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{{Short description|1774 novel by J.W. Goethe}}
{{About|the novel|the opera adaptation|Werther{{!}}''Werther''|the film adaptation|Young Werther{{!}}''Young Werther''}}
{{Infobox book|<!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name              = The Sorrows of Young Werther
| title_orig        = Die Leiden des jungen Werthers
| translator        = 
| image             = Goethe 1774.JPG
| caption           = First print 1774
| author            = [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang Goethe]]
| illustrator       = 
| cover_artist      = 
| country           = [[Electorate of Saxony]]
| language          = German
| series            = 
| genre             = [[Epistolary novel]]
| publisher         = Weygand'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig
| release_date      = 29 September [[1774 in literature|1774]], revised ed. [[1787 in literature|1787]]<ref name=Appelbaum>{{Citation |pages=vii–viii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDVQt20sZFEC&pg=PR7 |title=Introduction to The Sorrows of Young Werther |isbn=978-0486433639 |last1=Appelbaum |first1=Stanley |date=2004-06-04| publisher=Courier Corporation }}</ref>
| english_release_date = 1779<ref name=Appelbaum/>
| pages             = <!-- First edition page count preferred -->
| preceded_by       = 
| followed_by       = 
| orig_lang_code    = de
| native_wikisource = 
| wikisource        = The Works of J. W. von Goethe/Volume 6/The Sorrows of Young Werther
| dewey             = 833.6
| congress          = PT2027.W3
}}
'''''The Sorrows of Young Werther''''' ({{IPA|de|ˈveːɐ̯tɐ|}}; {{langx|de|'''Die Leiden des jungen Werthers'''}}), or simply '''''Werther''''', is a 1774 [[epistolary novel]] by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang Goethe]], which appeared as a revised edition in 1787. It was one of the main novels in the ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'' period in [[German literature]], and influenced the later [[Romanticism|Romantic]] movement. Goethe, aged 24 at the time, finished ''Werther'' in five and a half weeks of intensive writing in January to March 1774.<ref name=Wellbery>{{Citation |pages=386–387 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRWthlOI_34C&pg=PA387 |title=A New History of German Literature |isbn=978-0674015036 |last1=Wellbery |first1=David E |last2=Ryan |first2=Judith |last3=Gumbrecht |first3=Hans Ulrich |year=2004| publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref> It instantly placed him among the foremost international literary celebrities and was among the best known of his works.<ref name=Appelbaum/><ref name=Wellbery/> 

The novel was inspired by Goethe's personal life, and involving [[love triangle|triangular relationships]] of real people. One triangular relationship involved Goethe, Christian Kestner, and Charlotte Buff (who married Kestner); and the other involved Goethe, Peter Anton Brentano, [[Maximiliane Brentano|Maximiliane von La Roche]] (who married Brentano), and [[Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem]]. Jerusalem committed suicide on the night of Oct 29 or 30, 1772. He shot himself in the head with a pistol borrowed from Kestner.<ref name=bj>{{Cite journal |last=Jack |first=Belinda |date=June 2014 |title=Goethe's Werther and its effects |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=18–19 |doi=10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70229-9 |issn=2215-0366|doi-access=free |pmid=26360395 }}</ref> These events are fictionalized to describe the emotional tumult of the titular character Werther, who kills himself in despair after he falls in love with a woman engaged to another man.

The novel was adapted as the [[opera]] ''[[Werther]]'' by [[Jules Massenet]] in 1892.

==Plot summary==
[[File:Lotte an Werthers Grabmal.jpg|thumb|Charlotte at Werther's grave]]
Most of ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'', a story about a young man's extreme response to [[unrequited love]], is presented as a collection of letters written by Werther, a young artist of a sensitive and passionate temperament, to his friend Wilhelm. These give an intimate account of his stay in the fictional village of Wahlheim (based on {{ill|Garbenheim|de||it||nl}}, near [[Wetzlar]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goethe |first1=Johann Wolfgang |last2=Applebaum |first2=Stanley, trans. |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther/Die Leiden des jungen Werther: A Dual-Language Book |date=2004 |publisher=Dover |location=Mineola, NY |isbn=978-0486433639 |page=n.p. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTSoAAAAQBAJ&q=Wahlheim+Garbenheim&pg=PT38 |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> whose peasants have enchanted him with their simple ways. There he meets Charlotte, a beautiful young girl who takes care of her siblings after the death of their mother. Werther falls in love with Charlotte despite knowing beforehand that she is engaged to a man named Albert, eleven years her senior.<ref>{{Citation |last=Robertson |first=JG |title=A History of German Literature |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons |page=268}}</ref>

Despite the pain it causes him, Werther spends the next few months cultivating a close friendship with them both. His sorrow eventually becomes so unbearable that he is forced to leave Wahlheim for Weimar, where he makes the acquaintance of ''Fräulein'' von B. He suffers great embarrassment when he forgetfully visits a friend and unexpectedly has to face there the weekly gathering of the entire aristocratic set. He is not tolerated and asked to leave since he is not a nobleman. He then returns to Wahlheim, where he suffers still more than before, partly because Charlotte and Albert are now married. Every day becomes a torturing reminder that Charlotte will never be able to requite his love. She, out of pity for her friend and respect for her husband, decides that Werther must not visit her so frequently. He visits her one final time, and they are both overcome with emotion after he recites to her a passage of his own translation of ''[[Ossian]]''.

Even before that incident, Werther had hinted at the idea that one member of the love triangle—Charlotte, Albert or Werther himself—had to die to resolve the situation. Unable to hurt anyone else or seriously consider murder, Werther sees no other choice but to take his own life. After composing a farewell letter to be found after his death, he writes to Albert asking for his two pistols, on the pretext that he is going "on a journey". Charlotte receives the request with great emotion and sends the pistols. Werther then shoots himself in the head, but does not die until twelve hours later. He is buried between two linden trees that he had mentioned frequently in his letters. The funeral is not attended by any clergy, or by Albert or Charlotte. The book ends with an intimation that Charlotte may die of a [[broken heart]]: "I shall say nothing of . . . Charlotte's grief. . . . Charlotte's life was despaired of."

==Effect on Goethe==
[[File:Schmoll Goethe Va.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|Goethe portrait in profile]]
''Werther'' was one of Goethe's few works aligned with the aesthetic, social and philosophical ideals that pervaded the German proto-[[Romanticism|Romantic]] movement known as ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'', before he and [[Friedrich von Schiller]] moved into [[Weimar Classicism]]. The novel was published anonymously, and Goethe distanced himself from it in his later years,<ref name=Appelbaum/> regretting the fame it had brought him and the consequent attention to his own youthful love of [[Charlotte Buff]], then already engaged to [[Johann Christian Kestner]]. Although he wrote ''Werther'' at the age of 24, it was all for which some of his visitors in his  and wise old age knew him. Goethe had changed his views of literature radically by then, even denouncing the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] movement as "everything that is sick."<ref>Hunt, Lynn. ''The Makings of the West: Peoples and Cultures''. Bedford/St. Martins Press</ref>

[[File:WertherLotte.jpg|thumb|228x228px|Colored engraving of Werther and Lotte]]

Goethe described the powerful impact the book had on him, writing that even if Werther had been a brother of his whom he had killed, he could not have been more haunted by his [[vengeful ghost]]. Yet, Goethe substantially reworked the book for the 1787 edition<ref name=Appelbaum/> and acknowledged the great personal and emotional influence that ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'' could exert on forlorn young lovers who discovered it. He later commented to his secretary [[Johann Peter Eckermann]] on January 2, 1824 (as it was recorded by Eckermann and published in his book, ''[[Gespräche mit Goethe]]''):<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eckermann |first1=Johann Peter |title=CONVERSATIONS OF GOETHE |url=https://www.hxa.name/books/ecog/Eckermann-ConversationsOfGoethe-1824.html |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text="(Sup.) Fri., Jan. 2.<br>(...)<br>The conversation now turned on “Werther.” “That,” said Goethe, “is a creation which I, like the pelican, fed with the blood of my own heart. It contains so much from the innermost recesses of my breast—so much feeling and thought, that it might easily be spread into a novel of ten such volumes. [...]<br>(...)<br>“On considering more closely the much-talked-of ‘Werther’ period, we discover that it does not belong to the course of universal culture, but to the career of life in every individual, who, with an innate free natural instinct, must accommodate himself to the narrow limits of an antiquated world. Obstructed fortune, restrained activity, unfulfilled wishes, are not the calamities of any particular time, but those of every individual man; and it would be bad, indeed, if every one had not, once in his life, known a time when ‘Werther’ seemed as if it had been written for him alone.”"
}}

==Cultural impact==
''The Sorrows of Young Werther'' turned Goethe, previously an unknown author, into a literary celebrity almost overnight. [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] considered it one of the great works of European literature, having written a Goethe-inspired soliloquy in his youth and carried ''Werther'' with him on his [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|campaigning to Egypt]]. It also started the phenomenon known as "Werther Fever," which caused young men throughout Europe to dress in the clothing style described for Werther in the novel.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/18/nyregion/pattern-of-death-copycat-suicides-among-youths.html |date=March 18, 1987 |title=Pattern Of Death: Copycat Suicides Among Youths |author=Goleman, Daniel}}</ref><ref>A. Alvarez, ''The Savage God: A Story of Suicide'' (Norton, 1990), p. 228.</ref> Items of merchandising such as prints, decorated [[Meissen porcelain]] and even a perfume were produced.<ref name="Furedi" /> [[Thomas Carlyle]] coined an epithet, "Wertherism",<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Nvdx-4-CzoC |title=The Carlyle Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8386-3792-0 |editor-last=Cumming |editor-first=Mark |location=Madison and Teaneck, NJ |chapter=Wertherism |url-access=limited}}</ref> to describe the self-indulgency of the age that the phenomenon represented.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to English Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |editor-last=Birch |editor-first=Dinah |edition=7th |chapter=Wertherism}}</ref> When Goethe completed ''Werther'', he likened his mood to one experienced “after a general confession, joyous and free and entitled to a new life”. For Goethe the Werther effect was a cathartic one, freeing himself from the despair in his life.<ref name=bj/> 

The book reputedly also led to some of the first known examples of [[copycat suicide]], also known as the "Werther effect". The men were often dressed in the same clothing "as Goethe's description of Werther and using similar pistols." Often the book was found at the scene of the suicide.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/13-reasons-why-and-suicide-contagion1/.|title=13 Reasons Why and Suicide Contagion |last=Devitt |first=Patrick |work=Scientific American |access-date=2017-12-04 |language=en}}</ref> [[Rüdiger Safranski]], a modern biographer of Goethe, dismisses the Werther Effect "as only a persistent rumor."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/12/21/super-goethe/ |title=Super Goethe |author=Ferdinand Mount |journal=The New York Review of Books |year=2017 |volume=64 |issue=20}}</ref> Nonetheless, this aspect of "Werther Fever" was watched with concern by the authorities – both the novel and the Werther clothing style were banned in [[Leipzig]] in 1775; the novel was also banned in Denmark and Italy.<ref name="Furedi">{{cite journal |url=https://www.historytoday.com/frank-furedi/media%E2%80%99s-first-moral-panic |title=The Media's First Moral Panic |author=Furedi, Frank |journal=History Today |year=2015 |volume=65 |issue=11}}</ref> It was also watched with fascination by fellow authors. One of these, [[Christoph Friedrich Nicolai|Friedrich Nicolai]], decided to create a satirical piece with a happy ending, entitled ''Die Freuden des jungen Werthers'' ("''The Joys of Young Werther''"), in which Albert, having realized what Werther is up to, loaded chicken's blood into the pistol, thereby foiling Werther's suicide, and happily concedes Charlotte to him. After some initial difficulties, Werther sheds his passionate youthful side and reintegrates himself into society as a respectable citizen.<ref>Friedrich Nicolai: ''Freuden des jungen Werthers. Leiden und Freuden Werthers des Mannes. Voran und zuletzt ein Gespräch''. Klett, Stuttgart 1980, {{ISBN|3-12-353600-9}}</ref>

Goethe, however, was not pleased with the "Freuden" and started a literary war with Nicolai that lasted all his life, writing a poem titled "Nicolai auf Werthers Grabe" ("Nicolai on Werther's grave"), in which Nicolai (here a passing nameless pedestrian) defecates on Werther's grave,<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-77IXHlsUgC&q=nicolai+at+werther%27s+grave&pg=PA27 |title=Goethe: with plain prose translations of each poem |author=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, [[David Luke]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=de |isbn=978-0140420746 |year=1964|publisher=Penguin }}</ref> so desecrating the memory of a Werther from which Goethe had distanced himself in the meantime, as he had from the ''Sturm und Drang''. This argument was continued in his collection of short and critical poems the ''[[Xenien ]]'' and his play [[Goethe's Faust|''Faust'']].

==Alternative versions and appearances==

*The 21st sonnet featured in [[Charlotte Smith (writer)|Charlotte Smith]]'s [[Elegiac Sonnets|''Elegiac Sonnets and Other Poems'']] is written from Werther's perspective, and tells of the unrequited love he feels for Charlotte.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive / Works / SONNET [21] XXI. Supposed to be written by Werter. (Charlotte Smith (née Turner)) |url=https://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/works/n22cs-w0210.shtml |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org}}</ref>
*Amelia Pickering's 1788 poem, "The Sorrows of Young Werther", retells Werther's story from Charlotte's perspective.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pickering |first=Amelia |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=XyvnAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sorrows of Werter:: A Poem |date=1788 |publisher=T. Cadell, in the Strand. |language=en}}</ref>
*In 1800, Goethe's novel was adapted into the short story "Werther and Charlotte" which featured in an anonymously published collection of stories.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=WUFWAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA2&hl=en |title=Werter and Charlotte. A German story [founded on Goethe's novel “Die Leiden des jungen Werther's,”] etc |date=1800 |language=en}}</ref>
*Goethe's work was the basis for the 1892 opera ''[[Werther]]'' by [[Jules Massenet]].<ref>[[Rodney Milnes|Milnes R]]. Werther. In: ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera''. Macmillan, London and New York, 1997.</ref>
*In [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'', Frankenstein's monster finds the book in a leather portmanteau, along with two others – [[Plutarch]]'s ''[[Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans]]'', and [[John Milton|Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.<ref>{{cite book | title = Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus (Chapter 15) | first = Mary | last = Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley | url = https://www.gutenberg.org/files/84/84-h/84-h.htm}}</ref> He sees Werther's case as similar to his own, of one rejected by those he loved.
*The book influenced [[Ugo Foscolo]]'s ''[[The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis]]'', which tells of a young man who commits suicide, out of desperation caused not only by love, but by the political situation of Italy before [[Italian unification]]. This is taken to be the first Italian epistolary novel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=cinzia |date=2017-04-27 |title=Italian Classic Books: Titles Italians Read in School |url=https://instantlyitaly.com/13-classic-books-every-italian-has-read-when-in-school/#:~:text=Ultime%20lettere%20di%20Jacopo%20Ortis,given%20to%20passion%20in%20life. |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Instantly Italy |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Thomas Carlyle]], who incidentally translated Goethe's novel ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]'' into English, frequently refers to and parodies Werther's relationship in his 1836 novel ''[[Sartor Resartus]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Alexander H. |title=The Consolations of History: Themes of Progress and Potential in Richard Wagner's Gotterdammerung |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0367243210 |page=n.p. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_S2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105 |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
*The statistician [[Karl Pearson]]'s first book was ''The New Werther''.
*[[William Makepeace Thackeray]] wrote a poem satirizing Goethe's story entitled "[[Sorrows of Werther]]".<ref>William Makepeace Thackeray, [https://poets.org/poem/sorrows-werther "Sorrows of Werther,"] via [https://poets.org/ "Poets.org."]</ref>
*[[Henri Pouctal]] made a film adaptation in 1910, considered to be lost.
*[[Max Ophüls]]'s 1938 film ''[[The Novel of Werther]]'' is an adaptation of the novel.
*[[Thomas Mann]]'s 1939 novel ''[[Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns|Lotte in Weimar]]'' recounts a fictional reunion between Goethe and his youthful passion, Charlotte Buff, as elderlies.
*In 1968 Jean-Pierre Lajournade made a metacinematic critical reading of the novel in ''Werther'' (aka ''Les Souffrances du jeune Werther''), a film made for TV infused with the aesthetics and the politics of the time.
*Spanish filmmaker [[Pilar Miró]] adapted the novel in 1986 in ''[[Werther (1986 film)|Werther]]''.
*[[Ulrich Plenzdorf]], a [[East Germany|GDR]] poet, wrote a satirical novel (and play) called ''[[Die neuen Leiden des jungen W.]]'' (''"The New Sorrows of Young W."''), transposing the events into an East German setting, with the protagonist as an ineffectual teenager rebelling against the system.<ref>Ulrich Plensdorf, tr. Romy Fursland: ''The New Sorrows of Young W.'' (London: Pushkin Press, 2015).</ref>
*In [[William Hill Brown]]'s ''[[The Power of Sympathy]]'', the novel appears next to Harrington's unsealed suicide note.
*The 2010 German film ''[[Goethe!]]'' is a fictional account of the relations between the young Goethe, Charlotte Buff and her fiancé Kestner, which at times draws on that of Werther, Charlotte and Albert.
*The 2014 novel ''The Sorrows of Young Mike'' by John Zelazny is a loosely autobiographical parody of Goethe's novel.<ref>Andrew Travers, [http://www.aspentimes.com/news/13245454-113/goethe-aspen-mike-novel "In Aspenite's debut novel, a Goethe hero lost at sea,"] ''[[The Aspen Times]]'', October 3, 2014.</ref>
* The story is read to the dragon [[Temeraire (series)|Temeraire]] by Captain William Laurence in [[Naomi Novik|Naomi Novik’s]] novel ''Black Powder War'', the third book in the Temeraire series.
* In 2024, ''[[Young Werther]]'', a film based on Goethe's work, was released, debuting at that year's [[Toronto International Film Festival]], starring [[Alison Pill]], [[Patrick J. Adams|Patrick Adams]], [[Iris Apatow]] and [[Douglas Booth]] (in the title role).
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==English translations==

* ''The Sorrows of Werter'', trans. Daniel Malthus (1779)
* ''The Sorrows of Werter'', trans. M. Aubry (1789)
* ''The Letters of Werter'', trans. unknown (1799)
* ''The Sorrows of Werter'', trans. William Render (1801)
* ''The Sorrows of Werter'', trans. Frederick Gotzberg (1802)
* ''The Sorrows of Werter'', trans. Dr. Pratt (1809)
* ''The Sorrows of Werter'', trans. R. Dillon Boylan (1854)
*{{citation |title=The Sufferings of Young Werther |isbn=0-393-09880-X |others=tr. Harry Steinhauer |place=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=WW Norton & Co |year=1970}}
*{{citation |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther, & Novelle |isbn=0-679-72951-8 |others=tr. Elizabeth Mayer, Louise Bogan; poems transl. & foreword [[W. H. Auden]] |orig-year=1971 |date=June 1990 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |series=Classics Edition}}; originally publ. by [[Random House]].
*{{citation |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther |isbn=0-14-044503-X |others=tr. [[Michael Hulse]] |year=1989 |series=[[The Penguin Classics Library Complete Collection|Classics Library Complete Collection]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |url=https://archive.org/details/sorrowsofyoungwe00goet_4}}.
*{{citation |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther |isbn=0-8129-6990-1 |others=tr. [[Burton Pike]] |year=2004 |series=[[Modern Library]] |publisher=[[Random House]]}}.
*''The Sufferings of Young Werther'', trans. Stanley Corngold (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sufferings of Young Werther: A New Translation by Stanley Corngold - Harvard Book Store |url=https://www.harvard.com/book/the_sufferings_of_young_werther_a_new_translation_by_stanley_corngold/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.harvard.com}}</ref>
*{{citation |title=The Sorrows of Young Werther |isbn=978-0199583027 |others=tr. [[David Constantine]] |year=2012 |series=[[Oxford World's Classics]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}.

==See also==
{{Portal|Novels}}
*[[Werther effect]]
*[[William Render]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Die Leiden des jungen Werthers}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|The Sorrows of Young Werther|''The Sorrows of Young Werther''}}
{{Wikisource portal|The Sorrows of Young Werther}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/j-w-von-goethe/the-sorrows-of-young-werther/r-d-boylan}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=2527|name=The Sorrows of Young Werther}}
*[http://librivox.org/die-leiden-des-jungen-werthers-by-johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/ Free Audiobook] from [http://librivox.org LibriVox] {{in lang|de}}
*[https://librivox.org/the-sorrows-of-young-werther-by-johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/ ''The Sorrows of Young Werther''] Free Audio in English
*[http://www.wertherblog.com What Werther Went Through] (21st-century update, published in "real-time" online and via personalised emails)
*[http://www.bartleby.com/246/566.html William Makepeace Thackeray's poem "Sorrows of Werther"]

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