View source for Timeline of Christianity

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{{About|the timeline of Christianity beginning with Jesus|the timeline of the Bible|Biblical chronology|the history of Christianity|History of Christianity|the timeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church}}
{{See also|Chronology of Jesus}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
}}
{{Christianity|expanded=history}}

The purpose of this [[timeline]] is to give a detailed account of [[Christianity]] from the beginning of the current era ([[AD]]) to the present. Question marks ('?') on dates indicate approximate dates.

The [[AD 1|year one]] is the first year in the ''[[anno Domini|Christian calendar]]'' (there is no [[year zero]]), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the [[Gregorian calendar]]) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year [[Nativity of Jesus|Jesus was born]]; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC.

==Background historical timeline==
{{main|Historical background of the New Testament}}
*6 AD [[Herod Archelaus]] deposed by [[Augustus]]; [[Samaria]], [[Judea]] and [[Idumea]] annexed as [[Iudaea Province]] under direct Roman administration,<ref>{{cite book |author=H. H. Ben-Sasson |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976|ISBN=0-674-39731-2 |page=246 |quote=When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea.}}</ref> capital at [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]]. [[Quirinius]] became [[Legatus|Legate]] (Governor) of [[Roman Syria|Syria]], conducted [[Census of Quirinius]], opposed by [[Zealots]]<ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant18.html Antiquities of the Jews - Book XVIII] (JA18), earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref> ({{Bibleverse|Luke|2:1-3|9|Luke 2:1&ndash;3}}, {{Bibleverse||Acts|5:37|9}})
*7–26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Judea and [[Galilee]]<ref>[[John P. Meier]]'s ''[[A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus|A Marginal Jew]]'', v. 1, ch. 11; also H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, page 251: "But after the first agitation (which occurred in the wake of the first Roman census) had faded out, we no longer hear of bloodshed in Judea until the days of Pilate."</ref>
*9 [[Pharisee]] leader [[Hillel the Elder]] dies, temporary rise of [[Shammai]]
*14–37 [[Tiberius]], [[Roman Emperor]]
*18–36 [[Caiaphas]], appointed [[List of High Priests of Israel|High Priest]] of [[Herod's Temple]] by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate [[Lucius Vitellius]]
*19 Jews, Jewish [[proselytes]], [[astrologers]], expelled from Rome<ref>Suetonius, [[Lives of the Twelve Caesars]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#36 Tiberius 36];
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12816-rome#anchor2 Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled Under Tiberius]: "The Jewish deputation which petitioned for the deposition of the royal house of the [[Idumeans]] was joined by 8,000 Jewish residents of Rome. Several Romans adopted Jewish customs, and some, as the rhetor Cilicius of Kalakte, a friend of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, even embraced Judaism ([[Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller|Müller]], "Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum", iii. 331). The reign of Tiberius (until the removal of his minister [[Sejanus]]) was fraught with misfortune for the Jews. When the [[cult of Isis]] was driven out of Rome (19 CE.) the Jews also were expelled, because a Roman lady who inclined toward Judaism had been deceived by Jewish swindlers. The synagogues were closed, the vessels burned, and 4,000 Jewish youths were sent upon military service to Sardinia. After the death of Sejanus (31) the emperor allowed the Jews to return.";
*[[Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson]] (and Abraham Malamat contributor) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&q=Explicit+evidence&pg=PA288 A History of the Jewish People]'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|978-0674397316}}, page 288 quote: "Explicit evidence of a systematic attempt to propagate the Jewish faith in the city of Rome is found as early as 139 BCE. With the increase of the Jewish population of Rome, the Jews intensified their efforts to make converts among the Romans. Although the activity of Jewish missionaries in Roman society caused Tiberius to expel them from that city in 19 CE, they soon returned, and Jewish religious propaganda was resumed and maintained even after the destruction of the Temple. Tacitus mentions it regretfully ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/5A*.html ''Histories'' 5.5]), and Juvenal, in his Fourteenth Satire (11. 96ff.), describes how Roman families 'degenerated' into Judaism: the fathers permitted themselves to adopt some of its customs and the sons became Jews in every respect." ... <sup>[last sentence of next paragraph:]</sup> "In addition, the Bible provided the apostles of Judaism with a literature unparalleled in any other religion."</ref>
*26–36 [[Pontius Pilate]], [[Prefect]] (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence<ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant18.html Antiquities of the Jews - Book XVIII] (JA18) section 4.2, earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref>
*28 or 29 [[John the Baptist]] begins his [[Religious ministry (Christian)|ministry]] in the "15th year of Tiberius" ({{Bibleverse|Luke|3:1-2|9|Luke 3:1&ndash;2}}), saying: "[[Repent]], for the [[Kingdom of God|kingdom of heaven]] is at hand!" ({{Bibleverse|Matt|3:1-2|9|Matthew 3:1&ndash;2}}), a relative of Jesus ({{Bibleverse|Luke|1:36|9}}), a [[Nazirite]] ({{Bibleverse||Luke|1:15|9}}), [[Baptism of Jesus|baptized Jesus]] ({{Bibleverse|Mark|1:4-11|9|Mark 1:4&ndash;11}}), later arrested and [[Decapitation|beheaded]] by [[Herod Antipas]] ({{Bibleverse|Luke|3:19-20|9|Luke 3:19&ndash;20}}), it is possible that, according to [[Josephus]]' chronology, John was not killed until 36<ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant18.html Antiquities of the Jews - Book XVIII] (JA18) section 5.2, earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sermonsfromseattle.com/series_b_beheading_of_john_the_baptist_GA.htm | title = John the Baptist and Josephus| access-date = 2006-08-16 |author= G. J. Goldberg}}</ref>

==Timeline of Jesus' ministry==
Jesus began his [[Ministry of Jesus|ministry]] after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" ({{Bibleverse|Matt|4:12-17|9|Matthew 4:12&ndash;17}}). While the [[Historicity of Jesus|historicity]] of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some [[Biblical criticism|critical scholars]] and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: 
*[[Temptation of Christ|Temptation]], 
*[[Sermon on the Mount]], 
*[[Twelve Apostles|Appointment of the Twelve]],
* [[Miracles of Jesus|Miracles]], 
*[[Jesus and the Money Changers|Temple Money Changers]], 
*[[Last Supper]], 
*[[Arrest of Jesus|Arrest]], 
*[[Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus|Trial]], 
*[[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]], 
*[[Crucifixion]] on <!--[[Good Friday]] ({{Bibleverse||Mark|15:42|9}},{{Bibleverse||John|19:42|9}}), -->[[Quartodeciman|Nisan 14th]] ({{Bibleverse||John|19:14|9}}, {{Bibleverse||Mark|14:2|9}}, [[Gospel of Peter]]) or Nisan 15th ([[Synoptic Gospels]]), <!--(7Apr30, 3Apr33, 30Mar36, possible Fri-14-Nisan dates, -[[John P. Meier|Meier]]), -->
*[[Burial of Jesus|entombment]] by [[Joseph of Arimathea]] and [[Nicodemus]],
*[[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection by God]] and [[Resurrection appearances of Jesus]] to [[Mary Magdalene]] and other women ({{Bibleverse||Mark|16:9|9}}, {{Bibleverse|John|20:10-18|9|John 20:10&ndash;18}}), [[Simon Peter]] ({{Bibleverse||Luke|24:34|9}}), and others, ({{Bibleverse|1Corinthians|15:3-9|9|1Cor.15:3&ndash;9}}), 
*[[Great Commission]], 
*[[Ascension of Jesus Christ|Ascension]]. 

===Prophecies===
[[Second Coming|Second Coming Prophecy]] to fulfill the rest of [[Messianic prophecy]] such as the [[Resurrection of the dead]], the [[Last Judgment]], and establishment of the [[Kingdom of God]] and the [[Messianic Age]].

==Apostolic Age==
{{Main|Apostolic Age}}
{{disputed|date=March 2019}}
Shortly after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ ([[Nisan]] 14 or 15), the [[First Christian church|Jerusalem church]] was founded as the first [[Christian church]] with about 120 Jews and Jewish [[Proselytes]] ({{Bibleverse|Acts||1:15}}), followed by the events of
*[[Pentecost]] ([[Sivan]] 6)
*[[Ananias and Sapphira]] incident, 
*Pharisee [[Gamaliel]]'s defense of the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] ({{Bibleverse|Acts||5:34-39}}), 
*the [[stoning]] of [[Saint Stephen]] (see also [[Persecution of Christians]]) and the subsequent [[dispersion of the Apostles]] ({{Bibleverse|Acts||7:54-8:8}}, also {{bibleverse||Mark|16:20}}) which leads to the baptism of [[Simon Magus]] in [[Samaria]] ({{Bibleverse|Acts||8:9-24}}), and also an [[Ethiopia]]n [[eunuch]] ({{Bibleverse|Acts||8:26-40}}) 
*Paul's "[[Road to Damascus]]" conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in {{Bibleverse||Acts|9:13-16}}, cf. {{Bibleverse||Gal|1:11-24}}
*Peter [[baptize]]s the Roman [[Centurion Cornelius]], who is traditionally considered the first [[Gentile]] convert to Christianity ({{Bibleverse|Acts||10}})
*The [[List of Patriarchs of Antioch|Antioch church]] is founded, where the term Christian was first used ({{Bibleverse|Acts||11:26}}).


{{Hatnote|The following table is edited to be more readable}}

{| class="wikitable" style="align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Date
! History
! Image
|-
| 37–41 ||  || Crisis under [[Caligula]] is seen as the first clear conflict between Rome and the Jews.<ref>H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, ''The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula'', pages 254-256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the [[Julio-Claudian]] empire. Until then &mdash; if one accepts [[Sejanus]]' heyday and the trouble caused by the [[Census of Quirinius|census after Archelaus' banishment]] &mdash; there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."</ref>
|-
|Before 44 ||  || [[Epistle of James]] is written by [[James the Great]], originally in [[Koine Greek]]. ||
[[File:Fülep Lajos Baja.JPG|thumb|Memorial to [[Lajos Fülep]] quoting James 3:17, "But the wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere."]]
|-
|44? ||  || Death of [[Saint James the Great]] - According to [[Historia Compostelana|a medieval tradition]], on 2th of January of the year 40 AD, [[the Virgin Mary]] appeared to James on a [[Our Lady of the Pillar|pillar]] on the bank of the [[Ebro River]] at [[Caesaraugusta]], while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain. Following that vision, [[James the Great|St. James]] returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by [[Herod Agrippa|King Herod Agrippa I]] in the year 44 AD during a [[Passover]]. Herod then proceeded to arrest [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] (Nisan 15) ({{Bibleverse|Acts||12:1-3}}). || 
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - St James the Apostle - WGA20192.jpg|thumb|St. James the Apostle (1612-1613)]]
|-
|44 ||  || The death of [[Herod Agrippa|Herod Agrippa I]] (Last king of Judea) occurred when an angel of the Lord struck him down, resulting in him being eaten by worms and dying.<ref>Flavius Josephus: [https://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant19.html Antiquities of the Jews - Book XIX] (JA19), section 8.2, earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref> ({{Bibleverse||Acts|12:20-23}})||
[[File:Herod Agrippa medal.svg|thumb|King Herod II]]
|-
| 44–46? ||  || [[Theudas]] was beheaded by [[Procurator (Roman)|Procurator]] [[Cuspius Fadus]] for saying he would part the Jordan River (like [[Moses]] with the Red Sea or [[Joshua]] with the Jordan). After him, [[Judas of Galilee|Judas the Galilean]] rose up at the time of the census and gathered followers; he also perished, and all who followed him were scattered.<ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant20.html Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX] (JA20), section 5.1 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref> ({{Bibleverse||Acts|5:36-37}} places it before the [[Census of Quirinius]])
|-
| 45–49? ||  || Mission of [[Barnabas]] and Paul, ({{Bibleverse||Acts|13:1-14:28}}) to Cyprus, [[Antioch, Pisidia|Pisidian Antioch]], [[Iconium]], [[Lystra]] and [[Derbe]] (there they were called "gods ... in human form"), then return to Syrian [[Antioch]]: [http://www.bible.org/assets/netbible/jp1.jpg Map1]
|-
| 47 ||  || The [[Church of the East]] is created by [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] in the Persian Empire (modern-day Iraq and Iran)
|-
|48 ||  || Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15).
Gentile Christians accepted alongside those in the Jewish tradition.
|-
| 48–100 ||  || [[Agrippa II|Herod Agrippa II]] appointed [[Herodian Dynasty|King of the Jews]] by [[Claudius]], seventh and last of the [[Herodians]] || 
[[File:Herod Agrippa II medal.svg|thumb|Herod Agrippa II]]
|-
| 49 ||  || [[Claudius]] expelled the Jews from Rome, stating, "the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus."<ref>A. J. MAAS (2003). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374x.htm Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ]. Retrieved January 23, 2006. [[Walter Bauer]]'s et al. ''Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament'', 1979, under Christos notes: "as a personal name; the Gentiles must have understood Christos in this way to them it seemed very much like Chrestos [even in pronunciation ...], a name that is found in lit."</ref> (referenced in {{Bibleverse|Acts||18:2}})<ref>Suetonius, [[Lives of the Twelve Caesars]], Claudius XXV.4; [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=352&letter=R&search=Sejanus#1006 Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled Under Tiberius]: "... in 49–50, in consequence of dissensions among them regarding the [[Jewish messianism|advent of the Messiah]], they were forbidden to hold religious services. The leaders in the controversy, and many others of the Jewish citizens, left the city."</ref> || 
[[File:Claudius crop.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Claudius]]
|-
| 50 ||  || [[Passover]] riot in [[Jerusalem]], 20,000–30,000 killed<ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant20.html Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX] (JA20), section 5.3 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref><ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war2.html Early Jewish Writings- The Wars Of The Jews] JW2.12.1 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref>
|-
| 50? ||  || [[Council of Jerusalem]] and the "Apostolic Decree" of {{Bibleverse|Acts||15:1-35}}, same as {{Bibleverse||Galatians|2:1-10}}?, which is followed by the [[Incident at Antioch]]<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08537a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers] see section titled: "THE INCIDENT AT ANTIOCH"</ref> at which Paul publicly accuses Peter of "[[Judaizing]]" ({{Bibleverse-nb||Galatians|2:11-21}}); see also [[Circumcision controversy in early Christianity]]
|-
| 50–53? ||  || St. Paul's 2nd mission ({{Bibleverse||Acts|15:36-18:22}}), split with Barnabas, to Phrygia, Galatia, Macedonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth, "he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken", then return to Antioch; [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]], [[Epistle to Galatians|Galatians]] written? [http://www.bible.org/assets/netbible/jp2.jpg Map2]. [[Lydia of Thyatira]], a seller of purple, becomes the first European Christian convert<ref>Cumming, John (1998). ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''. Collgeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 24</ref> [http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=Acts&verse=16%3A11-15&src=1000 (Acts 16:11-15)]
|-
| 51–52 or 52–53 ||  || Proconsulship of [[Lucius Iunius Gallio Annaeanus|Gallio]] according to an inscription, only fixed date in chronology of Paul<ref>[http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Pauline_Chronology.htm Pauline Chronology: His Life and Missionary Work], from [http://catholic-resources.org/ Catholic Resources] by Felix Just, S.J.</ref>
|-
| 52 || November 21 || [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]] lands in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas The Apostole |url=http://stthoma.com/ |website=stthoma.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/ |archive-date=8 February 2011 |access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/more-studies-needed-at-pattanam/article4743789.ece |title=More studies needed at Pattanam |author=Staff Reporter |work=The Hindu |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stthoma.com/ |title=About Thomas The Apostle |website=stthoma.com |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/ |archive-date=8 February 2011}}</ref> Establishes churches at [[Kodungalloor]], [[Palayoor]], [[North Paravur|Paraur]], [[Kottakkav]], [[Kokkamangalam]], [[Nilakkal]], [[Niranam]] and [[Kollam]] || 
[[File:Rubens apostel thomas.jpg|thumb|St. Thomas the Apostle]]
|-
| 53–57? ||  || St. Paul's 3rd mission, ({{Bibleverse||Acts|18:23-22:30}}), to Galatia, Phrygia, Corinth, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece, and Jerusalem where [[James the Just]] challenges him about rumor of teaching [[antinomianism]] ({{Bibleverse-nb|Acts||21:21}}); he addresses a crowd in their language (most likely [[Aramaic of Jesus|Aramaic]]); [[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]], [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]], [[Second Epistle to the Corinthians|2 Corinthians]], [[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]] written? [http://www.bible.org/assets/netbible/jp3.jpg Map3]
|-
| 55? ||  || "[[Egyptian (prophet)|Egyptian Prophet]]" (allusion to Moses) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing [[The Exodus]] reenactment massacred by [[Procurator (Roman)|Procurator]] [[Antonius Felix]],<ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war2.html Early Jewish Writings- The Wars Of The Jews] JW2.13.5 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref><ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant20.html Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX] (JA20), section 8.6 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref> {{Bibleverse|Acts||21:38}})
|-
| 58? ||  || St. Paul arrested, accused of being a [[zealot|revolutionary]], "ringleader of the sect of the [[Nazarene (title)|Nazarenes]]", teaching [[resurrection of the dead]], imprisoned in [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] ({{Bibleverse|Acts||23-26}})
|-
| 59? ||  || After St. Paul was shipwrecked on Malta, he was called a god. ({{Bibleverse|Acts||28:6}})
|-
| 60? ||  || St. Paul in Rome was greeted by many "brothers". Three days later, he called together the Jewish leaders, who had not received any word from Judea about him but were curious about "this sect," which was spoken against everywhere. He tried to convince them from the "[[Torah|law]] and [[Neviim|prophets]]", with partial success. He said the Gentiles would listen and spent two years proclaiming the [[Kingdom of God]] and teaching "the Lord Jesus Christ"({{Bibleverse||Acts|28:15-31|9}}); [[Epistle to Philemon]] written?
|-
| 60–65 ||  || The early date for the writing of the [[First Epistle of Peter]] is debated among scholars, but it is generally believed to have been written around this date. (written by Peter)
|-
| 62 ||  || [[James, brother of Jesus|James the Just]] is stoned to death for law transgression by [[List of High Priests of Israel|High Priest]] [[Hanan ben Hanan|Ananus ben Artanus]]. Popular opinion against this act resulted in Ananus being deposed by the new procurator [[Lucceius Albinus]]<ref>Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant20.html Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX] (JA20), section 9.1 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref> ||
[[File:Saint James the Just.jpg|thumb|St. James the Just]]
|-
| 63–107? ||  || [[Simeon of Jerusalem|Simeon]], 2nd [[Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem#Bishops of Jerusalem|Bishop of Jerusalem]], crucified under [[Trajan]]  ||
[[File:SymeonTheApostle.jpg|thumb|Simeon the Apostle]]
|-
| 64–68 ||  || after July 18 [[Great Fire of Rome]]; [[Nero]] blames and [[Persecution of Christians|persecutes]] the ''Christians'' (or Chrestians<ref>In the earliest extant manuscript containing ''Annales'' 15:44, the second Medicean, the ''e'' in "Chrestianos", Chrestians, has been changed into an ''i''; cf. Gerd Theißen, Annette Merz, ''Der historische Jesus: ein Lehrbuch'', 2001, p. 89. The reading ''Christianos'', Christians, is therefore doubtful.</ref>), possibly the earliest mention of ''Christians'' by that name, in Rome; see also [[Tacitus on Jesus]]; Paul beheaded? ({{Bibleverse||Col|1:24}},{{Bibleverse||Eph|3:13}},{{Bibleverse|2|Tim|4:6-8|NRSV}},[http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-roberts.html 1Clem] 5:5-7), Peter [[Cross of St. Peter|crucified upside-down]]? ({{Bibleverse||Jn|21:18}},{{Bibleverse|1|Pet|5:13}},[http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian11.html Tertullian's Prescription Against Heretics] chapter XXXVI,[http://ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-01/Npnf2-01-08.htm#P1497_696002 Eusebius' Church History Book III] chapter I), "...a vast multitude, were convicted, not so much of the crime of incendiarism as of hatred of the human race. And in their deaths they were made the subjects of sport; for they were wrapped in the hides of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set on fire, and when day declined, were burned to serve for nocturnal lights." ([[Annals (Tacitus)]] XV.44)
|-
|64/67(?)–76/79(?) ||  || [[Pope Linus]] succeeds Peter as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome)
|-
| 64 ||  ||The [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] written by an Unknown Author
|-
| 65 ||  || The [[Q document]], a hypothetical Greek text thought by many critical scholars to have been used in the writing of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]]
|-
|66–73 ||  || [[First Jewish–Roman War]]: destruction of [[Herod's Temple]] and end of Judaism according to [[Supersessionism]]; [[Qumran]] community (site of [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] found in 1947) destroyed
|-
|70(+/–10)? ||  || [[Gospel of Mark]], written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), The original ending of the gospel is believed to be lost, and additional endings were added around c. 400 ([[Mark 16]]) ||
[[File:Mark 16 first lines, Codex Sinaiticus.png|thumb|The end of Mark 15 (excluding verse 47]]
|-
|70? ||  || The [[Signs Gospel]] written, hypothetical Greek text used in the [[Gospel of John]] to prove Jesus is the Messiah || 
[[File:Zampieri St John Evangelist.jpg|thumb|Saint John the Evangelist, Domenichino]]
|-
|70–100? ||  || Additional [[Pauline Epistles]](??)
|-
|70-132 || || The [[Epistle of Barnabas]] (Apostolic Fathers)
|-
|70–200? ||  || The [[Gospel of Thomas]], the [[Jewish-Christian Gospels]]: the [[Gospel of the Ebionites]], the [[Gospel of the Hebrews]], the [[Gospel of the Nazarenes]] ''Will come back to edit this''||
[[File:El Evangelio de Tomás-Gospel of Thomas- Codex II Manuscritos de Nag Hammadi-The Nag Hammadi manuscripts.png|thumb|Gospel of Thomas and The Secret Book of John]]
|-
| 72 || July 3 || Martyrdom of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]] at Chinnamala, [[Mylapore]], Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
|-
|76/79(?)–88 || || [[Pope Anacletus]]: first Greek Pope, who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome) ||
[[File:Interior of Chiesa dei Gesuiti (Venice) - sacristy - Papa Cleto - 1592-1593 - by Palma il Giovane.jpg|thumb|Pope Anacletus]]
|-
|80(+/-20) ||  || the [[Didache]] written in Koine Greek
|-
|80(+/-20)? ||  || The [[Gospel of Matthew]], based on Mark and Q, most popular in [[Early Christianity]] ||
[[File:POxy v0064 n4404 a 01 hires.jpg|thumb|Gospel of Matthew]]
|-
|80(+/-20)? ||  || The [[Gospel of Luke]], based on Mark and Q, also [[Acts of the Apostles]] by same author || 
[[File:Luke 13.29-35 and 14.10 (CBL BP I, f.15r).jpg|thumb|Gospel of Luke]]
|-
|80(+/-20)? ||  || The [[Pastoral Epistles]] written (possible post-Pauline authorship)
|-
|88–101? ||  || [[Pope Clement I|Clement]], fourth [[Bishop of Rome]]: wrote [[First Epistle of Clement|Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians]] (Apostolic Fathers)
|-
|90? ||  || [[Council of Jamnia]] of Judaism (disputed); [[Domitian]] applies the [[Fiscus Judaicus]] tax even to those who merely "lived like Jews"<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=183&letter=F&search=Fiscus%20Iudaicus Jewish Encyclopedia: Fiscus Iudaicus], [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-domitian-rolfe.html Suetonius's Domitian] XII: "Besides other taxes, that on the Jews [A tax of two drachmas a head, imposed by Titus in return for free permission to practice their religion; see Josephus, Bell. Jud. 7.6.6] was levied with the utmost rigor, and those were prosecuted who, without publicly acknowledging that faith, yet lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay the tribute levied upon their people [These may have been Christians, whom the Romans commonly assumed were Jews]. I recall being present in my youth when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised."</ref>
|-
|90(+/-10)? ||  || The late date for the writing of [[1 Peter]] (associate of Peter as author)
|-
|94 ||  || [[Testimonium Flavianum]], disputed section of [[Jewish Antiquities]] by [[Josephus]] in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], translated to [[Koine Greek]]
|-
|95(+/-30)? ||  || The [[Gospel of John]] and the [[Epistles of John]]
|-
|90 ||  || The [[Book of Revelation]] written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his
|-
|96 || || [[Nerva]] modifies the ''Fiscus Judaicus'', from then on, practicing Jews must pay taxes while Christians do not<ref>Wylen, Stephen M., ''The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction'', Paulist Press (1995), {{ISBN|0-8091-3610-4}}, pp. 190–192.; Dunn, James D.G., ''Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), {{ISBN|0-8028-4498-7}}, Pp 33-34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, ''The Romans: From Village to Empire'', Oxford University Press (2004), {{ISBN|0-19-511875-8}}, p. 426.;</ref>
|-
|98–117? ||  || [[Ignatius of Antioch|Ignatius]], third [[Bishop of Antioch]], fed to the lions in the [[Roman Colosseum]], advocated the [[Bishop]] (Eph 6:1, Mag 2:1,6:1,7:1,13:2, Tr 3:1, Smy 8:1,9:1), rejected [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]] on Saturday in favor of "The Lord's Day" (Sunday). (Mag 9.1), rejected [[Judaizing]] (Mag 10.3), first recorded use of the term catholic (Smy 8:2).
|-
|100(+/-10)? ||  || The [[Epistle of Jude]] was likely written by Jude, a doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6:3). It was rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to the apocryphal [[Book of Enoch]].



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==Ante-Nicene period==
{{Main|Christianity in the ante-Nicene period}}
*100–150? [[Apocryphon of James]], [[Gospel of Mary Magdalene]], [[Gospel of James]], [[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]], [[Secret Gospel of Mark]] (''Complete Gospels'', published by [[Jesus Seminar]])
*110–130? [[Papias of Hierapolis|Papias]], bishop of [[Pamukkale|Hierapolis]], writes "Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted (Apostolic Fathers)
* 110 [[Ignatius of Antioch]] writes to the Smyrnaeans that the Christian church is ''katholikos'' ("universal"){{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
*110–160? [[Polycarp]], bishop of [[İzmir|Smyrna]], [[Polycarp's letter to the Philippians|Letter to the Philippians]], (Apostolic Fathers)
* 112 [[Pliny the Younger|Pliny]] reports rapid growth of Christianity in [[Bithynia]]<ref>Neill, p. 28</ref> 
*120? [[Tarfon|Rabbi Tarfon]] advocates burning the Gospels<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=66&letter=T Jewish Encyclopedia: Tarfon]: "R. Ṭarfon was extremely bitter against those Jews who had been converted to the new faith; and he swore that he would burn every book of theirs which should fall into his hands (Shab. 116a), his feeling being so intense that he had no scruples against destroying the Gospels, [[Tetragrammaton in the New Testament|although the name of God occurred frequently in them]]."</ref>
* 125(+/-5)? [[2 Peter]] written, not accepted into canon until early 400s, drew upon Epistle of Jude, "catholic" epistle, [[Pastoral Epistles]] written
*125? [[Rylands Library Papyrus P52]], oldest extant NT fragment, p.&nbsp;1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38
*130–250? "Christian Apologists" writings against [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman religion]]: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Athenagoras of Athens|Athenagoras]], [[Apology of Aristides]], [[Theophilus of Antioch]], [[Tatian]], [[Quadratus (apostle)|Quadratus]], [[Melito of Sardis]], [[Apollinaris Claudius]], [[Marcus Minucius Felix]], [[Arnobius]], [[Epistle to Diognetus]]
*132–135 [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]]: final Jewish revolt.  Jerusalem renamed [[Aelia Capitolina]] .
*142–144? [[Marcion of Sinope]]: bishop according to ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', goes to Rome, possibly to [[Simony|buy the bishopric of Rome]], upon rejection forms his own church in Rome, later called [[Marcionism]], rejected Old Testament, decreed [[Biblical canon|canon]] of one [[Gospel of Marcion|Gospel]], one ''Apostolicon'' (10 Letters of Paul) and one ''Antithesis''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnosis.org/library/marcion/antithes.htm|title=ANTITHESIS|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> which contrasted the Old Testament with the [[New Testament]], cited [[Western text-type]], see also [[Expounding of the Law#Antithesis of the Law]]
*150? "Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce [[Western text-type|Western]] version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and [[Codex Bezae]] (D)
* 150 Gospel reaches [[Portugal]] and [[Morocco]]<ref name="Barrett, p. 23"/> 
*150? [[Valentinius]] (most famous Christian [[Gnostic]], according to [[Tertullian]]) narrowly loses election for Bishop of Rome
*150(+/-10)? ''[[The Shepherd of Hermas]]'', written in Rome (Apostolic Fathers)
*150–200? Other Gospels: [[Gospel of the Saviour]], [[Gospel of Peter]], [[Oxyrhynchus Gospels]], [[Dialogue of the Saviour]]
*155? [[Montanus]] claims to be the [[Paraclete]] ("Counselor") of {{Bibleverse||John|14:16}}
*160? [[Martyrdom of Polycarp]] (Apostolic Fathers)
* 166 [[Pope Soter|Bishop Soter]] writes that the number of Christians has surpassed the [[Jews]]<ref>Neill, p. 30</ref> 
* 167 At the request of [[Lucius of Britain]], missionaries Fuganus (or Phagan) and Duvianus (or Deruvian) were sent by [[Pope Eleuterus]] to convert the Britons to Christianity<ref>Ingram, James. ''The Saxon chronicle with an English translation and notes, critical and explanatory'', 1823, p. 10</ref> 
*170? [[Dionysius, bishop of Corinth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05010a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Dionysius |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> claimed Christians were changing and faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-01/Npnf2-01-09.htm#P2227_1055358 Eusebius' EH 4] c.23 v.12</ref><ref>[[Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)|Ante-Nicene Fathers]], v.8</ref>
*170? [[Tatian]] produces "[[Diatessaron]]" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1
*170? [[Symmachus the Ebionite]] writes new Greek translation of [[Hebrew Bible]]
* 174 First Christians reported in [[Austria]]<ref name="Barrett, p. 23">Barrett, p. 23</ref>
*177 [[Persecution in Lyon]], martyrdom of [[Blandina]]
*180? [[Hegesippus (chronicler)|Hegesippus]]
*180–202? [[Irenaeus]], [[Bishop of Lyon]]: combated heresies, cited "Western" Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers); second "Primate of the Gauls"
*185–350? [[Muratorian fragment]], 1st extant canon for New Testament after Marcion?, written in Rome by [[Hippolytus of Rome|Hippolytus]]?, excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes [[Wisdom of Solomon]], [[Apocalypse of Peter]]
*186? [[Saint Apollonius]]: used the term ''catholic'' in reference to 1 John
*188–231 [[Saint Demetrius]]: bishop of Alexandria, condemned [[Origen]]
*189–198 [[Pope Victor I]]: 1st [[Latin]] Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 [[Quartodeciman]]
* 190 Pataenus of Alexandria goes to India in response to an appeal for Christian teachers<ref>Glover, 20</ref> 
*196? [[Polycrates of Ephesus|Polycrates]], bishop of Ephesus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
* 196 [[Bar Daisan]] writes of Christians among the [[Parthia]]ns, [[Bactria]]ns (Kushans), and other peoples in the [[Parthian Empire|Persian Empire]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church of the East Timeline |url=http://www.oxuscom.com/timeline.htm |last=Dickens|first=Mark |website=www.oxuscomb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201817/http://www.oxuscom.com/timeline.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2014 |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref>
* 197 [[Tertullian]] writes that Christianity had penetrated all ranks of society in North Africa<ref>Herbermann, p. 385</ref> 
*199–217? Caius,<ref>{{cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Caius (3rd Century) |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03144a.htm |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-05/anf05-133.htm#P9935_3091359ANF05. Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Ca...] www.ccel.org</ref> [[presbyter]] of Rome, wrote "Dialogue against Proclus" in ''[[Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)|Ante-Nicene Fathers]]'', rejected [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]], said to be by Gnostic [[Cerinthus]]; see also [[Alogi]]
*199–217? Caius,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03144a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Caius (3rd Century) |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-05/anf05-133.htm#P9935_3091359 |title=ANF05. Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian, Appendix |website=www.ccel.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> [[presbyter]] of Rome, wrote "Dialogue against Proclus" in [[Ante-Nicene Fathers]], rejected [[Revelation]], said to be by Gnostic [[Cerinthus]], see also [[Alogi]]
* 200 First Christians are reported in [[Switzerland]] and [[Belgium]]<ref name="Barrett, p. 23"/> 
*200? [[Papyrus 46]]: 2nd [[Chester Beatty]], [[Alexandrian text-type]]; Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types; Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14–15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus; 200? Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8; Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15; 5:20-22,25-28; 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33
*200? [[Sextus Julius Africanus]]
*200? [[Antipope]] Natalius,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10448a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Monarchians |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> rival bishop of Rome, according to [[Eusebius]]'s EH5.28.8-12, quoting the ''Little Labyrinth'' of Hippolytus, after being "[[scourge]]d all night by the holy angels", covered in ash, dressed in [[sackcloth]], and "after some difficulty", tearfully submitted to [[Pope Zephyrinus]]
* 202 Roman Emperor [[Septimius Severus|Severus]] issues an edict forbidding conversion to Christianity<ref>Latourette, 1941, vol. I, 145</ref>
* 206 [[Abgar]], King of [[Osroene|Edessa]], embraces the Christian faith<ref>Herbermann, p. 282</ref>
* 208 [[Tertullian]] writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the [[Hadrian's Wall|Roman wall in Britain]] where Roman legions have not yet penetrated<ref>Neill, p. 31</ref>
*217–236 Antipope Hippolytus, ''Logos'' sect? Later dispute settled and considered [[martyr]], Roman canon
*218–258 [[Cyprian]], Bishop of [[Carthage]], cited "Western" NT text-type, claimed Christians were freely forging his letters to discredit him (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
*220? [[Clement of Alexandria]], cited "Alexandrian" NT text-type & [[Secret Gospel of Mark]] & [[Greek Gospel of the Egyptians|Gospel of the Egyptians]]; wrote "Exhortations to the Greeks"; "Rich Man's Salutation"; "To the Newly Baptized"; (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
*220?–340? [[Codex Tchacos]], manuscript containing a copy of the [[Gospel of Judas]], is written
*223? [[Tertullian]]: sometimes called "father of the Latin Church", because he coined [[trinity|trinitas]], tres [[Persona]]e, [[Consubstantial|una Substantia]], [[Old Testament|Vetus Testamentum]], Novum Testamentum, convert to [[Montanism]], cited "Western" Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
*225? [[Papyrus 45]]: 1st [[Chester Beatty Papyri]], Gospels ([[Caesarean text-type]], mixed), Acts (Alexandrian text-type)
*235–238 [[Maximinus Thrax]]: emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting [[Pope Pontian]] and Antipope Hippolytus to [[Sardinia]], where they soon die
* 241 [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] begins to preach in [[Al-Mada'in|Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] in what is now [[Iraq]]<ref>{{cite web |title=timeline |url=http://www.oxuscom.com/timeline.htm |website=www.oxuscom.com}}</ref>
*248–264 [[Dionysius of Alexandria|Dionysius]], [[Patriarch of Alexandria]] see also [[List of Patriarchs of Alexandria]]
* 250 [[Saint Denis of Paris|Denis]] (or Denys or Dionysius) is sent from [[Rome]] along with six other missionaries to establish the church in [[Paris]]<ref>Herbermann, p. 481</ref>
*250? [[Apostolic Constitutions]], [[Liturgy of St James]], [[Old Roman Symbol]], [[Clementine literature]]
*250? Letters of [[Methodius of Olympus|Methodius]], [[Pistis Sophia]], [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry Tyrius]], [[Commodianus]] (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
*250? Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of Mary; 3Cor; ''[[Odes of Solomon]]'' 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover; Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18
*250? [[Origen]], [[ousios|Jesus and God one substance]], adopted at [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325, compiled [[Hexapla]]; cites Alexandrian, [[Caesarean text-type]]; [[Eusebius]] claimed Origen castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 (EH6.8.1-3)
*251–424? [[Synods of Carthage]]
*251–258 [[Antipope Novatian]] decreed no forgiveness for sins after [[baptism]] (An antipope was an individual whose claim to the papacy was either rejected by the Church at the time or later recognized as invalid.)<ref>Richard McBrien ''The Church'' (New York: HarperOne, 2008) 390</ref>
*254–257 [[Pope Stephen I]]: major [[Schism (religion)|schism]] over rebaptizing [[heretics]] and [[apostates]]
*258 "[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]]'s Massacre": Roman emperor issues edict to execute immediately all Christian Bishops, Presbyters, and Deacons, including [[Pope Sixtus II]], [[Antipope Novatian]], [[Cyprian of Carthage]] ([http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15256b.htm CE: Valerian], [http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/2_ch02.htm Schaff's History Vol 2 Chap 2] § 22)
*264–269 [[Synods of Antioch]]: condemned [[Paul of Samosata]], Bishop of Antioch, founder of [[Adoptionism]] (Jesus was human until the Holy Spirit descended at his baptism), also condemned term [[ousios|homoousios]] adopted at Nicaea
*265 [[Gregory Thaumaturgus]] (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
* 270 Death of [[Gregory Thaumaturgus]], Christian leader in Pontus. It was said that when Gregory became "bishop" there were only 17 Christians in Pontus while at his death thirty years later there were only 17 non-Christians.<ref>Latourette, 1941, vol. I, p. 89</ref>
*270? [[Anthony the Great|Anthony]] begins monastic movement
*275? Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rev9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2
*276 [[Mani (prophet)]], crucified, founder of the dualistic [[Manichaean]] sect in [[Persia]]
* 280 First rural churches emerge in northern Italy; Christianity is no longer exclusively in urban areas
*282–300? [[Theonas of Alexandria|Theonas]], bishop of Alexandria (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
* 287 Maurice from [[Egypt]] is killed at Agauno, [[Switzerland]] for refusing to sacrifice to pagan divinities<ref>Walsh, Martin de Porres. ''The Ancient Black Christians'', Julian Richardson Associates, 1969, p. 5</ref>
*290–345? [[St Pachomius]], founder of [[Christian monasticism]]
*296–304 [[Pope Marcellinus]], offered pagan sacrifices for Diocletian, later repented. Name in Martyrology of [[Bede]]
* 300 First Christians reported in [[Greater Khorasan]]; an estimated 10% of the world's population is now Christian; parts of the [[Bible]] are available in 10 different languages<ref>Barrett, p. 24</ref>
*301 – [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] is the first kingdom in history to adopt Christianity as state religion
*303–312 [[Diocletian Persecution|Diocletian's Massacre]] of Christians, includes burning of scriptures ([http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.xiii.iii.html EH 8.2])
*303 [[Saint George]], patron saint of Georgia, England and other states
*304? [[Victorinus of Pettau|Victorinus]], bishop of [[Ptuj|Pettau]]
*304? [[Pope Marcellinus]], having repented from his previous defection, suffers martyrdom with several companions
*306 [[Synod of Elvira]] prohibits relations between Christians and Jews
*310 [[Maxentius]] deports [[Pope Eusebius]] and Heraclius<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09001b.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lapsi |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05615b.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Eusebius |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> to Sicily (relapse controversy)
*312 [[Lucian of Antioch]], founder of [[School of Antioch]], martyred
*312 [[Battle of the Milvian Bridge#Vision of Constantine|Vision of Constantine]]: while gazing into the sun he sees a [[cross]] with the words [[In hoc signo vinces|by this sign conquer]], see also [[Labarum]], he was later called the ''13th Apostle'' and [[Equal-to-apostles]]
*313 [[Edict of Milan]]: Constantine and [[Licinius]] end persecution, establish toleration of Christianity
*313? [[Lateran Palace]] given to [[Pope Miltiades]] for residence by Constantine
*313? Traditional date for founding of the [[Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre]]
*314 King [[Urnayr]] of [[Caucasian Albania]] adopts Christianity as official religion
*314 Catholic [[Council of Arles (314)|Council of Arles]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01727b.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Synods of Arles |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> called by Constantine against [[Donatist]] schism to confirm the [[Council of Rome]] in 313
*314–340? [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], bishop of Caesarea, church historian, cited [[Caesarean text-type]], wrote ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'' in 325<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.i.html |title=NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine |website=www.ccel.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*317? [[Lactantius]]
*321 Constantine decrees Sunday as state "day of rest" ([[Corpus Iuris Civilis#Codex Justinianus|CJ]]3.12.2), see also [[Sol Invictus]]

==First Seven Ecumenical Councils==
{{Main|First seven ecumenical councils}}
Constantine called the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325 to unify [[Christology]], also called the first great Christian council by [[Jerome]], the first [[ecumenical]], decreed the [[Nicene Creed#Original Nicene Creed of 325|Original Nicene Creed]], but rejected by [[Nontrinitarianism|Nontrinitarians]] such as [[Arius]], [[Theonas]], [[Secundus of Ptolemais]], [[Eusebius of Nicomedia]], and [[Theognis of Nicaea]] who were [[excommunicated]], also addressed [[Easter controversy]] and passed 20 [[Canon law]]s such as Canon VII which granted special recognition to [[Jerusalem in Christianity|Jerusalem]].

*325, 20 May–19 June: The [[First Council of Nicaea]]
*325 The [[Kingdom of Aksum]] (Modern [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]]) declares Christianity as the official state religion, becoming the 2nd country to do so
*325 [[Church of the Nativity]] in [[Bethlehem]], ordered built by Constantine
*326, November 18: [[Pope Sylvester I]] consecrates the [[Basilica of St. Peter]] built by Constantine the Great over the tomb of the Apostle
*328–373 [[Athanasius]], bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27 book New Testament canon
*330 Old [[Church of the Holy Apostles]], dedicated by Constantine
*330, May 11: [[Constantinople]] solemnly inaugurated. Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, renaming it [[New Rome]]
*331 Constantine commissions Eusebius to deliver 50 Bibles for the Church of Constantinople<ref>''The Canon Debate'', McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, pages 414-415</ref>
*335 Council in Jerusalem reverses Nicaea's condemnation of [[Arius]], consecrates Jerusalem [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]
*337? [[Mirian III of Iberia]] (present-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) adopts Christianity.<ref name="Rapp2007">{{cite book |last=Rapp|first=Stephen H. Jr |title=The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA137|access-date=11 May 2012|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9|page=138|chapter=7 – Georgian Christianity}}</ref>
*337, May 22: Constantine the Great dies (baptized shortly prior to his death)
*341–379 [[Shapur II]]'s persecution of [[Sassanid Church|Persian Christians]]
*343? Catholic [[Council of Serdica]], canons confirmed by Pope Julius
*350? [[Julius Firmicus Maternus]]
*350? [[Codex Sinaiticus]] (א), [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]](B): earliest Christian Bibles, [[Alexandrian text-type]]
*350? [[Ulfilas]], Arian, apostle to the [[Goths]], translates Greek NT to Gothic
*350? [[Comma Johanneum]] 1Jn5:7b-8a ([[KJV]])
*350? [[Aëtius (theologian)|Aëtius]], Arian, "Syntagmation": "God is agennetos (unbegotten)", founder of [[Anomoeanism]]
*350? [[School of Nisibis]] founded
*353–367 [[Hilary of Poitiers|Hilary]], [[bishop of Poitiers]]
*355–365 [[Antipope Felix II]], [[Arianism|Arian]], supported by [[Constantius II]], consecrated by [[Acacius of Caesarea]]
*357 [[Third Council of Sirmium]] issues so-called ''Blasphemy of Sirmium'' or ''Seventh Arian Confession'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecole.evansville.edu/arians/7arcon.htm |title=The Seventh Arian Confession |website=ecole.evansville.edu |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701130744/http://ecole.evansville.edu/arians/7arcon.htm |archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> called high point of Arianism
*359 [[Council of Rimini]], Dated Creed ([[Acacians]]); [[Pope Liberius]] rejects Arian creed of council
*360 [[Julian the Apostate]] becomes the last non-Christian Roman Emperor
*363–364 [[Council of Laodicea]]: Canon 29 decreed [[anathema]] for Christians who rest on the [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]], disputed Canon 60 named 26 NT books (excluded [[Revelation]])
*366–367 [[Antipope Ursicinus]], rival to [[Pope Damasus I]]
*367–403 [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], Bishop of Salamis, wrote ''Panarion'' against heresies
*370–379 [[Basil of Caesarea|Basil the Great]], Bishop of Caesarea
*370? [[Doctrine of Addai]] at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. [[3 Corinthians]]) [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
*370 (d. ca.) Optatus of Milevis, who in his conflict with the sectarian Donatists stressed unity and catholicity as marks of the Church over and above holiness, and also that the sacraments derived their validity from God, not from the priest
*372–394 [[Gregory of Nyssa|Gregory]], Bishop Of Nyssa
*373 [[Ephrem the Syrian]], cited [[Western text-type|Western Acts]]
*374–397 [[Ambrose]], governor of [[Milan]] until 374, then made [[Bishop of Milan]]
*375–395 [[Ausonius]], Christian governor of [[Gaul]]
*379–381 [[Gregory Nazianzus]], [[Bishop of Constantinople]]
*380, February 27: Emperor [[Theodosius I]] issues the [[Edict of Thessalonica]], declaring [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicene]] Christianity as the [[state church of the Roman Empire]]<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html Theodosian Code XVI.1.2] Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions by Paul Halsall, June 1997, Fordham University, retrieved September 25, 2006; Theodosian Code XVI.1.2; [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14577d.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Theodosius I]: "In February, 380, he and [[Gratian]] published the famous edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the Bishops of Rome and Alexandria ([[Codex Theodosianus|Cod. Theod.]], XVI, I, 2; [[Sozomen]], VII, 4)."</ref>
*380, November 24: Emperor [[Theodosius I]] is baptised
*381 [[First Council of Constantinople]], 2nd [[ecumenical]]: Jesus had true human soul, [[Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed|Nicene Creed of 381]]
*382 Catholic [[Council of Rome]] under [[Pope Damasus I]] sets the [[Biblical canon]], listing the inspired books of the Old Testament and the New Testament (disputed)
*383? [[Frumentius]], Apostle of Ethiopia
*385 [[Priscillian]], first heretic to be executed?
*386 [[Cyril of Jerusalem]]: wrote compellingly of catholicity of the Church
*390? [[Apollinaris of Laodicea|Apollinaris]], Bishop of Laodicea, believed Jesus had human body but divine spirit
*391 [[Theodosius I|Theodosian decrees]] outlaw most [[Paganism|pagan]] rituals still practiced in Rome
*396–430 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], bishop of Hippo, considered the founder of formalized Christian theology ([[Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers]])
*397? [[Saint Ninian]] evangelizes [[Picts]] in Scotland
*398–404 [[John Chrysostom]], [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]], see also [[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople]], (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
*400: [[Jerome]]'s [[Vulgate]] (Latin edition and translation of the Bible) is published
*400? Ethiopic Bible: in Ge'ez, 81 books, standard [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] Bible
*400? [[Peshitta]] Bible in Syriac (Aramaic), Syr (p), OT + 22 NT, excludes: 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; standard [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] Bible
*406 Armenian Bible, translated by [[Saint Mesrop]], standard [[Armenian Orthodox]] Bible
*410, 24 August: Sack of Rome by [[Alaric I|Alaric]] and the [[Visigoths]]
*412–444 [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]], bishop of Alexandria, coined [[Hypostatic union]]
*418–419 [[Antipope Eulalius]], rival to [[Pope Boniface I]]
*420 St. [[Jerome]], [[Vulgate#Jerome's work of translation|Vulgate]] translator, [[Latin]] scholar, cited [[Mark 16#Manuscripts having only the longer ending|expanded ending in Mark]] after Mark 16:8, [[Pericope Adulteræ|Pericope of the Adultress]] addition to John (John 7:53-8:11) (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
*423–457 [[Theodoret]], bishop of [[Cyrrhus, Turkey|Cyrrhus]], noted Tatian's [[Diatesseron]] in heavy use, wrote a [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203.iv.i.html Church History]
*431 [[First Council of Ephesus|Council of Ephesus]], 3rd [[ecumenical]]: repudiated [[Nestorianism]], decreed [[Theotokos|Mary the Mother of God]], forbade any changes to [[Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed|Nicene Creed of 381]], rejected by the Persian Church, leading to the [[Nestorian Schism]]
*432 [[St Patrick]] begins his mission in Ireland. Almost the entire nation is Christian by the time of his death in a conversion that is both incredibly successful and largely bloodless
*440–461 [[Pope Leo I|Pope Leo the Great]]: sometimes considered the first pope (of influence) by non-Catholics, stopped [[Attila the Hun]] at Rome, issued [[Tome of Leo|Tome]] in support of [[Hypostatic Union]], approved [[Council of Chalcedon]] but rejected canons in 453
*449 [[Second Council of Ephesus]], [[Monophysite]]: Jesus was divine but not human
*450? [[Codex Alexandrinus]] (A): [[Alexandrian text-type]]; [[Codex Bezae]] (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; [[Codex Washingtonianus]] (W): Greek Gospels; both of [[Western text-type]]
*450? std. Aramaic [[Targums]], Old Testament in [[Aramaic]]
*450? [[Socrates Scholasticus]] [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.i.html Church History of 305-438]; [[Sozomen]] [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.iii.i.html Church History of 323-425]
*451 [[Council of Chalcedon]], 4th [[ecumenical]], declared Jesus is a Hypostatic Union: both human and divine in one ([[Chalcedonian Creed]]), rejected by [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]
*455 Sack of Rome by the [[Vandals]]. The spoils of the [[Temple of Herod|Temple of Jerusalem]] previously taken by [[Titus]] are allegedly among the treasures taken to [[Carthage]]
*456? [[Eutyches]] of Constantinople, [[Monophysite]]
*465? [[Prosper of Aquitaine]]
*476, September 4: Emperor [[Romulus Augustus]] is deposed in Rome, marked by many as the [[Fall of Rome|fall of the Western Roman Empire]]
*484–519 [[Acacian schism]], over [[Henoticon]], divides Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) churches
*491 [[Armenian Orthodox]] split from East (Greek) and West (Latin) churches
*495, May 13 [[Vicar of Christ]] decreed a title of Bishop of Rome by [[Pope Gelasius I]]
*496 [[Clovis I]], King of the [[Franks]], baptized
*498–499, 501–506 [[Antipope Laurentius]], rival of [[Pope Symmachus]], Laurentian schism
*500? [[Incense]] introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican
*524 [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]], Roman Christian philosopher, wrote "Theological Tractates", [[Consolation of Philosophy]]; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)
*525 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] defines ''Christian calendar'' (AD)
*527 [[Fabius Planciades Fulgentius]]
*529 [[Benedict of Nursia]] establishes his first [[monastery]] in the Abbey of [[Monte Cassino]], Italy, where he writes the [[Rule of St Benedict]]
*530 [[Antipope Dioscorus]], possibly a legitimate Pope
*535–536 Unusual [[Climate changes of 535-536|climate changes]] recorded
*537–555 [[Pope Vigilius]], involved in death of [[Pope Silverius]], conspired with [[Justinian I|Justinian]] and [[Theodora (6th century)|Theodora]], on April 11, 548 issued ''Judicatum'' supporting Justinian's anti-Hypostatic Union, excommunicated by bishops of Carthage in 550
*538 Byzantine general Belisarius defeats last Arian kingdom; Western Europe completely Catholic
*541–542 [[Plague of Justinian]]
*543 Justinian condemns [[Origen]], disastrous earthquakes hit the world
*544 Justinian [[Three-Chapter Controversy|condemns the Three Chapters]] of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]] (died 428) and other writings of [[Hypostatic Union]] [[Christology]] of [[Council of Chalcedon]]
*550 [[St. David]] converts Wales, [[crucifix]] introduced
*553 [[Second Council of Constantinople]], 5th [[ecumenical]], called by Justinian
*556–561 [[Pope Pelagius I]], selected by Justinian, endorsed ''Judicatum''
*563 [[Columba]] goes to Scotland to evangelize [[Picts]], establishes [[monastery]] at [[Iona]]
*567 [[Cassiodorus]]
*589 Catholic [[Third Council of Toledo]]: [[Reccared]] and the [[Visigoths]] convert from [[Arianism]] to Catholicism and [[Filioque clause]] is added to [[Nicene Creed of 381]]
*590–604 [[Pope Gregory I|Pope Gregory the Great]], whom many consider the greatest pope ever, reforms church structure and administration and establishes [[Gregorian chant]], [[Seven deadly sins]] 
*591–628 [[Theodelinda]], Queen of the [[Lombards]], began gradual conversion from Arianism to Catholicism
*596 [[St. Augustine of Canterbury]] sent by Pope Gregory to evangelise the [[Jutes]]
*600? [[Evagrius Scholasticus]], Church History of AD431-594<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/evagrius_0_intro.htm |title=Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History (AD431-594), translated by E. Walford (1846). Introduction |website=www.ccel.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*604 [[Saxon]] cathedral created (by [[Mellitus]]) where [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London now stands
*609 [[Pantheon, Rome]] renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda
*612? [[Bobbio]] monastery in northern Italy
*613 [[Abbey of St. Gall]] in Switzerland
*614 [[Khosrau II of Persia]] conquers [[Damascus]], [[Jerusalem]], takes [[True Cross#Finding the True Cross|Holy Cross of Christ]]
*622 Mohammed founds Islam after fleeing to Mecca 
*624 [[Battle of Badr]], considered beginning of [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic Empire]]
*625 [[Paulinus of York]] comes to convert [[Northumbria]]
*628 [[Babai the Great]], pillar of Church of the East, dies
*628–629 [[Battle of Mut'ah]]: [[Heraclius]] recovers Cross of Christ and Jerusalem from Islam until 638
*632 Eorpwald of [[East Anglia]] baptized under influence of [[Edwin of Northumbria]]
*634–644 [[Umar]], 2nd [[Sunni Islam]] [[Caliph]]: capital at Damascus, conquered Syria in 635, defeated Heraclius at [[Battle of Yarmuk]] in 636, conquered Egypt and Armenia in 639, Persia in 642
*635 [[Cynegils of Wessex]] baptized by Bishop [[Birinus]]
*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] unites [[Celtic Christianity]] of British Isles with Roman Catholicism
*680–681 [[Third Council of Constantinople]], 6th [[ecumenical]], against [[Monothelites]], condemned [[Pope Honorius I]], [[Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople]], Heraclius' ''Ecthesis''
*681–686 [[Wilfrid]] converts [[Sussex]]
*687–691 [[Dome of the Rock]] built
*690? [[Old English Bible translations]]
*692 Orthodox [[Quinisext Council]], convoked by [[Justinian II]], approved [[Canons of the Apostles]] of [[Apostolic Constitutions]], [[Clerical celibacy]], rejected by [[Pope Constantine]]
*698 Fall of [[Carthage#Roman Carthage|Carthage]]
*711–718 [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania]]
*717–718 [[Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]
*718–1492 [[Reconquista]]: [[Iberian Peninsula]] retaken by Roman Catholic Visigoth monarchs
*718 [[Saint Boniface]], [[archbishop of Mainz]]; an Englishman, given commission by [[Pope Gregory II]] to [[evangelize]] the Germans
*720? [[Disentis Abbey]] of Switzerland
*730–787 [[Iconoclasm#The first iconoclastic period: 730–787|First Iconoclasm]]: Byzantine Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] bans Christian [[icon]]s; [[Pope Gregory II]] excommunicates him
*731 [[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|English Church History]] written by [[Bede]]
*732 Battle of Tours stops Islam from expanding westward
*750? Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium
*752? [[Donation of Constantine]], granted [[Western Roman Empire]] to the Pope (later proved a forgery)
*756 [[Donation of Pepin]] recognizes [[Papal States]]
*781 [[Nestorian Stele]], [[Daqin Pagoda]], [[Jesus Sutras]], [[Christianity in China]]
*787 [[Second Council of Nicaea]], 7th [[ecumenical]]: ends first Iconoclasm
*793 Sacking of the monastery of [[Lindisfarne]] marks the beginning of [[Viking]] raids on [[Christendom]]

==Middle Ages==
{{Main|Christianity in the Middle Ages}}

*800 King [[Charlemagne]] of the [[Franks]] is crowned first [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] of the West by [[Pope Leo III]]
*849–865 [[Ansgar]], [[Archbishopric of Bremen|Archbishop of Bremen]], "Apostle of the North", began evangelisation of North Germany, Denmark, Sweden
*855 [[Antipope Anastasius]]: [[Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor]] appoints him over [[Pope Benedict III]] but popular pressure causes withdrawal
*863 [[Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius]] sent by the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]] to evangelise the [[Slavic peoples]]. They translate the Bible into [[Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]]
*869–870 Catholic [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)|Fourth Council of Constantinople]] condemns Patriarch [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]] (rejected by Orthodox)
*879–880 Orthodox [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)|Fourth Council of Constantinople]] restores Photius, condemns [[Pope Nicholas I]] and [[Filioque clause|Filioque]] (rejected by Catholics)
*897, January [[Cadaver Synod]]: [[Pope Stephen VI]] conducts trial against dead [[Pope Formosus]], public uprising against Stephen leads to his imprisonment and strangulation
*909 [[Abbey of Cluny]], [[Benedictine]] monastery, founded in France
*966 Duke [[Mieszko I]] of Poland baptised; Poland becomes a Christian country
*984 [[Antipope Boniface VII]], murdered [[Pope John XIV]], alleged to have murdered [[Pope Benedict VI]] in 974
*988? [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']]
*991 [[Arnulf (Archbishop of Reims)|Archbishop Arnulf of Rheims]] accuses [[Pope John XV]] of being the [[Antichrist]]
*997–998 [[Antipope John XVI]], deposed by [[Pope Gregory V]] and his cousin [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Otto III]]
*1000 or 1001 [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen]] of Hungary crowned; Hungary becomes a Christian country
*1001 Byzantine emperor [[Basil II]] and Fatimid Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] execute a treaty guaranteeing the protection of Christian pilgrimage routes in the Middle East
*1009 Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem, and then rebuilds it to its current state
*1012 [[Antipope Gregory VI]], removed by [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
*1030 [[Battle of Stiklestad]], considered victory of Christianity over Norwegian paganism
*1045 [[Sigfrid of Sweden]], Benedictine evangelist
*1046 [[Council of Sutri]]: [[Pope Sylvester III]] exiled, [[Pope Gregory VI]] admits to [[simony|buying the papacy]] and resigns, [[Pope Benedict IX]] resigns, council appoints [[Pope Clement II]]
*1054 [[East–West Schism]] split between Eastern ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]) and Western (Roman Catholic) churches formalized
*1058–1059 [[Antipope Benedict X]], defeated in war with [[Pope Nicholas II]] and [[Normans]]
*1061–1064 [[Antipope Honorius II]], rival of [[Pope Alexander II]]
*1065 [[Westminster Abbey]] consecrated
*1073–1085 [[Pope Gregory VII]]: [[Investiture Controversy]] with [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]], proponent of clerical celibacy, opponent of [[simony]], [[concubinage]], [[Antipope Clement III]]
*1079 [[Stanislaus of Szczepanów]], patron saint of Poland
*1080 ''Hospital of Saint John the Baptist'' founded in Jerusalem by merchants from Amalfi and Salerno – serves as the foundation for the [[Knights Hospitaller]]
*1082 [[Engelberg Abbey]] of Switzerland built
*1093–1109 [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], writes ''Cur Deus Homo'' (''Why God Became Man''), a landmark exploration of the [[Atonement in Christianity|Atonement]]
*1095–1291 10 [[Crusades]], first called by [[Pope Urban II]] at [[Council of Clermont]] against [[Fatimid Caliphate|Islamic Empire]], to reconquer the [[Holy Land]] for [[Christendom]]
*1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of [[Cîteaux]], leads to the growth of the [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] order
*1101 [[Antipope Theodoric]] and [[Antipope Adalbert]] deposed by [[Pope Paschal II]]
*1113 [[Knights Hospitaller]] confirmed by Papal bull of Pope Paschal II, listing Blessed Gerard ([[Gerard Thom]]) as founder, (a.k.a. Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta)
*1118 [[Knights Templar]] founded, to defend Holy Land
*1123 Catholic [[First Lateran Council]]
*1124 [[Conversion of Pomerania]] – first mission of [[Otto of Bamberg]]
*1128 [[Holyrood Abbey]] in Scotland
*1128 [[Conversion of Pomerania]] – second mission of [[Otto of Bamberg]]
*1130 [[Peter of Bruys]] [[burned at the stake]]
*1131 [[Tintern Abbey]] founded in Wales
*1131–1138 [[Antipope Anacletus II]]
*1139 Catholic [[Second Lateran Council]]
*1140? [[Decretum Gratiani]], Catholic [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law]]
*1142 [[Peter Abélard]], [[Historia Calamitatum|Letters of Abelard and Heloise]]
*1144 The [[Saint Denis Basilica]] of [[Abbot Suger]] is the first major building in the style of [[Gothic architecture]]
*1154–1159 [[Pope Adrian IV]], first (and to date only) English pope
*1155 [[Theotokos of Vladimir]] arrives to [[Bogolyubovo, Vladimir Oblast|Bogolyubovo]]
*1155 [[Carmelites]] founded
*1163 Construction begins on [[Notre Dame de Paris]]
*1168 [[Conversion of Pomerania]] – [[Principality of Rugia]] missioned by [[Absalon]]
*1173 [[Waldensians]] founded
*1179 Catholic [[Third Lateran Council]]
*1191 [[Teutonic Knights]] founded
*1204–1261 [[Latin Empire]] of Constantinople
*1205 [[Saint Francis of Assisi]] becomes a [[hermit]], founding the [[Franciscan]] order of [[friar]]s; renounces wealth and begins his ministry
*1208 Start of the [[Albigensian Crusade]] against the [[Cathars]]
*1214 [[Rosary]] is reportedly given to [[St. Dominic]] (who founded [[Dominican Order]]) by an apparition of Mary
*1215 Catholic [[Fourth Lateran Council]] decrees special dress for Jews and Muslims, and declares [[Waldensians]], founded by Peter Waldo, as heretics. One of the goals is the elimination of the heresy of the [[Cathars]]
*1219 Francis of Assisi crosses enemy lines during the Fifth Crusade to speak to Sultan al-Kamil; the meeting ends with a meal. James of Vitry writes that Muslim soldiers returned Francis and another friar, Illuminato, "with signs of honor."<ref>Paul Moses, "Mission Improbable: St. Francis and the Sultan" ''Commonweal'' 25 September 2009, 16.</ref>
*1220–1263 St [[Alexander Nevsky]], holy patron of Russia
*1231 Charter of the [[University of Paris]] granted by [[Pope Gregory IX]]
*1241 [[Pope Gregory IX]] denounced as [[Antichrist]] by Eberhard II von Truchsees, [[Archbishopric of Salzburg|Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg]], at the Council of [[Regensburg]]
*1245 Catholic [[First Council of Lyon]]
*1252, May 15 [[Ad exstirpanda]]: [[Pope Innocent IV]] authorizes use of [[torture]] in [[Inquisitions]]
*1260 Date at which a 1988 Vatican sponsored scientific study places the origin of the [[Shroud of Turin]]
*1263, July 20–24 The [[Disputation of Barcelona]] is held at the royal palace of King James I of Aragon in the presence of the King, his court, and many prominent ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights, between a convert from Judaism to Christianity Dominican Friar [[Pablo Christiani]] and Rabbi [[Nachmanides]]
*1274 [[Summa Theologica|Summa Theologiae]], written by [[Thomas Aquinas]], theologian and philosopher, landmark systematic theology which later becomes official Catholic doctrine
*1274 Catholic [[Second Council of Lyon]]
*1291 Last Crusader city (Acre) falls to the Mamelukes

==Renaissance==
{{Main|Medieval history of Christianity#Late Middle Ages (1300–1499)}}
{{See also|Renaissance}}
* 1308–1321 The ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' (''Divina Commedia'') is written in the Tuscan dialect by [[Dante Alighieri]]; The most commonly accepted dates for its composition are: [[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]], written between 1307 and 1308; [[Purgatorio]], from 1307-1308 to 1313-1314; and [[Paradiso (Dante)|Paradiso]], from 1313-1314 to 1321 (the year of Dante's death). The epic poem is divided into three parts, each representing a journey through [[Hell]], [[Purgatory]], and [[Heaven]]
* 1307 The arrest of many of the Knights Templar, beginning confiscation of their property and extraction of confessions under torture
*1305–1378 [[Avignon Papacy]], Popes reside in Avignon, France
*1311–1312 Catholic [[Council of Vienne]] disbands [[Knights Templar]]
* 1314 [[Jacques de Molay]], last Grandmaster of the [[Knights Templar]], burned at the stake
*1326 [[Peter of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter]] moves his see from [[Kiev]] to Moscow
*1341–1351 Orthodox [[Fifth Council of Constantinople]]
*1342 [[Marsilius of Padua]]
*1345 [[Sergii Radonezhskii]] founds a hermitage in the woods, which grows into the [[Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra]]
*1378–1418 [[Western Schism]] in Roman Catholicism
*1380–1382 [[Wycliffe's Bible]], by [[John Wycliffe]], an eminent theologian at [[Oxford]], NT in 1380, OT (with the help of Nicholas of Hereford) in 1382, translated the New Testament into [[Middle English]], creating the first and complete English translation of the bible. The book included the [[deuterocanonical]] books and was marked by his criticisms of church abuses, anti-catholic views of the sacraments ([[Penance]] and [[Eucharist]]), the use of relics, and clerical celibacy. These views ultimately led to his excommunication by the church, and in 1428, long after his death, his remains were exhumed and burned as a heretic.

*1388 ''Twenty-five Articles'' of the [[Lollardy|Lollards]] published
*1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular, unless and until they are fully approved by church authority
*1409 [[Council of Pisa]] declares Roman [[Pope Gregory XII]] and [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII]] deposed, elected [[Pope Alexander V]] (called the Pisan Pope)
*1414–1418 Catholic [[Council of Constance]] asks Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, [[Antipope John XXIII|Pisan Pope John XXIII]] to resign their papal claims, then elects [[Pope Martin V]]; condemns John Wycliffe and [[Jan Hus]], who is burned at the stake
*1423–1424 [[Council of Siena]]
*1425 [[Old University of Leuven|Catholic University of Leuven]]
*1430? [[Andrei Rublev]], the greatest of medieval icon-painters
*1431 St. [[Joan of Arc]], French national heroine, burned at the stake
*1431–1445 Catholic [[Council of Basel|Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence]]
*1439 [[Notre-Dame de Strasbourg]], highest building in the world until 1874
*1452 [[Dum Diversas]], papal bull issued on 18 June 1452, credited with ushering in the West African slave trade in Europe and the New World
*1453 [[Fall of Constantinople]], overrun by [[Ottoman Empire]]
*1455 [[Gutenberg Bible]], first printed Bible, by [[Johann Gutenberg]]
*1473–1481 [[Sistine Chapel]] built
*1478 [[Spanish Inquisition]] established by [[Pope Sixtus IV]]
*1483 [[Martin Luther]] born in Eisleben
*1484 December 5, [[Summis desiderantes]] against [[Witchcraft]] issued by [[Pope Innocent VIII]]
*1487 Persecution and crusade against the [[Waldensians]] instigated by Pope Innocent VIII
*1492 [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] opens new continents to Christianity
*1498 [[Girolamo Savonarola]], Dominican priest, writes [[Bonfire of the Vanities]]
*1506 [[Pope Julius II]] orders the Old [[St. Peter's Basilica]] torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure (demolition completed in 1606); [[Swiss Guard|Vatican Swiss Guard]] founded
*1508–1512 [[Michelangelo]] frescoes the [[Sistine Chapel]]'s vaulted ceiling
*1510s A number of theologians in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] start to preach reformational ideas shortly before [[Martin Luther]], including [[Christoph Schappeler]] in [[Memmingen]] (1513), but fail to spark a larger movement
*1512–1517 Catholic [[Fifth Council of the Lateran]]: condemned [[Conciliarism]]

==Reformation==
{{See also|Reformation}}
*1517 The [[Ninety-five Theses]] of [[Martin Luther]], nailed to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, marked the beginning of the [[Reformation]] and the establishment of [[Lutheranism]]
*1518 [[Heidelberg Disputation]]: Martin Luther puts forth his [[Theology of the Cross]]
*1519 [[Leipzig Debate]] between Martin Luther and [[Johann Eck]]
*1519 [[Huldrych Zwingli]] begins the [[Reformed tradition]], sparking the [[Reformation in Switzerland]]
*1520 Luther publishes three monumental works, ''[[To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation]]'', ''[[On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church]]'', and ''[[On the Freedom of a Christian]]''
*1521 Luther refuses to recant his works at the [[Diet of Worms]]
*1521 Papal bull ''[[Decet Romanum Pontificem]]'' (''It Pleases the Roman Pontiff'') excommunicates Luther
*1521 [[Ferdinand Magellan]] claims the Philippines for Spain, first [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] and subsequent conversion to Catholicism, first in East Asia
*1522 Luther translated the Bible by himself, producing the German New Testament translation also known as the [[Luther Bible]].
*1524 [[De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio|The Freedom of the Will]] published by [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]]
*1525 [[On the Bondage of the Will]] published by Luther in response to Erasmus
*1525 [[Anabaptist]] movement begins
*1526 [[William Tyndale#Printed works|Tyndale's NT]], English NT translation from 1516 [[Textus Receptus|Greek text of Erasmus]], first printed edition, reflects influence of Luther's NT in rejecting priest for [[Elder (religious)|elder]], [[Christian Church|church]] for [[Wiktionary:congregation|congregation]], banned in 1546 by [[Henry VIII of England]]
*1526 Luther publishes his ''[[Deutsche Messe|German Mass]]'' and ''[[The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics]]'', his first written work against the [[Sacramentarians]]
*1528 [[Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein]], Lutheranism is officially adopted
*1528 Luther affirms the real presence of Christ's body and blood in his ''[[Confession Concerning Christ's Supper]]''
*1529 [[Marburg Colloquy]], Luther defends doctrine of Real Presence in discussion with Zwingli
*1530 [[Augsburg Confession]], first doctrinal statement of the [[Lutheran Church]]
*1531 [[Huldrych Zwingli]] is killed during the [[Second war of Kappel]]
*1531 ''[[Our Lady of Guadalupe]]'' in Mexico: According to tradition, when the roses fell from it the icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared imprinted on the cactus cloth. The sudden, extraordinary success of the evangelizing of ten million Indians in the decade of 1531–1541.
*1534 [[Henry VIII]] establishes new independent entity [[Church of England]], see also [[English Reformation]]
*1535–1537 [[Myles Coverdale]]'s Bible, used Tyndale's NT along with Latin and German versions, included [[Apocrypha]] at the end of the OT (like Luther's Bible of 1534) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal licence, but banned in 1546 by Henry VIII
*1535 [[Thomas More]] refuses to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be the supreme head of the Church in England, and is executed
*1535–1679 [[Forty Martyrs of England and Wales]]
*1536 [[Desiderius Erasmus]], eminent Dutch humanist and editor of the [[Textus Receptus]], dies
*1536 [[Tyndale]] put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform
*1536 [[Institutes of the Christian Religion]] written by [[John Calvin]] ([[Calvinism]])
*1536 [[John of Leiden]], fanatic Dutch Anabaptist
*1536 [[Jacob Hutter]], founder of [[Hutterites]]
*1536 [[Helvetic Confessions]] of the Reformed Churches of Switzerland
*1536–1540 [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in England, Wales and Ireland
*1536 [[Pilgrimage of Grace]]
*1536–1541 [[Michelangelo]] paints "The Last Judgement"
*1537 [[Christian III of Denmark]] decreed Lutheranism state religion of Norway and Denmark
*1537 Luther writes [[Smalcald Articles]]
*1537–1551 [[Matthew Bible]], by [[John Rogers (c.1500–1555)|John Rogers]], based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal licence but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
*1539–1569 [[Great Bible]], by [[Thomas Cromwell]], 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534–1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and [[Complutensian Polyglot]], last edition 1569, never denounced by England
*1540 [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] order founded by [[Ignatius of Loyola]], helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and south Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China
*1541 [[John Calvin]] returns to [[Geneva]]
*1542 [[Roman Inquisition]] established by [[Pope Paul III]]
*1542 [[Robert Bellarmine]] born – became a Cardinal Inquisitor under [[Pope Clement VIII]]
*1543 [[List of Parliaments of England#Parliaments of Henry VIII|Parliament of England]] bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation"
*1545–1563 Catholic [[Council of Trent]]: Counter-Reformation against Protestantism, clearly defined an official theology and biblical canon
*1549 Original [[Book of Common Prayer]] of the Church of England written by Thomas Cranmer
*1551 The [[Stoglav Church Council]] (One Hundred Chapters) Moscow, Russia
*1552 [[Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)|Joachim Westphal]] starts controversy against Calvinists, defending Lutheran doctrine of Real Presence
*1552 [[Francis Xavier]], Jesuit missionary, "Apostle of the Indies"
*1553 [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] founded at Vatican City
*1553 [[Michael Servetus]] founder of [[Unitarianism]], burned at the stake in Geneva
*1553–1558 Queen [[Mary I of England]] persecutes reformers: [[John Rogers (c.1500–1555)|John Rogers]], [[Hugh Latimer]], [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)|Nicholas Ridley]], [[Thomas Cranmer]]; of 238 burned at the stake
*1555 [[Peace of Augsburg]] gives religious freedom in Germany only to Lutheran Protestants
*1558 Church of England permanently reestablished after [[Mary I of England]] dies
*1559 Military [[Order of the Golden Spur]] founded by [[Pope Paul IV]]
*1560 [[Geneva Bible]], NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of [[Theodore Beza]]'s NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions, first Bible with chapter and verse numbers
*1560 [[Scots Confession]], [[Church of Scotland]], Scottish Reformation
*1560–1598 [[French Wars of Religion]]
*1560–1812 [[Goa Inquisition]], persecution of Hindus and Jews in India, see also [[Christianity in India]]
*1561 [[Menno Simons]], founder of [[Mennonites]]
*1563 [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of Church of England, also decreed Biblical canon
*1563 [[Heidelberg Catechism]] of [[Reformed churches]]
*1565-73 ''[[Examination of the Council of Trent]]'' by [[Martin Chemnitz]]
*1566 [[Roman Catechism]] and Index of Prohibited Books published
*1569 [[Metropolitan Philip]] of Moscow strangled by [[Malyuta Skuratov]]
*1570 [[Pope Pius V]] issued a bull ''[[Quo primum]]''; He standardised the [[Holy Mass]] by promulgating the [[Tridentine Mass|1570 edition of the Roman Missal]].
*1571 [[Dutch Reformed Church]] established
*1571 [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] saves Christian Europe; [[Pope Pius V]] organizes the Holy League led by Don Juan de Austria to defend Europe from the larger Islamic Ottoman forces (230 galleys and 56 galliots)
*1572 [[John Knox]] founds Scottish [[Presbyterian]] Church, due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
*1572–1606 [[Bishops' Bible]], a revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority
*1572 [[St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]]: Thousands of Protestants murdered in France
*1577 [[Formula of Concord]] adopted by German Lutherans
*1579 Discovery of the holiest Russian icon, ''[[Our Lady of Kazan]]''
*1580 [[Book of Concord]] of Lutheranism published
*1582 [[St Teresa of Avila]] dies
*1582 [[Gregorian calendar]] of [[Pope Gregory XIII]] adopted at different times in different regions of the world
*1582 Rheims New Testament published – it later became part of the 1610 [[Douay–Rheims Bible]]
*1585 Jesuit scholar [[Francisco Ribera]] publishes first futurist interpretation, of the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation
*1587 [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] expels Jesuits from [[Kyūshū]]
*1587? [[Mission Nombre de Dios|Mission Nombre De Dios]] in [[St. Augustine, Florida]], considered first Catholic mission to North America<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flspmissions.tripod.com/missions/5nombreDeDios.htm |title=NOMBRE DE DIOS Mission in Spanish La Florida |website=flspmissions.tripod.com |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*1588 [[Spanish Armada]] defeated in its efforts to reconquer England for Catholicism
*1589 [[Patriarch Jove|Metropolitan Jove]] is elected the first [[Patriarch of Moscow]]
*1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed
*1591 [[St John of the Cross]]
*1592 The [[Sixto-Clementine Vulgate|Clementine Vulgate]] of [[Pope Clement VIII]], replaced the [[Sistine Vulgate]] of 1590, the standard Latin Catholic Bible until the [[Second Vatican Council]]
*1596 [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic Church]] forms when Ukrainian subjects of the king of [[Poland]] are reunited with Rome's, largest [[Byzantine]] Catholic Church
*1598 [[Edict of Nantes]] grants toleration to French Protestants ([[Huguenots]])
*1600 [[Giordano Bruno]], Dominican priest, burned at the stake

==17th century==
{{See also|17th-century philosophy{{!}}Age of Reason}}
*1604 [[Fausto Paolo Sozzini]] [[Socinianism]]
*1606 [[Carlo Maderno]] redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross
*1607 [[Jamestown, Virginia]] founded
*1608 [[Quebec City]] founded by Samuel de Champlain
*1609 [[Baptist]] Church founded by [[John Smyth (Baptist minister)|John Smyth]], due to objections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation
*1609–1610 [[Douay–Rheims Bible]], 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate, NT is Rheims text of 1582
*1611 [[King James Version]] (Authorised Version) is published, based primarily on Tyndale's work and Bishop's Bible of 1572, first printings included separate Apocrypha between the testaments
*1614 [[Fama Fraternitatis]], the first [[Rosicrucian]] manifesto (may have been in circulation ca. 1610) presenting "The Fraternity of the [[Rose Cross]]"
*1615 [[Confessio Fraternitatis]], the second Rosicrucian manifesto describing the "Most Honorable Order" as Christian<ref>"What think you, loving people, and how seem you affected, seeing that you now understand and know, that we acknowledge ourselves truly and sincerely to profess Christ, condemn the Pope, addict ourselves to the true Philosophy, lead a Christian life (...)".</ref>
*1616 [[Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz]], the third Rosicrucian manifesto (an [[hermeticism|hermetic]] allegory presenting [[alchemy|alchemical]] and Christian elements)
*1618–1648 [[Thirty Years' War]]
*1620 [[Plymouth Colony]] founded by [[Puritans]]
*1622–1642 [[Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu]]
*1630 [[City upon a Hill]], sermon by [[John Winthrop]]
*1634–1637 ''[[Confessio catholica]]'' by Lutheran theologian [[Johann Gerhard]]
*1635 [[Roger Williams]] banished from [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], for advocating separation of church and state
*1636 Founding of what was later known as [[Harvard University]] as a training school for ministers – the first of thousands of institutions of Christian higher education founded in the USA
*1636–1638 [[Cornelius Jansen]], bishop of Ypres, founder of [[Jansenism]]
*1637–1638 [[Shimabara Rebellion]]
*1638 [[Anne Hutchinson]] banished as a heretic from Massachusetts
*1641 [[John Cotton (puritan)|John Cotton]], advocate of [[theonomy]], helps to establish the social constitution of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
*1642, 15 September – 27 October: [[Synod of Iași]] at [[Iași]]
*1643 [[Acta Sanctorum]]
*1643 [[John Campanius]] arrives in New Sweden
*1644 [[Rhode Island]] founded by [[Roger Williams]] as first colony to establish complete religious liberty
*1644 [[Long Parliament]] directs that only Hebrew canon be read in the Church of England (effectively removing the Apocrypha)
*1646 [[Westminster Standards]] produced by the Assembly, one of the first and undoubtedly the most important and lasting religious document drafted after the reconvention of the Parliament, also decrees Biblical canon
*1648 [[George Fox]] founds the [[Quaker]] movement
*1648 [[Peace of Westphalia|Treaty of Westphalia]] ends [[Thirty Years' War]], extends religious toleration to Calvinists
*1650 Bishop [[James Ussher]] calculates [[Ussher chronology|date of creation]] as October 23, 4004 BC
*1653–1656 [[Raskol]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]
*1653 [[Coonan Cross Oath]] at [[Mattancherry]] by [[Malankara Church]]
*1655–1677, [[Abraham Calovius]] publishes ''Systema Iocorum theologicorum'', height of [[Lutheran scholasticism]]
*1660–1685 King [[Charles II of England]], restoration of monarchy, continuing through [[James II of England|James II]], reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists
*1666 [[Paul Gerhardt]], Lutheran pastor and hymnwriter, is removed from his position as a pastor in [[St. Nicholas Church, Berlin|Nikolaikirche]] in Berlin, when he refuses to accept "syncretistic" edict of the Elector [[Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg]]
*1672 [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)|Synod of Jerusalem]]: decreed [[Biblical canon]]
*1675 [[Philipp Jakob Spener]] publishes ''Pia Desideria'', which becomes a manifesto for [[Pietism]]
*1678 [[John Bunyan]] publishes ''[[Pilgrim's Progress]]''
*1682 [[Avvakum]], leader of the [[Old Believers]], burned at the stake in the Far North of Russia
*1683 [[Roger Williams]], advocate of [[Separation of church and state]], founder of Providence, Rhode Island, dies
*1685 [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] outlaws Protestantism in France
*1685 [[James II of England]] baptizes his son as a Catholic
*1685 Orthodoxy introduced to Beijing by [[Russian Orthodox Church]]
*1688 '[[Glorious Revolution]]' overthrows [[James II of England]] over fears of Catholic restoration; [[William III of England|William of Orange]] takes English throne
*1689 [[English bill of rights|English Bill of Rights]] establishes religious liberty
*1692 [[Salem witch trials]] held in [[Colonial America]]
*1692–1721 [[Chinese Rites controversy]]
*1693 [[Jakob Amman]] founds [[Amish]] sect

==18th century==
{{See also|Age of Enlightenment}}
*1701 [[Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands]] splits with Roman Catholicism
*1706 [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]], missionary, arrives in [[Tranquebar]]
*1707 ''Examen theologicum acroamaticum'' by [[David Hollatz (dogmatician)|David Hollatz]]: the last great Lutheran doctrinal work before the Age of Enlightenment
*1718–1722 Orthodox Lutheran [[Valentin Ernst Löscher]] publishes ''The Complete Timotheus Verinus'' against [[Pietism]]
*1721 [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] substitutes Moscow Patriarchate with the [[Holy Synod]]
*1722 [[Hans Egede]], missionary, arrives in Greenland
*1728 [[The Vicar of Bray (song)]]
*1730–1749 [[First Great Awakening]] in U.S.
*1735 [[Welsh Methodist revival]]
*1738 [[Methodism|Methodist movement]], led by [[John Wesley]] and his hymn-writing brother [[Charles Wesley|Charles]], begins
*1740 [[Johann Phillip Fabricius]], missionary, arrives in [[South India]]
*1741 [[Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God]], famous [[Fire and brimstone]] sermon
*1741 [[George Frederick Handel]] performs his classic gospel oratorio "Messiah" for the first time
*1754 [[An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture]], by [[Isaac Newton]], published
*1767–1815 [[Suppression of the Jesuits]]
*1768 [[New Smyrna, Florida]], Greek Orthodox colony, founded
*1768 [[Hermann Samuel Reimarus|Reimarus]] dies without publishing his radical critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versus Christ of Faith
*1769 [[Mission San Diego de Alcalá]], first California mission
*1771 [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] publishes his "Universal Theology of the True Christian Religion", later used by others to found [[Swedenborgianism]]
*1774 [[Ann Lee]], leader of American [[Shakers]], emigrates to New York from England
*1774 [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] starts publishing Reimarus' works on historical Jesus as Anonymous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (in [[Christology]])
*1776–1788 [[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon's]] [[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]], critical of Christianity
*1776 [[Mission San Francisco de Asis|Mission Dolores]], San Francisco
*1779 [[Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom]]: "Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a religion by government officials is impious"
*1780 [[Robert Raikes]] begins [[Sunday school]]s to reach poor and uneducated children in England
*1784 American Methodists form [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] at so-called "Christmas Conference", led by bishops [[Thomas Coke (Methodist)|Thomas Coke]] and [[Francis Asbury]]
*1784 Roman Catholicism is introduced in [[Catholic Church in Korea|Korea]]
*1789–1815 [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]], [[Archdiocese of Baltimore]], first Roman Catholic US bishop
*1789–1801 [[Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution]]
*1791 [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]]: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"
*1793 [[Herman of Alaska]] brings Orthodoxy to Alaska
*1795 [[The Age of Reason]], written by Thomas Paine, advocates Deism
*1796 [[Treaty with Tripoli (1796)]], article 11: "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion"
*1800 [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] publishes his first book, beginning [[Liberal Christianity]] movement

==19th century==
{{See also|Industrial Revolution}}
*1801 [[Cane Ridge Revival]] in [[Cane Ridge, Kentucky]] initiates the [[Christians (Stone Movement)]] wing of the [[Restoration Movement]]
*1809 [[Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)]] wing of the [[Restoration Movement]] initiated with the publication of the ''[[Declaration and address|Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington]]''
*1815 [[Peter the Aleut]], orthodox Christian, tortured and martyred in Catholic San Francisco, California
*1816 Bishop [[Richard Allen (reverend)|Richard Allen]], a former slave, founds the [[Methodism|African Methodist Episcopal Church]], the first African-American denomination
*1817 [[Claus Harms]] publishes 95 theses against [[rationalism (theology)|rationalism]] and the [[Prussian Union of churches]]
*1819 [[Thomas Jefferson]] produces the [[Jefferson Bible]]
*1820, Spring: [[Joseph Smith|Joseph Smith Jr.]], founder of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], has his [[First Vision]]
*1824 English translation of [[Wilhelm Gesenius]]' ''...Handwörterbuch...'': Hebrew-English Lexicon, Hendrickson Publishers
*1827 [[Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg]] takes on the editorship of the ''Evangelische Kirchenzeitung'', the chief literary organ of the [[Neo-Lutheranism]]
*1828 [[Plymouth Brethren]] founded; promotes [[Dispensationalism]]
*1830 [[Catherine Laboure]] receives [[Miraculous Medal]] from the Blessed Mother in Paris, France
*1830 [[Charles Finney]]'s [[Christian revival|revivals]] lead to [[Second Great Awakening]] in America
*1830, April 6 the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)]] founded by [[Joseph Smith]]. [[Book of Mormon]] also published
*1831 [[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]] begins the Advent Movement, by preaching his first sermon on the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation
*1832 [[Christians (Stone Movement)]] and [[Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)]] merge to form the Stone-Campbell [[Restoration Movement]]
*1832, February 28: Persecution of [[Old Lutherans]]: by a royal decree all Lutheran worship is declared illegal in Prussia in favour of the [[Prussian Union of churches|Prussian Union]] agenda<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05642a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Evangelical Church |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*1833 John Keble's sermon "[[National Apostasy]]" initiates the [[Oxford Movement]] in England
*1838–1839 Saxon Lutherans objecting to [[rationalism (theology)|theological rationalism]] [[Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838–39|emigrate from Germany]] to the United States; settle in Perry County, Missouri. Leads to formation of the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]]
*1843 [[Disruption of 1843|Disruption of]]: schism within the [[State religion|established]] [[Church of Scotland]]
*1844 [[Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder]], missionary, arrives in Port Natal, South Africa
*1844 [[Lars Levi Laestadius]] experiences awakening—beginning of [[Laestadianism]]
*1844, June 27, [[Joseph Smith|Joseph Smith Jr.]], founder of the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]], murdered at [[Carthage, Illinois]]
*1844, October 22 [[Great Disappointment]]: false prediction of [[Second Coming|Second Coming of Christ]] by [[Millerites]]
*1844, December [[Ellen G. White]], co-founder and prophetess of the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], has her first vision
*1845 [[Southern Baptist Convention]] formed in Augusta, Georgia
*1846 [[Our Lady of La Salette]]
*1847 [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] founded in Chicago, Illinois
*1847 [[John Christian Frederick Heyer]], missionary, arrives in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
*1848 [[Epistle to the Easterners]] and [[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]] response
*1848 [[Oneida Community]] founded by [[John Humphrey Noyes]] in western [[New York state]]
*1849 [[Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe]] founds the first deaconess house in [[Neuendettelsau]], [[Bavaria]]
*1850 [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] founded in Milwaukee
*1853 [[Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] founded outside Madison, Wisconsin
*1854 Missionary [[Hudson Taylor]] arrives in China
*1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] defined as Catholic dogma
*1855 [[Søren Kierkegaard]], founder of [[Christian existentialism]]
*1855 [[Samuel Simon Schmucker]] begins attempt to replace the ''[[Augsburg Confession]]'' with the Definite Platform in the [[General Synod (Lutheran)|General Synod]], leading to schism in 1866
*1858 [[Bernadette Soubirous]] receives the first of 18 apparitions of ''[[Our Lady of Lourdes]]'' in Lourdes, France.
*1859 [[Ashbel Green Simonton]], missionary, arrives in Brazil and founds [[Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil]], the oldest Brazilian Protestant denomination
*1863 [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] officially formed 19 years after the [[Great Disappointment]]
*1865 Methodist preacher [[William Booth]] founds the [[Salvation Army]], vowing to bring the gospel into the streets to the most desperate and needy
*1866 [[General Council (Lutheran)]] formed by ten Lutheran synods in the United States
*1869–1870 Catholic [[First Vatican Council]] asserts doctrine of [[Papal Infallibility]] (rejected by [[Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland]])
*1870 Italy declares war on the [[Papal States]]; Italian Army enters Rome; Papal States cease to exist
*1871 Pontmain, France is saved from advancing German troops with the appearing of ''[[Our Lady of Hope]]''
*1871–1878 German [[Kulturkampf]] against Roman Catholicism
*1872 [[Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America]] organized
*1876 [[Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)]] founded
*1878 First translation of the New Testament into [[Batak languages|Batak]] by [[Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen]]
*1879 [[Knock, Ireland]] is location of apparition of ''[[Our Lady, Queen of Ireland]]''
*1879 [[Church of Christ, Scientist]] founded in Boston by [[Mary Baker Eddy]]
*1881–1894 [[Revised Version]], called for by Church of England, uses Greek based on [[Septuagint]] (B) and (S), Hebrew [[Masoretic Text]] used in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than [[King James Version of the Bible|AV]], includes [[Apocrypha]], scholarship never disputed
*1884 [[Charles Taze Russell]] founds [[Bible Student movement]]
*1885–1887 [[Uganda Martyrs]]
*1885 [[Baltimore Catechism]] published
*1886 [[Moody Bible Institute]] founded
*1886 [[Onesimos Nesib]] begins translation of the entire Bible into the [[Oromo language]]
*1886 [[Johann Flierl]], missionary, arrives in [[New Guinea]]
*1893 [[Luther Alexander Gotwald#Heresy trial|Heresy trial of Luther Alexander Gotwald]]
*1894 [[The Kingdom of God is Within You]], by [[Leo Tolstoy]], start of [[Christian anarchism]]
*1897 [[Christian flag]] conceived in Brooklyn, New York
*1899 [[Gideons International]] founded
*1900 Eastern Orthodoxy is introduced in Korea<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publicorthodoxy.org/2017/08/30/korea-another-threat/ |title=KOREA: FACING ANOTHER THREAT… |website=publicorthodoxy.org |access-date=30 August 2007}}</ref>

==20th century==
{{Main|Christianity in the 20th century}}
*1902 [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala]], [[Indian Orthodox Church]] dies
*1902 The proclamation of the [[Philippine Independent Church]]
*1903 First group baptism at Sattelberg Mission Station under [[Christian Keyser]] in [[New Guinea]] paves way for mass conversions during the following years
*1904 [[1904–1905 Welsh Revival|Welsh revival]]
*1904 [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil]] – ''Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil'' – is founded on June 24 in São Pedro do Sul city, State Rio Grande do Sul
* [[1905 French law on the separation of Church and State]]
*1906 [[Albert Schweitzer]] publishes ''The Quest of the Historical Jesus'' (English translation 1910)
*1906 [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|Biblia Hebraica]]
*1906–1909 [[Azusa Street Revival]] in Los Angeles, California begins modern [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal movement]]
*1907 The [[Church of God in Christ]] is formed as a Pentecostal body
*1907–1912 [[Nicholas of Japan]], Archbishop of [[Japanese Orthodox Church]]
*1908 [[Church of the Nazarene]] founded in Pilot Point, Texas
*1909 [[Scofield Reference Bible]] published
*1909–1911 [[The Rosicrucian Fellowship]], an international association of [[Esoteric Christianity|Esoteric Christian mystics]], founded at [[Mount Ecclesia]]
*1910 [[Christian Congregation in Brazil]] founded in [[Santo Antônio da Platina]], Brazil by Italo-American Louis Francescon. It begins Pentecostalism in Brazil and South America
*1910 [[Edinburgh Missionary Conference]] launches modern [[Mission (Christian)|missions movement]] and modern [[Christian ecumenism|ecumenical movement]]; 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly also used by Fundamentalists
*1910–1915 [[The Fundamentals]], a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and American scholars and preachers, forms foundation of [[Fundamentalism]]
*1912 Re-establishment of [[Catholicate of the East]] of [[Indian Orthodox Church]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. [[Baselios Paulose II]] as the [[Catholicose of the East]].
*1913 [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]
*1914 [[Welsh Church Act 1914]]
*1914 [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] incorporated in the Philippines by its founder Felix Y. Manalo
*1914 [[Paul Olaf Bodding]] completes his translation of the Bible into the [[Santali language]]
*1915 [[Ellen G. White]], co-founder and prophetess of the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], dies
*1915–1923 The [[Armenian genocide]] occurs
*1916 [[Father Divine]] founds [[International Peace Mission movement]]
*1916 [[And did those feet in ancient time]]
*1917 [[Heinrich Hansen (theologian)|Heinrich Hansen]] publishes [[Lutheran]] [[High Church Lutheranism|Evangelical Catholic]] theses ''[[Stimuli et Clavi]]''
*1917 ''[[Our Lady of Fatima]]'' appears [[Marian apparitions]] to 3 young people, in Fátima, Portugal – Jacinta Marto, Francisco Marto and Lúcia Santos ("[[Sister Lucia]]")
*1917, 13 October: [[Miracle of the Sun]] is witnessed by as many as 100,000 people in the Cova da Iria fields near Fátima, Portugal ("How the Sun Danced at Midday at Fátima")
*1917 Restitution of the [[Moscow Patriarchy]] with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch
*1917 [[True Jesus Church]] founded in Beijing
*1918 Execution of Holy Martyrs of Russia, including the last tsar, [[Nicholas II]], and his wife, [[Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse|Alexandra Feodorovna]], by the Communists
*1918 [[United Lutheran Church in America]] founded
*1919 [[Karl Barth]]'s ''Commentary on Romans'' is published, critiquing [[Liberal Christianity]] and beginning the [[Neo-orthodoxy|neo-orthodox movement]]
*1920 [[Mount Ecclesia|The Ecclesia]], an [[Esoteric Christianity|Esoteric Christian]] Temple, is erected and dedicated on Christmas Day (December 25)
*1921 [[Oxford Group]] founded at Oxford
*1922 [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] founded
*1922 ''[[The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments, a New Translation]]'' by [[James Moffatt]] published
*1923 [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] builds [[Angelus Temple]]
*1924 First religious radio station in the U.S., [[KFUO (AM)]], founded
*1925 [[Scopes Trial]] 
*1925 [[United Church of Canada]] formed
*1925 [[St. Therese of Lisieux]] canonized
*1925 The ''[[World Conference of Life and Work]]'' is held in [[Stockholm]], Sweden
*1926 Father [[Charles Coughlin]]'s first radio broadcast
*1926–1929 [[Cristero War]] in Mexico: The Constitution of 1917 brings persecution of Christian practices and anti-clerical laws – approximately 4,000 Catholic priests are expelled, assassinated or executed
*1927 [[Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly]] founds the Congregation of ''[[Sisters of the Destitute]]''
*1927 [[Pope Pius XI]] decrees [[Comma Johanneum]] open to dispute
*1929 [[Lateran Treaty]] signed, containing three agreements between kingdom of Italy and the papacy
*1929 [[Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly]] dies
*1929 [[Voice of Prophecy]] radio ministry founded by Seventh-day Adventist pastor H.M.S. Richards Sr.
*1930 [[Rastafari movement]] founded
*1930 Old [[American Lutheran Church (1930)|American Lutheran Church]] founded
*1930 [[The Lutheran Hour]] begins with [[Walter A. Maier]] as speaker
*1931 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] formally separate from the Bible Student movement
*1931 [[Christ the Redeemer (statue)]] built in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
*1932 [[Franz Pieper]]'s ''A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod'' adopted by the LCMS
*1932 [[Marian apparitions]] to five school children in [[Beauraing]], Belgium as ''Lady Virgin of the Poor''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marypages.com/beauraingEng.htm |title=Beauraing 1932 |website=www.marypages.com |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*1933 [[Catholic Worker Movement]] founded
*1933 ''[[The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts]]'' by [[George Lamsa]] published
*1934 [[Herbert W. Armstrong]] founds [[Radio Church of God]]
*1935 [[Gunnar Rosendal]] publishes [[High Church Lutheran|Lutheran High Church]] manifesto ''[[Kyrklig förnyelse]]''
*1935 Dr. [[Frank C. Laubach]], known as "The Apostle to the Illiterates", working in the Philippines, develops a literacy program that continues to teach millions of people to read
*1935 [[Alfred Rahlfs|Alfred Rahlf]]'s critical edition of the [[Koine Greek]] [[Septuagint]] published
*1935 [[Billy Sunday]], early U.S. radio evangelist, dies
*1938 First [[Debbarma]] Christian, Manindra Debbarma, is baptized at [[Agartala]]
*1938 [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]] established at Laxmilunga, [[Tripura]]
*1939 Southern and Northern US branches of the Methodist Episcopal Church, along with the Methodist Protestant Church, reunite to form [[The Methodist Church (USA)|The Methodist Church]] (slavery had divided the church in the 19th century)
*1940 [[Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos]], world's largest cross, 152.4 meters high
*1942 [[National Association of Evangelicals]] founded
*1945 On the [[Feast of the Annunciation]], "Our Lady" appears to a simple woman, Ida Peerdeman, in Amsterdam. This is the first of 56 appearances as "Our Lady of All Nations",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laudate.org/ |title=The Lady of All Nations – Family of Mary |website=www.laudate.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> which took place between 1945 and 1959.
*1945 [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] is executed by the Nazis
*1945 [[Ludwig Müller (theologian)|Ludwig Müller]]
*1945 The [[Nag Hammadi library]] is discovered
*1946–1952 [[Revised Standard Version]], revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in English usage
*1947 ''Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism'' by [[Carl F. H. Henry]], a landmark of Evangelicalism versus Fundamentalism in US
*1947 [[Oral Roberts]] founds the Evangelistic Association
*1947 [[Dead Sea scrolls]] discovered
*1947 [[Lutheran World Federation]] founded
*1948 [[World Council of Churches]] is founded
*1948 [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel]], see also [[Christian Zionism]]
*1949 Evangelist [[Billy Graham]] preaches his first [[Los Angeles Crusade (1949)|Los Angeles crusade]]
*1949, October 2: Saint John Evangelical Lutheran Community – Comunidade Evangélica Luterana São João da Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil – is founded in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul
*1950 First part of the ''Common Confession'' between the [[American Lutheran Church]] and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod is adopted, resulting in the schism of the [[Orthodox Lutheran Conference]]
*1950 ''New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures'' released
*1950 [[Assumption of Mary]] decreed by [[Pope Pius XII]]
*1950 [[Missionaries of Charity]] founded by [[Mother Teresa]]
*1951 Bishop [[Fulton Sheen]] (1919–1979) debuts his television program ''[[Life is Worth Living]]'' on the [[DuMont Television Network|DuMont Network]], a half hour lecture program on [[Roman Catholic theology]] that remained the number one show on U.S. television for its time slot, winning several [[Emmy]]s until Sheen ended the program in 1957
*1951 ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (novel)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]'', a fictional account of the life of Jesus written by [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], wherein Christ's divinity is juxtaposed with his humanity, is published, and promptly banned in many countries
*1951 [[Campus Crusade for Christ]] founded at [[UCLA]]
*1952 [[Novum Testamentum Graece]], critical edition of Greek NT, basis of modern translations,  published
*1952 [[C. S. Lewis]]' [[Mere Christianity]] published
*1954 [[Unification Church]] founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon, under the name Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (acronym HSA-UWC)
*1956 [[Anchor Bible Series]]
*1956 [[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)]]
*1956 [[It Is Written]] television ministry founded by Seventh-day Adventist pastor [[George Vandeman]]
*1957 [[United Church of Christ]] founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans
*1957 English translation of [[Walter Bauer]]'s ''Wörterbuch ...'': A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, University of Chicago Press
*1958 [[Sedevacantism]], the belief that the office of the pope is vacant, begins with the death of [[Pope Pius XII]]
*1959 [[Family Radio]] founded by [[Harold Camping]]
*1959 [[Franz Pieper]]'s ''A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod'' reaffirmed by the LCMS
*1960 Merger creates the "new" [[American Lutheran Church]]
*1960 [[John F. Kennedy]] becomes the first [[Roman Catholic]] to be elected [[President of the United States]]
*1961 [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]] published
*1961 [[Christian Broadcasting Network]] founded by [[Pat Robertson]]
*1962 [[Engel v. Vitale]], first U.S. Supreme Court decision against [[School prayer]]
*1962 [[Karl Rahner]], [[Joseph Ratzinger]], [[Yves Congar]], [[John Courtney Murray]], [[Hans Küng]] among others appointed "periti" for upcoming Second Vatican Council. Rahner famous for paraphrasing Augustine's axiom: "Many whom God has the Church does not have; and many whom the Church has, God does not have."
*1962–1965 Catholic [[Second Vatican Council]], announced by [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1959, produces 16 documents which become official Roman Catholic teaching after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us"
*1963 [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] leads a civil rights march in Washington, D.C.
*1963 A campaign by atheist [[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]] results in U.S. Supreme Court ruling prohibiting reading of Bible in public schools
*1963 [[Oral Roberts University]] founded
*1963 [[Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America]] dissolves in schism
*1963 New Testament of [[Beck's American Translation]] completed, thousands of copies distributed through [[The Lutheran Hour]]
*1965 Reginald H. Fuller's ''[[The Foundations of New Testament Christology]]''
*1965 [[Rousas John Rushdoony]] founds [[Chalcedon Foundation]]
*1965 ''[[Nostra aetate]]'' declaration promulgated at Vatican II that repudiates the charge of deicide against Jews
*1966 Roman Catholic Index of Prohibited Books abolished
*1966 [[Raymond E. Brown]]'s ''Commentary on the Gospel of John''
*1967 [[Lutheran Council in the United States of America]] organized
*1968 In Zeitoun, Egypt, a bright image of the Virgin Mary as ''[[Our Lady of Zeitoun]]'' was seen over the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Demiana for over a 3-year period.
*1968 [[United Methodist Church]] formed with union of [[Methodist Church (USA)|Methodist Church]] and [[Evangelical United Brethren Church]], becoming the largest [[Methodism|Methodist/Wesleyan]] church in the world
*1968 [[Troy Perry]] established the first congregation of what later became the [[Metropolitan Community Church]], first denomination formed for LGBT people
*1970s The [[Jesus movement]] begins in the U.S.
*1970 [[Mass of Paul VI]] replaces [[Tridentine Mass]]
*1970 [[The Late, Great Planet Earth]], futurist book by [[Hal Lindsey]], published
*1970? [[Chick Publications]] founded
*1971 [[New American Standard Bible]] published
*1971 [[Liberty University]] founded by [[Jerry Falwell Sr.|Jerry Falwell]]
*1972 Most Lutheran free churches in Germany merge, forming the [[Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church]]
*1972, William Johnson becomes first openly gay man ordained by the [[United Church of Christ]]
*1973, June 12: Near the city of [[Akita, Akita|Akita]],  received a [[Marian apparition]] known as [[Our Lady of Akita]] in which three messages were given to her over a period 5 months<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newjerusalem.com/akita1.htm |title=Messages of Our Lady at Akita Japan |website=www.newjerusalem.com |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108022926/http://www.newjerusalem.com/akita1.htm|archive-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
*1973 [[Trinity Broadcasting Network]] founded by Paul and Jan Crouch
*1973 [[New International Version]] of the Bible is first published (revised in 1978, 1984), using a variety of Greek texts, Masoretic Hebrew texts, and current English style
*1973 Walkout at [[Concordia Seminary]] begins the [[Seminex]] controversy in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
*1974 [[Jim Bakker]] founds PTL television ministry
*1975 [[Bruce Metzger]]'s ''Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' published
*1976 [[Anneliese Michel]], Bavarian woman, undergoes [[exorcism]] against demon possession
*1976 Suicide by self-immolation of East German pastor [[Oskar Brüsewitz]], leads to mass protests against communism
*1977 [[New Perspective on Paul]] movement begun with [[E. P. Sanders]]' 1977 work ''Paul and Palestinian Judaism''.
*1977 [[Focus on the Family]] founded by [[James Dobson]]
*1978 [[Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]] issued
*1978–2005 [[Pope John Paul II]]: reaffirmed moral traditions (''The Splendor of Truth'')
*1979 [[Nova Vulgata]] replaces [[Clementine Vulgate]]
*1979 [[Moral Majority]] founded by Jerry Falwell
*1979 [[Jesus (1979 film)]], most watched movie of all time according to New York Times
*1979–1982? [[New King James Version]], complete revision of the 1611 [[Authorized King James Version|Authorized (King James) Version]], updates archaisms while retaining style
*1980 Glacier View Conference: Seventh-day Adventist pastor and professor [[Desmond Ford]] is defrocked for questioning the sanctuary doctrine of the church, in a 1979 lecture at Pacific Union College
*1981 [[Kibeho]], Rwanda, reported that "Our Lady" appeared to several teenagers telling them to pray to avoid "rivers of blood" (Marian apparitions)<ref>[http://faithofthefathersapparitions.blogspot.com/2006/03/our-lady-of-kibeho.html APPROVED APPARITIONS: Our Lady of Kibeho<!-- Bot generated title -->] faithofthefathersapparitions.blogspot.com This was an ominious foreshadowing of the Rwanda Genocide of 1994.</ref>
*1981 [[Mother Angelica]] launches [[EWTN]]; it grows to become one of the largest television networks in the world; the operation expands to radio in 1992
*1981 [[Institute on Religion and Democracy]] is founded
*1981 [[Pope John Paul II]] shot by Mehmet Ali Agca; survives and later forgives him
*1982 [[Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics]]
*1985 [[Jesus Seminar]] founded
*1985 [[E. P. Sanders]]' ''Jesus and Judaism'' published
*1986 [[Chicago Statement on Biblical Application]]
*1986 Dutch [[Remonstrant Brotherhood]] becomes the first Protestant church worldwide to approve seme-sex marriage.
*1986 [[Desmond Tutu]] becomes Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; joins anti-apartheid movement 
*1987 [[Danvers Statement]] – Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
*1988 [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] founded
*1988 [[Lutheran Council in the United States of America]] dissolved
*1988 [[Christian Coalition of America|Christian Coalition]] founded by Pat Robertson
*1988 [[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]], directed by [[Martin Scorsese]], is released by [[Universal Pictures]], and promptly attacked as heretical by organized Christian and Catholic groups
*1988 The celebration of 1,000 years since the [[baptism of Kievan Rus]] throughout the R.O.C.
*1988 Assemblies of God pastor Jimmy Swaggart caught in sex scandal
*1989 [[New Revised Standard Version]]
*1991 John P. Meier's series ''[[A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus]]'', v. 1
*1992 New [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] published
*1993 [[Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference]] founded
*1993 [[International Lutheran Council]] founded
*1994 "Evangelicals & Catholics Together"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9405/articles/mission.html |title=Evangelicals and Catholics Together |website=www.leaderu.com |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*1994 [[Porvoo Communion]]
*1994 [[Answers In Genesis]] founded by Ken Ham
*1994, July 3: Glorification of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco
*1996 Cambridge Declaration – Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alliancenet.org/ |title=Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals, Inc |website=www.alliancenet.org |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*1997, March 5–10: [http://wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/faith/easter.html World Council of Churches: Towards a Common Date for Easter], see also [[Reform of the date of Easter]]
*1999 [http://www.ihop.org/ International House of Prayer] in Kansas City begins non-stop 24/7 [[continual prayer]]
*1999, October 31: signing of the [[Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification]] between the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church
*1999 Gospel of Jesus Christ – An Evangelical Celebration; a consensus Gospel endorsed by various evangelical leaders including J.I. Packer, John Ankerberg, Jerry Falwell, Thomas C. Oden, R.C. Sproul, Wayne Grudem, Charles Swindoll, et al.
*1999 [[Radical orthodoxy]] Christian theological movement begins, critiquing modern secularism and emphasizing the return to traditional doctrine; similar to the [[Paleo-orthodoxy]] Christian theological movement of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which sees the consensual understanding of the faith among the [[Church Fathers]] as the basis of Biblical interpretation and the foundation of the Church
*2000 [[Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ]] founded in schism from [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] (ELCA) over fellowship with the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]]
*2000 Visions of the Virgin Mary are reported in [[Assiut]], Upper Egypt;<ref>[http://www.zeitun-eg.org/iol31-8.htm Virgin Mary 'appears over Egyptian church'], Independent Online – South Africa, August 31, 2000</ref> phenomena associated to Mary is reported again in 2006, in a church at the same location during the [[Alexandrian Rite|Divine Liturgy]].<ref>[http://www.zeitun-eg.org/assiut2006.htm Holy Lights in Assiut: Apparition in Assiut: Eyewitness Account], Upper Egypt www.zeitun-eg.org March/April 2006, accessed 2024-11-13</ref> Local Coptic priests and then the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] of Assiut issue statements in 2000 and 2006 respectively

==21st century==
{{Main|Christianity in the 21st century}}
*2001 [[Armenia]] marks 1,700th anniversary of [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Christianity]] as its state religion (First country to adopt [[Christianity]] as its state religion – [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] – 301 AD)
*2003 [[Mission Province]] is established in [[Church of Sweden]]: heralding a new era for [[confessional Lutheran]]ism in Scandinavia
*2003 – Publication of ''[[Back To Jerusalem]] Called to Complete the Great Commission''
*2003 – Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims, resulting in thousands of conversions
*2005 Death of [[Pope John Paul II]], election of [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
*2005 [[United Church of Christ]] becomes first Protestant denomination to support [[same-sex marriage]] in the U.S., and one of the first denominations worldwide to do so
*2006 [[Legion of Christ]] begins to rapidly decline following the [[Sexual scandal of Marcial Maciel|disgrace]] of its founder [[Marcial Maciel]]
*2006 [[World Methodist Council]] votes unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification
*2006 [[Abdul Rahman (convert)|Abdul Rahman]], an Afghan Christian convert, is forced out of Afghanistan by local Muslim leaders and exiled to Italy
*2006 [[Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism]], signed by several Christian denominations in the Middle East, criticizes the doctrine as associating the Gospel with imperialism and militarism 
*2007 [[American Association of Lutheran Churches]] and LCMS declare pulpit and altar fellowship
*2007, May 17: [[Russian Orthodox Church]] is [[Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate|reunified after 80 years of schism]] with [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]], a formerly [[True Orthodoxy|True Orthodox]] sect that officially became semi-Autonomous
*2007 [[Pope Benedict XVI]] issues his motu proprio ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'', which liberalized the use of the [[traditional Latin Mass]]
*2008 Conservative [[Anglican Church|Anglicans]] indicate plans to split from liberal Anglicans in "The Jerusalem Declaration"
*2009 [[Father Damien|Damien]] of Molokai canonized; apostle to lepers
*2009, August 21: [[2009 ELCA Churchwide Assembly|Minneapolis Churchwide Assembly]] of the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|ELCA]] passes four ministry policy resolutions that permit clergy in committed homosexual partnerships to be rostered leaders within the ELCA
*2009 [[Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly]] declared [[Servant of God]]
*2009 ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience]]'' is issued, signed by over 150 American religious leaders
*2009 [[Anglican Church in North America]] is founded by former Episcopalian churches
*2009 Pope Benedict XVI issues apostolic constitution ''[[Anglicanorum coetibus]]'', establishing [[personal ordinariates]] for [[Anglican Use]] Catholics
*2010 [[Lutheran CORE]] creates [[North American Lutheran Church]] in schism from the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|ELCA]]
*2010, October 31: Attack on Baghdad church results in 52 deaths<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11666557 "Eyewitness: Baghdad church siege"], 1 November 2010, www.bbc.com, accessed 2024-11-13</ref>
*2011, January 1: A church in [[Alexandria, Egypt]], [[2011 Alexandria bombing|is bombed]], killing 21 people, mostly Christians
*2011 Martyrdom of [[Shahbaz Bhatti]], Pakistani politician, the only Christian elected member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], and outspoken critic of [[Blasphemy law in Pakistan|Pakistan's blasphemy laws]]
*2012: [[ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians]] established by former members of the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]]
*2013, March: [[Pope Francis]], an Argentinean, becomes the first non-European pope in modern times, first pope from the Jesuit order, the first pope from the Americas, and the first pope from the Southern Hemisphere
*2014 No Mass is said in [[Mosul]] for the first time in 1,600 years due to the city's [[Fall of Mosul|fall]] to [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]]
*2015: Catholicos [[Karekin II]] [[Canonization|canonizes]] 1.5 million Armenians killed in [[Armenian genocide]] as [[martyrs]]
*2015 [[2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya|Coptic Martyrs in Libya]]
*2016, June 19 – June 26: The [[Pan-Orthodox Council]] at [[Crete]]
*2016: Four cardinals issue ''[[Amoris laetitia#Dubia|dubia]]'', asking Pope Francis to clarify his statements on divorced and civilly remarried couples receiving Holy Communion
*2018: Archbishop [[Carlo Maria Viganò]] accuses Pope Francis of removing sanctions placed on then-Cardinal [[Theodore McCarrick]]
*2018: Pope Francis [[China–Holy See relations#September 2018 Holy See–China Agreement|signs agreement]] allowing [[Chinese Communist Party]] to appoint bishops while crackdown on [[Chinese Catholics]] continues
*2018, early October: [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] decides to grant autocephaly to the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] on January 6, 2019. See [[Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine]]
*2018, October 15: [[Russian Orthodox Church]] announces [[2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism|break in relations]] with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople over objections of communion with the formerly noncanonical Ukrainian Orthodox Churches
*2018, December 15: [[Unification council of the Eastern Orthodox churches of Ukraine|Unification council]] merges former Ukrainian Orthodox Churches of [[UOC-KP]], [[UAOC]], and parts of [[UOC-MP]] into the unified [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]]
*2020, March: Public masses suspended in cities around the world due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]
*2021, July 12: [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]] ([[Catholicose of the East]] and [[Malankara Metropolitan]]) Supreme Head of the [[Indian Orthodox Church]], dies
*2025, May: [[Pope Leo XIV]], an American, becomes the first pope from North America, first pope from Peru, and first pope from the Order of Saint Augustine

==See also==
{{Portal|History|Christianity}}
* [[Biblical canon#New Testament|Books of the Bible]]
* [[Christ myth theory]]
* [[Chronology of the Bible]]
* [[Great Church]]
* [[History of ancient Israel and Judah]]
* [[Timeline of Christian missions]]
* [[Timeline of the Catholic Church]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Sources==
*''Academic American Encyclopedia'' (on Compuserve)
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03731a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': Biblical Chronology]
*English Versions of the Bible by John Berchmans Dockery O.F.M.
*''Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary''
*''World Almanac and Book of Facts''

==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08344a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)]
*[http://www.christianhistoryproject.org/ Christian History Project] Online Version of the 12-Volume Popular History Series ''The Christians : Their First Two Thousand Years'', Sponsored by the Society to Explore and Record Christian History
*Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant1.html Antiquities of the Jews], earlyjewishwritings.com
*Flavius Josephus: [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war1.html Early Jewish Writings- The Wars Of The Jews], earlyjewishwritings.com
*[http://home.snu.edu/~HCULBERT/line.htm Missions time line] – Important events, locations, people and movements in World Evangelism
*[[Orthodoxwiki:Timeline of Church History|OrthodoxWiki: Timeline of Church History]] (from the Orthodox POV)
*[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html St. Ignatius Church: Timeline] (from the Orthodox POV)

{{Timeline of religion}}
{{Christian History}}
{{Christianity footer}}
{{Jesus footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Christianity}}
[[Category:Timelines of Christianity| ]]