt collapsed on 18 March.
|
|-
| [[Ruhr uprising]]: The [[Communist Party of Germany]], the [[Communist Workers' Party of Germany]], the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany]] and the [[Free Workers' Union of Germany]] together established the [[Ruhr Red Army]] in an attempt to set up a soviet-style government. [[Freikorps]] and regular troops defeated the Red Army with considerable loss of life.
|
|-
| 1921 || June || [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]]: [[Inflation]] of the [[Papiermark]] (Mark) began in response to the first reparations payment to the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] under the terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles]].
|
|-
| 1922 || 16 April || Germany and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]] signed the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1922)|Treaty of Rapallo]], in which each renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other and pledged to normalize relations.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1923 || 11 January || [[Occupation of the Ruhr]]: [[French Third Republic|France]] invaded the valley of the [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]].
|
|-
| 13 August || [[Gustav Stresemann]] of the [[national liberalism|national liberal]] [[German People's Party]] was appointed [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)|minister for foreign affairs]].
|
|-
| 8 November || [[Beer Hall Putsch]]: [[Nazi Party]] chairman [[Adolf Hitler]] led some six hundred [[Sturmabteilung|Sturmabteilung (SA)]] to the [[Bürgerbräukeller]] in [[Munich]], where they held [[Bavaria]]n state officials [[Gustav Ritter von Kahr]], [[Hans Ritter von Seisser]] and [[Otto von Lossow]] at gunpoint to demand they support a Nazi coup.
|
|-
| 1924 || August || Germany and the [[Triple Entente]] agreed to the [[Dawes Plan]] negotiated by head of the United States [[Office of Management and Budget|Bureau of the Budget]] chief [[Charles G. Dawes]], under which the [[French Third Republic|French]] and [[Belgium|Belgian]] occupation of the [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]] valley was ended and the reparation payment schedule restructured.
|
|-
| 1925 || 16 October || The last of the [[Locarno Treaties]], under which [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Belgium]] and Germany settled their borders and pledged not to attack each other, was signed.
|
|-
| 1926 || 8 September || Germany joined the [[League of Nations]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1929 || 31 August || The [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] accepted the [[Young Plan]], which reduced Germany's war reparations and allowed it to defer a greater portion, which would accrue interest due to a consortium of American banks.
|
|-
| 3 October || [[Gustav Stresemann]] died.
|
|-
| 29 October || [[Wall Street crash of 1929]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] dropped twelve percent in a trading session of record volume.
|
|-
| 1930 || 14 September  || [[German federal election, 1930]]: The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] retained a plurality of seats in the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]].  The [[Nazi Party]] gained ninety-five seats.
|
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1933 || rowspan="2" valign="top" | 30 January || [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] was appointed [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] at the head of a [[Nazi Party|Nazi]]-[[German National People's Party|DNVP]] coalition.
|
|-
| The process of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', in which the government dismantled non-[[Nazi Party|Nazi]] parties and societies, began.
|
|-
| 27 February || [[Reichstag fire]]: The [[Reichstag building]] was burned.  The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[council communism|council communist]] [[Marinus van der Lubbe]] was caught at the scene and confessed.
|
|-
| 28 February || [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] issued the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], suspending most civil liberties.
|
|-
| 24 March || The [[Enabling Act of 1933]], which granted the cabinet the power to make laws, was passed and signed in the presence of armed members of the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] and [[Schutzstaffel|''Schutzstaffel'' (SS)]].
|
|-
| 20 July || [[Vice-Chancellor of Germany|Vice-chancellor]] [[Franz von Papen]] of Germany and [[Cardinal Secretary of State|cardinal secretary of state]] [[Pope Pius XII]] of the [[Holy See]] signed the [[Reichskonkordat]], which required [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]] to swear loyalty to the [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|president]] of Germany.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1934 || 30 June || [[Night of the Long Knives]]: [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] paramilitaries killed at least eighty-five potential threats to [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] power, including [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] head [[Ernst Röhm]] and [[Gregor Strasser]], head of the [[left-wing politics|left wing]] of the [[Nazi Party]].
|
|-
| 1 August || [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] issued a law merging the powers of the [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|presidency]] into the office of the [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]].
|
|-
| 2 August || [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]] died from lung cancer.
|
|-
| 1935 || 16 March || [[German re-armament]]: [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] announced that Germany would rebuild its military, in violation of the [[Treaty of Versailles]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1936 || 7 March || [[Remilitarisation of the Rhineland]]: German troops entered the [[Rhineland]] in violation of the [[Treaty of Versailles]].
|
|-
| || [[1936 Summer Olympics]]: Germany won the greatest number of gold, silver and bronze medals at the Olympics, held in [[Berlin]]. [[African American|Black]] American [[Jesse Owens]] won four gold medals, the highest individual total.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1938 || 12 March || ''[[Anschluss]]'': German troops entered [[Federal State of Austria|Austria]].
|
|-
| 9 November || ''[[Kristallnacht]]'': A [[pogrom]] took place in which [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] paramilitaries and German civilians destroyed [[Jews|Jewish]] businesses and at least ninety-one were killed.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1939 || 23 August || The [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] was signed, promising mutual non-aggression between Germany and the [[Soviet Union]] and agreeing to a division of much of [[Eastern Europe]] between those two countries.
|
|-
| 1 September || [[Invasion of Poland]]: Germany invaded [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].
|
|-
|22 December
|[[Genthin rail disaster]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1940
|9 April
|[[Operation Weserübung]]: Germany invades Denmark and Norway.
|
|-
|10 May
|[[Case Yellow]]: Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
|
|-
|22 June
|[[Armistice of 22 June 1940]] with France
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1941 || || [[Konrad Zuse]] built the [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |6 April
|[[Invasion of Yugoslavia]]
|
|-
|[[German invasion of Greece]]
|
|-
|22 June
|[[Operation Barbarossa]]: German forces invade the [[Soviet Union]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1942 || 20 January || [[Wannsee Conference]]: A government conference was held to discuss the implementation of the [[Final Solution]], the extermination of [[Europe]]an [[Jews|Jewry]].
|
|-
|23 August
|The [[Battle of Stalingrad]] begins.
|
|-
|1943
|2 February
|The [[Battle of Stalingrad]] ends, resulting in the destruction of the German [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]] ([[Friedrich Paulus]]).
|
|-
|1944
|6 June
|[[Normandy landings]]: Allied forces (including contingents from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada) disembark on five landing grounds in German-occupied [[Normandy]], reopening the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front of World War II]].
|<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hart|first1=Russell|title=The Second World War (6): Northwest Europe 1944–1945|last2=Hart|first2=Stephen|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2002|isbn=1841763845}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1945 || 20 March || The [[Arnsberg Forest massacre#First massacre|first Arnsberg Forest massacre]] starts, killing 71 Polish and Russian [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]. Two more massacres would occur over the next three days, killing 208 people in total.
|
|-
|30 April
|[[Death of Adolf Hitler]]: [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] committed suicide by gunshot in the [[Führerbunker]] in [[Berlin]].
|
|-
|8 May
|[[German Instrument of Surrender]]: World War II ends in Europe ([[VE Day]]).
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |23 May
|The [[Flensburg Government]] around [[Karl Dönitz]] and [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk]] is detained by British forces.
|
|-
|[[Heinrich Himmler]] commits suicide.
|
|-
| 26 June || The [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU)]] was founded.
|
|-
| 2 August || [[Potsdam Conference]]: British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] [[Clement Attlee]], [[President of the United States|president]] [[Harry S. Truman]] of the United States and [[Joseph Stalin]], the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary]] of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]], issued the [[Potsdam Agreement]] at [[Cecilienhof]] in [[Potsdam]].  The parties agreed that Germany would be returned to its 1937 borders with some additional cessions to the Soviet Union and ratified its division into British, [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|French]], American and Soviet occupation zones. 
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1946 || 29 March || The first of the [[Allied plans for German industry after World War II]], which called for the reduction of German industrial capacity, was issued by the [[Allied Control Council]].
|
|-
|3 September
|U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] approves [[Operation Paperclip]] (de facto ongoing since 1945) in a secret directive.
|
|-
| 6 September || United States [[United States Secretary of State|secretary of state]] [[James F. Byrnes]] read the speech [[Restatement of Policy on Germany]], clarifying his nation's desire for economic recovery in Germany and guaranteeing its borders.
|
|-
| 1947 || 4 October || [[Max Planck|Planck]] died.
|
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1948 || 20 June || [[Ludwig Erhard]], the appointed economic director of the [[Bizone]], introduced the [[Deutsche Mark]].
|
|-
| 24 June || ''[[Berlin Blockade]]'': The [[Soviet Union]] blocked [[Western Bloc]] access to [[West Berlin]] by road and rail.
|
|-
| 25 June || ''Berlin Blockade'': United States cargo planes began shipping food and medical supplies to [[West Berlin]]. 
|
|-
| 12 December || The [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party (FDP)]] was established.
|
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1949 || 12 May || ''Berlin Blockade'': The [[Soviet Union]] lifted the blockade.
|<ref name="Robert E. Griffin 1948">D. M. Giangreco and Robert E. Griffin, ''Airbridge to Berlin: The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath'' (1988)</ref>
|-
| 23 May || [[West Germany]] was founded.
|
|-
| 14 August || ''[[West German federal election, 1949]]'': The [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU)]] won a narrow plurality of seats in the [[Bundestag]].
|
|-
| 15 September || [[Konrad Adenauer]] of the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] became [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|chancellor]] of [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| 7 October || [[East Germany]] was founded.
|
|-
| 1950 || || ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]'': ''[[The Times]]'' first used the term ''Wirtschaftswunder'' to refer to the rapid postwar economic growth of [[West Germany]] and [[Austria]].
|
|-
| 1951 || 18 April || The [[Inner Six]] [[Europe]]an nations including [[West Germany]] signed the [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|Treaty of Paris]] establishing the [[European Coal and Steel Community]], a [[single market]] in coal and steel governed by supranational institutions.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1952 || rowspan="2" valign="top" | 26 May || [[East Germany]] strengthened its border protection regime along the [[Inner German border]].
|
|-
| The [[General Treaty]], which granted [[West Germany]] the "authority of a [[sovereign state]]", was signed by West Germany, [[French Fourth Republic|France]], the United States and the United Kingdom.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1953 || 16 June || ''[[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany]]'': In response to a 10 percent increase in work quotas, between 60 and 80 construction workers went on strike in [[East Berlin]]. Their numbers quickly swelled and a general strike and protests were called for the next day.
|
|-
| 17 June || ''Uprising of 1953 in East Germany'': 100,000 protestors gathered at dawn, demanding the reinstatement of old work quotas and, later, the resignation of the [[East Germany|East German]] government. At noon German police trapped many of the demonstrators in an open square; [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] tanks fired on the crowd, killing hundreds and ending the protest.
|
|-
| 1954 || 4 July || ''[[1954 FIFA World Cup Final]]'': [[West Germany]] defeated the heavily favored [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungarian]] national team in the final match of the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[Bern]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1955 || 9 May || West Germany joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)]], a collective defense organization.
|
|-
| 14 May || [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] and the [[Soviet Union]] established the [[Warsaw Pact]], a collective defense organization.
|
|-
| 12 August || [[Thomas Mann|Mann]] died.
|
|-
|1959
|20 June
|[[Lauffen bus crash]]
|
|-
| 1961 || 13 August || Construction began on the [[Berlin Wall]] between [[East Berlin|East]] and [[West Berlin]].
|
|-
| 1963 || 16 October || [[Ludwig Erhard|Erhard]] became [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|chancellor]] of [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| 1964 || November || The [[National Democratic Party of Germany|National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD)]] was established.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1966 || rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1 December || [[Ludwig Erhard|Erhard]] resigned.
|
|-
| [[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]] of the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] was elected [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|Chancellor]] of [[West Germany]] in coalition with the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1967 || 2 June || The unarmed student [[Benno Ohnesorg]], a member of the [[German student movement]], was shot and killed by [[Karl-Heinz Kurras]], a [[Berlin Police]] inspector and [[East Germany|East German]] spy, while protesting the state visit of ''[[shah]]'' [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] of [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran]].
|
|-
|6 July
|[[Langenweddingen level crossing disaster]]
|
|-
| 1968 || 30 May || The [[German Emergency Acts]] were passed, amending the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]] to allow for the restriction of certain freedoms in the event of an emergency, and marking a major political defeat for the [[German student movement]].
|
|-
| 1969 || 21 October || [[Willy Brandt]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] was elected [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|chancellor]] of [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1970 || 5 June || The [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] terrorist group the [[Red Army Faction|Red Army Faction (RAF)]] was founded.
|
|-
| 19 June || The voting age for participation in [[West Germany|West German]] federal elections was lowered from twenty-one to eighteen.
|<ref>{{cite news|date=18 June 1970|title=West Germany Lowers Vote Age|page=18|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|agency=Associated Press|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19700618&id=75JYAAAAIBAJ&pg=2103,1035553&hl=en|access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 12 August || [[West Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] signed the [[Treaty of Moscow (1970)|Treaty of Moscow]], in which the former recognized [[East Germany]] and renounced its claims on historical German territory east of the [[Oder–Neisse line]].
|
|-
| 7 December || [[West Germany]] and [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] signed the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1970)|Treaty of Warsaw]], in which both parties pledged to remain at peace and the former again affirmed its recognition of the border at the [[Oder–Neisse line]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1971
|27 May
|[[Dahlerau train disaster]]
|
|-
| 3 September || [[France]], the United Kingdom, the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] signed the [[Four Power Agreement on Berlin]], in which all parties pledged peace and the latter pledged to continue to allow trade and communication between [[West Berlin]] and [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1972 || 26 August || [[1972 Summer Olympics]]: The Olympic games opened in [[Munich]], in [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| 5 September || [[Munich massacre]]: Eight members of the [[Black September Organization]] snuck into the Olympic Village in [[Munich]] and took nine members of the [[Israel]]i team hostage.
|
|-
| 21 December || [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]] signed the [[Basic Treaty, 1972|Basic Treaty]], in which each recognized the other's sovereignty.
|
|-
| 1973 || 18 September || [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]] were admitted to the [[United Nations|United Nations (UN)]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1974 || 16 May || [[Helmut Schmidt]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] was elected [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|chancellor]] of [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| 7 July || [[1974 FIFA World Cup Final]]: [[West Germany]] beat the [[Netherlands]] national team in the final match of the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[Munich]], in [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|
|Germany wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1982]], marking their first win by [[Nicole (German singer)|Nicole]] with '[[Ein Bißchen Frieden]]'
|
|-
| 1 October || [[Helmut Kohl]] of the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] became [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|chancellor]] of [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| 1987 || September || [[Erich Honecker]], the general secretary of the ruling party of [[East Germany]], the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]], paid a state visit to [[West Germany]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1989 || 4 September || [[Monday demonstrations in East Germany]]: A peaceful demonstration began in [[Leipzig]], in [[East Germany]], which called for democracy and the right of citizens to travel abroad.
|
|-
| 9 November || The checkpoints on the [[Berlin Wall]] were opened.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1990 || 8 July || [[1990 FIFA World Cup Final]]: [[West Germany]] beat the [[Argentina|Argentine]] national team in the final match of the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[Rome]].
|
|-
| 12 September || The [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany]] was signed by [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]], the United States, the United Kingdom, [[France]] and the [[Soviet Union]].  The latter four renounced all rights they held in Germany.
|
|-
| 3 October || [[German reunification]]: Five [[East Germany|East German]] states acceded to [[West Germany]]. [[Berlin]] became the capital of Germany.
|
|-
| 1992 || 7 February || The [[Maastricht Treaty]] establishing the [[European Union|European Union (EU)]] was signed by twelve [[Europe]]an countries including Germany.
|
|-
| 1993 || 14 May || [[Alliance '90/The Greens]] was established from the merger of [[Alliance 90]] and the Green Party.
|
|-
| 1994 || || The [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]] held that the [[Bundeswehr]] could take part in [[United Nations|UN]] peacekeeping operations outside [[NATO]] territory.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1998 || 3 June ||[[Eschede train disaster]]
|
|-
| 27 October || [[Gerhard Schröder]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] became [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|chancellor]] at the head of a coalition with [[Alliance '90/The Greens]].
|
|-
| 1999 || 24 March || [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]]: [[NATO]] forces began bombing the [[Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] in support of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]].
|
|-
| 2000 || 1 June || [[Expo 2000]]: A [[world's fair]] was held in [[Hanover]].
|
|}

== 21st century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
!Source
|-
| 2002 || 1 January || Physical [[Euro]] currency was introduced.  The [[Deutsche Mark]] lost its status as legal tender in Germany.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 2005 || 19 April || [[Pope Benedict XVI]] was elected [[pope]].
|
|-
| 22 November || [[Angela Merkel]] of the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] became [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|chancellor]] in coalition with the [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] and [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || 9 June – 9 July|| [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]: The 2006 [[FIFA World Cup]] was held in Germany.
|
|-
|22 September
|[[Lathen train collision]]
|
|-
|2008
|14 September
|[[Sebastian Vettel]] wins the [[2008 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]], marking him F1's youngest winner.
|
|-
| 2009 || 27 September || [[German federal election, 2009]]: Elections were held to the [[Bundestag]].  The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] lost seventy-six seats; the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]-[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] coalition and the [[liberalism|liberal]] [[Free Democratic Party of Germany|Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP)]] gained.
|<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan">{{cite book|title=Germany After the Grand Coalition: Governance and Politics in a Turbulent Environment|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|editor-last=Bolgherini|editor-first=Silvia}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || 23 April || [[European debt crisis]]: [[Greece]] requested a loan from the [[European Union|EU]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]].
|
|-
|29 May 
|Germany wins the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010]], with [[Lena Meyer-Landrut|Lena]] and '[[Satellite (Lena Meyer-Landrut song)|Satellite]]'. This was their second win. 
|
|-
|2010
|14 November
|Sebastian Vettel wins the [[2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix|Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]] and the [[2010 Formula One World Championship|Championship]], marking him F1's youngest world champion.
|
|-
|2012
|18 March
|[[2012 German presidential election]]: [[Joachim Gauck]] was elected Federal President.
|
|-
| 2013 || 22 September || [[German federal election, 2013]]: Elections were held to the [[Bundestag]].  The [[Free Democratic Party of Germany|FDP]] failed to meet the electoral threshold.  The [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]-[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] coalition and the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] both gained seats.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 2014 || 17 March || The [[European Union|EU]] instituted travel bans and asset freezes against individuals connected with the Russian invasion of [[Crimea]].
|
|-
| 13 July || [[2014 FIFA World Cup Final]]: Germany defeated the [[Argentina|Argentine]] national team in the final match of the [[FIFA World Cup]] in extra time in [[Rio de Janeiro]].
|
|-
|2014
|12 October
|Mercedes wins their first championship against Red Bull in [[2014 Russian Grand Prix|Russia]], despite [[Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry|tensions]] between [[Lewis Hamilton|Hamilton]] and [[Nico Rosberg|Rosberg]].
|
|-
| 2015 || || In [[European migrant crisis]] migrants number in Germany increase up to 1.5 million in 2015.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || 9 February || ''[[Bad Aibling rail accident]]''
|
|-
|19 December
|[[2016 Berlin truck attack|2016 Berlin terror attack]] on a Christmas market, killing 13 and injuring 55.
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|19 March
|[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] became Federal President.
|
|-
|30 June
|[[Same-sex marriage]] was legalized by German parliament, effective 1 October.
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=buzer.de|title=EheRÄndG Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts|url=https://www.buzer.de/s1.htm?g=Gesetzes+zur+Einf%C3%BChrung+des+Rechts+auf+Eheschlie%C3%9Fung+f%C3%BCr+Personen+gleichen+Geschlechts&f=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718105901/https://www.buzer.de/s1.htm?g=Gesetzes+zur+Einf%C3%BChrung+des+Rechts+auf+Eheschlie%C3%9Fung+f%C3%BCr+Personen+gleichen+Geschlechts&f=1|archive-date=18 July 2018|access-date=2018-04-28|website=buzer.de|language=de}}</ref>
|-
|24 September
|[[German federal election, 2017]]: Elections were held to the Bundestag. The ruling coalition of [[CDU/CSU]] and [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] took significant losses, with [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]], entering parliament for the first time, the main winner. [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] re-entered parliament, bringing the overall number of political parties in the Bundestag up to six.
|
|-
|19 November
|After an initial refusal by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] to continue the previous governing coalition, the attempt by [[CDU/CSU]], [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] and [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] to form a ''[[Jamaica coalition (politics)|Jamaica coalition]]'' failed with the withdrawal by the FDP around [[Christian Lindner]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oltermann|first=Philip|date=2017-11-20|title=German coalition talks collapse after deadlock on migration and energy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/19/german-coalition-talks-close-to-collapse-angela-merkel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702035629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/19/german-coalition-talks-close-to-collapse-angela-merkel|archive-date=2 July 2018|access-date=2018-04-28|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|14 March
|[[Angela Merkel]] was elected to her fourth term as chancellor (364/688 votes in the Bundestag), forming the [[Fourth Merkel cabinet]]. [[Olaf Scholz]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) became Vice Chancellor.
|
|-
|7 April
|''[[2018 Münster attack]]'': 3 civilians and the perpetrator were killed.
|
|-
|7 December
|[[Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer]] becomes the new [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] chairwoman. [[Angela Merkel]] did not candidate again after 18 years at the party leadership.
|
|-
| 2019 || || British troops in Germany that stayed there since World War II are expected to leave.
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2020
|19 February
|[[Hanau shootings]]
|
|-
|24 February
|[[Volkmarsen ramming attack]]
|
|-
|22 August
|Russian opposition activist [[Alexei Navalny]] arrives in Berlin for medical treatment.
|
|-
|29 August
|Right-wing rioters attempt to storm the [[Reichstag building]].
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-30|title=Germany coronavirus: Anger after attempt to storm parliament|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53964147}}</ref>
|-
|3 September
|[[2020 Solingen killings]]
|
|-
|4 October
|[[2020 Dresden knife attack]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|15–16 January
|[[January 2021 Christian Democratic Union of Germany leadership election|January 2021 CDU leadership election]]: [[Armin Laschet]] defeats [[Friedrich Merz]] and [[Norbert Röttgen]] to become CDU leader.
|
|-
|25 June
|[[2021 Würzburg stabbing]]
|
|-
|26 September
|[[2021 German federal election|German federal election, 2021]]: Elections were held to the Bundestag. The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]], led by [[Olaf Scholz]], emerged the strongest party (25.7%) ahead of [[CDU/CSU]] (24.1%), led by [[Armin Laschet]].
|
|-
|8 December
|Following coalition negotiations between SPD, Greens, and FDP, a [[traffic light coalition]] was formed between the three parties, instating the [[Scholz cabinet]] with [[Olaf Scholz]] (SPD) as Germany's ninth chancellor since 1949.
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Bennhold|first=Katrin|date=2021-12-08|title=Germany Live Updates: Parliament Approves Scholz as Chancellor, Ending Merkel Era|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/12/08/world/germany-scholz-merkel|access-date=2021-12-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|4–16 December
|[[December 2021 Christian Democratic Union of Germany leadership election|December 2021 CDU leadership election]]: [[Friedrich Merz]] defeats [[Norbert Röttgen]] and [[Helge Braun]] to become CDU leader.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || rowspan="2" | 24 January|| rowspan="2" | [[Heidelberg University shooting]]
|
|-
|
|-
|2023
|15 April
|Germany phased out all of [[Nuclear power plants in Germany|its nuclear power plants]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kappeler |first=Laura Paddison, Nadine Schmidt, Inke |date=2023-04-15 |title='A new era': Germany quits nuclear power, closing its final three plants |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/europe/germany-nuclear-phase-out-climate-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Jahre Atomausstieg |url=https://www.base.bund.de/DE/themen/kt/ausstieg-atomkraft/ausstieg_node.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=BASE |language=de}}</ref>
|-
| 2028 || || The [[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] connecting [[Denmark]] and Germany would be fully constructed.
|
|-
| 2040 || || [[Trans-European Transport Networks]] is expected to finish construction, connecting southern Italy and Germany.
|
|}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Timelines of cities in Germany]]
* [[Timeline of the German Empire]]
* [[Timeline of the Weimar Republic]]

== References ==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* Langer, William. ''An Encyclopedia of World History'' (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00lang online free]
* Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. ''Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present'' (1970) [https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped00morr online]
* {{Citation |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co. |location = London |author = George Henry Townsend |title = A Manual of Dates |date = 1867 |edition=2nd |chapter=Germany |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/manualofdatesdic00townrich#page/440/mode/1up }}
* {{cite book|editor= [[William Henry Overall]] |title= Dictionary of Chronology|year=1870|publisher=William Tegg |location=London |chapter= Germany |hdl= 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949?urlappend=%3Bseq=356}}
* {{cite book |title=Historical Reference Book...Chronological Dictionary of Universal History |author=Louis Heilprin |location=New York |publisher= D. Appleton and Company |year=1885 |chapter=Germany |hdl=2027/wu.89097349187?urlappend=%3Bseq=246 |via=HathiTrust |author-link=Louis Heilprin }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Funk & Wagnalls |location = New York |title = Cyclopedia of Classified Dates |author =Charles E. Little |date = 1900 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cyclopediaofclas00littuoft#page/768/mode/1up |chapter= Germany }}
* {{cite book|editor= [[Henry Smith Williams]] |series=Historians' History of the World |volume=15 |title= Germanic Empires |year=1908|publisher= Hooper & [[Walter Montgomery Jackson|Jackson]] |location=London |chapter= Chronological Summary of the History of the Germanic Empires |hdl=2027/njp.32101063964819?urlappend=%3Bseq=687 }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |location = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |date = 1910 |chapter=Germany |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/608/mode/1up |title-link = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates }}
* {{cite book|author= Ernest F. Henderson |title=A Short History of Germany |year=1937 |via=HathiTrust |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |chapter= Chronological Table }}  In two parts: [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3851058?urlappend=%3Bseq=535 to 1657] + [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3851058?urlappend=%3Bseq=1159 1658–1914] (fulltext)
* {{cite book|editor=Eric Solsten |title=Germany: A Country Study|year=1996 |series=US [[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-7881-8179-5 |chapter= Chronology of Important Events |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnocWI0_fywC&pg=PR23 }}
* {{cite book |publisher=Europa Publications|title= Political Chronology of Europe |isbn=978-1-135-35687-3 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hVNvCz0c_gsC |year= 2003
|chapter= Germany 
|pages= 95+ 
}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17301646 |title=Germany Profile: Timeline |publisher=BBC News |date=15 March 2018 }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/hi_ceneugergeo.htm |title= Central Europe (including Germany) |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |location=New York }}

{{Germany year nav}}
{{Germany topics}}

[[Category:Timelines by country|German]]
[[Category:German timelines| ]]