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{{short description|Collection of keyboard music by J.S. Bach}}
{{For|the Westworld episode|The Well-Tempered Clavier (Westworld){{!}}The Well-Tempered Clavier (''Westworld'')}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Bach-wtc1-title-ms.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|Title page of ''Das Wohltemperirte Clavier'', Book 1 (autograph)]]
'''''The Well-Tempered Clavier''''', [[Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis|BWV]] 846–893, consists of two sets of [[Prelude and fugue|preludes and fugues]] in [[Music written in all major or minor keys|all 24 major and minor keys]] for keyboard by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. In the composer's time ''clavier'' referred to a variety of keyboard instruments, namely the [[harpsichord]], the [[clavichord]] and the [[Organ (music)|organ]] (which operates using air instead of strings), but not excluding the [[Regal (instrument)|regal]] and the then newly-invented [[fortepiano]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Willard A. |title=J. S. Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Volume I |publisher=Alfred Music publishing |isbn=}}</ref>

The modern German spelling for the collection is '''''{{Lang|de|Das wohltemperierte Klavier}}''''' (WTK; {{IPA|de|das ˌvoːlˌtɛmpəˈʁiːɐ̯tə klaˈviːɐ̯}}). Bach gave the title '''''{{Lang|de|Das Wohltemperirte Clavier}}''''' to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 keys, major and minor, dated 1722, composed "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study". Some 20 years later, Bach compiled a second book of the same kind (24 pairs of preludes and fugues), which became known as ''The Well-Tempered Clavier'', Part Two (in German: ''Zweyter Theil'', modern spelling: ''Zweiter Teil'').

Modern editions usually refer to both parts as ''The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book&nbsp;1'' (WTC&nbsp;1) and ''The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book&nbsp;2'' (WTC&nbsp;2), respectively.<ref name="dover">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERMVEiSl1ZkC&pg=PT1|title=The Well-Tempered Clavier: Books 1 and 2, complete|isbn=978-0-486-24532-4|last1=Bach|first1=Johann Sebastian|last2=Novack|first2=Saul|year=1983|publisher=Courier Corporation }}</ref> The collection is generally regarded as one of the most important works in the history of classical music.<ref>E.g., {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlDOICBmhbkC&pg=PA52|title=All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music|page=52|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|date=2005|isbn=0-87930-865-6}}</ref>
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==Composition history==
[[File:Bach-wtc1-fugue4-ms.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Bach's autograph of the 4th Fugue of Book 1]]
[[File:DwtkII-as-dur-fuga.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Bach's autograph of Fugue No. 17 in A{{music|flat}} major from the second part of ''Das Wohltemperirte Clavier'']]
Each set contains 24 pairs of prelude and fugue. The first pair is in [[C major]], the second in [[C minor]], the third in [[C-sharp major|C{{music|#}} major]], the fourth in [[C-sharp minor|C{{music|#}} minor]], and so on. The rising [[chromatic scale|chromatic]] pattern continues until every key has been represented, finishing with a [[B minor]] fugue. The first set was compiled in 1722 during Bach's appointment in [[Köthen (Anhalt)|Köthen]], and the second followed 20 years later in 1742 while he was in [[Leipzig]].

Bach recycled some of the preludes and fugues from earlier sources: the 1720 ''[[Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]]'', for instance, contains versions of eleven of the preludes of the first book of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier''. The C{{music|#}} major prelude and fugue in book one was originally in C major – Bach added a [[key signature]] of seven [[sharp (music)|sharps]] and adjusted some [[Accidental (music)|accidentals]] to convert it to the required key.

In Bach's own time just one similar collection was published, by [[Johann Christian Schickhardt]] (1681–1762), whose Op. 30 ''L'alphabet de la musique'' (circa 1735) contained 24 sonatas in all keys for flute or violin and [[basso continuo]], and included a transposition scheme for [[alto recorder]].<ref>{{Cite Grove |last=Drummond |first=Pippa |last2=Lasocki |first2=David |title=Johann Christian Schickhardt}}</ref>

===Precursors===
{{See also|Music written in all major or minor keys#Bach and his precursors}}
Although the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' was the first collection of fully worked keyboard pieces [[Music written in all major or minor keys|in all 24&nbsp;keys]], similar ideas had occurred earlier. Before the advent of modern tonality in the late 17th&nbsp;century, numerous composers produced collections of pieces in all seven [[Mode (music)|modes]]: [[Johann Pachelbel]]'s magnificat fugues (composed 1695–1706), [[Georg Muffat]]'s ''Apparatus Musico-organisticus'' of 1690 and [[Johann Speth]]'s ''Ars magna'' of 1693 for example. Furthermore, some two hundred years before Bach's time, [[equal temperament]] was realized on plucked string instruments, such as the [[lute]] and the [[theorbo]], resulting in several collections of pieces in all keys (although the music was not yet tonal in the modern sense of the word):

* a cycle of 24&nbsp;[[passamezzo]]–[[saltarello]] pairs (1567) by {{ill|Giacomo Gorzanis|it}} ({{circa|1520~1577}})<ref>{{cite Grove |last=Ness |first=Arthur J. |title=Giacomo Gorzanis}}</ref>
* 24&nbsp;groups of dances, "clearly related to 12&nbsp;major and 12&nbsp;minor keys" (1584) by [[Vincenzo Galilei]] ({{circa|1528–1591}})<ref>{{cite Grove |last=Palisca |first=Claude V. |authorlink=Claude V. Palisca |title=Vincenzo Galilei}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2018|reason=Palisca actually contradicts himself, first saying that Galilei experimented with equal temperament in this book, and then saying he used a well-temperament instead.}}
* 30&nbsp;preludes for 12&nbsp;course lute or theorbo by [[John Wilson (composer)|John Wilson]] (1595–1674)<ref>{{Cite Grove |last=Spink |first=Ian |title=Wilson, John (English composer, lutenist and singer)}}</ref>{{Failed verification |date=May 2018 |reason=Spink does say that these pieces are 'written in all the major and minor keys', but does not mention what tuning system might have been used, or even if a single tuning system might have been intended for all of the pieces.}}<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |title=Thirty Preludes |series=General series |publisher=The Diapason Press |quote=in all [24] keys, for lute |url=http://diapason.xentonic.org/dp/dp049.html |via=diapason.xentonic.org}}</ref>{{Failed verification |date=May 2018 |reason=Nothing is said about which tuning system that might have been intended.}}
One of the earliest keyboard composers to realize a collection of organ pieces in successive keys was [[Daniel Croner]] (1656–1740), who compiled one such cycle of preludes in 1682.<ref>{{cite journal |first=John H. |last=Baron |title=A 17th&nbsp;century keyboard tablature in Brasov |journal=[[Journal of the American Musicological Society]] |volume=XX |year=1967 |pages=279–285|doi=10.2307/830790 |jstor=830790 }}</ref><ref>{{cite Grove |last=Cosma |first=Viorel |title=Daniel Croner}}</ref> His contemporary Johann Heinrich Kittel (1652–1682) also composed a cycle of 12&nbsp;organ preludes in successive keys.<ref>{{cite Grove |last=Baron |first=John H. |title=Kittel }}</ref>

[[Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer|J.C.F. Fischer]]'s ''[[Ariadne musica|Ariadne musica neo-organoedum]]'' (published in 1702 and reissued 1715) is a set of 20&nbsp;prelude and fugue pairs in ten major and nine minor keys, and the [[Phrygian mode]], plus five [[chorale]]-based [[ricercar]]s. Bach knew the collection and borrowed some of the themes from Fischer for the ''Well-Tempered Clavier''.<ref>{{cite Grove |last=Walter |first=Rudolf |title=Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer}}</ref> Other contemporary works include the treatise ''Exemplarische Organisten-Probe'' (1719) by [[Johann Mattheson]] (1681–1764), which included 48 [[figured bass]] exercises in all keys,<ref name=geiringer>{{cite book |first=K. |last=Geiringer |author-link=Karl Geiringer |year=1954 |title=The Bach Family: Seven generations of creative genius |pages=268–269 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> ''Partien auf das Clavier'' (1718) by [[Christoph Graupner]] (1683–1760) with eight suites in successive keys,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Oswald |last1=Bill |first2=Christoph |last2=Grosspietsch |year=2005 |title=Christoph Graupner: Thematisches Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke |publisher=Carus |isbn=3-89948-066-X}}</ref> and [[Friedrich Suppig]]'s ''Fantasia'' from ''Labyrinthus Musicus'' (1722), a long and formulaic sectional composition ranging through all 24&nbsp;keys which was intended for an [[enharmonic keyboard]] with both 31&nbsp;notes per octave and pure [[Interval (music)|major thirds]].<ref name=geiringer/><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Rudolf |editor-last=Rasch |year=1990 |title=Fredrich Suppig: Labyrinthus musicus, Calculus musicus, facsimile of the manuscripts |series=Tuning and Temperament Library |volume=3 |publisher=Diapason Press |place=Utrecht, NL}}</ref> Finally, a lost collection by [[Johann Pachelbel]] (1653–1706), ''Fugen und Praeambuln über die gewöhnlichsten Tonos figuratos'' (announced 1704), may have included prelude-fugue pairs in all keys or modes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jean M. |last=Perreault |year=2004 |title=The Thematic Catalogue of the Musical Works of Johann Pachelbel |page=84 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |place=Lanham, MD |isbn=0-8108-4970-4 }}</ref>

It was long believed that Bach had taken the title ''The Well-Tempered Clavier'' from a similarly named set of 24&nbsp;''Preludes and Fugues'' in all the keys, for which a manuscript dated 1689 was found in the library of the [[Brussels Conservatoire]]. It was later shown that this was the work of a composer who was not even born in 1689: Bernhard Christian Weber (1&nbsp;December 1712 – 5&nbsp;February 1758). In fact, it was written in 1745–1750 in imitation of Bach's earlier example.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] |edition=5th |year=1954 |volume=IX |page=223}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=http://www.erpmusic.com/records/cds/the-well-tempered-clavier-I |title=The Well-Tempered Clavier&nbsp;I |medium=record notes |publisher=[[Estonian Record Productions]] |via=erpmusic.com |access-date=18 June 2012 |archive-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614152832/http://www.erpmusic.com/records/cds/the-well-tempered-clavier-i |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Intended tuning===
{{see also|Musical temperament|Musical tuning#Tuning systems}}
Bach's title suggests that he had written for a 12&nbsp;note tuning system, in which all keys sounded in tune (called a "circulating temperament" or a "[[well temperament]]"). One of the opposing systems in Bach's day was [[meantone temperament]] in which keys with many [[Accidental (music)|accidentals]] sound out of tune on keyboards limited to 12&nbsp;pitches per octave. Bach would have been familiar with different tuning systems, and in particular as an organist would have played instruments tuned to a meantone system.

During much of the 20th&nbsp;century it was presumed, possibly mistakenly, that Bach intended [[equal temperament]];<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blake|first=Andrew|title=Tempering the clavier: a corpus-based examination of Bach's cognition of intonation in the Well-Tempered Clavier|journal=[[Journal of New Music Research]]|volume=52|issue=4|date=2023|pages=337–354|doi=10.1080/09298215.2024.2375552}}</ref> after Bach's death it became popular as the standard keyboard tuning, and had been described by theorists and musicians for at least a century before Bach's birth. Accounts of Bach's own tuning practice are few and inexact. The three most cited sources are [[Johann Nikolaus Forkel|Forkel]], Bach's first biographer; [[Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg]], who received information from Bach's sons and pupils; and [[Johann Kirnberger]], one of those pupils. Despite the presumption of equal temperament, research has continued into various unequal systems contemporary with Bach's career; there is debate whether Bach might have meant a range of similar temperaments, perhaps altered slightly in practice from piece to piece, or possibly some single, specific, "well-tempered" solution for all purposes. Modern scholars suggest some form of unequal [[well temperament]] instead of equal temperament.<ref name=alfred>{{cite book |last=Bach |first=J.S. |author-link=Johann Sebastian Bach |year=2004 |title=J.S. Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier |editor1-first=Willard A. |editor1-last=Palmer |publisher=[[Alfred Music]] |location=Los Angeles|isbn=0-88284-831-3 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZ95L8Xohs0C&pg=PA4 |via=Google books |access-date=10 May 2010}}</ref>

Forkel reports that Bach tuned his own [[harpsichord]]s and [[clavichord]]s and found other people's tunings unsatisfactory, and also that Bach's personal tuning system allowed him to play in all keys, and to modulate into distant keys almost without the listeners noticing. In the course of a heated debate, Marpurg and Kirnberger appear to agree that Bach required all the major thirds to be sharper than pure – which is not very informative, since it is essentially a prerequisite for ''any'' temperament to sound tolerable in all keys.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=David |editor1-first=Hans T. |editor2-last=Mendel |editor2-first=Arthur |year=1966 |title=The Bach Reader |edition=revised, with a supplement |publisher=W. W. Norton |page=261 |isbn=0-393-00259-4 |quote=Mr.&nbsp;Kirnberger has more than once told me as well as others about how the famous Joh. Seb. Bach, during the time when the former was enjoying musical instruction at the hands of the latter, confided to him the tuning of his clavier, and how the master expressly required of him that he tune all the thirds sharp." – [[Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg]] (1776)}}</ref>

Johann Georg Neidhardt, writing in 1724–1732, described a range of unequal and near-equal temperaments (as well as equal temperament itself), which can be successfully used to perform some of Bach's music, and were later praised by some of Bach's pupils and associates. J.S. Bach's son [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach]] himself published a rather vague tuning method which was close to, but still not equal temperament: He wrote that it had only "most of" the [[interval (music)|fifths]] tempered, without saying which ones nor by how much.

Since 1950 there have been many other proposals and many performances of the work in different and unequal tunings, some derived from historical sources, some by modern authors. Whatever their provenances, these schemes all promote the existence of subtly different musical characters in different keys, due to the sizes of their intervals. However, they disagree as to which key receives which character:

* Herbert Anton Kellner argued from the mid-1970s until his death that esoteric considerations such as the pattern of Bach's [[signet ring]], [[numerology]], and more could be used to determine the correct temperament. His result is somewhat similar to [[Werckmeister temperament|Werckmeister's]] most familiar "correct" temperament. Kellner's temperament was widely adopted worldwide for the tuning pipe organs, and contains seven pure fifths and five {{sfrac| 1 |5}} [[comma (music)|comma]] fifths. It is especially effective as a moderate solution to play 17th&nbsp;century music, if one avoids music that requires more than two [[flat (music)|flats]].
* John Barnes analyzed the ''Well-Tempered Clavier''&thinsp;'s major-key preludes statistically, observing that some major thirds are used more often than others. His results were broadly in agreement with Kellner's and Werckmeister's patterns. His own proposed temperament from that study is a {{sfrac| 1 |6}} comma variant of both Kellner ({{sfrac| 1 |5}}) and Werckmeister ({{sfrac| 1 |4}}), with the same general pattern tempering the naturals, and concluding with a tempered fifth B–F{{Music|#}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hpschd.nu/index.html?nav/nav-4.html&t/welcome.html&https://www.hpschd.nu/tech/tmp/barnes.html|title=Temperaments XXI: Bach/Barnes|year=2005|website=Carey Beebe Harpsichords|access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref>
* [[Mark Lindley]], a researcher of historical temperaments, has written several surveys of temperament styles in the German [[Baroque music|Baroque]] tradition. In his publications he has recommended and devised many patterns close to those of Neidhardt, with subtler gradations of interval size. Since a 1985 article in which he addressed some issues in the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'', Lindley's theories have focused more on Bach's organ music than the harpsichord or clavichord works.

====Title page tuning interpretations====
[[File:Bach loops.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Top of Bach's title page for the 1st&nbsp;book of ''The Well-Tempered Clavier'' (1722) showing handwritten loops which some have interpreted as tuning instructions.]]
More recently there has been a series of proposals of [[musical temperament|temperaments]] derived from the handwritten doodle of loops on the title page of Bach's personal 1722 manuscript.

* In the course of studying German Baroque organ tunings, Andreas Sparschuh in 1999 assigned mathematical and acoustic meaning to the loops.<ref name=Swich /> Each loop, he argued, represents a fifth in the sequence for tuning the keyboard, starting from [[A (musical note)|A]]. From this Sparschuh devised a recursive tuning algorithm, resembling the [[Collatz conjecture]] in mathematics: It subtracts one beat per second each time Bach's diagram has a non-empty loop. In 2006 he retracted his 1998 proposal based on A = 420&nbsp;[[Hertz|Hz]], and replaced it with another at A = 410&nbsp;Hz.
* Michael Zapf in 2001 reinterpreted the loops as indicating the rate of [[beat (acoustics)|beating]] of different fifths in a given range of the keyboard in terms of seconds-per-beat, with the tuning now starting on [[C (musical note)|C]].
* J. C. Francis (2004)<ref name=Francis-2004/> reported a mathematical analysis of the loops using [[Mathematica]] under {{clarify|text=the assumption they represented beats per second.|date=November 2020}} In 2004, he also distributed several temperaments derived from [[BWV]]&nbsp;924.<ref name=Francis-2004>{{cite report |first=John Charles |last=Francis |year=2004 |title=The keyboard tuning of J. S. Bach |website=eunomios.org |url=http://www.eunomios.org/contrib/francis1/francis1.html}}</ref>
* B. Lehman (2004, 2005)<ref>{{cite report |first=Bradley |last=Lehman |year=2005 |orig-year=2004 |title=Johann Sebastian Bach's tuning |website=LaripS.com |url=http://www.larips.com/ |access-date=12 April 2023}}</ref> proposed a {{sfrac| 1 |6}} and {{sfrac|1| 12 }} comma layout derived from Bach's loops, which he published in 2005 in articles of three music journals.<ref>{{cite periodical |first=Bradley |last=Lehman |date=November 2005|ref=none|title=The 'Bach Temperament' and the Clavichord |periodical=Clavichord International |volume=9 |issue=2 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bpl/larips/clavichord.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Bradley |last=Lehman |date=February 2005|ref=none|title=Bach's extraordinary temperament: Our Rosetta stone, Part&nbsp;1 |journal=[[Early Music (journal)|Early Music]]|volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=3–24 |issn=0306-1078 |doi=10.1093/em/cah037 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bpl/larips/lehman_rosetta_all_7_sections.zip}}
:{{cite journal |first=Bradley |last=Lehman |date=May 2005|ref=none|title=Bach's extraordinary temperament: Our Rosetta Stone, Part&nbsp;2 |journal=[[Early Music (journal)|Early Music]]|volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=211–232 |issn=0306-1078 |doi=10.1093/em/cah067 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bpl/larips/lehman_rosetta_all_7_sections.zip}}</ref> Reaction to this work has been both vigorous and mixed, with other writers producing further speculative schemes or variants.
* D. Jencka (2005)<ref>{{cite report |first=Daniel |last=Jencka |year=2006 |title=The tuning script from Bach's ''Well-Tempered Clavier'': A possible <math>\tfrac{1}{18}</math> P.C. interpretation |website=jencka.com |url=http://bachtuning.jencka.com/essay.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301105734/http://bachtuning.jencka.com/essay.htm |archive-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> proposed a variation of Lehman's layout where one of the {{sfrac| 1 |6}} commas is spread over three fifths ('''G'''{{Music|#}}–'''D'''{{Music|#}}–'''A'''{{Music|#}}='''B'''{{Music|b}}), resulting in a {{sfrac|1| 18 }} comma division. Motivations for Jencka's approach involve an analysis of the possible logic behind the figures themselves, and his belief that a wide fifth ('''B'''{{Music|b}}–'''F''') found in Lehman's interpretation is unlikely in a well-temperament from the time.
* Interbartolo, Venturino, & Bof (2006)<ref>{{cite report |last1=Interbartolo |first1=Graziano |last2=Venturino |first2=Paolo |last3=Bof |first3=Giampiero |year=2006 |title=Bach 1722 – Il temperamento di Dio |lang=it |trans-title=Bach, 1722, the temperament [from] God |website=bach1722.com |url=http://www.bach1722.com/presentazione.htm |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707203509/http://www.bach1722.com/presentazione.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> proposed a tuning system deduced from the W.T.C. title page. Their work was published the next year in a book by the same title.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Interbartolo |first1=Graziano |last2=Venturino |first2=Paolo |last3=Bof |first3=Giampiero |date=July 2007 |title=Bach 1722 – Il temperamento di Dio – Le scoperte e i significati del 'Wohltemperirte Clavier' |language=it |trans-title=Bach, 1722, the temperament [from] God – discoveries and meanings in the 'Wohltemperirte Clavier' |page=136 |publisher=Edizioni Bolla, Finale Ligure |id=A000068628}}</ref>

Nevertheless, some [[musicologist]]s say there is insufficient proof that Bach's looped drawing signifies anything reliable about a tuning method. Bach may have tuned differently per occasion, or per composition, throughout his career.

* D. Schulenberg (2006)<ref name=Schulenberg-2006/> allows that Lehman's argument is "ingenious" but counters that it "lacks documentary support (if the swirls were so important, why did Bach's students not copy them accurately, if at all?)"<ref name=Schulenberg-2006>{{cite book |first=David |last=Schulenberg |year=2006 |title=The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |pages=18, 452 |isbn=978-0-415-97400-4}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=452}} and concludes that the swirls cannot "be unambiguously interpreted as a code for a particular temperament".<ref name=Schulenberg-2006/>{{rp|style=ama|p=18}}
* L. Swich (2011)<ref name=Swich>{{cite journal |first=Luigi |last=Swich |date=August 2011 |title=Further thoughts on Bach's 1722 temperament |journal=[[Early Music (journal)|Early Music]]|volume=XXXIX |issue=3 |pages=401–407|doi=10.1093/em/car041}}</ref> more recently presented an alternative reading from that of Lehman, and others, of Bach's tuning method as derived from the title page calligraphic drawing: It differs in significant details, resulting in a circulating but unequal temperament using {{sfrac| 1 |5}} Pythagorean-comma fifths that is effective through all 24&nbsp;keys and, most important, tunable by ear without an electronic tuning device.

Swich's proposal<ref name=Swich /> is based on the equal timing of the beats between the fifth '''F–C''' and the third '''F–A''' ({{circa|3&nbsp;beats}} per second) and between the fifth '''C–G''' and the third '''C–E''' ({{circa|2&nbsp;beats}} per second). Such a system is reminiscent of [[Herbert Anton Kellner|Kellner]]'s 1977 temperament and even more closely to the temperament used for the [[Organ of St. Ludgeri in Norden]], built in 1688 by [[Arp Schnitger]], and the temperament later described by Carlo Gervasoni (1800).<ref>{{cite book |first=Carlo |last=Gervasoni |author-link=Carlo Gervasoni |year=1800 |title=La scuola della musica |language=it |trans-title=The School of Music |place=Piacenza, IT}}</ref>

A system like Swich's, with all its major thirds more or less sharp, is confirmed by Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg's description of the way Bach's famous student [[Johann Philipp Kirnberger|J.P. Kirnberger]] was taught to tune in his lessons with Bach: Kirnberger's tuning allows all 24&nbsp;keys to be played through without changing tuning nor unpleasant intervals, but with varying degrees of difference. The temperament is unequal, and the keys do not all sound the same. Compared to Werckmeister&nbsp;III, the other 24&nbsp;key-circulating temperaments, Kirnberger's version of Bach's tuning is much more differentiated, with its 8&nbsp;different kinds of major thirds (instead of Werckmeister's&nbsp;4).

The manuscript Bach&nbsp;P415 in the [[Berlin State Library]] is the only known copy of the W.T.C. that shows the doodle. It would be a bit too cryptic for Bach's spirit, but seems to the hopeful to represent the purpose for which the masterpiece was written, and at the same time, a clue to its decipherment. In perspective, this is not surprising, since the document with the doodle is most probably the working copy Johann Sebastian Bach used in classes with his students.

==Content==
[[File:Bach-wtc1-prelude1-early-ms.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Early version BWV 846a (1720) of the first prelude of the first book, as written down by Bach in his eldest son's notebook]]
[[File:Bach-wtc1-prelude1-ms.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Bach's autograph (1722) of the first prelude of Book 1]]
{{See also|List of keyboard and lute compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach#The Well-Tempered Clavier (846–893)|List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach#BGA14}}
Each Prelude is followed by a Fugue in the same key. In each book the first Prelude and Fugue is in [[C major]], followed by a Prelude and Fugue in its [[parallel minor]] key ([[C minor]]). Then all keys, each major key followed by its parallel minor key, are followed through, each time moving up a half tone: C → C{{sharp}} → D → E{{flat}} → E → F → F{{sharp}} → ... ending with ... → B{{flat}} → B.

===Book 1===
The first book of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' was composed in the early 1720s, with Bach's autograph dated 1722. Apart from the early versions of several preludes included in W.&nbsp;F. Bach's ''Klavierbüchlein'' (1720) there is an almost complete collection of "Prelude and Fughetta" versions predating the 1722 autograph, known from a later copy by an unidentified scribe.<ref>[http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00005418 Bach Digital Source 5418] at {{URL|www.bachdigital.de}}</ref>

====Title page====
The title page of the first book of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' reads:
{|
|Das Wohltemperirte Clavier oder Præludia, und Fugen durch alle Tone und Semitonia, so wohl tertiam majorem oder Ut Re Mi anlangend, als auch tertiam minorem oder Re Mi Fa betreffend. Zum Nutzen und Gebrauch der Lehrbegierigen Musicalischen Jugend, als auch derer in diesem studio schon habil seyenden besonderem Zeitvertreib auffgesetzet und verfertiget von Johann Sebastian Bach. p. t: Hochfürstlich Anhalt-Cöthenischen Capel-Meistern und Directore derer Camer Musiquen. Anno 1722.
|The well-tempered Clavier, or Preludes and Fugues through all the tones and semitones, both as regards the tertiam majorem or Ut Re Mi [i.e., major] and tertiam minorem or Re Mi Fa [i.e., minor]. For the profit and use of the studious musical young, and also for the special diversion of those who are already skilful in this study, composed and made by Johann Sebastian Bach, for the time being Capellmeister and Director of the Chamber-music of the Prince of Anhalt-Cothen. In the year 1722.<ref>''Monthly Musical Record'', 1 July 1887, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BftLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146 p. 146]</ref>
|}

====No. 1: Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 846====
{{further|Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 846}}
An early version of this prelude, BWV 846a, is found in ''[[Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]]'' (No. 14: "Praeludium 1"). The prelude is a seemingly simple progression of [[arpeggio|arpeggiated]] chords, one of the connotations of 'préluder' as the French lutenists used it.

====No. 2: Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847====
[[Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847]]. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 15: Praeludium 2.

====No. 3: Prelude and Fugue in C{{music|#}} major, BWV 848====
[[Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848]]. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 21: Praeludium [8].

====No. 4: Prelude and Fugue in C{{music|#}} minor, BWV 849====
[[Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849]]. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 22: Praeludium [9].

====No. 5: Prelude and Fugue in D major, BWV 850====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in D major, BWV 850|de|Präludium und Fuge D-Dur BWV 850 (Das Wohltemperierte Klavier, I. Teil)|commons|Category:BWV 850 – Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D major from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 17: Praeludium 4.

====No. 6: Prelude and Fugue in D minor, BWV 851====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in D minor, BWV 851|commons|3=Category:BWV 851 – Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 16: Praeludium 3.

====No. 7: Prelude and Fugue in E{{music|b}} major, BWV 852====
[[Prelude and Fugue in E-flat major, BWV 852]].

====No. 8: Prelude in E{{music|b}} minor and Fugue in D{{music|#}} minor, BWV 853====
[[Prelude and Fugue in E-flat minor, BWV 853]]. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 23: Praeludium [10]. The fugue was transposed from D minor to D{{music|#}} minor.

====No. 9: Prelude and Fugue in E major, BWV 854<span class="anchor" id="BWV 854"></span>====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in E major, BWV 854|commons|3=Category:BWV 854 – Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E major from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 19: Praeludium 6.

====No. 10: Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 855====
[[Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 855]]. Early version [[BWV 855a]] of the Prelude in ''Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach'' (No. 18: "Praeludium 5").

====No. 11: Prelude and Fugue in F major, BWV 856====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in F major, BWV 856|commons|3=Category:BWV 856 – Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F major from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 20: Praeludium 7.

====No. 12: Prelude and Fugue in F minor, BWV 857====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in F minor, BWV 857|commons|3=Category:BWV 857 – Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}. Prelude also in WFB ''Klavierbüchlein'', No. 24: Praeludium [11].

====No. 13: Prelude and Fugue in F{{music|#}} major, BWV 858====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in F-sharp major, BWV 858|commons|3=Category:BWV 858 – Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F-sharp major from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}.

====No. 14: Prelude and Fugue in F{{music|#}} minor, BWV 859====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in F-sharp minor, BWV 859|commons|3=Category:BWV 859 – Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F-sharp minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}.

====No. 15: Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 860====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 860|commons|3=Category:BWV 860 – Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G major from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}.

====No. 16: Prelude and Fugue in G minor, BWV 861====
[[Prelude and Fugue in G minor, BWV 861]].

====No. 17: Prelude and Fugue in A{{music|b}} major, BWV 862====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in A-flat major, BWV 862|commons|3=Category:BWV 862 – Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A-flat major from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}.

====No. 18: Prelude and Fugue in G{{music|#}} minor, BWV 863====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in G-sharp minor, BWV 863|commons|3=Category:BWV 863 – Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G-sharp minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}.

====No. 19: Prelude and Fugue in A major, BWV 864====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in A major, BWV 864|commons|3=Category:BWV 864 – Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A major from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}.

====No. 20: Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 865====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 865|commons|3=Category:BWV 865 – Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}.

====No. 21: Prelude and Fugue in B{{music|b}} major, BWV 866====
[[Prelude and Fugue in B-flat major, BWV 866]].

====No. 22: Prelude and Fugue in B{{music|b}} minor, BWV 867====
[[Prelude and Fugue in B-flat minor, BWV 867]].

====No. 23: Prelude and Fugue in B major, BWV 868====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in B major, BWV 868|commons|3=Category:BWV 868 – Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B major from the Well-Tempered Clavier I}}.

====No. 24: Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 869====
[[Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 869]].

===Book 2===
The two major primary sources for this collection of Preludes and Fugues are the "London Original" (LO) manuscript, dated between 1739 and 1742, with scribes including Bach, his wife Anna Magdalena and his oldest son Wilhelm Friedeman, which is the basis for Version A of ''WTC 2'',<ref>[http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00003694 GB-Lbl Add. MS. 35021] at {{URL|www.bachdigital.de}}</ref> and for Version B, that is the version published by the 19th-century [[Bach-Gesellschaft]], a 1744 copy primarily written by [[Johann Christoph Altnickol]] (Bach's son-in-law), with some corrections by Bach, and later also by Altnickol and others.<ref>[http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00001380 D-B Mus. ms. Bach P 430] at {{URL|www.bachdigital.de}}</ref>

====No. 1: Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870====
[[Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870]].

====No. 2: Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 871====
[[Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 871]].

====No. 3: Prelude and Fugue in C{{music|#}} major, BWV 872====
[[File:JSBachPrelude and Fugue C-sharp MAJOR - WTC book 2.ogg|thumb|Prelude and Fugue C{{music|#}} major, played by [[Raymond Smullyan]]]]
[[Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 872]].

====No. 4: Prelude and Fugue in C{{music|#}} minor, BWV 873====
[[Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873]].

====No. 5: Prelude and Fugue in D major, BWV 874====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in D major, BWV 874|commons|3=Category:BWV 874 – Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 6: Prelude and Fugue in D minor, BWV 875====
[[Prelude and Fugue in D minor, BWV 875]].

====No. 7: Prelude and Fugue in E{{music|b}} major, BWV 876====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in E-flat major, BWV 876|commons|3=Category:BWV 876 – Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E-flat major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 8: Prelude and Fugue in D{{music|#}} minor, BWV 877====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in D-sharp minor, BWV 877|commons|3=Category:BWV 877 – Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in D-sharp minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 9: Prelude and Fugue in E major, BWV 878====
[[File:JSBach WTK2 Prelude and Fugue Emaj.ogg|thumb|Prelude and Fugue E major, played by [[Randolph Hokanson]]]]
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in E major, BWV 878|commons|3=Category:BWV 878 – Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 10: Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 879====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 879|commons|3=Category:BWV 879 – Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 11: Prelude and Fugue in F major, BWV 880====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in F major, BWV 880|commons|3=Category:BWV 880 – Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 12: Prelude and Fugue in F minor, BWV 881====
[[Prelude and Fugue in F minor, BWV 881]]. Prelude as a [[theme with variations]]. Fugue in three voices.

====No. 13: Prelude and Fugue in F{{music|#}} major, BWV 882====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in F-sharp major, BWV 882|commons|3=Category:BWV 882 – Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F-sharp major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 14: Prelude and Fugue in F{{music|#}} minor, BWV 883====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in F-sharp minor, BWV 883|commons|3=Category:BWV 883 – Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F-sharp minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 15: Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 884====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 884|commons|3=Category:BWV 884 – Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 16: Prelude and Fugue in G minor, BWV 885====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in G minor, BWV 885|commons|3=Category:BWV 885 – Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 17: Prelude and Fugue in A{{music|b}} major, BWV 886====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in A-flat major, BWV 886|commons|3=Category:BWV 886 – Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A-flat major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 18: Prelude and Fugue in G{{music|#}} minor, BWV 887====
[[File:Bach-gis-moll-IIWTK.ogg|thumb|Prelude and Fugue G{{music|#}} minor, played by O. Yevsyukova]]
[[Prelude and Fugue in G-sharp minor, BWV 887]].

====No. 19: Prelude and Fugue in A major, BWV 888====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in A major, BWV 888|commons|3=Category:BWV 888 – Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 20: Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 889====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 889|commons|3=Category:BWV 889 Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 21: Prelude and Fugue in B{{music|b}} major, BWV 890====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in B-flat major, BWV 890|commons|3=Category:BWV 890 – Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B-flat major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 22: Prelude and Fugue in B{{music|b}} minor, BWV 891====
[[File:Bach-WTC-2-22.ogg|thumb|Prelude and Fugue B{{music|b}} minor, played by M. Pan'kiv]]
[[Prelude and Fugue in B-flat minor, BWV 891]].

====No. 23: Prelude and Fugue in B major, BWV 892====
{{Interlanguage link|Prelude and Fugue in B major, BWV 892|commons|3=Category:BWV 892 – Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B major from the Well-Tempered Clavier II}}.

====No. 24: Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 893====
[[File:Bach-WTK-2-b-minor.ogg|thumb|Prelude and Fugue B minor, played by V. Dacenko]]
[[Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 893]].

==Style==
Musically, the structural regularities of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' encompass a wide range of styles. The preludes are formally free, although many of them exhibit typical Baroque melodic forms, often coupled to an extended free [[coda (music)|coda]] (e.g. Book 1 preludes in [[C minor]], [[D major]], and [[B-flat major|B{{music|b}} major]]). The preludes are also notable for their odd or irregular numbers of measures, in terms of both the phrases and the total number of measures in a given prelude.

Each fugue is marked with the number of voices, from two to five. Most are three- and four-voiced fugues, but two are five-voiced (the fugues in C{{music|#}} minor and B{{music|b}} minor from Book 1) and one is two-voiced (the fugue in E minor from Book 1). The fugues employ a full range of contrapuntal devices (fugal exposition, thematic inversion, [[stretto]], etc.), but are generally more compact than Bach's fugues for [[pipe organ|organ]].

Several attempts have been made to analyse the motivic connections between each prelude and fugue<ref>Leikin, Anatole. "The Mystery of Chopin's Préludes", (Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015) p. 48.</ref> – most notably Wilhelm Werker<ref>Werker, Wilhelm. ''Studien über die Symmetrie im Bau der Fugen und die motivische Zusammengehörigkeit der Präludien und Fugen des "Wohlemperierten Klaviers" von Johann Sebastian Bach'' (Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1922)</ref> and Johann Nepomuk David.<ref>David, Johann Nepomuk. ''Das Wohltemperierte Klavier: Der Versuch einer Synopsis'' (Göttigen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962)</ref> The most direct motivic reference appears in the B major set from Book 1, in which the fugue subject uses the first four notes of the prelude, in the same metric position but at half speed.<ref>Bach, J. S. ''Das Wohltemperierte Klavier: Teil I'' (München: G. Henle Verlag, 1997), pp. 110–103.</ref>

==Reception==
[[File:WTK-I-12-01-Leipzig Breitkopf & Haertel, 1866.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Bach Gesellschaft Ausgabe]] Vol. 14 (1866), p. 44: Book 1, Prelude No. 12]]
[[File:J.S. Bach - The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - OpenWTC.pdf|thumb|upright=1.3|21st-century [[open source]] score edition of [[:File:J.S. Bach - The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - OpenWTC.pdf|Book 1 (182 pages)]]]]
Both books of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' were widely circulated in manuscript, but printed copies were not made until 1801, 51 years after Bach's death, by three publishers almost simultaneously in Bonn, Leipzig and Zurich.<ref>{{Cite journal| last = Kassler| first = Michael| title = Broderip, Wilkinson and the First English Edition of the '48'| journal = [[The Musical Times]]| volume = 147 | issue = Summer 2006| pages = 67–76| url = https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F25434385| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080503075537/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3870/is_200607/ai_n16522881|url-status=dead| archive-date = 3 May 2008| issn = 0027-4666| access-date = 10 May 2010| doi = 10.2307/25434385| year = 2006 | jstor = 25434385| url-access = subscription}}</ref> Bach's style went out of favour in the time around his death, and most music in the early [[classical period (music)|Classical period]] had neither [[Counterpoint|contrapuntal]] complexity nor a great variety of keys. But, with the maturing of the Classical style in the 1770s, the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' began to influence the course of musical history, with [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] studying the work closely.<ref>{{cite Grove|last1=Eisen|first1=Cliff|author1-link=Cliff Eisen|last2=Sadie|first2=Stanley|author2-link=Stanley Sadie|year=2001|title=Mozart, (Johann Chrysostom) Wolfgang Amadeus|id=6002278233}} {{Grove Music subscription}}</ref>

[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] transcribed some of the fugues of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' for string ensemble:<ref>{{IMSLP|work=Preludes and Fugues, K.404a (Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus)|cname=Preludes and Fugues, K. 404a}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=[[Breitkopf & Härtel]] |last=Köchel |first=Ludwig Ritter von |author-link=Ludwig Ritter von Köchel |title=Chronologisch-thematisches Verzeichniss sämmtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amade Mozart's |location=Leipzig |year=1862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kV4VAAAAYAAJ |oclc=3309798 |language=de}} [https://archive.org/details/chronologischth01kcgoog Alt URL], [https://archive.org/stream/chronologischth01kcgoog#page/n355/mode/2up No. 405, pp. 328–329]</ref>
* BWV 853 → K. 404a/1
* BWV 871 → K. 405/1
* BWV 874 → K. 405/5
* BWV 876 → K. 405/2
* BWV 877 → K. 405/4
* BWV 878 → K. 405/3
* BWV 882 → K. 404a/3
* BWV 883 → K. 404a/2

[[Fantasy No. 1 with Fugue (Mozart)|Fantasy No. 1 with Fugue]], K. 394 is one of Mozart's own compositions showing the influence the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' had on him.<ref>[http://www.schillerinstitut.dk/bach.html Michelle Rasmussen]</ref><ref name="apbrown">Brown, A. Peter, ''The Symphonic Repertoire'' (Volume 2). Indiana University Press ({{ISBN|0-253-33487-X}}), pp. 423–432 (2002).</ref> [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] played the entire ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' by the time he was eleven, and produced an arrangement of BWV 867, for string quintet.<ref>[[:File:Beethoven Hess38.ogg|"Hess 38"]] is Beethoven's arrangement of "Book 1 – Fugue No. 22 in B{{music|b}} minor" (BWV 867).</ref><ref name="McKay">McKay, Cory. [http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~cmckay/papers/musicology/BachReception.pdf "The Bach Reception in the 18th and 19th century"] at {{URL|www.music.mcgill.ca}}</ref><ref name="Schenk1959p101">Erich Schenk (author), translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston & Winston (eds) (1959), ''Mozart and his Times'', p. 452<!-- got details from the Amazon book page here https://www.amazon.com/Mozart-His-Times-Erich-Schenk/dp/B0007DPFD2 --></ref><ref>[[Daniel Heartz]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0wp2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA678 ''Mozart, Haydn and Early Beethoven: 1781–1802'', p. 678.] W. W. Norton & Company, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-393-28578-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Beethoven im eigenen Wort|page=101|last=Kerst|first=Friedrich|author-link=:de:Friedrich Kerst|language=de|year=1904|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenimeige01kersgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|publisher=Schuster & Loeffler|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>Edward Noel Green. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UK4g0hzm4wC&pg=PA273 ''Chromatic Completion in the Late Vocal Music of Haydn and Mozart: A Technical, Philosophic, and Historical Study'', p. 273] New York University. {{ISBN|978-0-549-79451-6}}</ref>

[[Hans von Bülow]] called ''The Well-Tempered Clavier'' the "Old Testament" of music (the [[Piano sonatas (Beethoven)|Beethoven Sonatas]] were the "New Testament").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walker|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Walker (musicologist)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNhQhSgRlWIC&pg=PA174|title=Franz Liszt: The Weimar years, 1848–1861|year=1987|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9721-6}}</ref>

Bach's example inspired numerous composers of the 19th century; for instance, in 1835 [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] started composing his [[24 Preludes, Op. 28 (Chopin)|24 Preludes, Op. 28]], inspired by the ''Well-Tempered Clavier''. In the 20th century [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] wrote his [[24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)|24 Preludes and Fugues]], an even closer reference to Bach's model. Another inspiration after Bach, even before Shostakovich, was in 1940, when [[Vsevolod Zaderatsky]] created his main work, in the Gulag сamp conditions: a full cycle of 24 preludes and fugues (the work was unpublished during a long time and practically unknown until its premiere in 2014).<ref>[https://www.schott-music.com/en/24-preludes-and-fugues-no376143.html "24 Preludes and Fugues"] by [[Vsevolod Zaderatsky]], {{ill|Vsevolod Vsevolodovich Zaderatsky|ru|Задерацкий, Всеволод Всеволодович}} (ed.) [[Schott Music]]</ref> [[Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco]] wrote ''[[Les Guitares bien tempérées]]'' (''The Well-Tempered Guitars''), a set of 24 preludes and fugues for two guitars, in all 24 major and minor keys, inspired in both title and structure by Bach's work.<ref>[https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.570779 Castelnuovo-Tedesco: ''The Well-Tempered Guitars'', Vol. 2, Nos. 13–24], Naxos</ref>

===First prelude of Book 1===
{{see also|Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 846#Legacy|Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)}}
The best-known piece from either book is the [[Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 846|first prelude of Book 1]]. [[Anna Magdalena Bach]] copied a short version of this prelude in her 1725 ''[[Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach|Notebook]]'' (No. 29).<ref>{{IMSLP|work=Notebooks for Anna Magdalena Bach (Bach, Johann Sebastian)|cname=Notebooks for Anna Magdalena Bach}}</ref> The accessibility of this prelude, the "easy" key of C major, and its use of arpeggiated chords, have made it one of the most commonly studied pieces for piano students.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ishizaka|first=Kimiko|author-link=Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka|title=Prelude No 1 in C major, BWV 846|url=https://www.welltemperedclavier.org/bach/prelude-no-1-c-major-bwv-846|website=welltemperedclavier.org|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref> This prelude also served as the basis for the ''[[Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)|Ave Maria]]'' of [[Charles Gounod]].<ref>{{IMSLP|work=Ave Maria (Gounod, Charles)|cname=Ave Maria (Gounod)}}. From the first edition, title pages stated that the piece was "on" or "adapted from" Bach's prelude.</ref>

===Tenth prelude of Book 1===
{{further|Prelude in E minor, BWV 855a#Siloti piano arrangement: Prelude in B minor}}
[[Alexander Siloti]] transcribed a piano arrangement of the early version of Prelude and Fugue in E minor ([[BWV 855a]]), [[transposition (music)|transposed]] into a [[Prelude in B minor (J. S. Bach, arranged Siloti)|Prelude in B minor]].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

==Recordings==
The first complete recording of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' was made on the piano by [[Edwin Fischer]] for EMI between 1933 and 1936. The second was made by [[Wanda Landowska]] on harpsichord for RCA Victor in 1949 (Book 1) and 1952 (Book 2).<ref>Bach Cantatas Website, [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/NVD/BWV846-869-Rec1.htm "Well-Tempered Clavier Book 1, BWV 846–869 Recordings – Part 1"]</ref> [[Helmut Walcha]], better known as an organist, recorded both books between 1959 and 1961 on a harpsichord.<ref>[http://harmonies.com/19926-2_Walcha_Bach/index.html Helmut Walcha: Johann Sebastian Bach – The Well-Tempered Clavier Books 1 & 2] at {{URL|harmonies.com}}</ref> [[Daniel Chorzempa]] made the first recording using multiple instruments (harpsichord, clavichord, organ, and fortepiano) for Philips in 1982.<ref>Bach Cantatas Website, [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/NVD/BWV846-869-Rec5.htm "''Well-Tempered Clavier'' Book 1, BWV 846–869 Recordings – Part 5"]</ref> As of 2013, over 150 recordings have been documented.<ref>Bach Cantatas Website, [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/NVD/BWV846-869-Rec8.htm "''Well-Tempered Clavier'' Book 1, BWV 846–869 Recordings – Part 8"]</ref> The [[Glenn Gould]] recording of BWV 870 was included on the [[Voyager Golden Record]].

Visit https://maplelab.net/bach/ to listen and visualize performances of Book 1 by Fisher, Landowska, Walcha, and 10 other renowned pianists. This tool also provides the score and tempo information of each recording, along with short performer biographies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interpreting Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier |url=https://maplelab.net/bach/ |website=MAPLE lab}}</ref>

===Audio of Book 1===
Harpsichord performances of various parts of Book 1 by [[Martha Goldstein]] are [[free content|freely licensed]].<ref>The portions of Book 1 performed by Martha Goldstein that are freely licensed include the following (all on harpsichord): [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 02Epre cmaj.ogg|"Prelude in C major"]] (BWV 846), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 03Efuge maj.ogg|Fugue in C major]] (BWV 846), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 04Epre cmin.ogg|Prelude No. 2 in C minor]] (BWV 847), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 05Efuge cmin.ogg|Fugue No. 2 in C minor]] (BWV 847), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - WTK1 Fugue in C-sharp minor.ogg|"Fugue No. 4 in C{{music|#}} minor"]] (BWV 849), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 06Epre Dmaj.ogg|"Prelude No. 5 in D major"]] (BWV 850), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 07Efuge Dmaj.ogg|"Fugue No. 5 in D major"]] (BWV 850), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 08Epre Dmin.ogg|"Prelude No. 6 in D minor"]] (BWV 851), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 09Efuge Dmin.ogg|"Fugue No. 6 in D minor"]] (BWV 851), [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 10Epre Bb.ogg|"Prelude No. 21 in B{{music|b}} major"]] (BWV 866), and [[:File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 11Efuge Bbmaj.ogg|"Fugue No. 21 in B{{music|b}} major"]] (BWV 866).</ref> Such harpsichord performances may, for instance, be tuned in [[equal temperament]],<ref>[[:File:Bach C Major Prelude Equal.ogg|"Book 1 of ''The Well-tempered Clavier'' by J.S. Bach – Prelude in C major (BWV 846)"]], performed on a French harpsichord tuned in equal temperament by Robert Schröter.</ref> or in [[Werckmeister temperament]].<ref>[[:File:Bach C Major Prelude Werckmeister.ogg|"Book 1 of ''The Well-tempered Clavier'' by J.S. Bach – Prelude in C major (BWV 846)"]], performed on a French harpsichord tuned in Werckmeister temperament by Robert Schröter.</ref> In addition to Martha Goldstein, [[Raymond Smullyan]] is another artist for whom several performances from Book 1 are freely licensed.<ref>The portions of Book 1 performed by Raymond Smullyan that are freely licensed include the following (all on piano): [[:File:JSBachPrelude and Fugue F-sharp Major - WTC book 1.ogg|"Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F{{music|#}} major"]] (BWV 858), [[:File:JsBachPrelude and Fugue G-sharp minor - WTC book 1.ogg|"Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G{{music|#}} minor"]] (BWV 863), [[:File:JSBachPrelude and Fugue Bb minor - WTC book 1.ogg|"Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B{{music|b}} minor"]] (BWV 867), and [[:File:JSBachPrelude and Fugue B Major - WTC book 1.ogg|"Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B major"]] (BWV 868).</ref>

In March 2015, the pianist [[Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka]] released a new and complete recording of Book 1 under a free license.<ref>The Open Well-Tempered Clavier Website, [http://welltemperedclavier.org/ "The Open Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1"]</ref> Her performances are available below, beginning with the Prelude No. 1 in C major (BWV 846):

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 01 Prelude No. 1 in C major, BWV 846.ogg|title=Prelude No. 1 in C major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 02 Fugue No. 1 in C major, BWV 846.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 1 in C major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 03 Prelude No. 2 in C minor, BWV 847.ogg|title=Prelude No. 2 in C minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 04 Fugue No. 2 in C minor, BWV 847.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 2 in C minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 05 Prelude No. 3 in C-sharp major, BWV 848.ogg|title=Prelude No. 3 in C{{music|sharp}} major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 06 Fugue No. 3 in C-sharp major, BWV 848.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 3 in C{{music|sharp}} major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 07 Prelude No. 4 in C-sharp minor, BWV 849.ogg|title=Prelude No. 4 in C{{music|sharp}} minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 08 Fugue No. 4 in C-sharp minor, BWV 849.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 4 in C{{music|sharp}} minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 09 Prelude No. 5 in D major, BWV 850.ogg|title= Prelude No. 5 in D major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 10 Fugue No. 5 in D major, BWV 850.ogg|title2= Fugue No. 5 in D major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 11 Prelude No. 6 in D minor, BWV 851.ogg|title= Prelude No. 6 in D minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 12 Fugue No. 6 in D minor, BWV 851.ogg|title2= Fugue No. 6 in D minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 13 Prelude No. 7 in E-flat major, BWV 852.ogg|title=Prelude No. 7 in E{{music|flat}} major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 14 Fugue No. 7 in E-flat major, BWV 852.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 7 in E{{music|flat}} major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 15 Prelude No. 8 in E-flat minor, BWV 853.ogg|title=Prelude No. 8 in E{{music|flat}} minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 16 Fugue No. 8 in D-sharp minor, BWV 853.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 8 in D{{music|sharp}} minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 17 Prelude No. 9 in E major, BWV 854.ogg|title=Prelude No. 9 in E major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 18 Fugue No. 9 in E major, BWV 854.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 9 in E major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 19 Prelude No. 10 in E minor, BWV 855.ogg|title=Prelude No. 10 in E minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 20 Fugue No. 10 in E minor, BWV 855.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 10 in E minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 21 Prelude No. 11 in F major, BWV 856.ogg|title=Prelude No. 11 in F major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 22 Fugue No. 11 in F major, BWV 856.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 11 in F major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 23 Prelude No. 12 in F minor, BWV 857.ogg|title=Prelude No. 12 in F minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 24 Fugue No. 12 in F minor, BWV 857.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 12 in F minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 25 Prelude No. 13 in F-sharp major, BWV 858.ogg |title=Prelude No. 13 F{{music|sharp}} major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 26 Fugue No. 13 in F-sharp major, BWV 858.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 13 in F{{music|sharp}} major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 27 Prelude No. 14 in F-sharp minor, BWV 859.ogg|title=Prelude No. 14 in F{{music|sharp}} minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 28 Fugue No. 14 in F-sharp minor, BWV 859.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 14 in F{{music|sharp}} minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 29 Prelude No. 15 in G major, BWV 860.ogg|title=Prelude No. 15 in G major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 30 Fugue No. 15 in G major, BWV 860.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 15 in G major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 31 Prelude No. 16 in G minor, BWV 861.ogg|title=Prelude No. 16 in G minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 32 Fugue No. 16 in G minor, BWV 861.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 16 in G minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 33 Prelude No. 17 in A-flat major, BWV 862.ogg|title=Prelude No. 17 in A{{music|flat}} major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 34 Fugue No. 17 in A-flat major, BWV 862.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 17 in A{{music|flat}} major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 35 Prelude No. 18 in G-sharp minor, BWV 863.ogg|title=Prelude No. 18 in G{{music|sharp}} minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 36 Fugue No. 18 in G-sharp minor, BWV 863.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 18 in G{{music|sharp}} minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 37 Prelude No. 19 in A major, BWV 864.ogg|title=Prelude No. 19 in A major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 38 Fugue No. 19 in A major, BWV 864.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 19 in A major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 39 Prelude No. 20 in A minor, BWV 865.ogg|title=Prelude No. 20 in A minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 40 Fugue No. 20 in A minor, BWV 865.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 20 in A minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 41 Prelude No. 21 in B-flat major, BWV 866.ogg|title= Prelude No. 21 in B{{music|flat}} major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 42 Fugue No. 21 in B-flat major, BWV 866.ogg |title2= Fugue No. 21 in B{{music|flat}} major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 43 Prelude No. 22 in B-flat minor, BWV 867.ogg |title=Prelude No. 22 in B{{music|flat}} minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 44 Fugue No. 22 in B-flat minor, BWV 867.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 22 in B{{music|flat}} minor|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 45 Prelude No. 23 in B major, BWV 868.ogg |title=Prelude No. 23 in B major|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 46 Fugue No. 23 in B major, BWV 868.ogg |title2=Fugue No. 23 in B major|plain=yes}}
{{listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 47 Prelude No. 24 in B minor, BWV 869.ogg|title=Prelude No. 24 in B minor|filename2=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 48 Fugue No. 24 in B minor, BWV 869.ogg|title2=Fugue No. 24 in B minor|plain=yes}}
{{div col end}}

== See also==
* [[Bach Temperament]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Ralph Kirkpatrick|Kirkpatrick, Ralph]]. ''Interpreting Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier: A Performer's Discourse of Method'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987). {{ISBN|0-300-03893-3}}.
* Ledbetter, David. ''Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier: The 48 Preludes and Fugues'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002). {{ISBN|0-300-09707-7}}.
* {{cite book|last=Marpurg|first=Fridrich Wilhelm|author-link=Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg|title=Versuch über die musikalische Temperatur|language=de|location=Breslau|publisher=Johann Friedrich Korn|year=1776|url=https://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/marpurg_versuch_1776?p=5|via={{ill|Deutsches Textarchiv|de}}|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|The Well-Tempered Clavier}}

'''Interactive media'''
* (Adobe Flash) [http://bach.nau.edu/clavier/wtc.html Exploring Bach's ''Well-Tempered Clavier''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101052622/http://bach.nau.edu/clavier/wtc.html |date=1 January 2014 }} – Korevaar (piano), Goeth (organ), Parmentier (harpsichord). Direct access to the [http://bach.nau.edu/clavier/nature/fugues/Fugue01.html fugues].

'''Sheet music'''
* [https://musescore.com/user/9836/sets/669666 Open-source edition of the Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1] available in MuseScore, MusicXML, MIDI, PDF formats, released under CC0
* {{IMSLP|work=Das_wohltemperierte_Klavier_I,_BWV_846-869_(Bach,_Johann_Sebastian)|cname=''Well-Tempered Clavier'', Book 1|work2=Das_wohltemperierte_Klavier_II,_BWV_870-893_(Bach,_Johann_Sebastian)|cname2=Book 2}}
* [[:File:J.S. Bach - The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - OpenWTC.pdf|Book 1]] (Open Source), Wikimedia Commons
* [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/abt8726/index.html ''Johann Sebastian Bach's Werke. Das Wohltemperirte Clavier'', Erster Theil / Zweiter Theil (Leipzig 1851)]: Indiana University School of Music score in GIF format
* [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?collection=bachwtk&preview=1 Scores of some of the Preludes and Fugues of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' through the Mutopia Project]
* [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_35021 Bach's manuscript of Book 2 of the ''Well-Tempered Clavier'']: Facsimile of British Library Add MS 35021

'''Recordings'''
* [http://www.welltemperedclavier.org/ Free piano recording of Book 1 by Kimiko Ishizaka (Open Well-Tempered Clavier project)]
* [http://www.jsbach.net/midi/midi_johnsankey.html Complete, free midi recordings of Books 1 and 2 by John Sankey]
* [http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/midi.html Free midi recording of Book 2 by Prof. Yo Tomita of The Queen's University, Belfast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608071638/http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/midi.html |date=8 June 2011 }}
* [http://www.topology.org/midi/wtk/ Complete, free midi recordings of Books 1 and 2 by Alan Kennington]
* [http://pianosociety.com/cms/index.php?section=101 Piano Society – Free audio records of WTC, MP3 files, video]
* [https://leontsky.bandcamp.com/ Free pipe organ recording of Books 1 and 2 by Jan Leontsky]

'''On tuning systems'''
* [https://www.academia.edu/5210832/18th_Century_Quotes_on_J.S._Bachs_Temperament All existing 18th century quotes on J.S.Bachs temperament]
* [http://home.deds.nl/~broekaert/ Bach- and Well-Temperaments for Western Classical Music]
* [https://www.academia.edu/3368760/Rosetta_Revisited_Bachs_Very_Ordinary_Temperament Rosetta Revisited] – Interpreted by Dominic Eckersley

'''Descriptions and analyses'''
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~siglind/text.htm J.S. Bach's ''Well-Tempered Clavier'' / In-depth Analysis and Interpretation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729011959/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~siglind/text.htm |date=29 July 2008 }} by Siglind Bruhn. Full text of the 1993 book.
* [http://www2.nau.edu/tas3/wtc.html Animated visualizations of the music] by Tim Smith and David Korevaar
* Graphical motif extraction for [https://web.archive.org/web/20100827120307/http://www.djtascha.de/music/htm/index_wtc1.htm The Well-Tempered Clavier 1] and [http://www.djtascha.de/music/htm/index_wtc2.htm ''The Well-Tempered Clavier 2'']
* [http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/essay/wtc1.html Essay by Yo Tomita about Book 1 of ''The Well-Tempered Clavier''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608071710/http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/essay/wtc1.html |date=8 June 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100403032831/http://www.laco.org/performances/127/?program=1 Program notes] from the [[Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra]]
* [http://bachwelltemperedclavier.org/index.html Interpretation and analysis of JS Bach's ''Well-Tempered Clavier''] by Philip Goeth (includes audio samples)
* {{cite journal|last=Lowrance|first=Rachel A.|year=2013|title=Instruction, Devotion, and Affection: Three Roles of Bach's ''Well-Tempered Clavier''|journal=Musical Offerings|volume=4|number=1|pages=15–30|doi=10.15385/jmo.2013.4.1.2|ref=none|doi-access=free}}
* [http://home.deds.nl/~broekaert/Well%20Tempering.html Well Temperaments, based on the Werckmeister Definition]

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