View source for Tigray People's Liberation Front

{{Short description|Left-wing nationalist political party in Ethiopia}}
{{redirect|Woyane|the original (1943) movement|Woyane rebellion}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Tone|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox political party
| native_name      = ህዝባዊ ወያነ ሓርነት ትግራይ
| native_name_lang = ti
| flag             = Flag of the Tigray People's Liberation Front.svg
| logo             = Emblem Of Tigray People's Liberation Front.svg
| logo_size        = 150px
| colorcode        = #D52D3A
| abbreviation     = TPLF
| chairman         = [[Debretsion Gebremichael]]
| leader1_title    = Deputy Chairman
| leader1_name     = [[Fetlework Gebregziabher]]
| leader2_title    = Spokesman
| leader2_name     = [[Getachew Reda]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2020 |title=Getachew Reda talks about the state of war situation in Tigray |url=https://borkena.com/2020/11/07/getachew-reda-talks-about-the-state-of-war-situation-in-tigray/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119083204/https://borkena.com/2020/11/07/getachew-reda-talks-about-the-state-of-war-situation-in-tigray/ |archive-date=19 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
| foundation       = 18 February 1975
| headquarters     = [[Mekelle]]
| newspaper        = ''Weyin'' ({{lang|ti|ወይን}})
| membership_year  = 1991
| youth_wing       = 
| membership       = 100,000
| ideology         = {{plainlist|class=nowrap|
*[[Tigrayan nationalism]]<ref name="Tefera Negash Gebregziabher 2019 463–484">{{Cite journal |last=Tefera Negash Gebregziabher |year=2019 |title=Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making? |journal=African Affairs |volume=118 |issue=472 |pages=463–484 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adz005 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line--> |date=1 June 1990 |title=Napalm statt Hirse |language=de |trans-title=Napalm instead of millet |work=Die Zeit |url=https://www.zeit.de/1990/23/napalm-statt-hirse/komplettansicht |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613212518/https://www.zeit.de/1990/23/napalm-statt-hirse/komplettansicht |archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Kriege ohne Grenzen und das "erfolgreiche Scheitern" der Staaten am Horn von Afrika |trans-title=Wars without borders and the 'successful failure' of the states in the Horn of Africa |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2008_S26_web_ks.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228040603/https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2008_S26_web_ks.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik |location=Berlin |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Parlamentswahlen in Äthiopien">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Parlamentswahlen in Äthiopien |trans-title=Parliamentary elections in Ethiopia |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/10551/ssoar-afrspectrum-2005-2-smidt-parlamentswahlen_in_athiopien.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203193630/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/10551/ssoar-afrspectrum-2005-2-smidt-parlamentswahlen_in_athiopien.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=Social Science Open Access Repository |language=de}}</ref>
*[[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front#Revolutionary democracy|Revolutionary democracy]]<ref name="aa">Tefera Negash Gebregziabher, Ideology and power in TPLF’s Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?, ''African Affairs'', Volume 118, Issue 472, July 2019, Pages 463–484, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adz005 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207224557/https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/118/472/463/5505401 |date=7 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Bogdan |first= J Szajkowski |date= 2005 |title= Political Parties of the World |url= https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0000unse_c5d1/mode/2up |publisher= John Harper Publishing |page= 208 |isbn= 978-0-9543811-4-1 |access-date= 2025-02-24 |quote= the TPLF's original aim of creating a "popular revolutionary democracy".}}</ref>
*[[Revolutionary socialism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Don't Let Ethiopia Become the Next Yugoslavia |date=15 January 2019 |first=Florian |last=Bieber |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/15/dont-let-ethiopia-become-the-next-yugoslavia-abiy-ahmed-balkans-milosevic-ethnic-conflict-federalism/ |website=foreignpolicy.com |quote="Likewise, Ethiopia has been ruled for decades by the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition of mostly ethnoregional political parties, dominated by the socialist Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF). Both combined nondemocratic traits with ethnofederalism."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia China's Gateway to Africa |date=21 December 2021 |first=Seyedmohammad |last=Seyedi |url=https://www.ankasam.org/ethiopia-chinas-gateway-to-africa/?lang=en |website=ankasam.org |quote="However, the friction between the socialist Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), which was active in Ethiopian politics until 2019, and the Ethiopian Federal Government, has deepened since last year, especially due to the postponement of the elections."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tefera Negash Gebregziabher |year=2019 |title=Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making? |journal=African Affairs |volume=118 |issue=472 |pages=463–484 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adz005 |doi-access=free |quote="Adopting the ideological jargon of ‘revolutionary democracy’, the party leadership managed to come up with an ideology to maintain its power position in the party, not necessarily changing its core socialist values."}}</ref>
*[[Ethnic federalism#Ethiopia|Ethnic federalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zenawism as ethnic-federalism |url=https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919120643/https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>
*[[Left-wing nationalism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/tigray-peoples-liberation-front-tplf/t-64351838 |title=Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) |website=dw.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making? |doi=10.1093/afraf/adz005 |first=Tefera Negash |last=Gebregziabher |journal=African Affairs |volume=118 |issue=472 |date=July 2019 |pages=463–484 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[Left-wing populism]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4006983 | jstor=4006983 | title=TPLF: Reform or Decline? | last1=Tadesse | first1=Medhane | last2=Young | first2=John | journal=Review of African Political Economy | date=31 March 2024 | volume=30 | issue=97 | pages=389–403 }}</ref>
}}
'''Historical:'''{{plainlist|
*[[Communism]]<ref>{{cite thesis |title=A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia |location=Amsterdam |year=2008 |first=Aregawi |last=Berhe |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/77594970/complete+dissertation.pdf |publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |page=192 |quote="Almost all leaders of the TPLF thought of themselves as Marxist revolutionaries. Among them, an informal group which later named itself the ‘communist core’ within the TPLF was constituted by Abbay Tsehaye, Meles Zenawi and Sibhat Nega."}}</ref>
*[[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name="aa" /><ref>{{cite book |last= Bogdan |first= J Szajkowski |date= 2005 |title= Political Parties of the World |url= https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0000unse_c5d1/mode/2up |publisher= John Harper Publishing |page= 207 |isbn= 978-0-9543811-4-1 |access-date= 2025-02-24 |quote= TPLF had long subscribed to Marxist-Leninist ideology… Originally formed as a Marxist-Leninist party in 1975, the TPLE pursued a separatist goal for Tigre Province until the late 1980s.}}</ref>
*[[Hoxhaism]]<ref name="aa" />
*[[Tigray Region|Tigray]] [[separatism]] (Until late 1980s)<ref>{{cite book |last= Bogdan |first= J Szajkowski |date= 2005 |title= Political Parties of the World |url= https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0000unse_c5d1/mode/2up |publisher= John Harper Publishing |page= 207 |isbn= 978-0-9543811-4-1 |access-date= 2025-02-24 |quote= TPLF had long subscribed to Marxist-Leninist ideology… Originally formed as a Marxist-Leninist party in 1975, the TPLE pursued a separatist goal for Tigre Province until the late 1980s.}}</ref>}}
| position         = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-health-coronavirus-disinformation-11586122093 |title=World Health Coronavirus Disinformation |date=5 April 2020 |website=wsj.com |quote="As a member of the left-wing Tigray People’s Liberation Front, he rose through Ethiopia’s autocratic government as health and foreign minister. After taking the director-general job in 2017, he tried to install Zimbabwe dictator Robert Mugabe as a WHO goodwill ambassador."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Belt and road and 'bribes': Cotton says China paid off home country of WHO boss |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/apr/17/belt-and-road-and-bribes-cotton-says-china-paid-ho/ |date=17 April 2020 |website=washingtontimes.com |quote="Mr. Tedros is a microbiologist, not a physician. He served as health and foreign minister as a member of Ethiopia’s ruling leftist Tigray People’s Liberation Front, which ousted military rule over 20 years ago."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3214136/ethiopia-china-and-us-map-rival-roads-lasting-peace |title=In Ethiopia, China and the US map rival roads to lasting peace |date=27 March 2023 |first=Jevans |last=Nyabiage |website=scmp.com |quote="Civil war erupted in November 2020 after the leftist Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) was accused of attacking a military base in the northern part of the country."}}</ref><br/>
'''Historical:'''<br />[[Far-left politics|Far-left]]<ref>{{cite thesis |title=A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia |location=Amsterdam |year=2008 |first=Aregawi |last=Berhe |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/77594970/complete+dissertation.pdf |publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |page=237 |quote="Here probably lies the reason why the militant elite of the TPLF was seen to require an ultraleftist party."}}</ref>
| national         = [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front|EPRDF]] (1989–2019)<br>[[Coalition of Ethiopian Federalist Forces|CEFF]] (2019–2020)<br>[[United Front of Ethiopian Federalist and Confederalist Forces|UFEFCF]] (2021–[[Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement|2022]])
| regional         = [[Tigray Defense Forces]]
| colors           = [[Red]] and [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| seats1_title     = [[House of Peoples' Representatives]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|0|547|hex=#D52D3A}}
| seats2_title     = Council of Tigray Regional State' Representatives
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|0|190|hex=#D52D3A}}
| website          = {{Official URL}}
| country          = Ethiopia
}}
The '''Tigray People's Liberation Front''' ('''TPLF'''; {{langx|ti|ህዝባዊ ወያነ ሓርነት ትግራይ|lit=Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray|translit=Həzbawi Wäyyanä Ḥarənnät Təgray}}), also known as the '''Tigrayan People's Liberation Front''', is a left-wing [[Ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalist]],<ref name="Tefera Negash Gebregziabher 2019 463–484"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line--> |date=1 June 1990 |title=Napalm statt Hirse |language=de |trans-title=Napalm instead of millet |work=Die Zeit |url=https://www.zeit.de/1990/23/napalm-statt-hirse/komplettansicht |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613212518/https://www.zeit.de/1990/23/napalm-statt-hirse/komplettansicht |archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Kriege ohne Grenzen und das "erfolgreiche Scheitern" der Staaten am Horn von Afrika |trans-title=Wars without borders and the 'successful failure' of the states in the Horn of Africa |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2008_S26_web_ks.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228040603/https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2008_S26_web_ks.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik |location=Berlin |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Parlamentswahlen in Äthiopien"/> [[paramilitary]] group,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkinson |first=Nicholas Bariyo and Joe |date=29 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia's Tigray Group, Once Powerful, Now Battles Government Forces in Bid for Survival |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethiopias-tigray-group-once-powerful-now-battles-government-forces-in-bid-for-survival-11606677423 |url-status=live |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310023632/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethiopias-tigray-group-once-powerful-now-battles-government-forces-in-bid-for-survival-11606677423 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> and the former [[ruling party]] of [[Ethiopia]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=20 January 2021 |title=Ethiopia's electoral board revokes TPLF's legal status as political party |language=en-US |work=[[The EastAfrican]] |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/ethiopia-s-electoral-board-revokes-tplf-s-legal-status-as-political-party-3262886 |url-status=live |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121105754/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/ethiopia-s-electoral-board-revokes-tplf-s-legal-status-as-political-party-3262886 |archive-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/rise-and-fall-of-ethiopias-tplf-tigray-peoples-liberation-front |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215062140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/rise-and-fall-of-ethiopias-tplf-tigray-peoples-liberation-front |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> It was classified as a terrorist organization by the [[Government of Ethiopia|Ethiopian government]] during the [[Tigray war|Tigray War]] until its removal from the list in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia takes Tigray's TPLF party off terrorism list |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ethiopia-removes-terrorist-designation-dominant-tigray-party-2023-03-22/ |access-date=14 April 2023 |work=Reuters |date=March 23, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=6 May 2021 |title=Ethiopia Declares Tigray, Oromia Groups Terrorist Organizations |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-06/ethiopia-declares-tigray-oromia-groups-terrorist-organizations |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124161859/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-06/ethiopia-declares-tigray-oromia-groups-terrorist-organizations |archive-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> In older and less formal texts and speech it is known as '''Woyane''' ({{langx|ti|ወያነ|lit=Revolutionary}}) or '''Weyané''' ({{langx|am|ወያኔ}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kane |first=Thomas |title=Tigrinya-English Dictionary, Volume 2 |publisher=Dunwoody |year=2000 |location=Springfield |pages=1780}}</ref>
{{Contains special characters|Ethiopic}}
The TPLF was founded on February 18, 1975, in [[Dedebit (town)|Dedebit]], [[Tigray Province|Tigray]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Tigray People's Liberation Front |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden}}</ref> Within 16 years, it grew from about a dozen men to become the most powerful armed liberation movement in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berhe |first=Kahsay |title=Ethiopia: Democratization and Unity: The Role of the Tigray People's Liberation Front |year=2005 |location=Münster}}</ref> Unlike the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front|Eritrean]] or [[Western Somali Liberation Front|Somali]] liberation fronts at the time, the TPLF did not seek [[independence]] from the Ethiopian state; instead, it aimed to overthrow the central government and implement its own version of the [[Ethiopian Revolution|Ethiopian revolution]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Woodward |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RPO0BL24uQC |title=The Horn of Africa: Politics and International Relations |date=2003 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-86064-870-0 |pages=96–98 |language=en |chapter=Ethiopia}}</ref> From 1989 to 2018, it led a political coalition, the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF). It fought a [[Ethiopian Civil War|15-year-long war]] against the [[Derg]] regime, which was overthrown on 28 May 1991. The TPLF, with the support of the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]] (EPLF), overthrew the government of the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] (PDRE) on May 28, 1991, and installed a new government that remained in power for decades. 

The new ruling [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front|EPRDF]] government, was dominated by the TPLF,<ref name="go" /><ref name=":14" /> who gradually consolidated control over Ethiopia's federal administrations, the ENDF, and key economic resources such as foreign aid, loans, and land leases, amassing billions.<ref name=":9" /> The TPLF's restructuring of Ethiopia into an ethnic federal state further fueled civil conflicts in the ensuing decades.<ref name=":3" />

The TPLF lost control of the federal government in 2018.<ref name="world-africa-54805088">{{Cite news |date=4 November 2020 |title=Tigray crisis: Ethiopia orders military response after army base seized |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54805088 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119083309/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54805088 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |access-date=4 November 2020 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/rise-and-fall-of-ethiopias-tplf-tigray-peoples-liberation-front |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215062140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/rise-and-fall-of-ethiopias-tplf-tigray-peoples-liberation-front |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Tigray war|Tigray War]] that began in 2020, the [[National Election Board of Ethiopia]] terminated the party's legal status.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gebre |first=Samuel |date=18 January 2021 |title=Ethiopia Pulls Tigray Party License Ahead of June Elections |language=en-US |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-18/ethiopia-pulls-tigray-party-license-ahead-of-june-elections |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806034831/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-18/ethiopia-pulls-tigray-party-license-ahead-of-june-elections |archive-date=6 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> In 2021, the Ethiopian [[House of Peoples' Representatives]] formally approved a parliamentary resolution designating the TPLF as a [[terrorist organization]].<ref name=":8" /> On 2 November 2022, the [[African Union]] brokered a deal in [[Pretoria]], South Africa, between the federal government and the TPLF to end the Tigray War.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-28 |title=Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Flights resume between Addis Ababa and Mekelle |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64110846 |access-date=2022-12-30}}</ref> As per the peace agreement, the TPLF began disarming in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration in Ethiopia: What to expect – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) |url=https://www.prio.org/publications/13437 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.prio.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia's Tigrayan rebels start handing over heavy weapons |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/11/ethiopias-tigray-rebels-start-handing-over-heavy-weapons |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> 

Following the Pretoria peace agreement in 2022, the TPLF began experiencing [[TPLF internal leadership dispute|severe internal divisions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitiku |first=Molla |date=2024-09-16 |title=TPLF Leadership Rift: Factional infighting threatens Tigray's fragile peace, post-war recovery |url=https://addisstandard.com/tplf-leadership-rift-factional-infighting-threatens-tigrays-fragile-peace-post-war-recovery/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Addis Standard]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> This has seen the rise of a hardline faction within the front.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Tunbridge |first=Gisa |date=27 March 2025 |title=The Four Horsemen of the TPLF: Meet the hardliners seeking to dominate northern Ethiopia |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/380046/the-four-horsemen-of-the-tplf-meet-the-hardliners-seeking-to-dominate-northern-ethiopia/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=[[The Africa Report]] |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
The TPLF is considered to be the product of the marginalization of [[Tigrayans]] within Ethiopia after [[Menelik II]] of [[Shewa]] became emperor in 1889. The Tigrayan traditional elite and peasantry had a strong regional identity and a resentment due to their own  perception of the decline of Tigray.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bennet |first=John |date=1983 |title=Tigrai: Famine and National Resistance |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=10 |issue=26 |pages=94–102 |doi=10.1080/03056248308703537|doi-access=free }}</ref> It was popularly referred to as Woyane, for evoking memories of the [[Woyane rebellion|armed revolt of 1942–43]] (the First Woyane) against the re-establishment of imperial rule after [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian occupation]] remained alive and provided an important reference for the new generations of educated Tigrayan nationalists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elich |first=Haggai |date=1981 |title=Tigraian Nationalism, British Involvement and Haila-Selasse's emerging Absolutism-Northern Ethiopia, 1941–1943 |journal=Asian and African Studies |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=191–227}}</ref>

At [[Addis Ababa University|Haile Selassie I University]] (now Addis Ababa University), Tigrayan students had formed the Political Association of Tigrayans (PAT) in 1972 and the Tigrayan University Students' Association (TUSA) beginning in the early 1960s. These student groups evolved into a radical nationalist group that operated in Tigray after the start of the Ethiopian revolution in 1974, and began calling for Tigrayan independence, forming the [[Tigray Liberation Front]] (TLF). Meanwhile, a [[Marxism|Marxist]] current emerged in TUSA that advocated national self-determination for Tigray within a revolutionary, democratic Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tadesse |first=Kiflu |title=The Generation: The history of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Part 1: From the Early Beginnings to 1975 |year=1993 |location=Trenton}}</ref>

While the multinational leftist movements prioritized class struggle over national self-determination for the Ethiopian nationalities, the Marxists of the TUSA argued for self-determination as the starting point for the final socialist revolution because of the existing inequalities among the Ethiopian nationalities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balsvik |first=Randi |title=Haile Selassie's Students: The Intellectual and Social background to a Revolution, 1952–1977 |year=1985 |location=East Lansing}}</ref>

===1974–1977===
[[File:TPLF fighter with an artillery piece.jpg|thumb|289x289px|TPLF fighter with artillery system.]]
In February 1974, the Marxists within TUSA welcomed the [[Ethiopian Revolution]] but opposed the [[Derg]] (a military junta that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991), as they were convinced that it would neither lead a genuine [[Communist revolution|socialist revolution]] nor correctly resolve the [[Wallelign Mekonnen#"On the Question of Nationalities in Ethiopia"|Ethiopian nationality question]]. Two days after the Derg took power, on 14 September 1974, seven leaders of this trend established the ''Association of Progressives of the Tigray Nation'' ({{langx|ti|ማሕበር ገስገስቲ ብሔረ ትግራይ}}, ''Maḥbär Gäsgästi Bəḥer Təgray''), also known as the Tigrayan National Organization (TNO). The founders were: Alemseged Mengesha ([[Nom-de-guerre|nom de guerre]]: Haylu), [[Abay Tsehaye|Ammaha Tsehay]] (Abbay), Aregawi Berhe (Berhu), [[Seyoum Mesfin|Embay Mesfin]] (Seyoum), Fentahun Zere'atsion (Gidey), Mulugeta Hagos (Asfeha), and Zeru Gesese (Agazi). The TNO was to prepare the ground for the future armed movement in Tigray.<ref name="Aregawi_political_history_TPLF_2008" /> 

It secretly approached both the [[Eritrean Liberation Front]] (ELF) and the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]] (EPLF) for support, but the ELF already had relations with the TLF. In November 1974, the EPLF agreed to train TNO members and allowed EPLF fighters from the Tigrayan community in [[Eritrea]], including Mehari Tekle (Mussie), to join the TPLF. The first group of trainees was sent to the EPLF in January 1975.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Berhe |first=Aregawi |date=2004 |title=The Origins of the Tigray People's Liberation Front |journal=African Affairs |volume=103 |issue=413 |pages=569–592 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adh024}}</ref>

On the night of 18 February 1975, eleven men, including Gesese Ayyele (Sehul), Gidey, Asfeha, Seyoum, Agazi, and Berhu, left Enda Selassie for Sehul's home area of [[Dedebit (town)|Dedebit]], where they founded the TPLF (original name {{langx|ti|ተጋድሎ ሓርነት ሕዝቢ ትግራይ}}, ''Tägadlo Ḥarənnät Ḥəzbi Təgray'', "The Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray"). Welde Selassie Nega (Sebhat), [[Meles Zenawi|Legese Zenawi]] (Meles), and others soon joined the original group, and, after the arrival of the trainees from Eritrea in June 1975, the TPLF had about 50 fighters.<ref name="Aregawi_political_history_TPLF_2008" /> It then elected a formal leadership consisting of Sehul (the chairman), Muse (the military commander), and the seven TNO founders. Berhu was appointed political commissar. Sehul played a crucial role in helping the nascent TPLF establish itself among the local peasantry.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Firebrace |first1=James |title=The Hidden Revolution: and Analysis of Social Change in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia |last2=Smith |first2=Gayle |year=1982 |location=London}}</ref>

The TPLF embraced a Marxist vision focused on 'radical decentralization' of the Ethiopian state. In contrast to the Eritrean and Somali liberation movements, the TPLF sought not independence, but the overthrow of the central government to establish its own revolutionary framework for Ethiopia.<ref name=":16" /> 

Although a few successful raids bolstered its military credibility, the TPLF grew to only about 120 fighters in early 1976, but a rapidly growing clandestine network of supporters in the cities and a support base among the peasants provided vital supplies and information. On February 18, 1976, a conference of fighters elected a new leadership: Berhu (chairman), Muse (military committee), Abbay (political committee), Agazi (socioeconomic committee), Seyoum (foreign relations), Gidey, and Sebhat.<ref name=":0" /> Meles became head of the political cadre school.<ref name=":0" />

The first three years of its existence were marked by a constant struggle for survival, unstable cooperation with Eritrean forces, and power struggles against the other Tigrayan fronts: in 1975, the TPLF liquidated the TLF; in 1976–78, it fought the [[Ethiopian Democratic Union]] (EDU) in [[Shire Inda Selassie|Shire]]; and in 1978, the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP) in East Tigray. The front also suffered heavy losses from Derg offensives in the region.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Tareke |first=Gebru |title=The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |year=2009 |location=New Haven |pages=76–177}}</ref>

Although the TPLF, the ELF, and the EPLF cooperated during the 1976 and 1978 Derg offensives in Tigray and Eritrea, no stable alliance emerged. The ELF resented the liquidation of the TLF and considered the relationship between the EPLF and the TPLF a serious threat. Since 1977, there had been conflict between ELF and the TPLF over the issue of Eritrean settlers in western Tigray, who were organized at ELF and rejected the TPLF's land reform.<ref name=":5" /> Relations with the EPLF also did not develop smoothly. Its material support was much less than the TPLF had anticipated. Politically, the EPLF favored the multinational EPRP over the ethno regionalist TPLF with its separatist agenda at the time.<ref name=":5" />

===1978–1990===
After the Derg's victory in the [[Ogaden War]] in February 1978 and [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]]'s new support from the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] permitted the substantial growth of his forces, the TPLF's momentum seemed to slow.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tareke |first=Gebry |date=2004 |title=From Af Abet to Shire: the Defeat and Demise of Ethiopia's "Red" Army 1988–89 |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=239–81 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X04000114 |s2cid=153565062}}</ref> During the TPLFs early years, the Derg was primarily focused on the [[Eritrean War of Independence|Eritrean]] and [[Western Somali Liberation Front|Somali insurgencies]], allowing it to avoid the full force of the Ethiopian military as its numbers grew to 20,000 strong.<ref name=":16" />

In February 1979, the TPLF held its first regular congress. It declared its struggle the Second Woyane (''kalay wäyyanä'') and changed its Tigrinya name to ''Həzbawi Wäyyanä Harənnät Təgray''. It adopted a new political program calling for self-determination within a democratic Ethiopia, with independence an option only if unity proved impossible.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berhe |first=Kahsay |title=The National Movement in Tigray Myths and Realities |year=1991 |location=Münster}}</ref> Gaining and maintaining the support of the local population was at the core of the TPLF's strategy in the 1970s and 1980s. TPLF leaders knew that the goodwill of the population would sustain their movement and ultimately lead them to victory over the Derg. Consequently, any fighter caught mistreating locals was punished or even executed by TPLF authorities. As a result, local support for the TPLF was consistent and invaluable. The local population shared food and resources with the fighters, provided them with safe havens, and, most importantly, provided the TPLF with up-to-date information.<ref name="jamestown">Jamestown Foundation, 24 May: [https://jamestown.org/program/tigray-defense-forces-resist-ethiopian-army-offensive-as-sudan-eritrea-and-ethnic-militias-enter-the-fray/ Tigray Defense Forces Resist Ethiopian Army Offensive as Sudan, Eritrea, and Ethnic Militias Enter the Fray] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527120101/https://jamestown.org/program/tigray-defense-forces-resist-ethiopian-army-offensive-as-sudan-eritrea-and-ethnic-militias-enter-the-fray/|date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

In retrospect, it is evident that the 1978-1985 period further strengthened the TPLF. The increasingly alienating intervention of the Derg, the front's handling of famine and refugee problems, and the foreign connections it built through its mission in [[Khartoum]], enabled the movement to mobilize and better equip more fighters to prepare for the shift from guerrilla to frontal attack. Moreover, developments within the TPLF in the mid-1980s led to a conceptual shift from a struggle for the liberation of Tigray to that of all Ethiopia.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Jenny |title=Sweeter than Honey: Testimonies of Tigrayan Women |year=1989 |location=Oxford}}</ref>

They established their headquarters in caves in [[Mahbere Sillasie|Addi Geza'iti]], some 50 kilometers west of [[Mekelle]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smidt |first=W |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |date=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |series=GeoGuide |pages=63–78 |chapter=A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4 |s2cid=199170267}}</ref> The [[Amhara Democratic Party#History|Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement]] (EPDM), a TPLF-loyal splinter group from the EPRP, used caves in [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)]].
[[File:Signboard for Melfa headquarters.jpg|thumb|A signboard for the EPDM/ANLF headquarters in [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)]] during the [[Ethiopian Civil War]].]]

The TPLF managed to use the [[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia|catastrophic famine of 1983-85]] to its advantage. In early 1985, it organized a march of over 200,000 famine victims from Tigray to Sudan to draw international attention to the plight in Tigray. Its humanitarian arm, the [[Relief Society of Tigray]] (REST), founded in 1978, received large amounts of international humanitarian aid for famine victims and small-scale development projects in liberated Tigray.<ref name=":6" />

In 1984–1985, the TPLF diverted Western aid money intended for starving civilians to purchase weapons.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010-03-03 |title=Ethiopia aid 'spent on weapons' |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8535189.stm |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324152042/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8535189.stm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref>

A power struggle in the leadership saw future Ethiopian Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]] rise to power during 1985.<ref name=":16" /> In July 1985, the [[Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray]] (MLLT) was founded at a congress of a few hundred selected cadres. The MLLT was to be the nucleus of the future [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] vanguard party for all Ethiopia. The MLLT invited the genuine revolutionaries in the ranks of the ''Derg'' regime, which was busy [[Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia|organizing its own communist party]], the [[Workers' Party of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Workers' Party]], to join it.<ref name=":4" />

In December 1988, the TPLF and EPDM formed the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF) as the core of the planned United Democratic Front. In the spring of 1989, first the MLLT and then the TPLF held a congress. Abbay was elected chairman of both organizations, but toward the end of 1989 Meles became chairman of both. In May 1989, the EPDM formed the Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Force (EMLF).<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Tadesse |first=Kiflu |title=The Generation: The history of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Part 2: Ethiopia-Transformation and Conflict |year=1998 |location=Lanham}}</ref>

In July 1989, MLLT and EMLF formed the Union of Ethiopian Proletarian Organizations. In April 1990, the TPLF formed the Ethiopian Democratic Officers Movement from politically re-educated captured Ethiopian officers to undermine the Free Officers Movement, which had been formed in 1987 by exiled Ethiopian officers in opposition to the Derg.<ref name="auto1" /> In May 1990, Oromo members of the EPDM and politically re-educated Oromo prisoners of war founded the [[Oromo Democratic Party|Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization]] (OPDO) to deny the [[Oromo Liberation Front]]'s claim to be the exclusive representative of the Ethiopian Oromo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Jenny |title=Fire from the Ashes: a Chronicle of the Revolution in Tigray, Ethiopia, 1975–1991 |year=1999 |location=Lawrenceville}}</ref>

In November 1990, a Marxist–Leninist Oromo movement was established within the OPDO. Also in 1990, the TPLF formed the Afar Democratic Union to undermine the Afar movements. It had already helped build liberation fronts in Gambella and Benshangul before 1985.

In early 1988, the EPLF and the TPLF went on the offensive. The evolving situation in both Eritrea and Tigray, as well as the changing international context after the [[Revolutions of 1989|breakup]] of the [[Soviet Bloc|Soviet bloc]], prompted the TPLF and EPLF to put aside their differences and resume military cooperation. in 1989, the EPRDF formed a shadow government in Ethiopia to administer the liberated areas under its control.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Young |first=John |title=Peasant Revolutions in Ethiopia, the Tigrai People's Liberation Front, 1975-1911 |year=1997 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>

===1991–2018===
{{main|History of the federal government of Ethiopia}}

In February 1991, the EPRDF began its offensive against the ruling regime with the support of a large EPLF contingent. On May 28, 1991, the EPRDF captured [[Addis Ababa]], the capital of Ethiopia, and took control of the country. In July 1991, the EPRDF established the [[Transitional Government of Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Ethiopia (10/08) |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225172028/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> In May 1991, the TPLF had 80,000 fighters, the EPDM had 8,000, and the OPDO had 2,000. The total number of TPLF members was well over 100,000.<ref name=":0" />

Reacting to the international political context after the [[Revolutions of 1989|demise of communism]], the EPRDF and TPLF dropped all Marxist references in their political discourse and adopted a program of change based on [[Multi-party system|multi-party politics]], constitutional democracy, [[Ethnic federalism|ethno-linguistic federalization]], and a [[mixed economy]].<ref name=":0" /> The TPLF restructured the Ethiopian state and introduced [[ethnic federalism]], which has contributed significantly to civil conflicts in Ethiopia over the following decades.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Dessie |first1=Wubante Ayalew |last2=Belete |first2=Simeneh Bires |last3=Dagnew |first3=Agenagn Kebede |date=1 August 2024 |title=The conflict between the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE): Special emphasis on the Pretoria Agreement |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10246029.2024.2379902 |journal=African Security Review |volume=33 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=420–436 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2024.2379902 |issn=1024-6029 |via=[[Taylor and Francis]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Under the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF), the nation was governed by TPLF leader [[Meles Zenawi]] who became the first prime minister.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=25 November 2020 |title=Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/rise-and-fall-of-ethiopias-tplf-tigray-peoples-liberation-front |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215062140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/rise-and-fall-of-ethiopias-tplf-tigray-peoples-liberation-front |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> The EPRDF government, particularly in areas concerning the military-security complex and the economy, was dominated by the TPLF.<ref name="go" /> Gradually the TPLF hegemony within the EPRDF grew stronger as the party dominated Ethiopia's federal administrations and the [[Ethiopian National Defense Force|Ethiopian National Defence Force]] (ENDF) officer corps. The party exercised, "near-exclusive control over foreign aid, international loans, and the leasing of public land to amass billions of dollars."<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Jima |first=Abdisa Olkeba |date=2023-12-31 |title=Ethiopian political crisis after reform: Causes of Tigray conflict |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2023.2209991 |issn=2331-1886 |doi-access=free }}</ref> With the EPRDF effectively under TPLF control, the Tigrayan position in Ethiopian governance post-1991 mirrored the political dominance that the [[Amharas]] had held in the country during most of the 20th century.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Endris |first1=Mohammed Yimam |last2=Mengisteab |first2=Kidane |date=2023-12-15 |title=The vicious cycle of power rivalry and fear of losing power syndrome in Ethiopia |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2023.2251290 |issn=2331-1886 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

PM Meles Zenawi purged many members of the TPLF who opposed him, and a 2001 split in the party nearly saw his removal. Following Zenawi's death in 2012, the organization quickly splintered into factions of Meles loyalists, young [[Technocracy|technocrats]] in Addis and party officials in [[Mekelle]]. These factions took a wide range of positions on core issues, paralyzing the TPLF.<ref name="go">{{Cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gebrewahd |first2=Meressa Tsehaye |date=2018-12-13 |title='Game over'? Abiy Ahmed, the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front and Ethiopia's political crisis |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady056 |journal=African Affairs |volume=118 |issue=470 |pages=194–206 |doi=10.1093/afraf/ady056 |issn=0001-9909|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Zenawi's handpicked successor, [[Hailemariam Desalegn|Halemariam Desalegn]], proved too weak to manage growing internal strife in Ethiopia.<ref name=":10" />

Over the years the TPLF's position in the EPRDF weakened as [[Amhara people|Amhara]] and [[Oromo people|Oromo]] parties pushed backed against Tigrayan dominance.<ref name=":9" /> After 30 years of TPLF-based [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] rule, strong popular opposition to the dominance of the party emerged across the country during 2016. Amhara and Oromo elites came to an agreement to reform the TPLF created system, resulting in the accession of [[Abiy Ahmed]] to Prime Minister of Ethiopia in the following years.<ref name=":3" /> Internal power struggles within the EPRDF and its inability to quell popular protests resulted in a major political transition and Abiy Ahmed's election in 2018.<ref name=":9" />

===2018–2020===
During 2018, newly elected prime minister Abiy began curtailing the influence and position of the TPLF within Ethiopian politics. In June of that year he unexpectedly sacked the two most powerful TPLF members since Zenawi's death - [[Samora Yunis]] (army chief of staff) and [[Getachew Assefa|Getachew Assef]] (intelligence chief).<ref name="go" /> The party felt threatened as Abiy carried out significant reforms that aimed to merge Ethiopia's ethnic parties and reduce the TPLF's influence.<ref name=":9" />

In November 2019, PM Abiy and the chairman of the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front|EPRDF]] unified the constituent parties of the coalition into the new [[Prosperity Party]]. The TPLF viewed this merger as illegal and did not participate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=Exclusive: Third day EPRDF EC discussing "Prosperity Party" Regulation. Find the draft copy obtained by AS |url=https://addisstandard.com/exclusive-third-day-eprdf-ec-discussing-prosperity-party-regulation-find-the-draft-copy-obtained-by-as/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503120504/https://addisstandard.com/exclusive-third-day-eprdf-ec-discussing-prosperity-party-regulation-find-the-draft-copy-obtained-by-as/ |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> Abiy called on the TPLF to dissolve and become part of his newly established [[Prosperity Party]]. Many TPLF leaders began shifting from the nation's capital of Addis Ababa to the [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] regional state capital of [[Mekelle]]. In this period the organization recruited a substantial amount of fighters from different groups such as the police and paramilitary organizations, while also withdrawing its supporters from the Ethiopian national security establishment. This precipitated the [[Tigray War]] in late 2020.<ref name=":3" /> As TPLF leaders and parliament members began shifting back to Mekelle, the organization began to challenge the administration of Abiy Ahmed.<ref name=":9" />

In June 2020, the [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly|Ethiopian parliament]]—to which the TPLF was a party—voted to postpone the [[2021 Ethiopian general election|2021 Ethiopian General Election]], which was originally scheduled to occur in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian parliament allows PM Abiy to stay in office beyond term |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/10/ethiopian-parliament-allows-pm-abiy-to-stay-in-office-beyond-term |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The TPLF defied the parliamentary vote and held regional elections anyway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=Ethiopia's Tigray region defies PM Abiy with 'illegal' election |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-ethiopia-s-tigray-region-defies-pm-abiy-with-illegal-election-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119083309/https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-ethiopia-s-tigray-region-defies-pm-abiy-with-illegal-election-1 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> The [[2020 Tigray regional election]] was held on 9 September 2020. 2.7 million people participated in the election, though was it was boycotted by [[Arena Tigray]]<ref name="AddisFortune_Arena_anti_election" /> and the [[Tigray Democratic Party]].<ref name="AddisStand_Tigray_electoral" /> PM Abiy stated that the federal government would not recognize the results of the Tigray election and banned foreign journalists from traveling to the region document it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2020 |title=Ethiopia bars journalists from flying to Tigray regional vote, passengers say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-politics-idUSKBN25Y156 |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909044009/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-politics-idUSKBN25Y156 |archive-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>

===2020–2022===
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2021|section=yes}}{{Main|Tigray War}}

In November 2020, a civil conflict erupted between the TPLF and the [[Ethiopian National Defense Force]] (ENDF) when the TPLF [[4 November Northern Command attacks|attacked the ENDF Northern Command headquarters]] in the north of the country in what TPLF spokesman [[Getachew Reda]] described as a "preemptive strike".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reda |first=Getachew |title=The World Must Condemn Human Rights Abuses in Tigray as It Does in Ukraine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/23/ethiopia-tigray-russia-ukraine-abiy-putin-human-rights-abuses/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Foreign Policy |date=23 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> In November 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed declared victory over the TPLF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-20 |title=Ethiopia declares victory as military takes Tigray capital |url=https://apnews.com/article/ethiopia-abiy-ahmed-kenya-0fb8647516d9be83d45fee2f1e4d13ae |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> Other sources suggested that the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) controlled only about 70% of the Tigray region. Many TPLF members joined the [[Tigray Defense Forces]] (TDF).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lefort |first=René |date=30 April 2021 |title=Ethiopia's war in Tigray is 'but the tip of the iceberg when it comes to conflicts ravaging the country' |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/84350/ethiopias-war-in-tigray-is-but-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-when-it-comes-to-conflicts-ravaging-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505015541/https://www.theafricareport.com/84350/ethiopias-war-in-tigray-is-but-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-when-it-comes-to-conflicts-ravaging-the-country/ |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=The Africa Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=@NatGeoUK|date=2021-06-01|title=A grave humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Ethiopia. 'I never saw hell before, but now I have.'|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2021/06/a-grave-humanitarian-crisis-is-unfolding-in-ethiopia-i-never-saw-hell-before-but-now-i-have|access-date=2022-02-08|website=National Geographic|language=en-gb}}</ref> The TPLF has accused the ENDF and Eritrean forces of war crimes, but it is difficult to independently verify these allegations because of the media blackout imposed by the federal government under Abiy.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2021 |title=Ethiopia PM Ahmed Abiy admits Eritrea forces in Tigray |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56497168 |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323235209/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56497168 |archive-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> On March 23, 2021, in response to international pressure, the prime minister admitted for the first time that Eritrean forces had been in the Tigray region.<ref name="auto" /> In July 2021, after the Ethiopian government declared a unilateral cease-fire and withdrew from much of the Tigray region, the TDF entered neighboring [[Afar Region|Afar]] and [[Amhara Region|Amhara regions]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia declares ceasefire as rebels retake Tigray capital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/28/ethiopian-government-agrees-immediate-ceasefire-in-tigray |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-25 |title=Ethiopia's Amhara state rallies youth to fight Tigrayan forces as war widens |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ethiopias-amhara-state-rallies-youth-fight-tigrayans-war-expands-2021-07-25/ |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Endeshaw |first1=Dawit |last2=Fick |first2=Maggie |date=2021-07-19 |title=Ethiopia's Tigray forces enter neighbouring Afar region, Afar says |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ethiopias-tigray-forces-enter-neighbouring-afar-region-afar-says-2021-07-19/ |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref> The ENDF then launched its own counteroffensive and recaptured these regions by December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigrayan forces announce retreat to Ethiopia's Tigray region |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/20/tplf-rebels-announce-retreat-to-ethiopias-tigray-region |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> By March 2022, the war had come to a virtual standstill.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paravicini |first=Giulia |date=2022-03-30 |title=New front in Ethiopian war displaces thousands, hits hopes of peace talks |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/new-front-ethiopian-war-displaces-thousands-hits-hopes-peace-talks-2022-03-30/ |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref> On 2 November 2022, the [[Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement|Pretoria Peace Agreement]] was signed, ending the Tigray War.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harter |first=Fred |date=3 Nov 2022 |title=Ethiopia's truce is a step toward ending civil war, but there are reasons for caution |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133848992/ethiopia-tigray-war-peace-deal-truce-eritrea |work=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref>

The TPLF was accused of forcing recruitment into the TDF, including minors. According to several witnesses and Tigrayan administrators, every household in Tigray was required to enlist a family member in the TDF. Those who refused were arrested and imprisoned, including the parents of minors who refused to enlist.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Paravicini |first1=Giulia |last2=Houreld |first2=Katharine |date=2022-05-16 |title=Some Ethiopians claim forced recruitment by Tigrayan forces |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/some-ethiopians-claim-forced-recruitment-by-tigrayan-forces-2022-05-16/ |access-date=2022-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ህወሓት ለመዝመት ፍቃደኛ ያልሆኑ ልጆች ወላጆችን እያሰረ መሆኑ ተነገረ |language=am |work=BBC News አማርኛ |url=https://www.bbc.com/amharic/news-61316845 |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>

=== 2022–2024: Post-Tigray War ===
After the Tigray War significantly reshaped the region's political landscape, the TPLF faced deepening divisions following the signing of the [[Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement|Pretoria Agreement]]. These divisions emerged between two factions: a 'hardline' group led by TPLF chairman [[Debretsion Gebremichael]] and a 'conciliatory' group led by deputy chairperson [[Getachew Reda]]. The power struggle between the Debretsion and Getachew has raised concerns of the creation of a volatile political environment that could reignite the civil war. The TPLF also suffers a [[Legitimation crisis|crisis of legitimacy]] among the Tigrayan population following the war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abera |first=Weldeslassie Hailai |date=12 August 2024 |title=Echoes of Mekelle: TPLF factions and the quest for legitimacy after Tigray War |url=https://addisstandard.com/echoes-of-mekelle-tplf-factions-and-the-quest-for-legitimacy-after-tigray-war/ |work=[[Addis Standard]]}}</ref> In July 2024, the TPLF released a statement announcing it faced an unprecedented 'severe test' that has brought the party to the verge of disintegration. The statement accused senior leaders of putting their personal interests above the party, thus threatening its existence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2024 |title=ውሽጣዊ 'ምብስባስ' ህወሓት መዘዛቱ እንታይ ይኸውን? |trans-title=What are the consequences of the TPLF's internal 'decay'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/tigrinya/articles/cp4w9ge1089o |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=[[BBC News]] ትግርኛ |language=ti}}</ref>

During August 2024, the [[National Election Board of Ethiopia]] (NEBE) rejected the TPLF's request to reinstate its pre-war legal status. On 12 August, chairman Debretsion declared that NEBE's decision undermined the TPLF's 50-year legacy and violated the Pretoria deal which had ended the Tigray War during November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-12 |title=Federal Govt Says TPLF Registration Issue Resolved, Regional Authorities Ban Demonstrations As Intraparty Tensions Rise |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202408120625.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=[[Addis Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> Following the decision, the federal government announced that the issue of TPLF registration and legality had been resolved. NEBE also warned against the convening a congress without the election boards approval or monitoring.<ref name=":11" />

==== 14th party congress and growing internal split ====
{{Main articles|TPLF internal leadership dispute}}
On 13 August 2024, the TPLF began its controversial 14th party congress in [[Mekelle]], ignoring the NEBE's warning. The last congress had been held in September 2018. 14 members of the party's central committee, including deputy chair [[Getachew Reda|Getachew]], boycotted the congress.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-13 |title=TPLF pushes forward with party congress despite warning from Election Board |url=https://addisstandard.com/tplf-pushes-forward-with-party-congress-despite-warning-from-election-board/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Addis Standard]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2024 |title=TPLF begins 14th Congress amidst escalating controversy, leadership absenteeism |url=https://addisstandard.com/tplf-begins-14th-regular-meeting-amidst-escalating-controversy-leadership-absenteeism/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Addis Standard]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Getachew described it as, "illegal movements by a group that does not represent the TPLF" several days before it was due to be held.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=9 August 2024 |title=Getachew Reda boycotts upcoming TPLF congress as military leaders warn against deepening rift |url=https://addisstandard.com/getachew-reda-boycotts-upcoming-tplf-congress-as-military-leaders-warn-against-widening-rift/ |work=[[Addis Standard]]}}</ref> Ethiopian PM [[Abiy Ahmed]] warned that the TPLF could find itself in a war if it went ahead with holding the congress.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title='ህወሓት እንተፈሪሱ ስምምዕ ፕሪቶሪያ ኣይህሉን'፡ ደብረጽዮን ገ/ሚካኤል |trans-title='There will be no Pretoria agreement if TPLF collapses' |url=https://www.bbc.com/tigrinya/articles/ce815py72ewo |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=[[BBC News]] ትግርኛ |language=ti}}</ref> As the six day long meeting commenced on 13 August,<ref name=":12" /> an Ethiopian government minister accused the TPLF of "practically nullifying" the Pretoria agreement and threatening the peace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kedir |first=Sadik |date=13 August 2024 |title=Ethiopian minister accuses Tigrayan party of nullifying Pretoria deal |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopian-minister-accuses-tigrayan-party-of-nullifying-pretoria-deal/3302857 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]] |publication-place=[[Addis Ababa]]}}</ref> Debretsion stated that the congress was unprecedented and warned those gathered that the party's situation had "gone from bad to worse".<ref name=":13" /> 

Since the 14th party congress, factionalism within the TPLF escalated as both sides became more entrenched in their positions. Debretsion effectively has popular support and power over the TPLF party apparatus, while Getachew maintains authority over [[Interim Regional Administration of Tigray|Tigray's interim regional government]] and is being backed by the Ethiopian federal government. There is a growing risk the internal split will escalate into the outbreak of violence as it becomes more intractable.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=How Tigray is turning on itself |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/15145/How_Tigray_is_turning_on_itself |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=[[Africa Confidential]] |language=en}}</ref> In the period following, Debretsion's faction removed Getachew and several other officials from their roles in the administration, claiming they "no longer have the authority to lead, make decisions, or issue directives." In response, the interim administration has accused Debretsion's group of attempting to destabilize Tigray through a [[coup d'état]]. Getachews administration has warned that it would pursue legal action against Debretsion's faction for allegedly sowing "chaos and anarchy".<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Tigray Interim Admin Accuses TPLF Faction Of 'coup D'état,' Asserts Power-sharing Is 'non-negotiable' - Addis Standard |url=https://addisstandard.com/tigray-interim-admin-accuses-tplf-faction-of-coup-detat-asserts-power-sharing-is-non-negotiable/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=[[Addis Standard]] |language=en-US |author1=Addis3 }}</ref>

On 10 November 2024, Getachew released a statement declaring that [[Debretsion Gebremichael]]'s TPLF was plotting an 'official coup' against the [[Interim Regional Administration of Tigray|interim regional government]]. He claimed that this faction within the TPLF has escalated from merely obstructing his government to actively plotting to overthrow it.<ref name=":17" />

=== 2025: Return to regional power and internal leadership ===
In March 2025, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that a faction of the TPLF, led by Debretsion, took over several offices in Mekelle.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Harter |first=Fred |date=2025-03-21 |title=Power struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/mar/21/tigray-mekelle-coup-war-ethiopia-eritrea-assab-port-abiy-ahmed |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In what it called a [[Coup d'état|coup]], it reported that armed men belonging to the faction patrolled the streets of the city at night, checking people's [[Identity document|identification]].<ref name=":32" /> The Guardian also said that there are some reports suggesting that Eritrean intelligence helped Debretsion's faction assume power.<ref name=":32" /> Meanwhile, it reported that Getachew [[Getachew Reda|Reda]], the interim leader of Tigray, had fled to Addis Ababa.<ref name=":32" />

The power shift marked the return of a hardline faction within the TPLF, supported by the [[Tigray Defense Forces]] (TDF), which accused the previous leadership of failing to secure core Tigrayan interests, particularly the return of disputed territories and resettlement of displaced persons. The TPLF nominated TDF commander [[Tadesse Werede]] as interim president, triggering a dispute with Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, who claimed sole authority to appoint a replacement. The faction is led by four influential party veterans—[[Debretsion Gebremichael]], [[Fetlework Gebregziabher|Fetlework "Monjorino" Gebregziabher]], [[Alem Gebrewahid]], and former intelligence chief [[Getachew Assefa]]—who have reemerged as dominant figures in Tigrayan politics. Some critics have expressed concern that the group’s confrontational stance toward [[Addis Ababa]] could jeopardize the fragile peace established by the 2022 Pretoria Agreement. TPLF leaders have vowed to pursue a tougher negotiating position with the federal government, particularly on the issue of [[Western Zone, Tigray|Western Tigray]], though some analysts caution this may risk renewed conflict.<ref name=":18" />

==Election results==
Elections from 1995 to 2015 were conducted under the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] banner.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Leader
!No. of Votes
!No. of seats won
!Government/Opposition
|-style="text-align:center;"
![[1995 Ethiopian general election|1995]]
|[[Meles Zenawi]]
|
|
|{{yes|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
![[2000 Ethiopian general election|2000]] Tigray regional election
|[[Meles Zenawi]]
|
|{{composition bar|152|152|hex={{party color|Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front}}}}
|{{yes|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
![[2005 Ethiopian general election|2005]] Tigray regional election
|[[Meles Zenawi]]
|
|{{composition bar|152|152|hex={{party color|Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front}}}}
|{{yes|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
![[2010 Ethiopian general election|2010]] Tigray regional election
|[[Meles Zenawi]]
|
|{{composition bar|152|152|hex={{party color|Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front}}}}
|{{yes|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
![[2015 Ethiopian general election|2015]] Tigray regional election
|[[Abay Weldu]]
|2,374,574
|{{composition bar|152|152|hex={{party color|Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front}}}}
|{{yes|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
![[2020 Tigray regional election|2020]] Tigray regional election
|[[Debretsion Gebremichael]]
|2,590,620
|{{composition bar|152|190|hex={{party color|Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front}}}}
|{{yes|Government}}
|}

==Ideology==
The party has its roots in the [[Ethiopian Student Movement|1960s student movement]] which was ideologically nationalist before shifting towards [[Marxism–Leninism]] in late 1960s. After revolutionary students formed the Tigray University Student Association, a new leftwing organization known as the Tigrayan National Organization was founded in 1974, from which the TPLF emerged in February 1975. The core ideology of the party was ethnonationalism infused with the theme of a class-based - ethnonationalism is the fundamental foundation of the party and it persisted throughout the entire existence of the TPLF. The TPLF argues that Ethiopia is a collection of nationalities subjugated by the Amhara ethnic group, which imposes its culture and language over all others; the first manifesto of the party stated: "Disagreement and suspicion among the nations of Ethiopia have resulted from the worsening of the oppression by the Amhara ethnic group over the oppressed nations of Ethiopia and especially over the Tigray ethnic group. Therefore, we now reached a stage where all the oppressed nations of Ethiopia can no more undertake a common class struggle."<ref name="Tefera Negash Gebregziabher 2019 463–484"/>

The TPLF castigated the formation of the centralized empire state during [[Menelik II's conquests|the conquests of Menelik II]] as, "the beginning of national oppression" in the groups manifesto.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kassaw |first1=Alene |last2=Veneranda |first2=Mbabazi |date=2024-12-31 |title=TPLF's annexation of Wolkait, Ethiopia: motivations, strategies, and interests |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2024.2376859 |issn=2331-1886 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Initially the group called for independence of Tigray from Ethiopia, arguing that it is the only way to liberate Ethiopian cultures from the ethnic and national oppression of the Amhara culture. However, separatism was abandoned in 1978, which subsequently led to defections and splits within the party. It was increasingly dominated by a faction known as the [[Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray]], which took over the leadership of the party and proclaimed Marxism–Leninism to be the organization's overarching ideology. The party's ideological shift made Marxist aspects temporarily dominate over the ethnonationalist ones, though the party remained ethnonationalist and envisioned a 'national revolution' that would install "a planned socialist economy free of exploitation of man by man". Core Marxist aspects embraced by the TPLF included vanguardism, democratic centralism, dictatorship of the proletariat, and also self-determination in the name of national liberation. The party was also heavily influence by the Albanian communist model of [[Enver Hoxha]], stressing self-reliant economy and every nation having its unique way towards socialism.<ref name="Tefera Negash Gebregziabher 2019 463–484"/>

After the fall of the USSR, the TPLF moderated itself and rebranded its ideology as "revolutionary democracy", pledging to introduce a new kind of democracy in Ethiopia that would differ from the liberal democratic structure, while also maintaining the core socialist values of the party.<ref name="Tefera Negash Gebregziabher 2019 463–484"/> The concept of revolutionary democracy came from Lenin's 1919 thesis "Bourgeois Democracy and the Proletarian Dictatorship", which proposed replacing the 'bourgeois' parliamentary democracy with revolutionary democracy, which would be secured by a vanguard party representing the masses, which would consult its constituency while still adhering to the socialist ideological guidelines. Meles Zenawi wrote that Ethiopia can become a developed country "if it is guided by 'revolutionary democracy'", adding that while "liberal democracy is partial wager, a collector of rents, and a representative of the comprador bourgeoisie, 'revolutionary democracy' stands for sustainable development." This marked the point at which TLPF abandoned Marxism-Leninism in favour of socialism and revolutionary ethnonationalism, moving closer to its initial position from the 1970s.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia |location=Amsterdam |year=2008 |first=Aregawi |last=Berhe |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/77594970/complete+dissertation.pdf |publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |pages=233–237}}</ref>

==Allegation of terrorism==
The [[United States]] government removed the TPLF's classification as a Tier III level terrorist group when the group came to power in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=US has not assigned terrorist status to dissident group in Ethiopia's Tigray region |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/us-has-not-assigned-terrorist-status-dissident-group-ethiopias-tigray-region |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412034335/https://factcheck.afp.com/us-has-not-assigned-terrorist-status-dissident-group-ethiopias-tigray-region |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Fact Check |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-15 |title=Implementation of New Discretionary Exemption Under INA Section 212(d)(3)(B)(i) For Activities and Associations Relating to the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) |url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/legal-docs/2014_Implementation_of_New_Discretionary_Exemption_for_Activities_or_Associations_Relating_to_TPLF.pdf |website=United States Citizenship and Immigration Services}}</ref> However, an analysis by the Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) also classified it as a terrorist group dating back to 1976. According to the TRAC:{{blockquote|The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) is a political party in Tigray, Ethiopia that has been listed as a perpetrator in the Global Terrorism Database, based on ten incidents occurring between 1976 and 1990 (see GTD link).<ref name=TRAC2021>{{Cite web |title=Tigray Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) {{!}} Terrorist Groups {{!}} TRAC |url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/tigray-peoples-liberation-front-tplf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727072022/https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/tigray-peoples-liberation-front-tplf |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=www.trackingterrorism.org}}</ref>}}

In 2021, the [[Ethiopia]] federal government passed a parliamentary resolution classifying the TPLF as a terrorist organization. According to Article 23, "this decision applies to organizations and individuals that collaborate with, have links with, or are associated with the ideas and actions of the designated terrorist organizations, as well as others that have undertaken similar activities".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers approves resolution designating TPLF and Shene as terrorist organizations |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/council-of-ministers-approves-resolution-designating-tplf-and-shene-as-terrorist-organizations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618142210/https://www.fanabc.com/english/council-of-ministers-approves-resolution-designating-tplf-and-shene-as-terrorist-organizations/ |archive-date=18 June 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C |date=May 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Individuals or organizations that carry out " humanitarian activities", however, are exempt under Ethiopia's Anti-Terrorism Proclamation 1176/2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism Crimes Proclamation No.1176/2020 |work=[[Federal Negarit Gazeta]] |date=25 March 2020 |url=https://chilot.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/A-PROCLAMATION-TO-PROVIDE-FOR-THE-PREVENTION-AND-SUPPRESSION-OF-TERRORISM-CRIMES.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501194234/https://chilot.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/A-PROCLAMATION-TO-PROVIDE-FOR-THE-PREVENTION-AND-SUPPRESSION-OF-TERRORISM-CRIMES.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2021 |url-status=usurped |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>

On November 3, 2022, the Ethiopian government and the nationalist paramilitary group entered into a peace agreement, ending their two-year conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=Ethiopian govt, Tigray agree to end fighting after 2 years |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-south-ethiopia-african-union-70fb0d185aaccb668b2fabb4f6e45b9f |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A draft agreement was sent to The Associated Press stating that the TPLF will first be disarmed with their "light weapons" followed by the Ethiopian federal forces' retrieval of "all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as airports and highways within the Tigray region."

After the signed peace agreement matured for four months, the TPLF was removed from the country's list of terrorist group on March 22, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Ethiopian lawmakers remove Tigray group from terror list |url=https://apnews.com/article/ethiopia-tigray-conflict-war-politics-0879d50666ccda2890dbced37867ddd5 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Aregawi_political_history_TPLF_2008">{{Cite thesis |last=Berhe |first=Aregawi |url=http://www.harep.org/ifaapr/7219.pdf |title=A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975–1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia |work=The Horn of Africa Research and Knowledge Exchange Platform: HAREP |year=2008 |location=Amsterdam |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819043745/http://harep.org/ifaapr/7219.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AddisFortune_Arena_anti_election">{{Cite news |date=1 August 2020 |title=Arena shies away from Tigray Regional election |work=[[Addis Fortune]] |url=https://addisfortune.news/arena-shies-away-from-tigray-regional-election/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201216011422/https://addisfortune.news/arena-shies-away-from-tigray-regional-election/ |archive-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="AddisStand_Tigray_electoral">{{Cite news |date=16 July 2020 |title=News: Tigray state council approves appointment of regional electoral commission officials |work=[[Addis Standard]] |url=https://addisstandard.com/news-tigray-state-council-approves-appointment-of-regional-electoral-commission-officials/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201216021726/https://addisstandard.com/news-tigray-state-council-approves-appointment-of-regional-electoral-commission-officials/ |archive-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
}}{{Ethiopian political parties}}{{Portal bar|Ethiopia|Politics|Philosophy}}

[[Category:Tigray People's Liberation Front| ]]
[[Category:Organizations formerly designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Banned socialist parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1975]]
[[Category:Political parties in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Rebel groups that actively control territory]]
[[Category:Tigray Region]]