View source for Tibetan pinyin

{{Short description|Official transcription system for the Tibetan language in China}}
<!--{{Chinese|c=藏文拼音|p=Zàngwén Pīnyīn|tib={{bo-textonly|བོད་ཡིག་གི་སྒྲ་སྦྱོར་<Br />Pö yig Kigajor}}}}-->
The [[SASM/GNC romanization|SASM/GNC/SRC romanization]] of [[Standard Tibetan]], commonly known as '''Tibetan pinyin''' or '''ZWPY''' ({{lang-zh|c={{linktext|藏文|拼音}}|p=Zàngwén Pīnyīn}}), is the official [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] system for the Tibetan language in China.<ref name="moe">{{harvp|Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng Hànyǔ pīnyīn zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ |loc="少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法...（三）藏语...说明：（1）藏语地名的音译转写，以中央人民广播电台藏语广播的语音为依靠。"}}</ref> It is based on the pronunciation used by [[China National Radio]]'s Tibetan Radio,<ref name="moe" /> which is based on the [[Lhasa dialect]]. It has been used within China as an alternative to the [[Wylie transliteration]] for writing Tibetan in the [[Latin script]] since 1982.<ref>[http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_bo.pdf Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names] – [[UNGEGN]]</ref><ref name="m187">{{cite web | title=一种基于拼音的藏文智能输入法 | website=Google Patents | date=2014-04-10 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103984420A/zh?oq=%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3 | access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref>

Tibetan pinyin is a phonetic transcription, and as such its spelling is tied to actual pronunciation (although tone is not marked).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-03 |title=Geographical names of Tibet AR (China) |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54inf.htm |access-date=7 July 2020 |publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language |quote=Tibetan names have been romanized according to the official scheme, the so-called Tibetan pinyin. The romanization is based on actual pronunciation and is not always predictable if only written form is known.}}</ref> Wylie on the other hand is a [[transliteration]] system, where mechanical conversion to and from Tibetan and Latin script is possible. Within academic circles, Wylie transliteration (with a ''v'' replacing the [[apostrophe]]) is more commonly used.

==Overview==
===Onsets overview===
Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows: 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཀ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཁ་<Br />ག་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ང་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཅ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཇ་<Br />ཆ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཉ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཏ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ད་<Br />ཐ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ན་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|པ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཕ་<Br />བ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|མ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཙ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཛ་<Br />ཚ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཝ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཞ་<Br />ཤ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཟ་<Br />ས་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཡ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ར་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ལ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཧ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཀྱ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཁྱ་<Br />གྱ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཧྱ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཀྲ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཁྲ་<Br />གྲ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ཧྲ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|ལྷ་}}</big>|| <big>{{bo-textonly|རྷ་}}</big>
|-
| g || k || ng || j||  q || ny || d || t || n || b || p || m || z || c || w || x || s || y || r || l || h || gy || ky || hy || zh || ch || sh || lh||rh
|}
For more general case, see [[#Onsets]].

===Vowels and final consonant===
The 17 [[vowel]]s of the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
! IPA !! Tibetan<br />pinyin !! IPA !! Tibetan<br />pinyin
|-----
| {{IPA|i}} || i || {{IPA|ĩ}} || in
|-----
| {{IPA|e}} || ê || {{IPA|ẽ}} || en
|-----
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || ai/ä || {{IPA|ɛ̃}} || ain/än
|-----
| {{IPA|a}} || a || {{IPA|ã}} || an
|-----
| {{IPA|u}} || u || {{IPA|ũ}} || un
|-----
| {{IPA|o}} || ô || {{IPA|õ}} || on
|-----
| {{IPA|ɔ}} || o || {{IPA|ɔ̃}} || ǒn 
|-----
| {{IPA|y}} || ü || {{IPA|ỹ}} || ün 
|-----
| {{IPA|ø}} || oi/ö || {{IPA|ø̃}} || oin/ön
|}

Ending a syllable, ''-r'' is usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place, ''-n'' usually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
! IPA !! Tibetan<br />pinyin
|-----
| {{IPA|ʔ̞}} || b/•
|-----
| {{IPA|ʔ}} || g/—
|-----
| {{IPA|r}} || r
|-----
| {{IPA|m}} || m
|-----
| {{IPA|ŋ}} || ng
|}

==Single syllable orthography==
The tone of a [[syllable]] depends mostly on its initial [[consonant]]. In this table, each initial is given in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) with the vowel ''a'' and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).

=== Onsets ===
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see [[#Onset variation]].
{| class="wikitable"
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[Wylie transliteration]] !! '''Tibetan pinyin''' !! [[THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription|THL]]
|-----
| {{IPA|pá}} || p, sp, dp, lp || b || p
|-----
| {{IPA|pà}} || rb, sb, sbr || b || b
|-----
| {{IPA|mpà}} || lb, ’b || b || b
|-----
| {{IPA|pʰá}} || ph, ’ph || p || p
|-----
| {{IPA|pʰà}} || b || p || b
|-----
| {{IPA|bà}} || bh || bh || bh
|-----
| {{IPA|má}} || rm, sm, dm, smr || m || m
|-----
| {{IPA|mà}} || m, mr || m || m
|-----
| {{IPA|wà}} || w{{NoteTag|as in Namjagbar'''w'''a}}, db, b || w || w
|-----
| {{IPA|tá}} || t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld || d || t
|-----
| {{IPA|tà}} || rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd || d || d
|-----
| {{IPA|ntá}} || lth || d || 
|-----
| {{IPA|ntà}} || zl, bzl, ld, md, ’d || d || d
|-----
| {{IPA|tʰá}} || th, mth, ’th || t || t
|-----
| {{IPA|tʰà}} || d, dw || t || d
|-----
| {{IPA|ná}} || rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn || n || n
|-----
| {{IPA|nà}} || n || n || n
|-----
| {{IPA|lá}} || kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl || l || l
|-----
| {{IPA|là}} || l, lw || l || l
|-----
| {{IPA|l̥á}} || lh || lh || lh
|-----
| {{IPA|tsá}} || ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts || z || ts
|-----
| {{IPA|tsà}} || rdz, gdz, brdz || z || dz
|-----
| {{IPA|ntsà}} || mdz, ’dz || z || dz
|-----
| {{IPA|tsʰá}} || tsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tsh || c || ts
|-----
| {{IPA|tsʰà}} || dz || c || dz
|-----
| {{IPA|sá}} || s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr || s || s
|-----
| {{IPA|sà}} || z, zw, gz, bz || s || z
|-----
| {{IPA|ʈʂá}} || kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr || zh || tr
|-----
| {{IPA|ʈʂà}} || rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr || zh || dr
|-----
| {{IPA|ɳʈʂà}} || mgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’br || zh || dr
|-----
| {{IPA|ʈʂʰá}} || khr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phr || ch || tr
|-----
| {{IPA|ʈʂʰà}} || gr, dr, br, grw || ch || dr
|-----
| {{IPA|ʂá}} || hr || sh || hr
|-----
| {{IPA|rà}} || r, rw || r || r
|-----
| {{IPA|r̥á}} || rh || rh || 
|-----
| {{IPA|cá}} || ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky || gy || ky
|-----
| {{IPA|cà}} || rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy || gy || gy 
|-----
| {{IPA|ɲcà}} || mgy, ’gy || gy || gy 
|-----
| {{IPA|cʰá}} || khy, mkhy, ’khy || ky || khy
|-----
| {{IPA|cʰà}} || gy || ky || gy
|-----
| {{IPA|çá}} || hy || hy || hy 
|-----
| {{IPA|tɕá}} || c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy || j || ch
|-----
| {{IPA|tɕà}} || rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj || j || j
|-----
| {{IPA|ɲtɕà}} || lj, mj, ’j, ’by || j || j 
|-----
| {{IPA|tɕʰá}} || ch, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phy || q || ch
|-----
| {{IPA|tɕʰà}} || j, by || q || j 
|-----
| {{IPA|ɕá}} || sh, shw, gsh, bsh || x || sh
|-----
| {{IPA|ɕà}} || zh, zhw, gzh, bzh || x || zh
|-----
| {{IPA|ɲá}} || rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy || ny || ny
|-----
| {{IPA|ɲà}} || ny, my || ny || ny
|-----
| {{IPA|já}} || g.y || y || y
|-----
| {{IPA|jà}} || y, dby || y || y
|-----
| {{IPA|ká}} || k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk || g || k
|-----
| {{IPA|kà}} || rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg || g || g
|-----
| {{IPA|ŋkà}} || lg, mg, ’g || g || g
|-----
| {{IPA|kʰá}} || kh, khw, mkh, ’kh || k || kh
|-----
| {{IPA|kʰà}} || g, gw || k || g
|-----
| {{IPA|ŋá}} || rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng || ng || ng
|-----
| {{IPA|ŋà}} || ng || ng || ng
|-----
| {{IPA|ʔá}} || —, db || — || —
|-----
| {{IPA|ʔ̞à}} || ’ || — || —
|-----
| {{IPA|há}} || h, hw || h || h
|}

===Rimes===
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brush |first=Beaumont |title=The Status of Coronal in the Historical Development of Lhasa Tibetan Rhymes |url=http://www.sil.org/silewp/1997/001/silewp1997-001.pdf |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=SIL}}</ref> If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, see [[#Coda variation|Coda variation]].

Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Tibetan
| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨ།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨའུ།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨར།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨལ།<Br />ཨའི།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨད།<Br />ཨས།}}</big>||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨག།<Br />ཨགས།}}</big>|| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨབ།<Br />ཨབས།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨང༌།<Br />ཨངས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨམ།<Br />ཨམས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨན།}}</big> 
|-
|Wylie
|''a''
|''a'u''
|''ar''
|''al a'i''
|''ad as''
|''ag ags''
|''ab abs''
|''ang angs''
|''am ams''
|''an''
|-
|Pinyin
| a || au || ar || colspan="2" | ai/ä || ag || ab || ang || am || ain/än 
|-
|IPA
| {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[au̯]}} || {{IPA|[aː]}} || {{IPA|[ɛː]}} ||{{IPA|[ɛ]}}||{{IPA|[ʌʡ]}} ~  {{IPA|[ɤʡ]}} || {{IPA|[ʌʡ̆]}} ~ {{IPA|[ɤʡ̆]}} ||{{IPA|[aŋ]}} || {{IPA|[am]}} || {{IPA|[ɛ̃ː]}}
|-
|Tibetan
| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨི།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིའུ།<Br />ཨེའུ།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིར།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིལ།<Br />ཨའི།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིད།<Br />ཨིས།}}</big>||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིག།<Br />ཨིགས།}}</big>|| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིབ།<Br />ཨིབས།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིང༌།<Br />ཨིངས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིམ།<Br />ཨིམས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨིན།}}</big>
|-
|Wylie
|''i''
|''i'u''
|''ir''
|''il a'i''
|''id is''
|''ig igs''
|''ib ibs''
|''ing ings''
|''im ims''
|''in''
|-
|Pinyin
| i || iu || ir || colspan="2" | i || ig || ib || ing || im || in 
|-
|IPA
| {{IPA|[i]}} || {{IPA|[iu̯]}} || {{IPA|[iː]}} || {{IPA|[iː]}} ||{{IPA|[i]}}||{{IPA|[iʡ]}}|| {{IPA|[iʡ̆]}} ||{{IPA|[ɪŋ]}} || {{IPA|[ɪm]}} || {{IPA|[ĩː]}}
|-
|Tibetan
| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུ།}}</big> || || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུར།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུལ།<Br />ཨུའི།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུད།<Br />ཨུས།}}</big>||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུག།<Br />ཨུགས།}}</big>|| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུབ།<Br />ཨུབས།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུང༌།<Br />ཨུངས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུམ།<Br />ཨུམས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨུན།}}</big> 
|-
|Wylie
|''u''
|
|''ur''
|''ul u'i''
|''ud us''
|''ug ugs''
|''ub ubs''
|''ung ungs''
|''um ums''
|''un''
|-
|Pinyin
| u || || ur || colspan="2" | ü || ug || ub || ung || um || ün 
|-
|IPA
| {{IPA|[u]}} || || {{IPA|[uː]}} || {{IPA|[yː]}} ||{{IPA|[y]}}||{{IPA|[uʡ]}}|| {{IPA|[uʡ̆]}} ||{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}} || {{IPA|[ʊm]}} || {{IPA|[ỹː]}}
|-
|Tibetan
| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེ།}}</big> || || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེར།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེལ།<Br />ཨེའི།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེད།<Br />ཨེས།}}</big>||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེག།<Br />ཨེགས།}}</big>|| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེབ།<Br />ཨེབས།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེང༌།<Br />ཨེངས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེམ།<Br />ཨེམས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨེན།}}</big>
|-
|Wylie
|''e''
|
|''er''
|''el e'i''
|''ed es''
|''eg egs''
|''eb ebs''
|''eng engs''
|''em ems''
|''en''
|-
|Pinyin
| ê || || êr || colspan="2" | ê || êg || êb || êng || êm || ên
|-
|IPA
| {{IPA|[e]}} || || {{IPA|[eː]}} || {{IPA|[eː]}} ||{{IPA|[e]}}||{{IPA|[ɛ̈ʡ]}}|| {{IPA|[ɛ̈ʡ̆]}} ||{{IPA|[ɛŋ]}} || {{IPA|[ɛm]}} || {{IPA|[ẽː]}}
|-
|Tibetan
| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོ།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོའུ།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོར།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོལ།<Br />ཨོའི།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོད།<Br />ཨོས།}}</big>||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོག།<Br />ཨོགས།}}</big>|| <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོབ།<Br />ཨོབས།}}</big> ||<big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོང༌།<Br />ཨོངས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོམ།<Br />ཨོམས།}}</big> || <big>{{Bo-textonly|ཨོན།}}</big>
|-
|Wylie
|''o''
|''o'u''
|''or''
|''ol o'i''
|''od os''
|''og ogs''
|''ob obs''
|''ong ongs''
|''om oms''
|''on''
|-
|Pinyin
| ô || ou || ôr || colspan="2" | oi/ö || ôg || ôb || ông || ôm || oin/ön
|-
|IPA
| {{IPA|[o]}} || {{IPA|[ou̯]}} || {{IPA|[oː]}} || {{IPA|[øː]}} ||{{IPA|[ø]}}||{{IPA|[ɔʡ]}}|| {{IPA|[ɔʡ̆]}} ||{{IPA|[ɔŋ]}} || {{IPA|[ɔm]}} || {{IPA|[ø̃ː]}}
|}

==Intersyllable influence==

===Onset variation===
; Bare low aspirated variation
* ''k*'', ''q*'', ''t*'', ''p*'', ''x*'', ''s*'', ''ky*'', ''ch*'' become ''g*'', ''j*'', ''d*'', ''b*'', ''?*'', ''?*'', ''gy*'', ''zh*'' respectively
* ''pa*'' (་བ) and ''po*'' (་བོ) become ''wa'' and ''wo'' respectively

===Coda variation===

Sometimes there is intersyllabic influence:
{| class="wikitable + sortable"
![[Tibetan script]]!!Tibetan pinyin!![[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]] (EWTS)!!Lhasa [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!!Explanation
|-
|[[Mapam Yumtso|{{bo-textonly|མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ།}}]]||Mapam Yu<span style="color:red;">m</span>co||ma-pham g.yu-mtsho||{{IPA|bo|mapʰam jumtsʰo|}}||forward shift of prefix མ
|-
|[[Tradruk Temple|{{bo-textonly|ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ།}}]]||Cha<span style="color:red;">ng</span>zhug Gönba||khra-’brug dgon-pa||{{IPA|bo|ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭uk<!--k̚--> k˭ø̃p˭a|}}||shift of the prefix འ (ཨ་ཆུང ''a chung''), <br /> creating a final nasal consonant
|}

==Encoding==
The [[IETF]] [[IETF language tag|language tag]] for Tibetan pinyin is {{code|bo-Latn-pinyin}}.<ref name="IANA">{{Cite web |title=Language subtag registry |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry |access-date=15 April 2021 |publisher=IANA |language=en}}</ref>
==Examples==

{| class="wikitable"
! Tibetan Script !! Wylie !! Tibetan pinyin !! [[THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription|THL]] !! other transcriptions
|-----
| {{bo-textonly|གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ}} || ''Gzhis-ka-rtse'' || [[Xigazê Prefecture|Xigazê]] || Zhikatse || [[Shigatse]], Shikatse
|-----
| {{bo-textonly|བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་}} || ''Bkra-shis-lhun-po'' || Zhaxilhünbo || Trashilhünpo || [[Tashilhunpo]], Tashilhümpo, etc.
|-----
| {{bo-textonly|འབྲས་སྤུང་}} || ''’Bras-spung'' || Zhaibung || Dräpung || Drebung
|-----
| {{bo-textonly|ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་}} || ''Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan'' || Qoigyi Gyaicain || Chökyi Gyältshän || [[Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen|Choekyi Gyaltsen]]
|-----
| {{bo-textonly|ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}} || ''Thub-bstan Rgya-mtsho'' || Tubdain Gyaco || Thuptän Gyatsho || [[Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama|Thubten Gyatso]], Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Asia|Languages}}
*[[Pinyin|Hanyu pinyin]]
*[[Standard Tibetan]]
*[[THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription]]
*[[Tibetan script]]
*[[Wylie transliteration]]
*[[Roman Dzongkha]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
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=== Sources ===
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* {{Citation |title=Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng Hànyǔ pīnyīn zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/01/12/20150112161436994.pdf |language=zh |ref={{SfnRef|Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng Hànyǔ pīnyīn zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ}} |mode=cs1 |via=Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Jiaoyubu |script-title=zh:少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法}}
* Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家测绘局地名研究所 (''Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau''; ed.). '''Zhōngguó dìmínglù''' 中国地名录 /''' Gazetteer of China'''. (Beijing, [[SinoMaps Press]] 中国地图出版社 1997); {{ISBN|7-5031-1718-4}}. Contains official spellings for place names.
* '''Zàngwén Pīnyīn Jiàocái – Lāsàyīn''' 藏文拼音教材•拉萨音 / bod yig gi sgra sbyor slob deb, lha sa'i skad (''Course in the [[Pöyig Kigajor]] of Lhasa dialect''; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1983), {{ISBN|7-105-02577-8}}. [[Pöyig Kigajor]] (ZWPY) is a modified version of the official transcription "Tibetan pinyin" (ZYPY), with tone letters.
* Wylie, Turrell: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820134951/http://chris.fynn.googlepages.com/wylietranslitteration A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription] In: ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 1959, p.&nbsp;261-267.
* David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre: [http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/#essay=/thl/phonetics/s/b1 THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan] (Tibetan & Himalayan Library, December 12, 2003).
* [http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/#wiki=/access/wiki/site/26a34146-33a6-48ce-001e-f16ce7908a6a/tibetan%20transliteration%20and%20transcription.html The Transliteration and Transcription of Tibetan] (Tibetan & Himalayan Library)
* [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_bo.pdf Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names] – [[UNGEGN]]
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{{Tibetan language}}

[[Category:Romanization of Tibetan]]
[[Category:Pinyin]]