View source for The Planets

{{Short description|Orchestral suite by Gustav Holst}}
{{About|the orchestral suite by Gustav Holst|the planets in the Solar System|Solar System}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox musical composition
|name=''The Planets''
|type=Orchestral suite
|composer=[[Gustav Holst]]
|image=The-Planets-score-cover.jpg
|caption=Holst's copy of the first edition
|opus=32
|based_on=[[Planets in astrology|Astrology]]
|composed={{start date|1914}}–17
|movements=Seven
|scoring=Orchestra and female chorus
|premiere_date={{start date|1918|09|29|df=y}}
|premiere_conductor=[[Adrian Boult]]
|premiere_location=[[Queen's Hall]], London
}}
'''''The Planets''''', [[Opus number|Op]]. 32, is a seven-[[Movement (music)|movement]] orchestral [[Suite (music)|suite]] by the English composer [[Gustav Holst]], written between 1914 and 1917. In the last movement the orchestra is joined by a wordless female chorus. Each movement of the suite is named after a planet of the [[Solar System]] and reflects its [[planets in astrology|astrological significance]].

The premiere of ''The Planets'' was at the [[Queen's Hall]], London, on 29 September 1918, conducted by Holst's friend [[Adrian Boult]] before an invited audience of about 250 people. Three concerts at which movements from the suite were played were given in 1919 and early 1920. The first complete performance at a public concert was given at the Queen's Hall on 15 November 1920 by the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Albert Coates (musician)|Albert Coates]].

The innovative nature of Holst's music caused some initial hostility among a minority of critics, but the suite quickly became and has remained popular, influential and widely performed. The composer conducted two recordings of the work, and it has been recorded at least 80 times subsequently by conductors, choirs and orchestras from the UK and internationally.

==Background and composition==
[[File:Gustav-Holst-1921.jpg|thumb|alt=Bespectacled white man of middle age, clean-shaven, leaning on his right hand and looking at camera|Holst {{circa}} 1921]]

''The Planets'' was composed over nearly three years, between 1914 and 1917.<ref name=g27/><ref name="NYT-20240329">{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Hugh |title=The Team Effort Behind One of Classical Music's Greatest Hits – Gustav Holst composed "The Planets" with crucial help from others. Firsthand accounts and the score reflect how collaborative its creation was. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/arts/music/holst-the-planets.html |date=29 March 2024 |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240329235429/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/arts/music/holst-the-planets.html |archivedate=29 March 2024 }}</ref> The work had its origins in March and April 1913, when [[Gustav Holst]] and his friend and benefactor [[Balfour Gardiner]] holidayed in Spain with the composer [[Arnold Bax]] and his brother, the author [[Clifford Bax]]. A discussion about [[astrology]] piqued Holst's interest in the subject. Clifford Bax later commented that Holst became "a remarkably skilled interpreter of horoscopes".<ref>Short, p. 113</ref> Shortly after the holiday Holst wrote to a friend: "I only study things that suggest music to me. That's why I worried at [[Sanskrit]].{{refn|Holst's earlier interest in [[Sanskrit]] texts, particularly the ''[[Rigveda|Rig Veda]]'' hymns, had led him to study the language and to compose several works based on Sanskrit texts.<ref name=grove>Matthews, Colin. [https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000013252 "Holst, Gustav(us Theodore von)"], ''Grove Music Online'', Oxford University Press, 2001. Retrieved 18 June 2021 {{subscription required}}; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313095214/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000013252 |date=13 March 2020 }}</ref>|group=n}} Then recently the character of each planet suggested lots to me, and I have been studying astrology fairly closely".<ref>''Quoted'' in Holst (1981), p. 48</ref> He told Clifford Bax in 1926 that ''The Planets'':
{{blockquote|... whether it’s good or bad, grew in my mind slowly—like a baby in a woman's womb ... For two years I had the intention of composing that cycle, and during those two years it seemed of itself more and more definitely to be taking form.<ref>Bax, pp. 60–61</ref>|}}

[[Imogen Holst]], the composer's daughter, wrote that her father had difficulty with large-scale orchestral structures such as symphonies, and the idea of a suite with a separate character for each movement was an inspiration to him.<ref name=h32>Holst (1986), p. 32</ref> Holst's biographer Michael Short and the musicologist Richard Greene both think it likely that another inspiration for the composer to write a suite for large orchestra was the example of [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]]'s [[Five Pieces for Orchestra]].<ref>Short, p. 119; and Greene, p. 18</ref>{{refn|Short and the musicologist David Lambourn both comment that Holst's original title for his suite was "Seven Pieces for Large Orchestra".<ref name=lamb/>|group=n}} That suite had been performed in London in 1912 and again in 1914; Holst was at one of the performances,<ref name=h32/> and he is known to have owned a copy of the score.<ref name=lamb>Lambourn, David. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/965003 "Henry Wood and Schoenberg"], ''The Musical Times'', August 1987, pp. 422–427 {{subscription required}}; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620120052/https://www.jstor.org/stable/965003 |date=20 June 2021 }}.</ref>

Holst described ''The Planets'' as "a series of mood pictures", acting as "foils to one another", with "very little contrast in any one of them".<ref>Short, p. 121</ref> Short writes that some of the characteristics the composer attributed to the planets may have been suggested by [[Alan Leo]]'s booklet ''What Is a Horoscope?'', which he was reading at the time.<ref name=s122/> Holst took the title of two movements – "Mercury, the Winged Messenger" and "Neptune, the Mystic" – from Leo's books.<ref>Leo, p. 58; and Head, Raymond. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/945181 "Holst – Astrology and Modernism in 'The Planets{{'"}}], ''Tempo'', December 1993, pp. 15–22 {{subscription required}}; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620120132/https://www.jstor.org/stable/945181 |date=20 June 2021}}.</ref> But although astrology was Holst's starting point, he arranged the planets to suit his own plan:

{{blockquote|... ignoring some important astrological factors such as the influence of the sun and the moon, and attributing certain non-astrological qualities to each planet. Nor is the order of movements the same as that of the planets' orbits round the sun; his only criterion being that of maximum musical effectiveness.<ref name=s122>Short, p. 122</ref>}}

In an early sketch for the suite Holst listed Mercury as "no. 1", which Greene suggests raises the possibility that the composer's first idea was simply to depict the planets in the obvious order, from nearest the sun to the farthest. "However, opening with the more disturbing character of Mars allows a more dramatic and compelling working out of the musical material".<ref>Greene, p. 19</ref>

Holst had a heavy workload as head of music at [[St Paul's Girls' School]], [[Hammersmith]], and director of music at [[Morley College]],<ref name=odnb>[[John Warrack|Warrack, John]]. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33963?docPos=1 "Holst, Gustav Theodore"]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620115640/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33963;jsessionid=888D81E17EB3EF4A9B587C296B19218D?docPos=1 |date=20 June 2021 }}, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2021 {{ODNBsub}}.</ref> and had limited time for composing. Imogen Holst wrote, "Weekends and holidays were the only times when he could really get on with his own work, which is why it took him over two years to finish ''The Planets''{{-"}}. She added that Holst's chronic [[neuritis]] in his right arm was troubling him considerably and he would have found it impossible to complete the 198 pages of the large full score without the help of two colleagues at St Paul's, Vally Lasker and Nora Day, whom he called his "scribes".<ref>Holst (1981), p. 50</ref>

The first movement to be written was Mars in mid-1914, followed by Venus and Jupiter in the latter part of the year, Saturn and Uranus in mid-1915, Neptune later in 1915 and Mercury in early 1916. Holst completed the orchestration during 1917.<ref name=g27>Greene, p. 27</ref>

==First performances==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |salign=center|quote =Just before the Armistice, Gustav Holst burst into my office: "Adrian, the [[YMCA]] are sending me to [[Thessaloniki|Salonika]] quite soon and [[H. Balfour Gardiner|Balfour Gardiner]], bless his heart, has given me a parting present consisting of the [[Queen's Hall]], full of the Queen's Hall Orchestra for the whole of a Sunday morning. So we're going to do ''The Planets'', and you've got to conduct." | source =  Adrian Boult<ref name=boult35>Boult (1973) p. 35</ref>| align=right| width=35%}}

The premiere of ''The Planets'', conducted at Holst's request by [[Adrian Boult]], was held at short notice on 29&nbsp;September 1918, during the last weeks of the First World War, in the [[Queen's Hall]] with the financial support of Gardiner. It was hastily rehearsed; the musicians of the Queen's Hall Orchestra first saw the complicated music only two hours before the performance, and the choir for Neptune was recruited from Holst's students at Morley College and St Paul's Girls' School.<ref>Holst (1986), p. 159</ref> It was a comparatively intimate affair, attended by around 250 invited associates, but Holst regarded it as the public premiere, inscribing Boult's copy of the score, "This copy is the property of Adrian Boult who first caused the Planets to shine in public and thereby earned the gratitude of Gustav Holst."<ref name=boult35/>
[[file:Adrian-Boult-1921.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.6|alt=young white man with receding dark hair and large dark moustache|[[Adrian Boult]], "who first caused the Planets to shine in public"]]
At a [[Royal Philharmonic Society]] concert at the Queen's Hall on 27 February 1919 conducted by Boult, five of the seven movements were played in the order Mars, Mercury, Saturn, Uranus, and Jupiter.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3701637 "London Concerts"], ''[[The Musical Times]]'', April 1919, p. 179 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195546/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3701637 |date=22 January 2019 }}</ref> It was Boult's decision not to play all seven movements at this concert. Although Holst would have liked the suite to be played complete, Boult's view was that when the public were being presented with a completely new language of this kind, "half an hour of it was as much as they could take in".<ref>Kennedy, p. 68</ref> Imogen Holst recalled that her father "hated incomplete performances of ''The Planets'', though on several occasions he had to agree to conduct three or four movements at Queen's Hall concerts. He particularly disliked having to finish with Jupiter, to make a 'happy ending', for, as he himself said, 'in the real world the end is not happy at all'".<ref>Holst (1974), p. 125</ref>

At a Queen's Hall concert on 22 November 1919, Holst conducted Venus, Mercury and Jupiter.{{refn|This was the first public performance of Venus.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/908483 "London Concerts"], ''The Musical Times'', January 1920, p. 32 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307093819/http://www.jstor.org/stable/908483 |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref>|group=n}} There was another incomplete public performance, in [[Birmingham]], on 10 October 1920, with five movements (Mars, Venus, Mercury, Saturn and Jupiter), conducted by the composer.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/910715 "Music in the Provinces"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/910715 |date=22 January 2019 }}, ''The Musical Times'', 1 November 1920, p. 769; and "Municipal Music in Birmingham", ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'', 11 October 1920, p. 6</ref>
The first complete performance of the suite at a public concert was on 15 November 1920; the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] was conducted by [[Albert Coates (musician)|Albert Coates]].{{refn|This was the first time Neptune was heard in a public performance.<ref name=musical-times>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/910446 "London Concerts"']''The Musical Times'', December 1920, p. 821 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195503/https://www.jstor.org/stable/910446 |date=22 January 2019 }}</ref>|group=n}} The first complete performance conducted by the composer was on 13 October 1923, with the Queen's Hall Orchestra.<ref>"Winter Concerts: Plan for Season", ''The Times'', 17 September 1923, p. 10; and "Music", ''The Observer'', 14 October 1923, p. 10</ref>

== Instrumentation ==
The work is scored for a large orchestra. Holst's fellow composer [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] wrote in 1920, "Holst uses a very large orchestra in the ''Planets'' not to make his score look impressive, but because he needs the extra tone colour and knows how to use it".<ref>Vaughan Williams, Ralph. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/726997 "Gustav Holst (Continued)"], ''Music & Letters'', October 1920, p. 314 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220171904/https://www.jstor.org/stable/726997 |date=20 February 2017 }}</ref> The score calls for the following instrumentation. The movements vary in the combinations of instruments used.
*[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwind]]s: four [[western concert flute|flute]]s (third doubling first [[piccolo]] and fourth doubling second [[piccolo]] and "bass flute in G", actually an [[alto flute]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hz.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/f/fb/IMSLP53290-PMLP33488-Holst-Planets.Flute34.pdf |title=Combined part of 3rd and 4th flute |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203331/http://hz.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/f/fb/IMSLP53290-PMLP33488-Holst-Planets.Flute34.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> three [[oboe]]s (third doubling [[bass oboe]]), one [[cor anglais]], three [[clarinet]]s in [[soprano clarinet|B{{music|flat}}]] and A, one [[bass clarinet]] in B{{music|flat}}, three [[bassoon]]s, one [[contrabassoon]]
*[[Brass instrument|Brass]]: six [[French horn|horns]] in F, four [[trumpet]]s in C, two [[tenor trombone|trombone]]s, one [[bass trombone]], one [[tuba|tenor tuba]] in B{{music|flat}} (often played on a [[euphonium]]), one [[tuba]]
*[[Percussion instrument|Percussion]]: six [[timpani]] (two players); [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]], [[snare drum]], [[tambourine]], [[cymbal]]s, [[bass drum]], [[tam-tam]], [[tubular bells]], [[glockenspiel]], [[xylophone]]
*[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboards]]: [[organ (music)|organ]], [[celesta]]
*[[String section|Strings]]: two [[harp]]s, [[violin]]s i, ii, [[viola]]s, [[cello]]s, [[double bass]]es ([[Double bass#Tuning|Low C]] appears in the score)

In Neptune, two three-part [[women's chorus]]es (each comprising two [[soprano]] sections and one [[alto]] section) located in an adjoining room which is to be screened from the audience are added.
:Source: Published score.<ref>Holst (1921), unnumbered introductory page</ref>

==Structure==
<!--Copyright issues prevented the addition of higher-fidelity recordings of the Saturn and Neptune movements, hence the excerpting of the original acoustic recording.-->
===1. Mars, the Bringer of War<span class="anchor" id="Mars"></span>===

{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|image1=Mars Hubble.jpg
|width1=100
|caption1=The planet
|image2 = Mars symbol (fixed width).svg
|width2 =100
|caption2=Its astrological symbol
|footer = [[File:Holst - The Planets - Mars, The Bringer of War (TMO Orchestra, Incheon, 2023).opus]]
}}
Mars is marked [[allegro (music)|allegro]] and is in a relentless {{music|time|5|4}} [[ostinato]] for most of its duration. It opens quietly, the first two bars played by percussion, harp and ''[[col legno]]'' strings.<ref>Holst (1921), pp. 1–2</ref> The music builds to a quadruple-forte, dissonant climax.<ref>Holst (1921), p. 29</ref> Although Mars is often thought to portray the horrors of mechanised warfare, it was completed before the First World War started. The composer [[Colin Matthews]] writes that for Holst, Mars would have been "an experiment in rhythm and clashing keys", and its violence in performance "may have surprised him as much as it galvanised its first audiences".<ref name=cm>Matthews, Colin (2011). Notes to Chandos CD CHSA5086 {{oclc| 887360432}}</ref> Short comments, "harmonic dissonances abound, often resulting from clashes between moving chords and static pedal-points", which he compares to a similar effect at the end of Stravinsky's ''[[The Firebird]]'', and adds that although battle music had been written before, notably by Richard Strauss in ''[[Ein Heldenleben]]'', "it had never expressed such violence and sheer terror".<ref>Short, pp. 123–124</ref>

{{clear}}

===2. Venus, the Bringer of Peace<span class="anchor" id="Venus"></span>===
{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|image2=Venus from Mariner 10.jpg
|width2=100
|image3=Venus symbol (fixed width).svg
|width3 =100
|image1=Holst-Planets-Venus-score.jpg
|caption1=Opening bars
|width1=180
|footer=[[File:Holst- venus.ogg]]
}}
The second movement begins [[Glossary of music terminology#A|adagio]] in {{music|time|4|4}}.<ref>Holst (1921), p. 32</ref> According to Imogen Holst, Venus "has to try and bring the right answer to Mars".<ref name=h34/> The movement opens with a solo horn theme answered quietly by the flutes and oboes. A second theme is given to solo violin. The music proceeds tranquilly with oscillating chords from flutes and harps, with decoration from the celesta.<ref name=h34>Holst (1986), p. 34</ref> Between the opening adagio and the central [[Glossary of music terminology#L|largo]] there is a flowing [[Glossary of music terminology#A|andante]] section in {{music|time|3|4}} with a violin melody (solo then tutti) accompanied by gentle syncopation in the woodwind. The oboe solo in the central largo is one of the last romantic melodies Holst allowed himself before turning to a more austere manner in later works.<ref name=h34/> Leo called the planet "the most fortunate star under which to be born";<ref>Greene, p. 47</ref> Short calls Holst's Venus "one of the most sublime evocations of peace in music".<ref>Short, p. 126</ref>

{{clear}}

===3. Mercury, the Winged Messenger<span class="anchor" id="Mercury"></span>===
{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|image1=Mercury in true color.jpg
|width1=100
|image2 = Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg
|width2 =100
|footer = [[File:Holst The Planets Mercury.ogg]]
}}
Mercury is in {{music|time|6|8}} and is marked [[Glossary of music terminology#V|vivace]] throughout.<ref>Holst (1921), pp. 44–72</ref> The composer [[R. O. Morris]] thought it the nearest of the movements to "the domain of programme music pure and simple ... it is essentially pictorial in idea. Mercury is a mere activity whose character is not defined".<ref>''Quoted'' in Greene, p. 52</ref> This movement, the last of the seven to be written, contains Holst's first experiments with [[bitonality]].<ref>Holst (1986), pp. 34–35</ref> He juxtaposes melodic fragments in [[B-flat major|B{{music|flat}} major]] and [[E major]], in a fast-moving [[scherzo]]. Solo violin, high-pitched harp, flute and glockenspiel are prominently featured.  It is the shortest of the seven movements, typically taking between {{frac|3|1|2}} and 4 minutes in performance.<ref name=notes>Notes to Cala CD CACD0526 {{oclc|46880671}}; Notes to Avid CD AMSC 582 {{oclc|45217594}}; and Notes to LPO CD LPO-0047 {{oclc| 871404142}}</ref>

{{clear}}

===4. Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity<span class="anchor" id="Jupiter"></span>===
{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|image1=Jupiter in true color.jpg
|width1=100
|image2 = Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg
|width2 =100
|footer=[[File:Holst The Planets Jupiter.ogg]]
|caption3=Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity.ogg
}}
In this movement Holst portrays Jupiter's supposedly characteristic "abundance of life and vitality" with music that is buoyant and exuberant.<ref name=s122>Short, p. 122</ref> Nobility and generosity are allegedly characteristics of those born under Jupiter, and in the slower middle section Holst provides a broad tune embodying those traits.<ref name=s122/> In the view of [[Imogen Holst]], it has been compromised by its later use as the melody for a solemn patriotic hymn, "[[I Vow to Thee, My Country]]";<ref name=odnb/>{{refn|group=n|name=hymn}} the musicologist [[Lewis Foreman]] comments that the composer did not think of it in those terms, as shown by his own recordings of the movement.<ref name=lf>Foreman, Lewis (2001). Notes to Hyperion CD 55350-B {{oclc|276175700}}</ref> The opening section of the movement is marked [[Glossary of music terminology#A|allegro]] [[Glossary of music terminology#G|giocoso]], in {{music|time|2|4}} time.<ref>Holst (1921), p. 78</ref> The second theme, at the same tempo, is in {{music|time|3|4}} time, as is the broad melody of the middle section, marked [[Glossary of music terminology#A|andante]] [[Glossary of music terminology#M|maestoso]], which Holst marks to be taken at half the speed of the opening section.<ref>Holst (1921), p. 91</ref> The opening section returns and after a reappearance of the maestoso tune – its expected final [[cadence]] unresolved, as in its first appearance – the movement ends with a [[Dynamics (music)#Dynamic markings|triple forte]] [[Eighth note|quaver]] chord for the full orchestra.<ref>Holst (1921), p. 112</ref>

{{clear}}

===5. Saturn, the Bringer of Old Age<span class="anchor" id="Saturn"></span>===
{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|image1=Saturn With Rhea and Dione (true color).jpg
|width1=100
|image2 = Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg
|width2 =100
|footer= [[File:Holst - Saturn.ogg]]
}}
Saturn was Holst's favourite movement of the suite.<ref name=cm/> Matthews describes it as "a slow processional which rises to a frightening climax before fading away as if into the outer reaches of space".<ref name=cm/> The movement opens as a quiet adagio in {{music|time|4|4}} and the basic pace remains slow throughout, with short bursts of [[Glossary of music terminology#A|animato]] in the first part and a switch to [[Glossary of music terminology#A|andante]] in {{music|time|3|2}} in the later section.<ref>Holst (1921), pp. 113 and 122</ref> Apart from the timpani no percussion is used in this movement except for tubular bells at climactic points.<ref name=h113>Holst (1921), p. 113</ref> At the beginning, flutes, bassoons and harps play a theme suggesting a ticking clock.<ref name=h113/> A solemn melody is introduced by the trombones (Holst's own main instrument) and taken up by the full orchestra.<ref>Holst (1921), pp. 113–115</ref> A development of the ticking theme leads to a clangorous triple forte climax, after which the music dies away and ends quietly.<ref>Holst (1921), p. 131</ref>

{{clear}}

===6. Uranus, the Magician<span class="anchor" id="Uranus"></span>===
{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|image1=Uranus Voyager2 color calibrated.png
|width1=100
|image2 = Uranus monogram (fixed width).svg
|width2 =100
|footer=[[File:Holst- uranus.ogg]]
}}
Matthews describes the character of the movement as that of "a clumsy dance, which gradually gets more and more out of hand (not unlike [[Paul Dukas|Dukas]]'s ''[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)|Sorcerer's Apprentice]]'') until, with what seems like a magic wand, all is abruptly swept away into the far distance".<ref name=cm/>{{refn|Short writes that despite reminiscences of the Pan motif in [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel's]] ''[[Daphnis et Chloé]]'' and of [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz's]] ''[[Symphonie fantastique]]'' and the "Infernal Dance" in Stravinsky's ''[[The Firebird]]'' the main influence on the movement is clearly ''The Sorcerer’s Apprentice'', which was first performed in London in 1899 and was "doubtless well known to Holst".<ref name=s130/>|group=n}} The movement, which begins with what Short calls "a tremendous four-note brass motif",<ref name=s130>Short, pp. 130–131</ref> is marked allegro in {{music|time|6|4}}. The music proceeds in "a series of merry pranks" with occasional interjections in {{music|time|9|4}}, building to a quadruple forte climax with a prominent organ [[Glossary of music terminology#G|glissando]],<ref>Holst (1921), p. 159</ref> after which the music suddenly drops to a pianissimo [[Glossary of music terminology#L|lento]] before alternating quick and slow sections bring the movement to its pianissimo conclusion.<ref>Holst (1921), pp. 160–161</ref>

{{clear}}

===7. Neptune, the Mystic<span class="anchor" id="Neptune"></span>===
{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|image2=Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png
|width2=100
|image3 = Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg
|width3 =100
|image1=Holst-Planets-Neptune-score.jpg
|caption1=Opening bars: piccolo (top), 2 flutes, bass flute, oboes
|width1=300
|footer=[[File:Holst - Neptune.ogg]]
}}
The music of the last movement is quiet throughout, in a swaying, irregular [[metre (music)|metre]], opening with flutes joined by piccolo and oboes, with harps and celesta prominent later. Holst makes much use of [[Dissonance (music)|dissonance]] in this movement. Before the premiere his colleague [[Geoffrey Toye]] said that a bar where the brass play chords of [[E minor]] and [[G-sharp minor|G{{music|sharp}} minor]] together was "going to sound frightful". Holst agreed, and said it had made him shudder when he wrote it down but, "What are you to do when they come like that?"<ref>Boult (1979), p. 32</ref> As the movement develops, the orchestra is joined by an offstage female chorus singing a soft wordless line: this was unusual in orchestral works at the time, although [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] had used the same device in his ''[[Nocturnes (Debussy)|Nocturnes]]'' (1900).<ref>Short, p. 131</ref> The orchestra falls silent and the unaccompanied voices bring the work to a pianissimo conclusion in an uncertain tonality, as a door between the singers and the auditorium is gradually closed.{{refn|The choir sings alternating [[C minor]] and [[E major]] chords, and the musician [[David Owen Norris]] has commented that as the door shuts it is pure chance whether the last chord heard is C minor (looking back at the key of Mars) or E.<ref>Norris, David Owen. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p027rvhn "The Planets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204165346/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p027rvhn |date=4 February 2024 }}, ''Building a Library'', BBC Radio 3 podcast, retrieved 9 July 2021. Event occurs at 46m 15s</ref> In a 2014 article William Weir suggests that the closing bars of Neptune are an early precursor of the electronic [[Fade (audio engineering)|fade-out]] that became ubiquitous in recordings of popular music in the 1950s to the 1980s.<ref>Weir William. [https://slate.com/culture/2014/09/the-fade-out-in-pop-music-why-dont-modern-pop-songs-end-by-slowly-reducing-in-volume.html "A Little Bit Softer Now, a Little Bit Softer Now …"], ''Slate'', 14 September 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2021</ref>|group=n}}

==Reception==

[[File:Holst-planets-inscription.jpg|Holst's inscription on Boult's copy of the score |thumb|upright=1.75|alt=inscription in black ink reading "This copy is the property of Adrian Boult who first caused the Planets to shine in public and thereby earned the gratitude of Gustav Holst."]]

Imogen Holst wrote of the 1918 premiere under Boult:
{{blockindent|Even those listeners who had studied the score for months were taken aback by the unexpected clamour of Mars. During Jupiter the charwomen working in the corridors put down their scrubbing-brushes and began to dance. In Saturn the isolated listeners in the dark, half-empty hall felt themselves growing older at every bar. But it was the end of Neptune that was unforgettable, with its hidden chorus of women's voices growing fainter and fainter in the distance, until the imagination knew no difference between sound and silence.<ref>Holst (2008), pp. 52–53</ref>|}}

When the music was first introduced to the general public in February 1919, critical opinion was divided. Greene prints a summary of reviews of the first four public performances of the suite (or movements from it) in February and November 1919 and October and November 1920. Positive reviews are recorded in 28 of the 37 papers, magazines and journals cited.<ref>Greene, pp. 34–35</ref> A small minority of reviewers were particularly hostile, among them those of ''[[The Globe (London newspaper)|The Globe]]'' ("Noisy and pretentious)";<ref>"Royal Philharmonic Society", ''The Globe'', 1 March 1919, p. 13</ref> ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' ("Pompous, noisy and unalluring"),<ref name=g32>Greene, p. 32</ref> and ''[[The Times]]'' ("a great disappointment … elaborately contrived and painful to hear").{{refn|The anonymous critic was equally dismissive of [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]]'s ''[[Rapsodie espagnole]]'' given at the same concert.<ref>"Royal Philharmonic Society", ''The Times'', 28 February 1919, p. 14</ref>|group=n}} The critic in ''[[Saturday Review (London newspaper)|The Saturday Review]]'' wrote that Holst evidently regarded the planets "as objectionable nuisances that he would oust from our orbit if he could".<ref>"Some eminent pianists compared", ''The Saturday Review'', 8 March 1919, p. 224</ref>

''The Times'' rapidly changed its mind; in July 1919 it called Holst the most intriguing of his compeers and commented, "''The Planets'' still leaves us gasping";<ref>"The Prince of Wales at the R.C.M.", ''The Times'', 5 July 1919, p. 15</ref> after hearing Holst conduct three of the movements in November 1919 the paper's critic declared the piece "the first music by an Englishman we have heard for some time which is neither conventional nor negligible",<ref name=g32/> and by the time of Holst's death in 1934 the paper's assessment of the piece was "Holst's greatest work":
{{blockindent|Each of the seven numbers shows one aspect of life regarded with a detached and unflinching scrutiny. In this suite Holst, with the directness which was characteristic of his personal intercourse and character, and which comes out in spite of all his mysticism in the technique of his music, sets forth with every elaboration his fundamentally simple view of what life brings. The work is original in conception, in its philosophical implications, in its scoring, and in its harmonic and rhythmic idiom.<ref>"Mr Gustav Holst", ''The Times'', 26 May 1934, p. 7</ref>|}}

''The Sunday Times'', too, quickly changed its line. In 1920 its new music critic, [[Ernest Newman]], said that Holst could do "easily, without a fuss" what some other composers could only do "with an effort and a smirk", and that in ''The Planets'' he showed "one of the subtlest and most original minds of our time. It begins working at a musical problem where most other minds would leave off".<ref>Newman, Ernest. "The Week's Music", ''The Sunday Times'', 21 November 1920, p. 7</ref> Newman compared Holst's harmonic innovations to those of Stravinsky, to the latter's disadvantage, and expressed none of the reservations that qualified his admiration of Schoenberg's ''Five Pieces for Orchestra''.<ref name=g32/>

==Recordings==
{{main|The Planets discography}}
There have been at least 80 commercial recordings of ''The Planets''.<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=the+planets#x0%253Amusic-%2C%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Acd%2529%2C%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Adigital%2529%2C%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Alp%2529%2C%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Acassette%2529format "The Planets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620120053/https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=the+planets#x0%253Amusic-%2C%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Acd%2529%2C%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Adigital%2529%2C%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Alp%2529%2C%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Acassette%2529format |date=20 June 2021 }}, WorldCat. Retrieved 19 June 2021</ref> Holst conducted the London Symphony Orchestra in the first two recorded performances: the first was an [[Phonograph record#Acoustic recording|acoustic recording]] made in sessions between September 1922 and November 1923;<ref>Short, pp. 204 and 215</ref> the second was made in 1926 using the new [[Phonograph record#Electrical recording|electrical recording]] process.<ref>Holst (1986), p. 143</ref> Holst's [[tempo|tempi]] are in general faster than those of most of his successors on record. This may have been due to the need to fit the music on [[78 rpm]] discs, although later 78 versions are slower. Holst's later recording is quicker than the acoustic version, possibly because the electrical process required wider grooves, reducing the available playing time.<ref>Short, p. 247</ref> Other, slower, recordings from the 78 era include those conducted by [[Leopold Stokowski]] (1943)<ref>Notes to Cala CD CACD0526 {{oclc|46880671}}</ref> and Sir Adrian Boult (1945).<ref>Notes to Avid CD AMSC 582 {{oclc|45217594}}</ref> Recordings from the [[LP record|LP]] age are also typically longer than the composer's, but from the [[Compact disc|digital]] era a 2010 recording by the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]] conducted by [[Vladimir Jurowski]] is quicker than Holst's acoustic version and comes close to matching his 1926 speeds, and in two movements (Venus and Uranus) surpasses them.<ref>Notes to LPO CD LPO-0047 {{oclc|871404142}}</ref> There were no commercial recordings of the work in the 1930s; timings are given below of a recording representing each subsequent decade up to the 2020s:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: left; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" |Conductor:
! scope="col" |Holst
! scope="col" |Holst
! scope="col" |[[Leopold Stokowski|Stokowski]]
! scope="col" |[[Adrian Boult|Boult]]
! scope="col" |[[Malcolm Sargent|Sargent]]
! scope="col" |[[Herbert von Karajan|Karajan]]
! scope="col" |[[William Steinberg|Steinberg]]
! scope="col" |[[Charles Mackerras|Mackerras]]
! scope="col" |[[John Eliot Gardiner|Gardiner]]
! scope="col" |[[Simon Rattle|Rattle]]
! scope="col" |[[Vladimir Jurowski|Jurowski]]
! scope="col" |[[Daniel Harding|Harding]]
|-
| '''Orchestra''':
| [[London Symphony Orchestra|LSO]]
|LSO
| [[NBC Symphony Orchestra|NBCSO]]
| [[BBC Symphony Orchestra|BBCSO]]
| BBCSO
| [[Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra|VPO]]
| [[Boston Symphony Orchestra|BSO]]
| [[Royal Liverpool Philharmonic|RLPO]]
| [[Philharmonia Orchestra|PO]]
| [[Berlin Philharmonic|BPO]]
| [[London Philharmonic Orchestra|LPO]]
|[[Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra|BRSO]]
|-
| '''Year''':
| 1922–23
| 1926
| 1943
| 1945
| 1957
| 1961
| 1971
| 1988
| 1997
| 2006
| 2010
|2023
|-
| '''Mars''':
| 06:13
| 06:12
| 06:52
| 06:58
| 06:56
| 07:02
| 06:37
| 07:01
| 08:03
| 07:25
| 06:31
| 08:22
|-
| '''Venus''':
| 08:04
| 07:19
| 08:45
| 07:52
| 09:11
| 08:21
| 07:25
| 08:05
| 07:37
| 08:59
| 06:52
| 08:48
|-
| '''Mercury''':
| 03:36
| 03:33
| 03:36
| 03:40
| 03:33
| 03:59
| 03:59
| 03:56
| 03:51
| 04:02
| 03:46
| 04:14
|-
| '''Jupiter''':
| 07:04
| 07:02
| 07:05
| 07:50
| 07:45
| 07:38
| 08:01
| 07:36
| 07:17
| 08:02
| 07:06
| 08:23
|-
|''' Saturn''':
| 07:00
| 06:58
| 09:05
| 08:09
| 09:35
| 08:33
| 07:45
| 09:20
| 09:13
| 09:35
| 07:24
| 10:57
|-
| '''Uranus''':
| 06:06
| 05:57
| 05:41
| 05:41
| 06:01
| 05:47
| 05:24
| 06:10
| 05:34
| 06:04
| 05:38
| 06:12
|-
| '''Neptune''':
| 05:31
| 05:35
| 09:50
| 06:23
| 07:12
| 07:38
| 06:47
| 06:59
| 08:11
| 07:02
| 05:49
| 09:49
|-
| '''Total time''':
| '''43:34'''
| '''42:36'''
| '''52:34'''
| '''46:33'''
| '''50:11'''
| '''48:58'''
| '''45:58'''
| '''49:07'''
| '''49:46'''
| '''51:09'''
| '''43:04'''
| '''56:48'''
|}
:Source: Naxos Music Library.<ref>[https://marylebone.naxosmusiclibrary.com/search?keyword=The%20Planets&page=1 "The Planets"], Naxos Music Library. Retrieved 18 June 2021 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620120118/https://marylebone.naxosmusiclibrary.com/search?keyword=The%20Planets&page=1 |date=20 June 2021 }}</ref>

==Additions, adaptations and influences==
{{main|Cultural influence of Holst's The Planets}}
{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|image1=
|caption1=Pluto
|width1=100
|image2 = Pluto symbol (large orb, fixed width).svg
|width2 =100
|caption2=Astrological symbol of Pluto
}}
There have been many adaptations of the suite, and several attempts to add an eighth planet – [[Pluto]] – in the time between its discovery in 1930 and its [[IAU definition of planet|reclassification by the IAU]] to [[dwarf planet]] in 2006. The most prominent of these was Matthews's 2000 composition, "Pluto, the Renewer", commissioned by the [[The Hallé|Hallé Orchestra]]. Dedicated posthumously to Imogen Holst, it was first performed in [[Manchester]] on 11 May 2000, with [[Kent Nagano]] conducting. Matthews changed the ending of Neptune slightly so that the movement would [[Segue#In music|segue]] into Pluto.<ref>Scott Rohan, Michael, Review, ''[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]'', August 2001, p. 50</ref> Matthews's Pluto has been recorded, coupled with Holst's suite, on at least four occasions.{{refn|The Hallé, conducted by [[Mark Elder]] (2001); Royal Scottish National Orchestra conducted by [[David Lloyd-Jones (conductor)|David Lloyd-Jones]] (2002); Royal Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by [[Owain Arwel Hughes]] (2004); and Berlin Philharmonic conducted by [[Simon Rattle|Sir Simon Rattle]] (2006).<ref>Respectively, {{oclc| 52986761 }}, {{oclc|58975552 }}, {{oclc| 1022851419}} and {{oclc|760128838 }}</ref>|group=n}} Others who have produced versions of Pluto for ''The Planets'' include [[Leonard Bernstein]]. [[Jun Nagao]] has produced a version of the Earth.<ref>Scott Rohan, Michael, Review, ''[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]'', August 2001, p. 50; {{cite web |last1=Hambrick |first1=Jennifer |title=The Missing Planet: Watch Leonard Bernstein Improvise 'Pluto, the Unpredictable' |url=http://radio.wosu.org/post/missing-planet-watch-leonard-bernstein-improvise-pluto-unpredictable#stream/0 |website=WOSU Public Media |publisher=WOSU Radio |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112091351/http://radio.wosu.org/post/missing-planet-watch-leonard-bernstein-improvise-pluto-unpredictable#stream/0 |url-status=live }}; and {{cite web|url=http://www.windrep.org/Earth,_The,_from_%22The_Planets%22_by_Trouv%C3%A8re|title=Earth, The, from "The Planets" by Trouvère|website=[[Wind Repertory Project]]|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028093136/http://www.windrep.org/Earth,_The,_from_%22The_Planets%22_by_Trouv%C3%A8re|url-status=live}}</ref>

The suite has been adapted for numerous instruments and instrumental combinations, including organ, synthesiser, brass band, and jazz orchestra.<ref>''Holst: Music for Two Pianos'', Naxos catalogue no. 8.554369, [http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.554369&catNum=554369&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English# ''About This Recording''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704012022/http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.554369&catNum=554369&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English |date=4 July 2009 }}; Peter Sykes. " [http://www.hbdirect.com/album_detail.php?pid=225139 Holst: The Planets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929024606/http://www.hbdirect.com/album_detail.php?pid=225139 |date=29 September 2011 }}." HB Direct, Released 1996; {{cite web |url=http://www.petersykes.com/index1.html |title=Peter Sykes |publisher=Peter Sykes |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165125/http://petersykes.com/index1.html |url-status=live }}; Isao Tomita. " {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100819101408/http://www.isaotomita.net/recordings/planets.html Tomita's Planets]}}." HB Direct, Released 1976; [http://www.4barsrest.com/classifieds/cards_detail.asp?id=188 ''Stephen Roberts''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614005626/http://www.4barsrest.com/classifieds/cards_detail.asp?id=188 |date=14 June 2009 }} at 4barsrest.com;{{cite web|title=DownBeat Reviews|url=https://downbeat.com/reviews/detail/the-planets-reimagined|access-date=2021-03-17|website=downbeat.com|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924063744/https://downbeat.com/reviews/detail/the-planets-reimagined|url-status=live}}</ref> Holst used the melody of the central section of "Jupiter" for a setting ("[[Thaxted (tune)|Thaxted]]") of the hymn "[[I Vow to Thee, My Country]]" in 1921.{{refn|In 1986 Imogen Holst wrote that "[f]or more than half a century, the main problem in Jupiter has been the difficulty of avoiding unwanted associations with the hymn".<ref>Holst (1986), p. 144</ref> Holst's closest friend, [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]],<ref>Vaughan Williams, p. 200</ref> was, inadvertently, partly to blame for the use of the tune as a solemn hymn. He had suggested that [[Cecil Spring-Rice]]'s verse should be set to music, and Holst was asked to undertake the job. Being overworked and exhausted at the time, Holst, spotting that the words fitted the maestoso tune from Jupiter, repurposed that rather than write a new one.<ref>Short, p. 197; and Holst (1986), p. 137</ref>|group=n|name=hymn}}

''The Planets'' has been taken as an influence by various [[rock bands]], and for film scores such as those for the ''[[Star Wars]]'' series. There have been numerous references to the suite in popular culture, from films to television and computer games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2006/11/king-crimson-mars2.html|title=King Crimson – Mars|work=Paste Magazine|access-date=10 April 2017|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213806/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2006/11/king-crimson-mars2.html|url-status=live}};{{cite web |url=http://www.diamond-head.net/article1.JPG |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-07-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825015447/http://www.diamond-head.net/article1.JPG |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}; Shobe, Michael and Kim Nowack. [http://www.wqxr.org/story/throwback-thursday-classical-music-influences-inside-john-williams-star-wars-score/ "The Classical Music Influences Inside John Williams' 'Star Wars' Score,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703014828/http://www.wqxr.org/story/throwback-thursday-classical-music-influences-inside-john-williams-star-wars-score/ |date=3 July 2017 }} WQXR (17 Dec 2015)</ref>

==Notes, references and sources==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=n}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book | last= Bax | first= Clifford | title= Ideas and People| year= 1936| location= London | publisher= Lovat Dickson| oclc= 9302579 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last=Boult | first=Adrian | title=My Own Trumpet | location=London | publisher=Hamish Hamilton | year=1973 | isbn=978-0-24-102445-4 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book | last= Boult | first= Adrian | year=1979 | title=Music and Friends | location= London | publisher= Hamish Hamilton | isbn =978-0-24-110178-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last=Greene | first=Richard | title= Holst: The Planets| year=1995 | location=Cambridge | publisher= Cambridge University Press| isbn= 978-0-52-145000-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last= Holst | first= Gustav | title= The Planets: Suite for Large Orchestra| year= 1921| location= London | publisher= Boosey & Hawkes |url=https://archive.org/details/Holst_ThePlanets/mode/2up| oclc= 873691404 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last= Holst | first= Imogen | title= A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music| year= 1974| location= London| publisher= Faber & Faber| isbn= 978-0-57-110004-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last= Holst| first= Imogen | title =Holst  | year= 1981| location= London | publisher= Faber & Faber | isbn= 978-0-57-118032-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last= Holst | first= Imogen | title= The Music of Gustav Holst | year= 1986| location= Oxford and New York | publisher= Oxford University Press  | isbn= 978-0-19-315458-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last=Holst | first= Imogen| title=Gustav Holst: A Biography | year=2008|orig-date=1969 | location= London| edition=second|publisher=Faber & Faber | isbn=978-0-571-24199-6 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Michael|title=Adrian Boult|location=London|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|date=1987|url=https://archive.org/details/adrianboult00kenn|isbn=978-0-33-348752-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last=Leo | first= Alan| title= What is a Horoscope and How is it Cast?| year=1905 | edition=second|location=London | publisher=Modern Astrology | oclc=561872689 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last= Short | first= Michael | title= Gustav Holst: The Man and his Music| year= 1990| location =Oxford and New York  | publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/gustavholstmanhi0000shor|isbn=978-0-19-314154-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Vaughan Williams | first = Ursula | title = RVW: A Biography of Ralph Vaughan Williams | year = 1964 | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/rvwbiographyofra0000vaug/page/n7/mode/2u|isbn = 978-0-19-315411-7 |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|The Planets Suite}}
* Links to public domain scores of ''The Planets'':
** {{IMSLP|work=The_Planets:_Suite_for_Large_Orchestra_%28Holst%2C_Gustav%29|cname=The Planets}}
** [https://archive.org/details/Holst_ThePlanets The Planets: Suite for Large Orchestra] (Score in the Public Domain)

{{Gustav Holst}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Planets, The}}
[[Category:The Planets| ]]
[[Category:1916 compositions]]
[[Category:Compositions that use extended techniques]]
[[Category:History of astrology]]
[[Category:Music for orchestra and organ]]
[[Category:Suites by Gustav Holst]]
[[Category:Orchestral compositions with chorus]]