View source for Three-Self Patriotic Movement

{{Short description|State-regulated Protestant organization in China}}
{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon                = 
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| name                = Three-Self Patriotic Movement
| native_name         = 
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| abbreviation        = TSPM
| type                = 
| main_classification = [[Protestantism|Protestant]]
| orientation         = Various
| scripture           = 
| theology            =
| polity              = 
| governance          = National Committee
| structure           =
| leader_title        = Chairperson
| leader_name         = [[Fu Xianwei]]
| leader_title1       = Secretary General
| leader_name1        = [[Xu Xiaohong]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.ccctspm.org/quanguolianghui/zucheng_lijie_sanzi_8.html | script-title = zh:中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会第八届主席、副主席、秘书长名单 | publisher = CCC TSPM | language = zh | access-date = September 4, 2010 | archive-date = August 21, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170821113700/http://www.ccctspm.org/quanguolianghui/zucheng_lijie_sanzi_8.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
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| associations        = {{plainlist|
*[[China Christian Council]]
*[[World Council of Churches]]}}
| area                = [[China]]
| language            = 
| liturgy             = 
| headquarters        = 
| founder             = [[State Administration for Religious Affairs]]
| founded_date        = {{start date and age|1954}}
| founded_place       = 
| separated_from      = 
| branched_from       = 
| merger              = 
| absorbed            = [[National Christian Council of China]]
| separations         = 
| merged_into         =[[United Front Work Department]] of the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]]
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| website             = {{Official URL}} 
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}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| showflag = stp
| s = 三自爱国运动
| t = {{linktext|三自|愛國|運動}}
| p = Sānzì Àiguó Yùndòng
| w = Santzu Aikuo Yüntung
| myr = Sandz Aigwo Yundung
| j = saam1 zi6 oi3 gwok3 wan6 dung6
| y = sāam jih oi gwok wahn duhng
}}

The '''Three-Self Patriotic Movement''' ('''TSPM'''; {{zh|s=三自爱国运动|p=Sānzì Àiguó Yùndòng}}) is the official government supervisory organ for [[Protestantism]] in the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. It is colloquially known as the Three-Self Church ({{zh|s=三自教会|p=Sānzì Jiàohuì}}).<ref>{{cite book |last= Louth|first=Andrew |date=2022 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church$ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9780199642465 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199642465}}</ref>

The National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of the Protestant Churches in China ({{zh|s=中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会|p=Zhōngguó Jīdūjiào Sānzì Àiguó Yùndòng Wěiyuánhuì}}) and the [[China Christian Council]] (CCC) are known in China as the ''[[Lianghui (Protestantism)|lianghui]]'' (two organizations). Together, they form the state-sanctioned [[Protestantism|Protestant]] church in [[mainland China]]. They are overseen by the [[United Front Work Department]] (UFWD) of the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) following the [[State Administration for Religious Affairs]]' absorption into the UFWD in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Joske |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Joske |date=May 9, 2019 |title=Reorganizing the United Front Work Department: New Structures for a New Era of Diaspora and Religious Affairs Work |url=https://jamestown.org/program/reorganizing-the-united-front-work-department-new-structures-for-a-new-era-of-diaspora-and-religious-affairs-work/ |access-date=2019-11-18 |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |language=en-US |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721191900/https://jamestown.org/program/reorganizing-the-united-front-work-department-new-structures-for-a-new-era-of-diaspora-and-religious-affairs-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Three-self formula}}
{{#section:Three-self formula|early-history}}

=== Christian Manifesto ===
{{Main|The Christian Manifesto}}

<section begin="christian-manifesto" />In May 1950, [[Y. T. Wu]] and other prominent Protestant leaders such as [[T. C. Chao]], [[Chen Chonggui]], and [[Cora Deng]] met in Beijing with Chinese premier [[Zhou Enlai]] to discuss Protestant Christianity's relationship with the young [[China|People's Republic of China]]. "[[The Christian Manifesto]]" was published in July 1950 and its original title was "Direction of Endeavor for Chinese Christianity in the Construction of New China". During the 1950s, 400,000 Protestant Christians publicly endorsed and signed this document.<ref name="manifesto">{{Cite book|title=Documents of the Three-Self Movement|publisher=National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.|year=1963|location=New York|pages=19–20}}</ref>

The purpose of publishing this document was:<ref name="manifesto"/>
<blockquote>to heighten our vigilance against [[imperialism]], to make known the clear political stand of Christians in New China, to hasten the building of a Chinese church whose affairs are managed by the Chinese themselves, and to indicate the responsibilities that should be taken up by Christians throughout the whole country in national reconstruction in New China.</blockquote>

It further stated the movement promoted the "self-governance, self-support, and self-propagation" ({{zh|s=自治、自养、自传|p=zìzhì, zìyǎng, zìchuán}}) of the Chinese church.<ref name="manifesto"/><section end="christian-manifesto" />

=== Three-Self Reform Movement ===
In March 1951, after China's entry into the Korean War, the Religious Affairs Bureau directed religious groups to make elimination of imperialist influences a priority. In mid-April the State Administrative Council called together a conference in Beijing on the subject of "Handling of Christian Organizations Receiving Subsidies from the United States of America". This conference led to the formation of the Preparatory Committee for the Oppose-America, Assist-Korea Three-Self Reform Movement of the Christian Church (TSRM) under China's United Work Front policy. Those who attended the conference issued a "United Declaration" calling churches and other Christian organizations “to thoroughly, permanently and completely sever all relationships with the American missions and all other missions, thus realizing self-government, self-support and self-propagation in the Chinese church."<ref>{{cite book|last=Ferris|first=Helen|title=The Christian Church in Communist China, to 1952|location=Montgomery, AL|publisher=Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center|date=1956|oclc=5542137|page=8}}</ref> The declaration had the unexpected effect of swelling the membership of congregations that identified themselves as “self-run.”<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Vala|first=Carsten Timothy|title=Failing to Contain Religion: The Emergence of a Protestant Movement in Contemporary China|type=PhD|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|date=2008|oclc=547151833|pages=42–43}}</ref>

=== Establishment ===
[[File:CCCTSPM.jpg|thumb|right|CCC&TSPM office on Jiujiang Road, Shanghai]]
When the TSPM was established in 1954, it promoted a [[Three-self formula|three-self]] strategy in order to remove foreign influences from the Chinese churches and to assure the government that the churches would be patriotic to the newly established People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgS-j2m_0TEC&pg=PT138|title=A New History of Christianity in China|last=Bays|first=Daniel H.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4443-4284-0|location=Chichester|pages=160–166|author-link=Daniel H. Bays|access-date=March 5, 2018|archive-date=August 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827152041/https://books.google.com/books?id=lgS-j2m_0TEC&pg=PT138|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Protestant leaders included [[Jia Yuming]], [[Marcus Cheng]],<ref name="Wickeri2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCdNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|title=Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement, and China's United Front|last=Wickeri|first=Philip L.|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-1-61097-529-2|page=166|access-date=October 10, 2019|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605040502/https://books.google.com/books?id=GCdNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Yang Shaotang]].<ref name="Lyall2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10viAAAACAAJ|title=Three of China's Mighty Men: Leaders of the Chinese Church Under Persecution|last=Lyall|first=Leslie|publisher=Christian Focus Publications|year=2006|isbn=978-1-85792-493-0|pages=38–43|access-date=October 10, 2019|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605040503/https://books.google.com/books?id=10viAAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

When "[[The Christian Manifesto]]" was published in the ''[[People's Daily]]'' in 1954, it pledged the support of Christians for [[anti-imperialism]], anti-feudalism, and anti-bureaucratic capitalism efforts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Christianity Reborn: The Global Expansion of Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century|last=Leung|first=Philip Yuen-sang|publisher=William B. Eerdmans|year=2004|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=Donald M.|page=90|chapter=Conversion, Commitment, Culture: Christian Experiences in China, 1949–99}}</ref> The movement, in the eyes of critics, allowed the government to infiltrate, subvert, and control much of organized Christianity.<ref name= "Johnstone2001">{{cite book | first = Patrick | last = Johnstone | author-link = Patrick Johnstone | year = 2001 | title = Operation World | url = https://archive.org/details/operationworld2100patr_0 | url-access = registration | publisher = Paternoster | location = London | page = [https://archive.org/details/operationworld2100patr_0/page/164 164]| isbn = 9781850783572 }}</ref>

The work towards establishing the Protestant TSPM was seen to have potential also for Chinese Catholics to create a "three-self" (or, in English sources, often translated "three-autonomies") patriotic organization, even though this language was never used in earlier Catholic missiological discourse like it was by Protestant missionaries. Those who resisted were arrested or killed. But by 1957, some Chinese Catholics eventually established the [[Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mariani |first1=Paul P. |title=Church Militant: Bishop Kung and Catholic Resistance in Communist Shanghai |date=2011 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06317-4 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sTu575cOyAC&pg=PA88 |language=en |access-date=July 4, 2022 |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827152020/https://books.google.com/books?id=-sTu575cOyAC&pg=PA88 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== After the Cultural Revolution ===
From 1966 to 1976 during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the expression of religious life in China was effectively banned, including the TSPM. The growth of the [[Chinese house church]] movement during this period was a result of all Chinese Christian worship being driven underground for fear of persecution.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Daniel H.|last=Bays|title=American Public Discourse on the Church in China|journal=The China Review|volume=9|issue=2|date=Fall 2009|page=4}}</ref> In 1979 the government officially restored the TSPM after thirteen years of non-existence,<ref name="Johnstone2001" /> and in 1980 the [[China Christian Council]] (CCC) was formed. However, many Christians in China were skeptical of the government's intention in reinstituting the TSPM, partly because those entrusted in its local administration were often ones who had participated in repressive actions in the past.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Daniel H.|last=Bays|title=American Public Discourse on the Church in China|journal=The China Review|volume=9|issue=2|date=Fall 2009|pages=4–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|first=Ryan|last=Dunch|title=Protestants and the State in Post-Mao China|type=MA|publisher=The University of British Columbia|date=1991|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Arne|last=Søvik|title=Religion, Religious Institutions and Religious Possibilities in China|magazine=China Notes|volume=XVII|issue=2|date=Spring 1979}}</ref>

In 1980, the CCP [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Central Committee]] approved a request by the [[United Front Work Department]] to create a national conference for religious groups.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Guoyou |first1=Wu |url=https://www.royalcollins.com/an-ideological-history-of-the-communist-party-of-china-three-volume-set-2/ |title=An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China |last2=Xuemei |first2=Ding |date=2020 |publisher=Royal Collins Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4878-0392-6 |editor-last=Zheng |editor-first=Qian |location=Montreal, Quebec |translator-last=Sun |translator-first=Li |translator-last2=Bryant |translator-first2=Shelly}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=126-127}} The TSPM was one of five such religious groups, which also included the [[Islamic Association of China]], the [[Chinese Taoist Association]], the [[Catholic Patriotic Association]], and the [[Buddhist Association of China]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=127}}

The TSPM is not a denomination, and denominational distinctions do not exist within the organization. Pastors are trained at one of thirteen officially sanctioned seminaries.<ref name="Johnstone2001" /> Current theological emphasis is on "a protection and promotion of the five basic tenets of Christian faith—the [[Trinity]], Christ being both human and God, the [[Virgin birth of Jesus|Virgin Birth]], Death and Resurrection and the [[Second Coming]]."<ref>{{Citation|title=Amity News Service|url=http://www.amitynewsservice.org/page.php?page=642&pointer=|contribution=TSPM – A Young Evangelist's Perspective|access-date=March 5, 2009|archive-date=July 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721064218/http://www.amitynewsservice.org/page.php?page=642&pointer=|url-status=live}}.</ref> The primary role of the TSPM was then delegated to liaison with the Government whereas the CCC serves as an ecclesial organization focusing on the internal management and affairs of the Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://episcopaldigitalnetwork.com/ens/2012/03/14/rise-in-christians-has-chinas-churches-government-looking-for-help/|title=Rise in Christians has China's churches, government looking for help|last=Wilson|first=Lynette|date=March 14, 2012|work=Episcopal News Service|publisher=Domestic & Foreign Missionary Society, The Episcopal Church|access-date=May 31, 2012|archive-date=March 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319155924/http://episcopaldigitalnetwork.com/ens/2012/03/14/rise-in-christians-has-chinas-churches-government-looking-for-help/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/programmes/the-wcc-and-the-ecumenical-movement-in-the-21st-century/relationships-with-member-churches/60th-anniversary/contest/essay-the-post-denominational-era.html|title=Chinese Churches on the Way Towards Unity|last=Mengfei|first=Gu|publisher=World Council of Churches|access-date=May 31, 2012|archive-date=September 6, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906095533/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/programmes/the-wcc-and-the-ecumenical-movement-in-the-21st-century/relationships-with-member-churches/60th-anniversary/contest/essay-the-post-denominational-era.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oversight of religion flows from recognition by the Chinese Communist Party of five religions: Buddhism, Catholicism, Taoism, Islam, and Protestantism, although the CCP's nearly 100 million members are required to be [[Atheism|atheist]]. Authorities tightly monitor registered and unregistered religious groups,<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion in China |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/religion-china |website=Council on Foreign Relations. |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=8 August 2024 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014222036/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/religion-china |url-status=live }}</ref> and the TSPM is often charged with being an instrument for the secular Chinese government, which persecutes Christians outside of it. Independent congregations are known as [[house churches]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obhh7pp-mEcC&pg=PA156|last=United States Congress|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1997: Congressional Hearing|location=Washington, D. C.|pages=156–157|isbn=9780788185427|date=October 2000|access-date=October 26, 2016|archive-date=August 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827152021/https://books.google.com/books?id=Obhh7pp-mEcC&pg=PA156|url-status=live}}</ref> The attempt to bring house church Christians into the fold of "registered" meeting places has met with mixed results.<ref name="Johnstone2001" /> Since the ascension of [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]], the Chinese government has cracked down on house churches and oppressed their members, actions which the TSPM has supported.<ref name="Reuters 2019">{{cite news |last1=Blanchard |first1=Ben |date=March 12, 2019 |title=China official says West using Christianity to 'subvert' power |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-religion/china-official-says-west-using-christianity-to-undermine-country-idUSKBN1QT03C |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921043516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-religion/china-official-says-west-using-christianity-to-undermine-country-idUSKBN1QT03C |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=[[Reuters]] |agency=Reuters}}</ref>

In 2018, the TSPM's parent organization, the State Administration for Religious Affairs, was absorbed into the CCP's United Front Work Department.<ref name=":0" />

In March 2019, [[Xu Xiaohong]], the chairman of the National Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee, gave a speech about the use of Christianity by western powers to destabilize China and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). In addition he stated in a speech at the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] that "Anti-China forces in the West are attempting to continue to influence the social stability of our country through Christianity, and even subvert the political power of our country".<ref name="AFP 2019">{{cite web |title=West using Christianity to subvert Chinese state: Official |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/west-using-christianity-to-subvert-chinese-state-official |website=www.straitstimes.com |date=March 12, 2019 |publisher=Straits Times |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921043515/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/west-using-christianity-to-subvert-chinese-state-official |url-status=live }}</ref> He also called for continued state action against independent Christians stating "For individual black sheep who, under the banner of Christianity, participate in subverting national security, we firmly support the country to bring them to justice".<ref name="Reuters 2019" />

==Publications==
The ''[[Chinese New Hymnal]]'', first published in the 1980s, is the official hymnal of the TSPM churches. Editors include [[Lin Shengben]], a renowned hymn composer in [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sinicizing Christianity|last=Chen|first=Ruiwen|publisher=Brill|year=2017|isbn=978-90-04-33037-5|editor-last=Zheng|editor-first=Yangwen|location=Leiden|pages=290–318|chapter=Sinicizing Christian Music at Shanghai Community Church|oclc=961004413}}</ref>

The ''[[Canaan Hymns]]'' hymnal associated with the house churches is also used in TSPM churches.<ref>{{cite book|last=Neeley|first=Paul L.|editor-last=Scorgie|editor-first=Glen G.|title=Dictionary of Christian Spirituality|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrQlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT591|year=2016|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-53103-6|chapter=Canaan Hymns|page=591}}</ref> Through its official channels, TSPM has criticized the hymn for supposedly questioning the Movement's view of Christianity in service of Chinese socialism.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aikman|first=David|title=Jesus in Beijing: How Christianity Is Transforming China And Changing the Global Balance of Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huDzksEJEKkC&pg=PA110|year=2012|publisher=Regnery Publishing|location=Washington|isbn=978-1-59698-652-7|page=110|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-date=August 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827152042/https://books.google.com/books?id=huDzksEJEKkC&pg=PA110|url-status=live}}</ref> TSPM church services also feature non-Christian Communist Party songs.<ref name="AFP 2019" />

The main periodical of TSPM is ''[[Tian Feng (magazine)|Tian Feng]]''.<ref name="Fällman2009">{{cite book|last=Fällman|first=Frederik|editor-last=Davis|editor-first=Edward L.|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rLBvrlKI7QC&pg=PA832|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Oxon|isbn=978-0-415-77716-2|page=832|chapter=Tianfeng|access-date=July 29, 2017|archive-date=August 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827152037/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rLBvrlKI7QC&pg=PA832|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Statement of faith ==
The following [[confession of faith]] was adopted by the TSPM on 8 January 2008:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ccctspm.org/english/enews/2008/724/08515340.html | title=Chapter Two: Faith | publisher=National Committee of Three-Self Patriotic Movement of the Protestant Churches in China/China Christian Council | work=Church Order of Protestant Churches in China | date=May 15, 2008 | access-date=May 31, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115514/http://www.ccctspm.org/english/enews/2008/724/08515340.html | archive-date=August 26, 2014 }}</ref>

{{Quote |The Chinese Church takes the contents of the entire [[Bible]], the [[Apostles' Creed]] and the [[Nicene Creed]] as the foundation of our faith, the main points of which are as follows:

Ours is a [[Trinity|Triune]] [[God in Christianity|God]], everlasting and eternal.

God is Spirit. God is loving, just, holy, and trustworthy. God is almighty [[God the Father|Father]], the Lord who creates and sustains the cosmos and all that is in it, who keeps and cares for the whole world.

[[Jesus Christ]] is the only [[God the Son|Son of God]], born of the Holy Spirit, the Word made flesh, wholly God and wholly human. He came into the world to save humankind, to witness to God the Father, to preach the [[gospel]]; he was crucified, died, and was buried. He rose again and ascended into [[Heaven (Christianity)|heaven]]. He will come again to judge the world.

The [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]] is the Comforter, who enables people to know their sinfulness and to repent, who bestows wisdom and ability and every grace, leading us to know God and to enter into the truth, enabling people to live holy lives, and to give beautiful witness to Christ.

The [[Christian church|church]] is the body of Christ and Christ is its Head. The church is [[Four marks of the church|apostolic, one, holy, and catholic]]. The visible church is called by God to be a fellowship of those who believe in Jesus Christ. It was established by the apostles as Jesus instructed them. The mission of the church is to preach the gospel, to administer the [[Sacrament]]s, to teach and nurture believers, to do good works, and to bear witness to the Lord. The church is both universal and particular. The Chinese Church must build itself up in love and be one in Christ.

The Bible has been revealed by God and written down by human beings through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The Bible is the highest authority in matters of faith and the standard of life for believers. Through the leading of the Holy Spirit, people in different times have gained new light in the Bible. The Bible should be [[Biblical hermeneutics|interpreted]] in accordance with the principle of rightly explaining the word of truth. It should not be interpreted arbitrarily or out of context.

Human beings are made in the image of God, but cannot become gods. God has given humanity dominion over all God's creation. Because of sin, human beings have diminished God's glory, yet through faith and the grace of Jesus Christ, human beings are redeemed and saved, and are granted resurrection and everlasting life.

Christ will [[Second Coming|come again]]. According to the teachings of the Bible, no one knows the day of his coming, and any method to determine when Christ will come again violates the teachings of the Bible.

A Christian's faith and works are one. Christians must live out Christ in the world, glorifying God and benefiting people.}}

== See also ==

* [[List of the largest Protestant denominations]]
* [[Christianity in China]]
* [[Protestantism in China]]
* [[Catholic Patriotic Association]]
* [[Henry Venn (Church Missionary Society)|Henry Venn]]
* [[Chinese Independent Churches]]
* [[Positive Christianity]]
* [[Christian communism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Daniel H. Bays]]. ''A New History of Christianity in China.'' (Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, Blackwell Guides to Global Christianity, 2012).  {{ISBN|9781405159548}}), esp. Ch. 7, "Christianity and the New China, 1950–1966.
* {{Cite journal|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/november/30.68.html?start=1 | journal = Christianity Today | title = The Chinese Church's Delicate Dance: A conversation with the head of the Protestant Three-Self Patriotic Movement| last = Galli | first = Mark | author-link = Mark Galli |date=November 2004}}
* Philip L. Wickeri. ''Seeking the Common Ground : Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement, and China's United Front.'' (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1988).  {{ISBN|0883444410}}.
* Wallace C. Merwin and Francis P. Jones, ed., ''Documents of the Three-Self Movement: Source Materials for the Study of the Protestant Church in Communist China.'' (New York, National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Division of Foreign Missions. Far Eastern Office, 1963). {{OCLC|471718935}}.

== External links ==
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|zh}}

{{China Christian Council and Three-Self Patriotic Movement|state=expanded}}
{{Christianity and China}}
{{Chinese Independent Churches}}
{{Religion in China}}

[[Category:Three-Self Patriotic Movement| ]]
[[Category:Members of the World Council of Churches]]
[[Category:Protestantism in China]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1951]]
[[Category:United and uniting churches]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Organizations associated with the Chinese Communist Party]]
[[Category:Christian communism]]
[[Category:Christian socialism]]
[[Category:United Front Work Department]]