View source for Thermodynamic diagrams

{{short description|Diagram showing the thermodynamic states of a material}}
{{Thermodynamics|cTopic=[[List of thermodynamic properties|System properties]]}}
'''Thermodynamic diagrams''' are diagrams used to represent the [[thermodynamic]] states of a material (typically [[fluid]]) and the consequences of manipulating this material.  For instance, a temperature–[[entropy]] diagram ([[Temperature–entropy diagram|T–s diagram]]) may be used to demonstrate the behavior of a fluid as it is changed by a compressor.

== Overview ==
Especially in [[meteorology]], they are used to analyze the actual state of the [[atmosphere]] derived from the measurements of [[radiosonde]]s, usually obtained with [[weather balloons]].  In such diagrams, [[temperature]] and [[humidity]] values (represented by the [[dew point]]) are displayed with respect to [[atmospheric pressure|pressure]].  Thus the diagram gives at a first glance the actual [[atmospheric stratification]] and vertical water vapor distribution.  Further analysis gives the actual base and top height of [[cumulus cloud|convective clouds]] or possible instabilities in the stratification.

By assuming the [[energy]] amount due to [[solar radiation]] it is possible to predict the 2 [[meter|m]] (6.6 [[Foot (length)|ft]]) temperature, humidity, and wind during the day, the development of the [[planetary boundary layer|boundary layer]] of the atmosphere, the occurrence and development of clouds and the conditions for soaring flight during the day.

The main feature of thermodynamic diagrams is the equivalence between the area in the diagram and energy.  When air changes pressure and temperature during a process and prescribes a closed curve within the diagram the area enclosed by this curve is proportional to the energy which has been gained or released by the air.

== Types of thermodynamic diagrams ==
{{See also|Phase diagram}}

General purpose diagrams include:
*[[PV diagram]]
*[[T–s diagram]]
*[[Mollier diagram|h–s (Mollier) diagram]]
*[[Psychrometric chart]]
*[[Cooling curve]]
*[[Indicator diagram]]
*[[Saturation vapor curve]]
*[[Maxwell's thermodynamic surface|Thermodynamic surface]]

Specific to weather services, there are mainly three different types of thermodynamic diagrams used:
* [[Skew-T log-P diagram]]
* [[Tephigram]]
* [[Emagram]]
* [[Stüve diagram]]
All four diagrams are derived from the physical P–alpha diagram which combines pressure (''P'') and specific volume (''alpha'') as its basic coordinates. The P–alpha diagram shows a strong deformation of the grid for atmospheric conditions and is therefore not useful in [[atmospheric sciences]]. The three diagrams are constructed from the P–alpha diagram by using appropriate coordinate transformations.

Not a thermodynamic diagram in a strict sense, since it does not display the energy–area equivalence, is the 
* [[Stüve diagram]]
But due to its simpler construction it is preferred in education.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Another widely-used diagram that does not display the energy–area equivalence is the [[θ-z diagram]] (Theta-height diagram), extensively used [[boundary layer meteorology]].

==Characteristics==
Thermodynamic diagrams usually show a net of five different lines:

* '''[[isobar (meteorology)|isobar]]s''' = lines of constant pressure
* '''[[isotherm (contour line)|isotherm]]s''' = lines of constant temperature
* '''dry [[Heat capacity ratio|adiabats]]''' = lines of constant potential temperature representing the temperature of a rising parcel of dry air
* '''saturated adiabats or pseudoadiabats''' = lines representing the temperature of a rising parcel saturated with water vapor
* '''mixing ratio''' = lines representing the [[Dew point|dewpoint]] of a rising parcel

The [[lapse rate]], dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) and moist adiabatic lapse rate (MALR), are obtained.  With the help of these lines, parameters such as [[lifted condensation level|cloud condensation level]], [[level of free convection]], onset of cloud formation. etc. can be derived from the soundings.

==Example==
The path or series of states through which a system passes from an initial equilibrium state to a final equilibrium state<ref name=":0">Thermodynamics (Third Edition), Kenneth Wark, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1977, {{ISBN|0-07-068280-1}}</ref> and can be viewed graphically on a pressure-volume (P-V), pressure-temperature (P-T), and temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams.<ref>Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics (Seventh Edition), Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro, [[Daisie Boettner|Daisie D. Boettner]], Margaret B. Bailey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011, {{ISBN|978-0470-49590-2}}</ref>

There are an infinite number of possible paths from an initial point to an end point in a [[thermodynamic process|process]]. In many cases the path matters, however, changes in the thermodynamic properties depend only on the initial and final states and not upon the path.<ref>Philip E. Bloomfield, William A. Steele, "Thermodynamic processes," in AccessScience, ©McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008, http://www.accessscience.com</ref>

[[File:Gax expanding doing work on a piston in a cylinder.jpg|thumb|Figure 1]]

Consider a gas in cylinder with a free floating piston resting on top of a volume of gas {{math|''V''<sub>1</sub>}} at a temperature {{math|''T''<sub>1</sub>}}. If the gas is heated so that the temperature of the gas goes up to {{math|''T''<sub>2</sub>}} while the piston is allowed to rise to {{math|''V''<sub>2</sub>}} as in Figure 1, then the pressure is kept the same in this process due to the free floating piston being allowed to rise making the process an [[isobaric process]] or constant pressure process. This Process Path is a straight horizontal line from state one to state two on a P-V diagram.

[[File:P-V diagram, Isobaric Process.jpg|thumb|Figure 2]]

It is often valuable to calculate the work done in a process. The work done in a process is the area beneath the process path on a P-V diagram. ''Figure 2'' If the process is isobaric, then the [[work (thermodynamics)|work]] done on the piston is easily calculated. For example, if the gas expands slowly against the piston, the work done by the gas to raise the piston is the force ''F'' times the distance ''d''. But the force is just the pressure ''P'' of the gas times the area ''A'' of the piston, ''F'' = ''PA''.<ref name=":1">Physics – Principles with Applications (Second Edition), Douglas C, Giancoli, Printice Hall, Inc., 1985, {{ISBN|0-13-672627-5}}</ref> Thus

*''W'' = ''Fd''
*''W'' = ''PAd''
*''W'' = ''P''(''V''<sub>2</sub> − ''V''<sub>1</sub>)

[[File:P-V diagram of expansion of a gas under a free floating piston with friction.jpg|thumb|figure 3]]

Now let’s say that the piston was not able to move smoothly within the cylinder due to [[static friction]] with the walls of the cylinder. Assuming that the temperature was increased slowly,  you would find that the process path is not straight and no longer isobaric, but would instead undergo an [[isometric process]] till the force exceeded that of the frictional force and then would undergo an [[isothermal process]] back to an equilibrium state. This process would be repeated till the end state is reached. See ''figure 3''. The work done on the piston in this case would be different due to the additional work required for the resistance of the friction. The work done due to friction would be the difference between the work done on these two process paths.

Many engineers neglect friction at first in order to generate a simplified model.<ref name=":0" /> For more accurate information, the height of the highest point, or the max pressure, to surpass the static friction would be proportional to the frictional coefficient and the slope going back down to the normal pressure would be the same as an isothermal process if the temperature was increased at a slow enough rate.<ref name=":1" />

Another path in this process is an [[isometric process]]. This is a process where volume is held constant which shows as a vertical line on a P-V diagram. ''Figure 3'' Since the piston is not moving during this process, there is not any work being done.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Thermodynamics]]
* [[Timeline of thermodynamics]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* ''The Physics of Atmospheres'' by John Houghton, Cambridge University Press 2002. Especially chapter 3.3. deals solely with the tephigram.
* German version of [http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/ostiv/Projects/handbuch.htm ''Handbook of meteorological soaring flight''] from the [http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/ostiv/ Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol à Voile (OSTIV)] (chapter 2.3)

== Further reading ==
* ''Handbook of meteorological forecasting for soaring flight'' WMO Technical Note No. 158. {{ISBN|92-63-10495-6}} especially chapter 2.3.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Thermodynamic diagrams}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111110858/http://www.met.tamu.edu/class/atmo352/aws-tr79-006.pdf www.met.tamu.edu/../aws-tr79-006.pdf] A very large technical manual (164 pages) how to use the diagrams.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716024436/http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/hydromet/07_Jan19_1999/html/MetPrimer2/sld010.htm www.comet.ucar.edu/../sld010.htm] A course on how to use diagrams at Comet, the 'Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and Training'.

[[Category:Thermodynamics|diagrams]]
[[Category:Diagrams]]