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{{Short description|1892 ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky}}
{{other uses|Nutcracker (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|The Nutcracker Suite|the albums|The Nutcracker Suite (Tim Sparks album){{!}}''The Nutcracker Suite'' (Tim Sparks album)|and|The Nutcracker Suite (Duke Ellington album){{!}}''The Nutcracker Suite'' (Duke Ellington album)}}
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{{Tchaikovsky stage works}}

'''''The Nutcracker''''' ({{langx|ru|Щелкунчик{{efn|{{lang|ru|Щелкунчикъ}} in [[Reforms of Russian orthography|Russian pre-revolutionary orthography spelling]]}}|Shchelkunchik}}, {{IPA|ru|ɕːɪɫˈkunʲt͡ɕɪk|pron|Ru-Shchelkunchik.ogg}}), [[Opus number|Op.]] 71, is an 1892 two-act classical ballet (conceived as a ''{{lang|fr|[[ballet-féerie]]}}''; {{langx|ru|балет-феерия|balet-feyeriya|links=no}}) by [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], set on [[Christmas Eve]] at the foot of a Christmas tree in a child's imagination featuring a [[Nutcracker doll]]. The plot is an adaptation of [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s 1844 short story ''The Nutcracker'', itself a retelling of [[E.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A. Hoffmann]]'s 1816 short story ''[[The Nutcracker and the Mouse King]]''. The ballet's first choreographer was [[Marius Petipa]], with whom Tchaikovsky had worked three years earlier on ''The Sleeping Beauty'', assisted by [[Lev Ivanov]]. Although the complete and staged ''The Nutcracker'' ballet was not initially as successful as the 20-minute ''Nutcracker Suite'' that Tchaikovsky had premiered nine months earlier, it became popular in later years.

Since the late 1960s, ''The Nutcracker''  has been danced by many ballet companies, especially in North America.<ref name="fisher">{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=J.|year=2003|title=Nutcracker Nation: How an Old World Ballet Became a Christmas Tradition in the New World|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref> Major American ballet companies generate around 40% of their annual ticket revenues from performances of the ballet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20131223/ARTS/131229961/the-nutcracker-brings-big-bucks-to-ballet-companies|title=The Nutcracker brings big bucks to ballet companies|last=Agovino|first=Theresa|date=23 December 2013|newspaper=[[Crain's New York Business]]|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel J.|last=Wakin|title=Coming Next Year: ''Nutcracker'' Competition|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E7DC1639F933A05752C1A96F9C8B63|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=30 November 2009}}</ref> Its score has been used in several film adaptations of Hoffmann's story.

Tchaikovsky's score has become one of his most famous compositions. Among other things, the score is noted for its use of the [[celesta]], an instrument the composer had already employed in his much lesser known symphonic ballad ''[[The Voyevoda (symphonic ballad)|The Voyevoda]]'' (1891).

==Composition==
After the success of ''[[The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)|The Sleeping Beauty]]'' in 1890, [[Ivan Vsevolozhsky]], the director of the Imperial Theatres, commissioned Tchaikovsky to compose a double-bill program featuring both an opera and a ballet. The opera would be ''[[Iolanta]]''. For the ballet, Tchaikovsky would again join forces with Marius Petipa, with whom he had collaborated on ''The Sleeping Beauty.'' The material Vsevolozhsky chose was an adaptation of [[E.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A. Hoffmann]]'s story "[[The Nutcracker and the Mouse King]]", by [[Alexandre Dumas]] called "The Story of a Nutcracker".<ref name="anderson">Anderson, J. (1958). ''The Nutcracker Ballet'', New York: Mayflower Books.</ref> The plot of Hoffmann's story (and Dumas's adaptation) was greatly simplified for the two-act ballet. Hoffmann's tale contains a long [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] story within its main plot titled "The Tale of the Hard Nut", which explains how the Prince was turned into the Nutcracker. This had to be excised for the ballet.<ref name="penghoff">Hoffmann, E.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A., Dumas, A., [[Joachim Neugroschel|Neugroschel, J.]] (2007). ''Nutcracker and Mouse King, and the Tale of the Nutcracker'', New York</ref>

Petipa gave Tchaikovsky extremely detailed instructions for the composition of each number, down to the tempo and number of bars.<ref name="anderson" /> The completion of the work was interrupted for a short time when Tchaikovsky visited the United States for twenty-five days to conduct concerts for the opening of [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cleveland.com/musicdance/index.ssf/2009/11/tchaikovskys_nutcracker_a_rite.html | work=Cleveland.com | location=Cleveland | title=Tchaikovsky's 'Nutcracker' a rite of winter thanks to its glorious music and breathtaking dances | first=Donald | last=Rosenberg | date=22 November 2009 | access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> Tchaikovsky composed parts of ''The Nutcracker'' in [[Rouen, France|Rouen]], France.<ref name="mel">{{cite web |url=http://www.balletalert.com/ballets/19th%20century/Nuts/tchaikov.htm |title=Tchaikovsky |publisher=Balletalert.com |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316050603/http://www.balletalert.com/ballets/19th%20century/Nuts/tchaikov.htm |archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref>

==History==
===Saint Petersburg premiere===
[[File:Nutcracker -1890.JPG|thumb|(''Left to right'') Lydia Rubtsova as Marianna, Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz, in the original production of ''The Nutcracker'' (Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, Saint Petersburg, 1892)]]
[[File:Nutcracker1892.jpg|thumb| Varvara Nikitina as the Sugar Plum Fairy and [[Pavel Gerdt]] as the Cavalier, in a later performance in the original run of ''The Nutcracker'', 1892]]The first performance of the ballet was held as a double premiere together with Tchaikovsky's last opera, ''[[Iolanta]]'', on {{OldStyleDate|18 December|1892|6 December}}, at the [[Imperial Mariinsky Theatre]] in Saint Petersburg, Russia.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=https://nutcracker.com/history-of-nutcracker/|title=History of Nutcracker|website=nutcracker.com|access-date=2024-03-06}}</ref> Although the libretto was by [[Marius Petipa]], who exactly choreographed the first production has been debated. Petipa began work on the choreography in August 1892; however, illness removed him from its completion and his assistant of seven years, [[Lev Ivanov]], was brought in. Although Ivanov is often credited as the choreographer, some contemporary accounts credit Petipa. The performance was conducted by Italian composer [[Riccardo Drigo]], with [[Antonietta Dell'Era]] as the Sugar Plum Fairy, [[Pavel Gerdt]] as Prince Coqueluche, Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara, [[Sergei Legat]] as the Nutcracker-Prince, and [[Timofey Stukolkin]] as Drosselmeyer. Unlike in many later productions, the children's roles were performed by real children – students of the [[Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet|Imperial Ballet School in Saint Petersburg]], with Belinskaya as Clara, and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz – rather than adults.

The first performance of ''The Nutcracker'' was not deemed a success.<ref name="balletmet1">{{cite web |url=http://www.balletmet.org/Notes/NutHist.html |title=Nutcracker History |publisher=Balletmet.org |access-date=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074206/http://www.balletmet.org/Notes/NutHist.html |archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> The reaction to the dancers themselves was ambivalent. Although some critics praised Dell'Era on her [[En pointe|pointework]] as the Sugar Plum Fairy (she allegedly received five curtain-calls), one critic called her "corpulent" and "podgy". Olga Preobrajenskaya as the Columbine doll was panned by one critic as "completely insipid" and praised as "charming" by another.<ref name=fisher15>{{harvnb|Fisher|2003|p=15}}</ref>

[[Alexandre Benois]] described the choreography of the battle scene as confusing: "One can not understand anything. Disorderly pushing about from corner to corner and running backwards and forwards – quite amateurish."<ref name=fisher15/>

The libretto was criticized as "lopsided"<ref name=fisher16>{{harvnb|Fisher|2003|p=16}}</ref> and for not being faithful to the Hoffmann tale. Much of the criticism focused on the featuring of children so prominently in the ballet,{{sfn|Fisher|2003|pp=14–15}} and many bemoaned the fact that the ballerina did not dance until the ''[[Pas de Deux|Grand Pas de Deux]]'' near the end of the second act (which did not occur until nearly midnight during the program).<ref name=fisher16 /> Some found the transition between the mundane world of the first scene and the fantasy world of the second act too abrupt.<ref name="anderson" /> Reception was better for Tchaikovsky's score. Some critics called it "astonishingly rich in detailed inspiration" and "from beginning to end, beautiful, melodious, original, and characteristic".{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=17}} But this also was not unanimous, as some critics found the party scene "ponderous" and the ''Grand Pas de Deux'' "insipid".<ref name="wiley">{{cite book|last=Wiley|first=Roland John|author-link=Roland John Wiley|year=1991|title=Tchaikovsky's Ballets: Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

===Subsequent productions===
{{Main list|List of productions of The Nutcracker{{!}}List of productions of ''The Nutcracker''}}
[[File:Olga Preobrajnskaya Legat -Nutcracker 1.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Olga Preobrajenska]] as the Sugar Plum Fairy and [[Nikolai Legat]] as Prince Coqueluche in the ''Grand pas de deux'' in the original production of ''The Nutcracker''. [[Imperial Mariinsky Theatre]], Saint Petersburg, {{Circa|1900}}]]In 1919, choreographer [[Alexander Gorsky]] staged a production which eliminated the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier and gave their dances to Clara and the Nutcracker Prince, who were played by adults instead of children. This was the first production to do so. An abridged version of the ballet was first performed outside Russia in Budapest (Royal Opera House) in 1927, with choreography by Ede Brada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ballettalk.invisionzone.com/index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=18&t=28368 |title=Ballet Talk [Powered by Invision Power Board&#93; |publisher=Ballettalk.invisionzone.com |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917225740/http://ballettalk.invisionzone.com/index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=18&t=28368 |archive-date=17 September 2009}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2009}} In 1934, choreographer [[Vasili Vainonen]] staged a version of the work that addressed many of the criticisms of the original 1892 production by casting adult dancers in the roles of Clara and the Prince, as Gorsky had. The Vainonen version influenced several later productions.<ref name="anderson" />

The first complete performance outside Russia took place in England in 1934,<ref name="balletmet1"/> staged by [[Nicholas Sergeyev]] after Petipa's original choreography. Annual performances of the ballet have been staged there since 1952.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/dance/article3000261.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615201139/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/dance/article3000261.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 June 2011 | location=London | work=The Times | first=Debra | last=Craine | title=Christmas cracker | date=8 December 2007}}</ref> Another abridged version of the ballet, performed by the [[Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo]], was staged in New York City in 1940,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu//oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=hou00231|title=Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo records, 1935–1968 (MS Thr 463): Guide.|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001625/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu//oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=hou00231|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Alexandra Fedorova (choreographer)|Alexandra Fedorova]] – again, after Petipa's version.<ref name="balletmet1"/> The ballet's first complete United States performance was on 24 December 1944 by the [[San Francisco Ballet]], staged by its artistic director, [[Willam Christensen]], and starring Gisella Caccialanza as the Sugar Plum Fairy, and Jocelyn Vollmar as the Snow Queen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/remembering-jocelyn-vollmar-1925-2018-s-f-ballets-1st-snow-queen-sparkled-on-and-off-stage|title = Remembering Jocelyn Vollmar (1925-2018): SF Ballet's 1st Snow Queen sparkled on- and offstage}}</ref><ref name="balletmet1"/> After the enormous success of this production, San Francisco Ballet has presented ''Nutcracker'' every Christmas Eve and throughout the winter season, debuting new productions in 1944, 1954, 1967, and 2004. The original Christensen version continues in [[Salt Lake City]], where Christensen relocated in 1948. It has been performed every year since 1963 by the Christensen-founded [[Ballet West]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balletwest.org/about|title = About : Ballet West}}</ref>

The [[New York City Ballet]] gave its first annual performance of [[George Balanchine]]'s reworked staging of ''The Nutcracker'' in 1954.<ref name="balletmet1"/> The performance of [[Maria Tallchief]] in the role of the Sugar Plum Fairy helped elevate the work from obscurity into an annual Christmas classic and the industry's most reliable box-office draw. Critic Walter Terry remarked that "Maria Tallchief, as the Sugar Plum Fairy, is herself a creature of magic, dancing the seemingly impossible with effortless beauty of movement, electrifying us with her brilliance, enchanting us with her radiance of being. Does she have any equals anywhere, inside or outside of fairyland? While watching her in ''The Nutcracker,'' one is tempted to doubt it."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kennedy-center.org:80/explorer/artists/?entity_id=3758&source_type=A |title=Maria Tallchief |website=The Kennedy Center |publisher=The [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708024003/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=3758&source_type=A |archive-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since Gorsky, Vainonen and Balanchine's productions, many other choreographers have made their own versions. Some institute the changes made by Gorsky and Vainonen while others, like Balanchine, utilize the original libretto. Some notable productions include [[Rudolf Nureyev]]'s [[List of productions of The Nutcracker#Rudolf Nureyev (1963)|1963 production]] for the [[Royal Ballet]], [[Yury Grigorovich]] for the [[Bolshoi Ballet]], [[The Nutcracker (Baryshnikov)|Mikhail Baryshnikov]] for the [[American Ballet Theatre]], [[Fernand Nault]] for [[Les Grands Ballets Canadiens]] starting in 1964, [[Kent Stowell]] for [[Pacific Northwest Ballet]] starting in 1983, and [[The Nutcracker (Wright)|Peter Wright]] for the [[Royal Ballet]] and the [[Birmingham Royal Ballet]]. In recent years, revisionist productions, including those by [[The Nutcracker (Morris)|Mark Morris]], [[The Nutcracker (Bourne)|Matthew Bourne]], and [[The Nutcracker (Chemiakin)|Mikhail Chemiakin]] have appeared; these depart radically from both the original 1892 libretto and Vainonen's revival, while [[Maurice Béjart]]'s version completely discards the original plot and characters. In addition to annual live stagings of the work, many productions have also been televised or released on home video.<ref name="fisher" />

==Roles==
The following extrapolation of the characters (in order of appearance) is drawn from an examination of the stage directions in the score.<ref>Soviet ed., where they are printed in the original French with added Russian translation in editorial footnotes</ref>

===Act I===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Herr Stahlbaum
** His wife
** His children, including:
** Clara, his daughter, sometimes known as Marie or Masha
** Fritz, his son
** Louise, his daughter
* Children Guests
* Parents dressed as ''[[Incroyables and Merveilleuses|incroyables]]''
* Herr Drosselmeyer
** His nephew (in some versions) who resembles the Nutcracker Prince and is played by the same dancer
* Dolls (spring-activated, sometimes all three dancers instead):
** Harlequin and Columbine, appearing out of a cabbage (1st gift)
** Vivandière and a Soldier (2nd gift)
* Nutcracker (3rd gift, at first a normal-sized toy, then full-sized and "speaking", then a Prince)
* Owl (on clock, changing into Drosselmeyer)
* Mice
* Sentinel (speaking role)
* The Bunny
* Soldiers (of the Nutcracker)
* Mouse King
* Snowflakes (sometimes Snow Crystals, sometimes accompanying a Snow Queen and King)
}}

===Act II===
[[File:Vzevolozhsky's costume sketch for Nutcracker.jpg|thumb|Ivan Vsevolozhsky's original costume sketch for ''The Nutcracker'' (1892)|alt=]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Angels and/or Fairies
* Sugar Plum Fairy
* Clara/Marie
* The Nutcracker Prince
* 12 Pages
* Eminent members of the court
* Spanish dancers (Chocolate)
* Arabian dancers (Coffee)
* Chinese dancers (Tea)
* Russian dancers (Candy Canes)
* Danish shepherdesses / French mirliton players (Marzipan)
* Mother Ginger
* Polichinelles (Mother Ginger's Children)
* Dewdrop
* Flowers
* Sugar Plum Fairy's Cavalier
}}

==Plot  {{anchor|Synopsis}}==
Below is a synopsis based on the original 1892 libretto by Marius Petipa. The story varies from production to production, though most follow the basic outline. The names of the characters also vary. In the original Hoffmann story, the young heroine is called Marie Stahlbaum and Clara (Klärchen) is her doll's name. In the adaptation by Dumas on which Petipa based his libretto, her name is Marie Silberhaus.<ref name="penghoff" /> In still other productions, such as Balanchine's, Clara is Marie Stahlbaum rather than Clara Silberhaus.

=== Act I ===
'''''Scene 1: The Stahlbaum Home'''''
[[File:Nutcracker design (cropped).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Konstantin Ivanov's original sketch for the set of ''The Nutcracker'' (1892)]] In [[Nuremberg]], Germany on Christmas Eve in the 1820s, a family and their friends gather in the parlor to decorate the Christmas tree in preparation for the party. Once the tree is finished, the children are summoned.

When the party begins,<ref>{{cite AV media | first1=Yekaterina | last1=Maximova | first2=Vladimir | last2=Vasiliev| date=1967 | title=Nutcracker Suite Performed By The Bolshoi (1967) | location=Moscow, Russia| publisher=British Pathé|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnAsmLgEGnA}}</ref> presents are given out to the children. When the owl-topped grandfather clock strikes eight, a mysterious figure enters the room. It is Drosselmeyer—a councilman, magician, and Clara's godfather. He is also a talented toymaker who has brought with him gifts for the children, including four lifelike dolls who dance to the delight of all.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Dancers of the Moscow Ballet| date=2017 | title=Doll Dance | location=Moscow, Russia| publisher=Moscow Ballet|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QIPu3fC2vU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/8QIPu3fC2vU| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He then has them put away for safekeeping.

Clara and her brother Fritz are sad to see the dolls being taken away, but Drosselmeyer has yet another toy for them: a wooden [[nutcracker doll]], which the other children ignore. Clara immediately takes a liking to it, but Fritz accidentally breaks it. Clara is heartbroken, but Drosselmeyer fixes the nutcracker, much to everyone's relief.

During the night, after everyone else has gone to bed, Clara returns to the parlor to check on the nutcracker. As she reaches the small bed, the clock strikes midnight and she looks up to see Drosselmeyer perched atop it. Suddenly, mice begin to fill the room and the Christmas tree begins to grow to dizzying heights. The nutcracker also grows to life size. Clara finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of gingerbread soldiers and the mice, led by their king.

The nutcracker appears to lead the gingerbread men, who are joined by tin soldiers, and by dolls who serve as doctors to carry away the wounded. As the seven-headed Mouse King advances on the still-wounded nutcracker, Clara throws her slipper at him, distracting him long enough for the nutcracker to stab him.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Dancers of the Moscow Ballet| date=2017 | title=The Rat King Appears| location=Moscow, Russia| publisher=Moscow Ballet|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfFLjXszBiQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/GfFLjXszBiQ| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

'''''Scene 2: A Pine Forest'''''

The mice retreat and the nutcracker is transformed into a human prince.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Dancers of the SemperOperBallett| date=2016 | title=Snow Pas de Deux| location=Dresden, Germany| publisher=SemperOperBallett|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEo4dGZiGJQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/NEo4dGZiGJQ| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He leads Clara through the moonlit night to a pine forest in which the snowflakes dance around them, beckoning them on to his kingdom as the first act ends.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Bolshoi Ballet| date=2015 | title=''The Nutcracker'' (Casse-Noisette) – Bolshoi Ballet in Cinema (Preview 1) | location=Moscow, Russia| publisher=Pathé Live|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfWitZRppeE| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/LfWitZRppeE| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Dancers of the Perm Opera Ballet Theatre| date=2017 | title=Вальс снежинок из балета "Щелкунчик" | location=Russia| publisher=Perm Opera Ballet Theatre|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOPyCWTM5-w| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/DOPyCWTM5-w| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Act II ===
'''''The Land of Sweets'''''

[[File:Vsevolozhskys design for Nutcracker.jpg|thumb|Ivan Vsevolozhsky's original costume designs for Mother Gigogne and her Polichinelle children, 1892]]

Clara and the Prince travel to the beautiful Land of Sweets, ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy in the Prince's place until his return. He recounts for her how he had been saved from the Mouse King by Clara and transformed back into himself.
In honor of the young heroine, a celebration of sweets from around the world is produced: chocolate from Spain, coffee from Arabia,<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Dancers of the SemperOperBallett |title=''The Nutcracker'' – Arabian Divertissement| location=Dresden, Germany | publisher=SemperOperBallett |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG0fO-2WY2s| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115011703/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG0fO-2WY2s| archive-date=15 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Cecilia Iliesiu| date=2017 | title=Arabian Coffee/Peacock| publisher=Pacific Northwest Ballet|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnAsmLgEGnA}}</ref> tea from China,<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Dancers of the Mariinsky ballet| date=2012 |title=''The Nutcracker'' – Tea (Chinese Dance) | publisher=Mariinsky Ballet|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiyx1m44nMM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/iiyx1m44nMM| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and candy canes from Russia<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Dancers of the Boston Ballet| date=2017 | title=SPOTLIGHT The Nutcracker's Russian Dance| publisher=[[Boston Ballet]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiPT5Ne6yXI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/CiPT5Ne6yXI| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> all dance for their amusement; Marzipan shepherdesses perform on their flutes;<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Dancers of the SemperOperBallett |title =''The Nutcracker'' – Mirlitons Divertissement| location=Dresden, Germany | publisher=SemperOperBallett |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrXQ8uAnipo}}</ref> Mother Ginger has her children, the [[Pulcinella#Variants|Polichinelles]], emerge from under her enormous hoop skirt to dance; a string of beautiful flowers performs a waltz.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Kyra Nichols and the NYCB Corps de Ballet | date=2015 | title=New York City Ballet: Waltz of the Flowers | location=New York City | publisher=Lincoln Center |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrXQ8uAnipo}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=PNB dancers |title=Nutcracker Flowers Excerpt | publisher=[[Pacific Northwest Ballet]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIb0g6iMQ5M| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/UIb0g6iMQ5M| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> To conclude the night, the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier perform a dance.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Alina Somova & Vladimir Shklyarov| date=2012 | title=Sugarplum and Cavalier variations | location=St Petersburg, Russia | publisher=Ovation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42CfrMNMIZo}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Darci Kistler |title=Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy | location=New York City |publisher=Ovation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bH8yiSQDYHI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/bH8yiSQDYHI| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A final waltz is performed by all the sweets, after which the Sugar Plum Fairy ushers Clara and the Prince down from their throne. He bows to her, she kisses Clara goodbye, and leads them to a reindeer-drawn sleigh. It takes off as they wave goodbye to all the subjects who wave back.

In the original libretto, the ballet's apotheosis "represents a large beehive with flying bees, closely guarding their riches".{{sfn|Wiley|1991|p=220}} Just like ''[[Swan Lake]]'', there have been various alternative endings created in productions subsequent to the original.

==Musical sources and influences==
''The Nutcracker'' is one of the composer's most popular compositions. The music belongs to the [[Romantic music|Romantic period]] and contains some of his most memorable melodies, several of which are frequently used in television and film. (They are often heard in TV commercials shown during the [[Christmas season]].<ref name="Schwarm">{{cite web|last1=Schwarm|first1=Betsy|title=The Nutcracker, OP. 71|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Nutcracker|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|publisher=The Music Alliance|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>)

Tchaikovsky is said to have argued with a friend who wagered that the composer could not write a melody based on a one-octave scale in sequence. Tchaikovsky asked if it mattered whether the notes were in ascending or descending order and was assured it did not. This resulted in the Adagio from the {{Lang|fr|italics=no|[[Grand pas de deux]]}}, which, in the ballet, nearly always immediately follows the "Waltz of the Flowers". A story is also told that Tchaikovsky's sister Alexandra (9 January 1842 — 9 April 1891<ref>{{cite web |title=Tchaikovskaya (Davydova) Alexandra Ilinichna |url=http://chaiklib.permculture.ru/%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0.aspx |website=chaiklib.permculture.ru |publisher=[[Chaykovsky, Perm Krai|Chaykovsky]] Centralized Library System |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024142843/http://chaiklib.permculture.ru/%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0.aspx |archive-date=24 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref>) had died shortly before he began composition of the ballet and that his sister's death influenced him to compose a melancholy, descending scale melody for the adagio of the Grand Pas de Deux.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jennifer Fisher|title='Nutcracker' Nation: How an Old World Ballet Became a Christmas Tradition in the New World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dji3Weqj2t8C|year=2004|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10599-5}}</ref> However, it is more naturally perceived as a dreams-come-true theme because of another celebrated scale use, the ascending one in the ''Barcarolle'' from ''[[The Seasons (Tchaikovsky)|The Seasons]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Шесть шедевров Чайковского, сделанных из обычной гаммы |trans-title=Six masterpieces by Tchaikovsky created from the usual scale|url=https://kultspargalka.ru/pyat-shedevrov-chajkovskogo-sdelannyh-iz-obychnoj-gammy/ |website=kultspargalka.ru |access-date=12 December 2020 |language=ru |date=4 April 2020|quote=1. ''June. Barcarole'' from ''[[The Seasons (Tchaikovsky)|The Seasons]]'' 2. 'Adagio' from ''The Nutcracker'' 3. Lensky's aria from ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]'' 4. Serenade for Strings Waltz 5. 'Melodrama' from the music to the play by A. Ostrovsky ''[[The Snow Maiden (play)|The Snow Maiden]]'' 6. Yeletsky's aria from ''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]''}}</ref>{{listen|type=music|filename=Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy.oga|title=Variation of the Sugar Plum Fairy|description={{lang|fr|Danse de la Fée-Dragée}} (''Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy'') is the third {{lang|fr|[[pas de deux]]}} in Act II}}

Tchaikovsky was less satisfied with ''The Nutcracker'' than with ''The Sleeping Beauty''. (In the film ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'', commentator [[Deems Taylor]] observes that he "really detested" the score.) Tchaikovsky accepted the commission from Vsevolozhsky but did not particularly want to write the ballet<ref>''Tchaikovsky'' By David Brown W.&nbsp;W. Norton & Company, 1992 page 332</ref> (though he did write to a friend while composing it, "I am daily becoming more and more attuned to my task").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kfyi.com/pages/daveappleford.html?article=4754074|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112185620/http://www.kfyi.com/pages/daveappleford.html?article=4754074|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2012|title=The KEZ Christmas Countdown: Day 19 – The Nutcracker |first=David |last=Appleford|publisher=Kfyi.com|date=19 December 2008|access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

==Instrumentation==

The music is written for an [[orchestra]] with the following instrumentation.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
'''[[Woodwind]]s'''
: 3 [[western concert flute|flutes]] (2nd and 3rd doubling on [[piccolo]])
: 2 [[oboe]]s
: 1 [[cor anglais]]
: 2 [[clarinet]]s in [[soprano clarinet|B{{music|flat}}]] and A
: 1 [[bass clarinet]] in B{{music|flat}}
: 2 [[bassoon]]s

'''[[Brass instrument|Brass]]'''
: 4 [[French horn]]s in F
: 2 [[trumpet]]s in A and B{{music|flat}}
: 2 [[tenor trombone]]s
: 1 [[bass trombone]]
: 1 [[tuba]]

{{col-4}}

'''[[Percussion]]'''
: [[Timpani]]
: [[Snare drum]]
: [[Cymbal]]s
: [[Bass drum]]
: [[triangle (musical instrument)|Triangle]]
: [[Tambourine]]
: [[Castanets]]
: [[Tam-tam]]
: [[Glockenspiel]]
: {{Hanging indent |"Toy instruments" ([[Rattle (percussion instrument)|rattle]], trumpet, drum, cuckoo, quail, cymbals, and rifle)}}

{{col-4}}

'''[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]]'''
: [[Celesta]]

'''Voice'''
: [[Soprano]] and [[alto]] [[choir|chorus]]

'''[[string instruments|Strings]]'''
: 2 [[pedal harp|harps]]

: [[Violin]] I
: Violin II
: [[Viola]]
: [[cello|Violoncello]]
: [[Double bass]]
{{col-end}}

==Musical scenes==
===From the Imperial Ballet's 1892 program===
Titles of all of the numbers listed here come from Marius Petipa's original scenario as well as the original libretto and programs of the first production of 1892. All libretti and programs of works performed on the stages of the Imperial Theatres were titled in French, which was the official language of the Imperial Court, as well as the language from which balletic terminology is derived.

'''''Casse-Noisette'''''. ''Ballet-féerie'' in two acts and three tableaux with apotheosis.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Act I'''
# ''Petite ouverture''
# ''Scène: Une fête de Noël''
# ''Marche et petit galop des enfants''
# ''Danse des incroyables et merveilleuses''
# ''Entrée de Drosselmeyer''
# ''Danses des poupées mécaniques—''{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|''Le Soldat et la vivandière''
|''Arlequin et Colombine'' <small>(originally composed for a She-devil and a He-devil)</small>
}}
# <li value=7> ''Le Casse-Noisette—Polka et la berceuse''
# ''[[Grossvatertanz|Danse "Großvater"]]''
# ''Grand scène fantastique: la métamorphose du salon''
# ''La bataille de Casse-Noisette et du Roi des souris''
# ''Le voyage''
# ''Valse des flocons de neige''
{{col-2}}
'''Act II'''
# <li value=13> {{ordered list|type=lower-alpha
| ''Entr'acte''
| ''Grand scène de Confituremburg''}}
''Grand divertissement—''{{block indent|1={{ordered list|start=14
| ''"Chocolat" — Danse espagnole''
| ''"Café" — Danse arabe''
| ''"Thé" — Danse chinoise''
| ''Danse des Bouffons''
| ''Danse des mirlitons''
| ''La mère Gigogne et les polichinelles''
| ''Grand ballabile'' <small>(''Waltz of the Flowers'')</small>}}}}
# <li value=21> ''Pas de deux—''{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|''Adage''
|''Variation du Prince Coqueluche'' <small>(M. Pavel Gerdt)</small>
|''Variation de la Fée-Dragée'' <small>(Mlle Antoinetta Dell'Era)</small>
|''Coda''
}}
# ''Coda générale''
# ''Apothéose: Une ruche''
{{col-end}}

===Structure===
List of acts, scenes (tableaux) and musical numbers, along with [[Tempo|tempo indications]]. Numbers are given according to the original Russian and French titles of the first edition score (1892), the piano reduction score by [[Sergei Taneyev]] (1892), both published by [[P. Jurgenson]] in Moscow, and the Soviet collected edition of the composer's works, as reprinted Melville, New York: Belwin Mills [n.d.]<ref name="score">Tchaikovsky, P. (2004). ''The Nutcracker: Complete Score'', Dover Publications.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margins:auto; width=95%;"
|-
!width="65"|Scene
!width="30"|No.
!English title
!French title
!Russian title
! style="width:190px;"|Tempo indication
! style="width:250px;"|Notes
!Listen
|-
| colspan="8" style="vertical-align:top; background:#b0c4de;" | '''Act I'''
|-
| || align=center| || Miniature Overture || Ouverture miniature || Увертюра || Allegro giusto ||
| 
|-
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:top;"| Tableau I || align=center|1 || Scene (The Christmas Tree) || Scène (L'arbre de Noël) || Сцена (Сцена украшения и зажигания ёлки) || Allegro non troppo – Più moderato – Allegro vivace || scene of decorating and lighting the Christmas tree
|
|-
| align=center|2 || March (also March of the Toy Soldiers) || Marche || Марш || Tempo di marcia viva ||
|
|-
| align=center|3 || Children's Gallop and Dance of the Parents || Petit galop des enfants et Entrée des parents || Детский галоп и вход (танец) родителей || Presto – Andante – Allegro ||
|
|-
| align=center|4 || Dance Scene (Arrival of Drosselmeyer) || Scène dansante || Сцена с танцами || Andantino – Allegro vivo – Andantino sostenuto – Più andante – Allegro molto vivace – Tempo di Valse – Presto || Drosselmeyer's arrival and distribution of presents
|
|-
| align=center|5 || Scene and Grandfather Waltz || Scène et [[Grossvater Tanz|danse du Gross-Vater]] || Сцена и танец Гросфатер || Andante – Andantino – Moderato assai – Andante – L'istesso tempo – Tempo di Gross-Vater – Allegro vivacissimo ||
|
|-
| align=center|6 || Scene (Clara and the Nutcracker) || Scène || Сцена || Allegro semplice – Moderato con moto – Allegro giusto – Più allegro – Moderato assai || departure of the guests
|
|-
| align=center|7 || Scene (The Battle) || Scène || Сцена || Allegro vivo ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"| Tableau II || align=center|8 || Scene (A Pine Forest in Winter) || Scène || Сцена || Andante || a.k.a. "Journey through the Snow"
|
|-
| align=center|9 || Waltz of the Snowflakes || Valse des flocons de neige || Вальс снежных хлопьев || Tempo di Valse, ma con moto – Presto ||
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="vertical-align:top; background:#b0c4de;" | '''Act II'''
|-
| rowspan="16" style="vertical-align:top;" | Tableau III || align=center|10 || Scene (The Magic Castle in the Land of Sweets) || Scène || Сцена || Andante || introduction
|
|-
| align=center|11 || Scene (Clara and Nutcracker Prince) || Scène || Сцена || Andante con moto – Moderato – Allegro agitato – Poco più allegro – Tempo precedente || arrival of Clara and the Prince
|
|-
| rowspan="7" align="center" |12 || Divertissement
| Divertissement
| Дивертисмент
|
|
|
|-
|a. Chocolate (Spanish Dance)
|a. Le chocolat (Danse espagnole)
|a. Шоколад (Испанский танец)
|Allegro brillante
|
|
|-
|b. Coffee (Arabian Dance)
|b. Le café (Danse arabe)
|b. Кофе (Арабский танец)
|Commodo
|
| 
|-
|c. Tea (Chinese Dance)
|c. Le thé (Danse chinoise)
|c. Чай (Китайский танец)
|Allegro moderato
|
| 
|-
|d. [[Trepak (The Nutcracker)|Trepak]] (Russian Dance)
|d. Trépak (Danse russe)
|d. Трепак (русский танец, карамельная трость)<ref name="sugar"/>
|Tempo di Trepak, Presto
|
| 
|-
|e. Dance of the Reed Flutes
|e. Les Mirlitons (Danse des Mirlitons)
|e. Танец пастушков (Датский марципан)<ref name="sugar">{{cite web |title=Ballet and Food |url=http://www.art-eda.info/balet-i-kulinariya.html |website=art-eda.ru |publisher=Artoteka of Food |access-date=4 December 2020 |language=ru |date=21 November 2018 |quote=Russian trepak "Candy Cane" and dance of sugar shepherds "Danish Marzipan"}}
* {{cite web |title=Russian Seasons in Monaco |url=http://www.rusmonaco.fr/index.php/home/investitsii/item/86-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B-%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE- |website=rusmonaco.fr |publisher=Monaco and Cote D'Azur (printed Russian-language newspaper and magazine in Monaco and France) |access-date=4 December 2020 |language=ru}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/embed/DPenKitWMyM?start=502|title=П.Чайковский. Щелкунчик. Дивертисмент. Большой театр. Tchaikovsky. The Nutcracker (1980)|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Official channel "Soviet Television" by the State TV and Radio Fund of Russia|date=11 December 2018|access-date=7 June 2019|quote=The second title is "Датский марципан" – ''Danish [[marzipan]]''. In the [[The Nutcracker (Grigorovich)|Grigorovich version]] for [[Bolshoi Theatre|Bolshoi]] Theatre the idea of Europe is represented by dance with a marzipan sheep on wheels; Russian dance "Cancy Cane" combines the colors of candy canes and folklore heroes [[Ivan Tsarevich]] and [[The Frog Princess|Vasilisa the Wise]]}}</ref>
|Andantino
|
| 
|-
|f. Mother Ginger and the Polichinelles
|f. La mère Gigogne et les polichinelles
|f. Полишинели
|Allegro giocoso – Andante – Allegro vivo
|
|
|-
| align=center|13 || Waltz of the Flowers || Valse des fleurs || Вальс цветов || Tempo di Valse ||
|[[File:P.I. Tchaikovsky's Waltz of the Flowers Performed by The U.S. Army Band, c. 2019.mp3|frameless]]
|-
| align=center|14 ||[[Pas de deux|Pas de Deux]]
| Pas de deux
| Па-де-дё
| ||
|
|-
|
|a. Intrada (Sugar Plum Fairy and Her Cavalier)
|a. La Fée-Dragée et le Prince Orgeat
|a. Танец принца Оршада и Феи Драже
|Andante maestoso
|
|
|-
|
|b. Variation I: [[Tarantella]]
|b. Variation I: Tarantelle (Pour le danseur)
|b. Вариация I: Тарантелла
|Tempo di Tarantella
|
|
|-
|
|c. Variation II: Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy
|c. Variation II: Danse de la Fée-Dragée (Pour la danseuse)
|c. Вариация II: Танец Феи Драже
|Andante ma non troppo – Presto
|
| 
|-
|
|d. Coda
|d. Coda
|d. Кода
|Vivace assai
|
|
|-
| align=center|15 || Final Waltz and Apotheosis || Valse finale et Apothéose || Финальный вальс и Апофеоз || Tempo di Valse – Molto meno ||
|
|}

==Concert excerpts and arrangements==
{{anchor|Suite}}
===Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a===
[[File:Чайковский Танец Феи Драже и Трепак из балета Щелкунчик.webm|thumb|Excerpt of concert performance of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" and "Trepak" by the [[Russian National Orchestra]] conducted by {{ill|Vladislav Lavrik|ru|Лаврик, Владислав Михайлович}}]]
Tchaikovsky made a selection of eight of the numbers from the ballet before the ballet's December 1892 première, forming ''The Nutcracker Suite'', Op. 71a, intended for concert performance. The suite was first performed, under the composer's direction, on 19 March 1892 at an assembly of the Saint Petersburg branch of the Musical Society.<ref>Alexander Poznansky, ''Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man'', p. 544</ref> The suite became instantly popular, with almost every number encored at its premiere,<ref>Brown, David. ''Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885-1893''. London, 1991; corrected edition 1992: p. 386</ref> while the complete ballet did not begin to achieve its great popularity until after the [[George Balanchine]] staging became a hit in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/historyofballet/a/nutcrackerproa.htm |title=The Nutcracker Profile: The History of The Nutcracker |publisher=Classicalmusic.about.com |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716080313/http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/historyofballet/a/nutcrackerproa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suite became very popular on the concert stage, and was excerpted in [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]'s ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'', omitting the two movements prior to the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy. The outline below represents the selection and sequence of the ''Nutcracker Suite'' made by the composer:

{{Ordered list
| type = upper-roman|Miniature Overture (B-Flat Major)|Characteristic Dances
{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|March (G Major)
|Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy (E Minor) ''[ending altered from ballet version]''
|Russian Dance ([[Trepak (The Nutcracker)|Trepak]]) (G Major)
|Arabian Dance (coffee) (G Minor)
|Chinese Dance (tea) (B-Flat Major)
|Dance of the Reed Flutes (Mirlitons) (D Major)
}}|Waltz of the Flowers (D Major)
}}

===Grainger: ''Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky's Flower Waltz'', for solo piano===
The ''Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky's Flower Waltz'' is a successful piano arrangement from one of the movements from ''The Nutcracker'' by the pianist and composer [[Percy Grainger]].

===Pletnev: Concert suite from ''The Nutcracker'', for solo piano===
The pianist and conductor [[Mikhail Pletnev]] adapted some of the music into a virtuosic concert suite for piano solo:

{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|March

|Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy

|Tarantella
|Intermezzo (Journey through the Snow)
|Russian Trepak
|Chinese Dance
|Andante maestoso (Pas de Deux)
}}
===Contemporary arrangements===
* In 1942, [[Freddy Martin]] and his orchestra recorded ''The Nutcracker Suite for Dance Orchestra'' on a set of 4 10-inch 78-RPM records issued by [[RCA Victor]]. An arrangement of the suite that lay between dance music and jazz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Freddy-Martin-And-His-Orchestra-Tschaikowskys-Nutracker-Suite-In-Dance-Tempo/release/1170451|title=Freddy Martin And His Orchestra – Tschaikowsky's ''Nutracker Suite'' In Dance Tempo|work=Discogs|date=13 December 2023 }}</ref>
* In 1947, [[Fred Waring]] and His Pennsylvanians recorded "The Nutcracker Suite" on a two-part [[Decca Records]] 12-inch 78 RPM record with one part on each side as Decca DU 90022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Fred-Waring-And-His-Pennsylvanians-Nutcracker-Suite/release/5554068|title=Fred Waring & the Pennsylvanians – ''Nutcracker Suite''|website=[[Discogs]]|date=13 December 2023 }}</ref> packaged in a picture sleeve. This version had custom lyrics written for Waring's chorus by, among others, Waring himself. The arrangements were by [[Harry Simeone]].
* In 1952, the [[Les Brown (bandleader)|Les Brown]] big band recorded a version of the ''Nutcracker Suite'', arranged by [[Frank Comstock]], for [[Coral Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000273186/L_6763-Nutcracker_suite_part_1|title= Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Decca matrix L 6763. Nutcracker suite, part 1 / Les Brown and his Band of Renown," accessed December 19, 2020}}</ref> Brown rerecorded the arrangement in stereo for his 1958 [[Capitol Records]] album ''Concert Modern''.
* In 1960, [[Duke Ellington]] and [[Billy Strayhorn]] composed jazz interpretations of pieces from Tchaikovsky's score, recorded and released on LP as ''[[The Nutcracker Suite (Duke Ellington album)|The Nutcracker Suite]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.depanorama.net/index.htm |title=A Duke Ellington Panorama |publisher=Depanorama.net |access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> In 1999, this suite was supplemented with additional arrangements from the score by David Berger for ''The Harlem Nutcracker'', a production of the ballet by choreographer [[Donald Byrd (choreographer)|Donald Byrd]] (born 1949) set during the [[Harlem Renaissance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://susankuklin.com/the_harlem_nutcracker_18698.htm |title=The Harlem Nutcracker |publisher=Susan Kuklin |access-date=1 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611112946/http://www.susankuklin.com/the_harlem_nutcracker_18698.htm |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref>
* In 1960, [[Shorty Rogers]] released ''[[The Swingin' Nutcracker]]'', featuring jazz interpretations of pieces from Tchaikovsky's score.
* In 1962, American poet and humorist [[Ogden Nash]] wrote verses inspired by the ballet,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Nutcracker-Suite-Other-Innocent-Verses/dp/B0007DRA1C|title=The New Nutcracker Suite and Other Innocent Verses: Ogden Nash, Ivan Chermayeff|date=January 1962|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|via=Amazon.com}}</ref> and these verses have sometimes been performed in concert versions of the ''Nutcracker Suite''. It has been recorded with [[Peter Ustinov]] reciting the verses, and the music is unchanged from the original.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ogden-nash-9/the-new-nutcracker-suite-other-innocent-verses/|title=The New Nutcracker Suite & Other Innocent Verses|author=Ogden Nash|author-link=Ogden Nash|work=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref>
* In 1962 a novelty [[boogie-woogie|boogie]] piano [[arrangement]] of the "Marche", titled "[[Nut Rocker]]", was a No. 1 single in the UK, and No. 21 in the US. Credited to [[B. Bumble and the Stingers]], it was produced by [[Kim Fowley]] and featured [[studio musicians]] Al Hazan (piano), [[Earl Palmer]] (drums), [[Tommy Tedesco]] (guitar) and Red Callender (bass). "Nut Rocker" has subsequently been [[cover version|covered]] by many others including [[The Shadows]], [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]], [[The Ventures]], [[Dropkick Murphys]], [[The Brian Setzer Orchestra]], and the [[Trans-Siberian Orchestra]]. The Ventures' own [[instrumental rock]] cover of "Nut Rocker", known as "Nutty", is commonly connected to the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] team, the [[Boston Bruins]], from being used as the theme for the Bruins' telecast games for over two decades, from the late 1960s. In 2004, The Invincible Czars arranged, recorded, and now annually perform the entire suite for rock band.
* The [[Trans-Siberian Orchestra]]'s first album, ''[[Christmas Eve and Other Stories]]'', includes an instrumental piece titled "A Mad Russian's Christmas", which is a rock version of music from ''The Nutcracker.''
* On the other end of the scale is the comedic version by [[Spike Jones and his City Slickers]] released by RCA Victor in December 1945 as "Spike Jones presents for the Kiddies: The Nutcracker Suite (With Apologies to Tchaikovsky)", featuring humorous lyrics by Foster Carling and additional music by Joe "Country" Washburne. An abridged and resequenced version of this recording was issued in 1971 on the LP album ''Spike Jones is Murdering the Classics'', one of the rare comedic pop records to be issued on the prestigious [[RCA Red Seal]] label.
* International choreographer [[Val Caniparoli]] has created several versions of The Nutcracker ballet for [[Louisville Ballet]], [[Cincinnati Ballet]], [[Royal New Zealand Ballet]], and Grand Rapids Ballet.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Antonio |title=Nutcracker Brings Magic to DeVos |url=https://www.theoaklandpress.com/entertainment/nutcracker-brings-magic-to-devos-hall |website=The Oakland Press |access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> While his ballets remain classically rooted, he has contemporarized them with changes such as making Marie an adult instead of a child, or having Drosselmeir emerges through the clock face during the overture making "him more humorous and mischievous."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scher |first1=Avichai |title=What's it like to choreograph Nutcracker four different times |url=https://www.dancemagazine.com/choreographer-nutcracker-2621782836.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1 |website=Dance Magazine |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> Caniparoli has been influenced by his simultaneous career as a dancer, having joined San Francisco Ballet in 1971 and performing as Drosselmeir and other various Nutcracker roles ever since that time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merrell |first1=Sue |title="Nutcracker" Choreographer Makes GR Stop Ahead of Opening |url=https://www.grmag.com/entertainment/nutcracker-choreographer-makes-gr-stop-ahead-opening/ |website=grand rapids magazine |date=30 November 2017 |access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref>
* The [[Disco Biscuits]], a trance-fusion jam band from Philadelphia, have performed "Waltz of the Flowers" and "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" on multiple occasions.
* The [[Los Angeles Guitar Quartet]] (LAGQ) recorded the Suite arranged for four acoustic guitars on their CD recording ''Dances from Renaissance to Nutcracker'' (1992, Delos).
* In 1993, guitarist [[Tim Sparks]] recorded his arrangements for acoustic guitar on ''[[The Nutcracker Suite (Tim Sparks album)|The Nutcracker Suite]]''.
* The Shirim Klezmer Orchestra released a [[klezmer]] version, titled "Klezmer Nutcracker", in 1998 on the Newport label. The album became the basis for a December 2008 production by [[Ellen Kushner]], titled ''The Klezmer Nutcracker'' and staged [[off-Broadway]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogcritics.org/culture/article/theater-review-nyc-the-klezmer-nutcracker/ |title=blogcritics.org |publisher=blogcritics.org |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711104812/http://blogcritics.org/culture/article/theater-review-nyc-the-klezmer-nutcracker/ |archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>
* In 2002, [[The Constructus Corporation]] used the melody of ''Sugar Plum Fairy'' for their track "Choose Your Own Adventure".
* In 2009, [[Pet Shop Boys]] used a melody from "March" for their track "All Over the World", taken from their album [[Yes (Pet Shop Boys album)|''Yes'']].
* In 2012, jazz pianist [[Eyran Katsenelenbogen]] released his renditions of ''Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy'', ''Dance of the Reed Flutes'', ''Russian Dance'' and ''Waltz of the Flowers'' from the ''Nutcracker Suite''.
* In 2014, [[Pentatonix]] released an a cappella arrangement of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" on the holiday album ''[[That's Christmas to Me]]'' and received a Grammy Award on 16 February 2016 for best arrangement.
* In 2016, [[Jennifer Thomas (pianist)|Jennifer Thomas]] included an instrumental version of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" on her album ''[[Winter Symphony (Jennifer Thomas album)|Winter Symphony]]''.
* In 2017, [[Lindsey Stirling]] released her version of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" on her holiday album ''[[Warmer in the Winter]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/television/7964793/lindsey-stirling-interview-dancing-with-the-stars-holiday-album-premiere |title=Lindsey Stirling Talks Joining 'Dancing With the Stars' & Shares First Holiday Album Track: Premiere |date=14 September 2017 |magazine=Billboard |access-date= 23 October 2017}}</ref>
* In 2018, [[Pentatonix]] released an a cappella arrangement of "Waltz of the Flowers" on the holiday album ''[[Christmas Is Here!]]''.
* In 2019, [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] sampled a portion on her song "Dark Ballet" from her ''[[Madame X (album)|Madame X]]'' album.<ref name=rg2019>{{cite web| last1=Alexeyev |first1=Alexander|url=https://rg.ru/2019/08/05/madonna-dast-shest-shou-v-evrope.html|title=Баян для Мадонны. Чайковский в новом альбоме Madame X|trans-title=[[Bayan (accordion)|Bayan]] [also a slang word for anything related to media content: videos, pictures, news, and an old post as fresh news] for Madonna. Tchaikovsky on the new ''Madame X'' album|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902183143/https://rg.ru/2019/08/05/madonna-dast-shest-shou-v-evrope.html|archive-date=2 September 2019|language=ru}}</ref>
* In 2019, [[Mariah Carey]] released a normal and an a cappella version of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" entitled the "Sugar Plum Fairy Introlude" to open and close her 25th Deluxe Anniversary Edition of ''[[Merry Christmas (Mariah Carey album)|Merry Christmas]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Van Horn |first1=Charisse |title= Mariah Carey Shows Off Her Whistle Register In New Sugar Plum Fairy Acapella Rendition |url=https://celebrityinsider.org/mariah-carey-shows-off-her-whistle-register-in-new-sugar-plum-fairy-acapella-rendition-342423/ |website=celebrityinsider.org |publisher=Celebrity Insider |access-date=6 December 2020 |date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
* In 2020, [[Coone]] made a hardstyle cover version titled "The Nutcracker".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/djcoone/status/1331279156819050497|access-date=26 November 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|title=Ho Ho, whatever! Got some jolly news for you... Proud to be part of the @smashthehouse Christmas album dropping 27/12. Swipe left to witness "The Nutcracker"! }}</ref>

==Selected discography==
''The Nutcracker'' made its initial appearance on disc in 1909 in an abridged performance on the [[Odeon Records|Odeon]] label. Historically, this 4-disc set is considered to be the first record album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html|title=Recording Technology History|publisher=History.sandiego.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html|archive-date=12 March 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> The recording was conducted by [[Herman Finck]] and featured the London Palace Orchestra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/31/the-nutcracker-chronicles-listening-to-the-score/?_r=0|title='The Nutcracker' Chronicles: Listening to the Score|last=Macaulay|first=Alastair|date=31 December 2010}}</ref> It was not until after the modern [[LP Record|LP]] record appeared in 1948 that recordings of the complete ballet began to be made. Because of the ballet's approximate ninety minute length when performed without intermission, applause, or interpolated numbers, the music requires two LPs. Most [[compact disc|CD]] issues of the music take up two discs, often with fillers. An exception is the 81-minute 1998 [[Philips Classics|Philips]] recording by [[Valery Gergiev]] that fits onto one CD because of Gergiev's somewhat brisker tempi.
* In 1954, the first complete recording of the ballet was released on two LPs by [[Mercury Records]]. The cover design was by George Maas with illustrations by Dorothy Maas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.msn.com/music/album-credits/london-symphony-orchestra/tchaikovsky-the-nutcracker-%28complete-ballet%29-serenade-for-strings/|title=Tchaikovsky: ''The Nutcracker'' (Complete Ballet); Serenade for Strings – Credits on MSN Music|publisher=Music.msn.com|access-date=18 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608112849/http://music.msn.com/music/album-credits/london-symphony-orchestra/tchaikovsky-the-nutcracker-%28complete-ballet%29-serenade-for-strings/|archive-date=8 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The music was performed by the [[Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra]], conducted by [[Antal Doráti]]. Doráti later re-recorded the complete ballet in stereo, with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] in 1962 for Mercury and with the Amsterdam [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]] in 1975 for [[Philips Classics Records|Philips Classics]]. According to Mercury Records, the 1962 recording was made on 35mm magnetic film rather than audio tape, and used album [[cover art]] identical to that of the 1954 recording.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tchaikovsky-Nutcracker-Complete-Serenade-Dorati/dp/B0000057L5/ref=sr_1_2?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1362590471&sr=1-2&keywords=The+Nutcracker%2F+Dorati|title=Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky, Antal Dorati, Harold Lawrence, London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Hungarica, London Symphony Orchestra Chorus – Tchaikovsky: ''The Nutcracker'' (Complete Ballet); Serenade in C Major – Amazon.com Music|website=Amazon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://styrous.blogspot.com/2012/12/20000-vinyl-lps-18-nutcracker-joyous.html|title=The Styrous® Viewfinder|author=Styrous®|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> Doráti is the only conductor so far to have made three different recordings of the complete ballet. Some critics have cited the 1975 recording as the finest ever made of the complete ballet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classicalcdreview.com/nutcrackerwpd.html|title=Nutcracker|publisher=Classicalcdreview.com|access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> It is also faithful to the score in employing a boys' choir in the ''Waltz of the Snowflakes''. Many other recordings use an adult or mixed choir.
* In 1956, [[Artur Rodziński]] and the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] made a complete recording of the ballet in stereo for [[Westminster Records]].
* In 1959, the first stereo LP album set of the complete ballet, with [[Ernest Ansermet]] conducting the [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]], appeared on [[Decca Records]] in the UK and [[London Records]] in the US.
* The first complete stereo ''Nutcracker'' with a Russian conductor and a Russian orchestra appeared in 1960, when [[Gennady Rozhdestvensky]]'s recording with the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra, was issued first in the Soviet Union on the [[Melodiya]] label, then imported to the U.S. by [[Columbia Masterworks]]. It was also Columbia Masterworks' first complete ''Nutcracker''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tchaikovsky-The-Nutcracker-Complete/dp/B004YF90DA|title=Tchaikovsky, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Bolshoi Theater Orchestra – Tchaikovsky: ''The Nutcracker'' (Complete) – Amazon.com Music|website=Amazon}}</ref>

With the advent of the stereo LP coinciding with the growing popularity of the complete ballet, many other complete recordings have been made. Notable conductors who have done so include [[Maurice Abravanel]], [[André Previn]], [[Michael Tilson Thomas]], [[Mariss Jansons]], [[Seiji Ozawa]], [[Richard Bonynge]], [[Semyon Mayevich Bychkov|Semyon Bychkov]], [[Alexander Vedernikov]], [[Ondrej Lenard]], [[Mikhail Pletnev]], and [[Simon Rattle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003ZJJHAM|title=Tchaikovsky: the Nutcracker: Sir Simon Rattle, Tchaikovsky, Berliner Philharmoniker: Music|website=Amazon|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tchaikovsky-Nutcracker-Highlights-Ambrosian-Singers/dp/B00000DSAS/ref=sr_1_8?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1363741643&sr=1-8&keywords=Nutcracker+%2F+Tilson+Thomas|title=Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Michael Tilson Thomas, The Philharmonia Orchestra, Ambrosian Singers – Tchaikovsky: Music From ''The Nutcracker'' (Highlights) – Amazon.com Music|website=Amazon}}</ref>
* The soundtrack of the 1977 television production with Mikhail Baryshnikov and [[Gelsey Kirkland]], featuring the [[National Philharmonic Orchestra]] conducted by [[Kenneth Schermerhorn]], was issued in stereo on a Columbia Masterworks 2 LP-set, but has not appeared on CD. The LP soundtrack recording was, for a time, the only stereo version of the Baryshnikov ''Nutcracker'' available, since the performance was originally telecast in monophonic sound. The DVD of the performance is in stereo.
* The first complete recording of the ballet in digital stereo was issued in 1985, by [[RCA Red Seal]] featuring [[Leonard Slatkin]] conducting the [[St. Louis Symphony Orchestra]]. RCA later reissued the recording in a multi-CD set containing complete recordings of Tchaikovsky's two other ballets, ''[[Swan Lake]]'' and ''[[The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)|The Sleeping Beauty]]''.

There have been two major theatrical film versions of the ballet, and both have corresponding soundtrack albums.
* The first theatrical film adaptation, made in 1985, is of the [[List of productions of The Nutcracker#Kent Stowell/Maurice Sendak (1983)|Pacific Northwest Ballet version]], and was conducted by Sir [[Charles Mackerras]]. The music is played in this production by the [[London Symphony Orchestra]]. The film was directed by [[Carroll Ballard]], who had never before directed a ballet film (and has not done so since). Patricia Barker played Clara in the fantasy sequences, and Vanessa Sharp played her in the Christmas party scene. Wade Walthall was the Nutcracker Prince.
* The second film adaptation was a 1993 film of the New York City Ballet version, titled ''George Balanchine's The Nutcracker'', with [[David Zinman]] conducting the New York City Ballet Orchestra. The director was [[Emile Ardolino]], who had won the Emmy, Obie, and Academy Awards for filming dance, and was to die of AIDS later that year. Principal dancers included the Balanchine muse [[Darci Kistler]], who played the Sugar Plum Fairy, [[Heather Watts]], [[Damian Woetzel]], and [[Kyra Nichols]]. Two well-known actors also took part: [[Macaulay Culkin]] appeared as the Nutcracker/Prince, and [[Kevin Kline]] served as the offscreen narrator. The soundtrack features the interpolated number from ''The Sleeping Beauty'' that Balanchine used in the production, and the music is heard on the album in the order that it appears in the film, not in the order that it appears in the original ballet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000005J1P|title=The Nutcracker (1993 Motion Picture Soundtrack): Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky, David Zinman, New York City Ballet Orchestra: Music|website=Amazon|date=13 December 1993 |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>
* Notable albums of excerpts from the ballet, rather than just the usual ''Nutcracker Suite'', were recorded by [[Eugene Ormandy]] conducting the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] for [[Columbia Masterworks]], and [[Fritz Reiner]] and the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] for [[RCA Red Seal|RCA Victor]]. [[Arthur Fiedler]] and the [[Boston Pops Orchestra]] (for RCA Victor), as well as [[Erich Kunzel]] and the [[Cincinnati Pops Orchestra]] (for [[Telarc]]) have also recorded albums of extended excerpts. The original issue of [[Michael Tilson Thomas]]'s version with the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]] on CBS Masterworks was complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanrecordguide.com/issues/ARG1211.pdf|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330082519/http://www.americanrecordguide.com/issues/ARG1211.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> the currently available edition is abridged.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tchaikovsky-Nutcracker-Complete/dp/B0000026EU/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1351875860&sr=1-1&keywords=Nutcracker%2F+Tilson+thomas|title=Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete): Music|website=Amazon|access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

Ormandy, Reiner and Fiedler never recorded a complete version of the ballet; however, Kunzel's album of excerpts runs 73 minutes, containing more than two-thirds of the music. Conductor [[Neeme Järvi]] has recorded act 2 of the ballet complete, along with excerpts from ''[[Swan Lake]]''. The music is played by the [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/tchaikovsky-nutcracker-act-ii-swan-lake-mw0001808930/credits|title=Tchaikovsky: Nutcracker, Act II/ Swan Lake|work=AllMusic}}</ref>
* Many famous conductors of the twentieth century made recordings of the suite, but not of the complete ballet. These include [[Arturo Toscanini]], Sir [[Thomas Beecham]], [[Claudio Abbado]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], [[Herbert von Karajan]], [[James Levine]], Sir [[Neville Marriner]], [[Robert Shaw (conductor)|Robert Shaw]], [[Mstislav Rostropovich]], Sir [[Georg Solti]], [[Leopold Stokowski]], [[Zubin Mehta]], and [[John Williams]].
* In 2007, Josh Perschbacher recorded an organ transcription of the ''Nutcracker Suite''.

==Ethnic stereotypes and cultural misattribution==
{{globalize|date=December 2023|2=United States}}

In the United States, commentary emerged in the 2010s about the Chinese and Arabian characteristic dances. In a 2014 article titled "Sorry, 'The Nutcracker' Is Racist", writer [[Alice Robb]] panned the typical choreography of the Chinese dance as white people wearing "harem pants and a straw hat, eyes painted to look slanted" and "wearing chopsticks in their black wigs"; the Arabian dance, she said, has a woman who "slinks around the stage in a belly shirt, bells attached to her ankles".<ref name=Robb/> Similarly, dance professor Jennifer Fisher at the [[University of California, Irvine]], complained in 2018 about the use in the Chinese dance of "bobbing, subservient '[[kowtow]]' steps, [[Fu Manchu moustache|Fu Manchu mustaches]], and, especially, the often-used saffron-tinged makeup, widely known as '[[Portrayal of East Asians in American film and theater|yellowface]].'"<ref name=Fisher />
In 2013, ''[[Dance Magazine]]'' printed the opinions of three directors: Ronald Alexander of Steps on Broadway and [[The Harlem School of the Arts]] said the characters in some of the dances were "borderline caricatures, if not downright demeaning", and that some productions had made changes to improve this; Stoner Winslett of the [[Richmond Ballet]] said ''The Nutcracker'' was not racist and that her productions had a "diverse cast"; and [[Donald Byrd (choreographer)|Donald Byrd]] of Spectrum Dance Theater saw the ballet as Eurocentric and not racist.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dancemagazine.com/burning_question_is_nutcracker_racist-2306921922.html|title=Burning Question: Is Nutcracker Racist?|work=[[Dance Magazine]]|date=1 December 2013|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> Some people who have performed in productions of the ballet do not see a problem because they are continuing what is viewed as "a tradition".<ref name=Robb>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/120640/nutcracker-racist-chinese-tea-arabian-coffee|title=Sorry, 'The Nutcracker' Is Racist|last=Robb|first=Alice|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|date=24 December 2014|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> According to [[George Balanchine]], the Arabian dance was a sensuous belly dance intended for the fathers, not the children.<ref name=Dunning>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/26/arts/dance/staying-on-their-toes-for-the-nutcracker-show-after-show.html|title=Staying on Their Toes for 'The Nutcracker,' Show After Show|last=Dunning|first=Jennifer|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 November 2004|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>

Among the attempts to change the dances in the United States were [[Austin McCormick]] making the Arabian dance into a [[pole dance]], and [[San Francisco Ballet]] and [[Virginia Ballet Company & School]] changing the Chinese dance to a [[dragon dance]].<ref name=Robb /> [[Georgina Pazcoguin]] of the [[New York City Ballet]] and former dancer Phil Chan started the "Final Bow for Yellowface" movement and created a web site which explained the history of the practices and suggested changes. One of their points was that only the Chinese dance made dancers look like an ethnic group other than the one they belonged to. The New York City Ballet went on to drop [[geisha]] wigs and makeup and change some dance moves. Some other ballet companies followed.<ref name=Fisher>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-fisher-nutcracker-chinese-dance-revisionism-20181211-story.html|title=Op-Ed: 'Yellowface' in 'The Nutcracker' isn't a benign ballet tradition, it's racist stereotyping|last=Fisher|first=Jennifer|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=11 December 2018|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>

''The Nutcracker''{{'}}s "Arabian" dance is in fact an embellished, exotified version of a traditional [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] lullaby, with no genuine connection to the Arab culture.<ref>Lewis Segal. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-dec-10-ca-nutcracker10-story.html ‘Nutcracker’ standard has 1,001 versions], [[Los Angeles Times]]: 10 December 2006 "...don’t look for its sources in the Middle East. Tchaikovsky took a Georgian lullaby for the Arabian Dance...It’s a Georgian melody, not Arabian..."</ref> [[Alastair Macaulay]] of ''The New York Times'' defended Tchaikovsky, saying he "never intended his Chinese and Arabian music to be ethnographically correct".<ref name=Macaulay>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/06/arts/dance/ballet-clings-to-racial-ethnic-and-national-stereotypes.html|title=Stereotypes in Toeshoes|last=Macaulay|first=Alastair|work=The New York Times|date=6 September 2012|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> He said, "their extraordinary color and energy are far from condescending, and they make the world of 'The Nutcracker' larger."<ref name=Macaulay/> To change anything is to "unbalance ''The Nutcracker''" with music the author did not write. If there were stereotypes, Tchaikovsky also used them in representing his own country of Russia.<ref name=Macaulay/>

==In popular culture==
=== Film ===
Several films having little or nothing to do with the ballet or the original Hoffmann tale have used its music:
* The 1940 [[Disney]] animated film ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' features a segment using [[#Suite|The Nutcracker Suite]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=jmcmullen |date=11 December 2015 |title=5 Fascinating Facts About Fantasia's Nutcracker Suite |url=https://d23.com/5-fascinating-facts-about-fantasias-nutcracker-suite/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=D23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* A 1951 thirty-minute short, ''Santa and the Fairy Snow Queen'' features several dances from ''The Nutcracker''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/santa_and_the_fairy_snow_queen |title=Santa and the Fairy Snow Queen : A Sid Davis Production : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |date=10 March 2001 |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>
* In 1986, ''[[Nutcracker: The Motion Picture]]'' was released. It was a collaboration between the [[Pacific Northwest Ballet]] and illustrator [[Maurice Sendak]].
* ''[[Barbie in the Nutcracker]]'' (2001) was based on the ballet.
* In 2007, ''[[Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale]]'' was released featuring Tchaikovsky's music from the ballet as score.
* In 2010, ''[[The Nutcracker in 3D]]'' with [[Elle Fanning]] abandoned the ballet and most of the story, retaining much of Tchaikovsky's music with lyrics by [[Tim Rice]]. The $90 million film became the year's biggest [[List of box office bombs|box office bomb]].
*In 2017, the [[Athens State Orchestra]] presented "A Different Nutcracker" animation film, directed by Yiorgos Molvalis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinecreed productions by Yiorgos Molvalis - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/cinecreed/docs/cinecreed_-_creative_brochure |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=issuu.com |date=8 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2018, the Disney live-action film ''[[The Nutcracker and the Four Realms]]'' was released with [[Lasse Hallström]] and [[Joe Johnston]] as directors and a script by Ashleigh Powell.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Lasse Hallstrom to Direct Live-Action 'Nutcracker' for Disney|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lasse-hallstrom-direct-live-action-872783|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=6 March 2016|date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_nutcracker_and_the_four_realms|title=The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>
* The 2022 Russian-Hungarian animated film ''[[The Nutcracker and the Magic Flute]]'' adapted the story and used the music, while combining them with other classical works.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosser |first=Michael |date=2019-11-18 |title='Nutcracker And The Magic Flute' sells to key Europe, Asia territories |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/nutcracker-and-the-magic-flute-sells-to-key-europe-asia-territories/5144808.article |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref>

===Television===
* The 1987 [[true crime]] [[miniseries]] ''[[Nutcracker: Money, Madness and Murder]]'', opens every episode with the first notes of the ballet amid scenes of [[Frances Schreuder]]'s daughter dancing to it in ballet dress.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shales |first=Tom |date=21 March 1987 |title=MURDER, FAMILY STYLE |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1987/03/21/murder-family-style/33101c38-6a4e-4f70-9e5d-5cff32d55ad7/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
* The 2015 Canadian television film ''[[The Curse of Clara: A Holiday Tale]]'', based on an autobiographical short story by onetime Canadian ballet student Vickie Fagan, centres on a young ballet student preparing to dance the role of Clara in a production of ''The Nutcracker''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title=The Curse of Clara and her sugar-plum dreams: Knelman |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/2015/12/23/the-curse-of-clara-and-her-sugar-plum-dreams-knelman.html |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=thestar.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Children's recordings===
There have been several recorded children's adaptations of the E.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A. Hoffmann story (the basis for the ballet) using Tchaikovsky's music, some quite faithful, some not. One that was not was a version titled ''The Nutcracker Suite for Children'', narrated by Metropolitan Opera announcer [[Milton Cross]], which used a two-piano arrangement of the music. It was released as a 78-RPM album set in the 1940s. A later version, titled ''The Nutcracker Suite'', starred [[Denise Bryer]] and a full cast, was released in the 1960s on LP and made use of Tchaikovsky's music in the original orchestral arrangements. It was quite faithful to Hoffmann's story ''[[The Nutcracker and the Mouse King]]'', on which the ballet is based, even to the point of including the section in which Clara cuts her arm on the glass toy cabinet, and also mentioning that she married the Prince at the end. It also included a less gruesome version of "The Tale of the Hard Nut", the tale-within-a-tale in Hoffmann's story. It was released as part of the [[Tale Spinners for Children]] series.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artsreformation.com/talespinners/ |title=Tale Spinners for Children |publisher=Artsreformation.com |date=14 May 2008 |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813045512/http://www.artsreformation.com/talespinners/ |archive-date=13 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Spike Jones]] produced a 78 rpm record set "Spike Jones presents for the kiddies The Nutcracker Suite (with Apologies to Tchaikovsky)" in 1944. It includes the tracks: "The Little Girl's Dream", "Land of the Sugar Plum Fairy", "The Fairy Ball", "The Mysterious Room", "Back to the Fairy Ball" and "End of the Little Girl's Dream". This is all done in typical Spike Jones style, with the addition of choruses and some swing music. The entire recording is available at archive.com<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/78_land-of-the-sugar-plum-fairy_spike-jones-and-his-city-slickers-tchaikovsky-foster-c_gbia0082954 |title=''Spike Jones presents for the kiddies The Nutcracker Suite with Apologies to Tchaikovsky'' |author=Spike Jones and his City Slickers |website=archive.org |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>

===Journalism===
* In 2009, [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning dance critic Sarah Kaufman wrote a series of articles for ''[[The Washington Post]]'' criticizing the primacy of ''The Nutcracker'' in the American repertory for stunting the creative evolution of ballet in the United States:<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/10/AR2009091004759.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Here Come Those Sugar Plums and Chestnuts | first=Sarah | last=Kaufman | date=13 September 2009 | access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref><ref name = "kaufnut">{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112000316.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Breaking pointe: 'The Nutcracker' takes more than it gives to world of ballet | first=Sarah | last=Kaufman | date=22 November 2009 | access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/sugar-plum-overdose-the-case-against-the-nutcracker/ | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Sugar Plum Overdose: The Case Against 'The Nutcracker' | first=Dave | last=Itzkoff | date=14 December 2009 | access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref>

{{blockquote|That warm and welcoming veneer of domestic bliss in ''The Nutcracker'' gives the appearance that all is just plummy in the ballet world. But ballet is beset by serious ailments that threaten its future in this country... companies are so cautious in their programming that they have effectively reduced an art form to a rotation of over-roasted chestnuts that no one can justifiably croon about... The tyranny of ''The Nutcracker'' is emblematic of how dull and risk-averse American ballet has become. There were moments throughout the 20th century when ballet was brave. When it threw bold punches at its own conventions. First among these was the [[Ballets Russes]] period, when ballet—''ballet''—lassoed the avant-garde art movement and, with works such as [[Michel Fokine]]'s fashionably sexy [[Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)#Adaptations|''Scheherazade'']] (1910) and [[Léonide Massine]]'s [[Cubism|Cubist]]-inspired [[Parade (ballet)|''Parade'']] (1917), made world capitals sit up and take notice. Afraid of scandal? Not these free-thinkers; [[Vaslav Nijinsky]]'s rough-hewn, aggressive [[The Rite of Spring|''Rite of Spring'']] famously put Paris in an uproar in 1913... Where are this century's provocations? Has ballet become so entwined with its "Nutcracker" image, so fearfully wedded to unthreatening offerings, that it has forgotten how eye-opening and ultimately nourishing creative destruction can be?<ref name = "kaufnut" />|Sarah Kaufman, dance critic for ''[[The Washington Post]]''}}
* In 2010, [[Alastair Macaulay]], dance critic for ''[[The New York Times]]'' (who had previously taken Kaufman to task for her criticism of ''The Nutcracker''<ref>{{cite news| url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/a-nutcracker-lover-explains-himself/ | work=The New York Times | title=A 'Nutcracker' Lover Explains Himself | first=Alastair | last=Macaulay | author-link=Alastair Macaulay | date=16 November 2010 | access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref>) began ''The Nutcracker Chronicles'', a series of blog articles documenting his travels across the United States to see different productions of the ballet.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/the-nutcracker-chronicles-the-marathon-begins/ | work=The New York Times | title=The 'Nutcracker' Chronicles: The Marathon Begins | first=Alastair | last=Macaulay | author-link=Alastair Macaulay | date=10 November 2010 | access-date=15 November 2010}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Act I of ''The Nutcracker'' ends with snow falling and snowflakes dancing. Yet ''The Nutcracker'' is now seasonal entertainment even in parts of America where snow seldom falls: Hawaii, the California coast, Florida. Over the last 70 years this ballet—conceived in the Old World—has become an American institution. Its amalgam of children, parents, toys, a Christmas tree, snow, sweets and Tchaikovsky's astounding score is integral to the season of good will that runs from Thanksgiving to New Year... I am a European who lives in America, and I never saw any ''Nutcracker'' until I was 21. Since then I've seen it many times. The importance of this ballet to America has become a phenomenon that surely says as much about this country as it does about this work of art. So this year I'm running a ''Nutcracker'' marathon: taking in as many different American productions as I can reasonably manage in November and December, from coast to coast (more than 20, if all goes well). America is a country I'm still discovering; let ''The Nutcracker'' be part of my research.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/arts/dance/14nutcracker.html | work=The New York Times | title=The Sugarplum Diet | first=Alastair | last=Macaulay | author-link=Alastair Macaulay | date=10 November 2010 | access-date=15 November 2010}}</ref>|Alastair Macaulay, dance critic for ''[[The New York Times]]''|source=}}
* In 2014, Ellen O'Connell, who trained with the Royal Ballet in London, wrote, in [[Salon (website)]], on the darker side of ''The Nutcracker'' story. In E.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A. Hoffmann's original story, the ''Nutcracker and Mouse King,'' Marie's (Clara's), journey becomes a fevered delirium that transports her to a land where she sees sparkling Christmas Forests and Marzipan Castles, but in a world populated with dolls.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.salon.com/2014/12/24/the_nutcrackers_disturbing_origin_story_why_this_was_once_the_worlds_creepiest_ballet/ | work=Solon | title="The Nutcracker's" disturbing origin story: Why this was once the world's creepiest ballet | first=Ellen | last=O'Connell | date=25 December 2014 | access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> Hoffmann's tales were so bizarre, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote about them in ''The Uncanny.''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/freud1.pdf |title=The Uncanny |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |author-link=Sigmund Freud |date=1919}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://siouxlandobserver.blogspot.com/2019/12/nutcracker-ballet-101.html | title=Nutcracker Ballet 101 | access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>

{{blockquote|E.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A. Hoffmann's 1816 fairy tale, on which the ballet is based, is troubling: Marie, a young girl, falls in love with a nutcracker doll, whom she only sees come alive when she falls asleep. ...Marie falls, ostensibly in a fevered dream, into a glass cabinet, cutting her arm badly. She hears stories of trickery, deceit, a rodent mother avenging her children's death, and a character who must never fall asleep (but of course does, with disastrous consequences). While she heals from her wound, the mouse king brainwashes her in her sleep. Her family forbids her from speaking of her "dreams" anymore, but when she vows to love even an ugly nutcracker, he comes alive and she marries him. |Ellen O'Connell-Whittet, Lecturer, [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Writing Program}}

===Popular music===
* The song "Dance Mystique" (track B1) on the studio album ''[[Bach to the Blues]]'' (1964) by the [[Ramsey Lewis Trio]] is a jazz adaptation of Coffee (Arabian Dance).
* The song "Fall Out" by English band [[Mansun]] from their 1998 album ''[[Six (Mansun album)|Six]]'' heavily relies on the celesta theme from the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy.
* The song "[[Dark Ballet]]" by American singer-songwriter [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] samples the melody of Dance of the Reed Flutes (Danish [[Marzipan]]) which is often mistaken for Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy. The song also relied on the lesser-known harp cadenza from Waltz of the Flowers. The same Tchaikovsky sample was earlier used in internationally famous 1992 ads for [[Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut]] with 'Madonna' as the singing chocolate bar (in Russian version the subtitles "'This Is Madonna'" ({{langx|ru|Это Мадонна|Eto Madonna}}) were displayed on a screen).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/embed/gVIQDaI-emc?start=67|title=Reklamka Vimto i Frut'n'Nuts (1994)|publisher=YouTube channel "towaroved" |access-date=24 September 2019|language=ru}}</ref>

===Video games===
* ''Waltz of the Flowers'' is played in one chapter of ''[[What Remains of Edith Finch]]''.
* The official [[Nintendo]] published version of ''[[Tetris]]'' for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]], as well as the [[Game Boy Advance]] version of ''Tetris Worlds'' features ''Dance of the Suger Plum Fairy'' as one of their music options, and the [[Game Boy]] version uses ''Trepak'' as victory music for clearing 25 lines on Type B level 9.
* ''Waltz of the Flowers'' is played in a combat section of Fort Frolic in ''[[BioShock]]''.
* ''The Nutcracker Suite'' is played during the Symphony of Sorcery level in ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Dream Drop Distance]]''.

==See also==
* [[List of productions of The Nutcracker]]
* [[The Parade of the Tin Soldiers|Parade of the Wooden Soldiers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Nutcracker}}
* {{IMSLP|work=The Nutcracker (ballet), Op.71 (Tchaikovsky, Pyotr)|cname=The Nutcracker (ballet)}}
* {{IMSLP|work=The Nutcracker (suite), Op.71a (Tchaikovsky, Pyotr)|cname=The Nutcracker (suite)}}
* [http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/The_Nutcracker Tchaikovsky Research]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222203538/http://www.kultur-fibel.de/Ballett;Der_Nussknacker,Tschaikowsky.htm The Nutcracker ballet]

{{Ballets of Marius Petipa}}
{{Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky}}
{{The Nutcracker}}
{{Disney's Fantasia}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nutcracker}}
[[Category:The Nutcracker| ]]
[[Category:1890s ballets]]
[[Category:1892 works]]
[[Category:1892 compositions]]
[[Category:Music based on works by E. T. A. Hoffmann]]
[[Category:Ballets by Lev Ivanov]]
[[Category:Ballets by Marius Petipa]]
[[Category:Ballets about sentient toys]]
[[Category:Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]
[[Category:Suites by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]
[[Category:Christmas onstage]]
[[Category:Ballets premiered at the Mariinsky Theatre]]
[[Category:Ballets set in Germany]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Orchestral compositions with chorus]]