View source for The Country of the Blind

{{Short description|1904 short story by H. G. Wells}}
{{other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox short story <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] -->
| image            = Wells CountryOfTheBlindStories(1st edition).jpg
| caption          = First edition cover of ''[[The Country of the Blind and Other Stories]]'' (1911)
| title_orig       =
| translator       =
| author           = [[H.&nbsp;G. Wells]]
| country          = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| language         = English
| series           =
| genre            = Short story
| published_in     = ''[[The Strand Magazine]]''
| publisher        =
| media_type       = Print (Magazine)
| pub_date         = April 1904
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by      =
| followed_by      =
| wikisource       = The Country of the Blind
}}
"'''The Country of the Blind'''" is a short story by English writer [[H.&nbsp;G. Wells]]. It was first published in the April 1904 issue of ''[[The Strand Magazine]]'' and included in a 1911 collection of Wells's short stories, ''[[The Country of the Blind and Other Stories]]''. It is one of Wells's best known short stories, and features prominently in [[blindness in literature|literature dealing with blindness]].

Wells later revised the story, with the expanded version first published by an English [[private press|private printer]], [[Golden Cockerel Press]], in 1939.

==Plot summary==
[[File:The Country of the Blind by Claude Allin Shepperson 3.png|250px|thumb|{{"'}}Carefully,' he cried, with a finger in his eye." – illustration by [[Claude Allin Shepperson]] from "The Country of the Blind", published in ''[[The Strand Magazine]]'', April 1904]]
While attempting to climb the unconquered crest of Parascotopetl (a fictitious mountain in [[Ecuador]]), a mountaineer named Nuñez slips and falls down the far side of the mountain. At the end of his descent, down a snow-slope in the mountain's shadow, he finds a valley, cut off from the rest of the world on all sides by steep precipices. Unknown to Nuñez, he has discovered the fabled "Country of the Blind". The valley had been a haven for settlers fleeing the tyranny of Spanish rulers, until an earthquake reshaped the surrounding mountains, cutting the valley off forever from future explorers. The isolated community prospered over the years, despite a disease that struck them early on, rendering all newborns [[Blindness|blind]]. As the blindness slowly spread over many generations, the people's remaining senses sharpened, and by the time the last sighted villager had died, the community had fully adapted to life without sight.

Nuñez descends into the valley and finds an unusual village with windowless houses and a network of paths, all bordered by kerbs. Upon discovering that everyone is blind, Nuñez begins reciting to himself the proverb, "[[Adagia#Commonplace examples from Adagia|In the Country of the Blind, the One-Eyed Man is King]]".{{efn|name=first| ''Entry of the proverb into English.'' It appears that the first recorded usage of the proverb used in Wells' story in the English language comes about 150 years after the publishing of Erasmus' popular collection of proverbs. Erasmus wrote in Latin, and his version of the proverb appears to have entered common usage in Europe. [[George Herbert]] published in 1640 the book titled ''The Jacula Prudentum, or Outlandish Proverbs, Sentences, &c.''<ref>{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=George |date=1862 |title=The Works of George Herbert in Prose and Verse | editor=Rev. Robert Aris Willmott | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9tUAAAAcAAJ&q=jacula+Prudentum+george+herbert&pg=PA301 |location=London, England |publisher=Routledge, Warne, and Routledge |page=317}}</ref> Published semi-anonymously, Herbert's initials are on the title page. Herbert's version of the proverb is that "In the kingdom of blind men, the one-eyed is king." From that first published instance the proverb can be found in its variations in English language and literature. The English version is thought to be derived from the Spanish proverb:  ''"En la tierra de los ciegos es el tuerto rey."''<ref>{{cite thesis |last=French |first=Richard Slayton |date=23 March 1919 |title=The Education of the Blind, a Critical and Historical Survey with Special Reference to the United States of America |publisher=University of California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h71AAQAAMAAJ&q=%22The+Country+of+the+Blind%22 |access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> The Spanish proverb is very old, with a slight variation dating from 1602: ''"Entre los ciegos el tuerto es Rey"'' – Among the blind, the one-eyed man is King,<ref>{{cite book |author=Pedro de la Vega |date=1602 |title=Segunda parte de la Declaracion de los siete Psalmos Penitenciales | language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xiagSdmNqAC |location=Madrid, Spain |publisher=Miguel Serranode Vargas |page=272 }}</ref> and a similar version from at least 1611:  ''"Para que uno sea grande en un Reyno pequeño, poco es meneterpues: en la tierra de los ciegos el tuerto es Rey"'' – For one to be great in a small Kingdom, little is necessary: in the land of the blind the one-eyed man is King.<ref>{{cite book |author=Laurencio de Zamora |date=1611 |title=Monarchia mystica de la iglesia hecha de Gerogliphicos sacados de humanas y divinas letras | language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCJRAAAAcAAJ&q=%22en+la+tierra+de+los+ciegos+el+tuerto+es+rey%22 |location=Barcelona, Spain |publisher=Lorenço Déu |page=177 }}</ref> The Spanish proverb may derive from an even earlier source in Portuguese, later translated into Spanish. Portuguese: ''"Em casa do cego, o torto é rei"''  – In the house of the blind, I'm the king. Spanish: ''"El casa del ciego, el tuerto es Rey"'' – In the house of the blind, the one-eyed is King.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fernando Núñez de Guzmán |date=1578 |title=Refranes, O proverbios en Romance, que nueuamente colligioy glosso, el Comendador Hernan Núñez: Professor eminentissimo de Rhetorica, y Griego, en Salamanca. | language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixI8AAAAcAAJ&q=%22tuerto+es+Rey%22 |location=Salamanca, Spain |publisher=Casa de Antonio de Lorençana |page=134 [291]}}</ref> However, the earliest version of the proverb can be found in ''Collectanea adagiorum veterum,'' first publish by [[Desiderius Erasmus]] in 1500, and one of the most popular books of its time. Erasmus first quotes a Latin proverb: ''"Inter caecos regnat strabus"'' – Among the blind the squinter rules. He follows this with a Greek proverb that is similar, but then translates the Greek into Latin: ''"In regione caecorum rex est luscus"'' – In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. So this appears to be the origin of the proverb in Latin-based languages.<ref>{{cite book |author=Desiderius Erasmus |date=1520 |title=Collectanea adagiorum veterum | language=la |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DchKAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Collectanea+adagiorum%22+froben |location=Basel, Switzerland |publisher=Johann Froben |page=613}}</ref> }}   He realizes that he can teach and rule them, but the villagers have no concept of sight, and do not understand his attempts to explain this fifth sense to them. Frustrated, Nuñez becomes angry, but the villagers calm him, and he reluctantly submits to their way of life, because returning to the outside world seems impossible.

Nuñez is assigned to work for a villager named Yacob. He becomes attracted to Yacob's youngest daughter, Medina-Saroté. Nuñez and Medina-Saroté soon fall in love, and having won her confidence, Nuñez slowly starts trying to explain sight to her. Medina-Saroté, however, simply dismisses it as his imagination. When Nuñez asks for her hand in marriage, he is turned down by the village elders on account of his "unstable" obsession with "sight". The village doctor suggests that Nuñez's eyes be removed, claiming that they are diseased and are "greatly distended" and because of this "his brain is in a state of constant irritation and distraction." Nuñez reluctantly consents to the operation because of his love for Medina-Saroté. However, at sunrise on the day of the operation, while all the villagers are asleep, Nuñez, the failed King of the Blind, sets off for the mountains (without provisions or equipment), hoping to find a passage to the outside world, and escape the valley.

In the original story, Nuñez climbs high into the surrounding mountains until night falls, and he rests, weak with cuts and bruises, but happy that he has escaped the valley. His fate is not revealed. In the revised and expanded 1939 version of the story, Nuñez sees from a distance that there is about to be a [[Landslide|rock slide]]. He attempts to warn the villagers, but again they scoff at his "imagined" sight. He flees the valley during the slide, taking Medina-Saroté with him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wells |first1=Herbert George  |date=1997 |title="The Country of the Blind" and Other Science-fiction Stories |url=https://archive.org/details/thecountryofblin0000well |url-access=registration |quote=scrutinised the imprisoning mountains. |location=Mineola, New York |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thecountryofblin0000well/page/24 24]–30 |isbn=0-486-29569-9 |author-link=H. G. Wells}}</ref>

==Characters==
*Nuñez – a mountaineer from [[Bogotá]], Colombia
*Yacob – Nuñez's master
*Medina-Saroté – the youngest daughter of Yacob

==Adaptations==
*Several radio adaptations of the story have been produced. ''[[Escape (radio program)|Escape]]'' debuted its adaptation starring [[William Conrad]] on [[Thanksgiving]] week, 1947, which featured a different ending in which Nuñez escapes the Valley alone (and thus is able to tell the story in-character), but goes blind in the process [[Photokeratitis|due to the constant glare from the snow]]. Another episode of ''Escape'' aired 20 June 1948, starring [[Paul Frees]]. In 1954, 1957 and 1959 the [[CBS]] radio series ''[[Suspense (radio drama)|Suspense]]'' rebroadcast this version. ''[[CBS Radio Mystery Theater]]'' aired another radio adaptation 7 May 1979. The episode was titled "Search for Eden" (episode 977) and the main characters' names were changed{{snd}}Nunez was renamed Carlos and Medina-Saroté was renamed Eva. The [[BBC]] folded the story in two others by Wells for a [[BBC Radio 4]] Extra entitled "The Door in the Wall", also with a twist at the end in which the storyteller reveals himself to be the tale's protagonist.<ref name="BBC Radio 4">{{cite web|last1=Wells|first1=H.G.|title=The Door in the Wall|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00761jh|website=BBC.co.UK|publisher=BBC|access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>
*A teleplay written by Frank Gabrielsen was produced in 1962 for the TV series ''[[The DuPont Show of the Week]]''. The title of the hour-long episode was "The Richest Man in Bogota", and it aired on 17 June 1962.<ref>{{cite journal |date= 16–22 June 1962 |title=The Richest Man in Bogota |journal=TV Guide |volume=10 |issue=24 }}</ref> It starred [[Lee Marvin]] as Juan de Nuñez, and [[Míriam Colón]] as "Marina" (not Medina-Saroté, as in the original story). In this story it is revealed that something in the water of the valley has caused the blindness of the residents. At the end of the episode Juan de Nuñez is shown to now be blind as well.
*The Russian studio [[Soyuzmultfilm]] made a wordless 19-minute animated film adaptation in 1995 called ''Land of Blind'' (Страна Слепых).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://animator.ru/db/?ver=eng&p=show_film&fid=6739 |title=The Land of Blind |work=Animator.ru |access-date=28 December 2010}}</ref>
*The theme of the protagonist getting lost in the world of the blind was used in the 1997 Malayalam movie ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]'' starring [[Mohanlal]].
*The composer [[Mark-Anthony Turnage]] wrote a chamber opera based on the story, completed in 1997.
*A stage production was written by Frank Higgins and Mark Evans; the only production to date has been in The Coterie Theater in [[Kansas City, Missouri]] in 2006.
*A Chinese version of a [[graded reader]] was adapted under the name 盲人国 (Mángrén Guó) as part of the Mandarin Companion series. The location was adapted from Ecuador to China's province of [[Guizhou]]. A twist at the ending indicates the blindness condition affecting the people is contagious.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mandarincompanion.com/products/the-country-of-the-blind/ | title=The Country of the Blind }}</ref>
*An audio version of "The Country of Blind" was published in the Indian language of [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kathacafe.com/products/country-of-the-blind|title=അന്ധരുടെ താഴ്‌വര|website=Kathacafe|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tall poppy syndrome]]
* [[Plato's Allegory of the Cave]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource}}
{{commonscat}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=J68vAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22The+Strand+Magazine%22+%22Country+of+the+blind.+by+H.G.+Wells%22&pg=PA401 ''The Country of the Blind''] Original H.&nbsp;G. Wells short story in the April 1904 issue of [[The Strand Magazine]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091016034624/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/wells/hg/w45cb/chapter32.html ''The Country of the Blind'']  Short story by H.&nbsp;G. Wells
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11870 The Country of the Blind and Other Stories] – [[Public domain|Public-domain]] text from [[Project Gutenberg]]
*{{isfdb title|id=54645}}
'''Streaming Audio'''
*[https://archive.org/download/Escape19471948/esca.47.11.26_Country_of_the_Blind.mp3 ''The Country of the Blind''] on [[Escape (radio program)|Escape]]: 26 November 1947
*[http://www.escape-suspense.com/files/escape_1948.06.20_Country%20of%20the%20Blind.mp3 ''The Country of the Blind''] on [[Escape (radio program)|Escape]]: 20 June 1948
*[https://archive.org/download/FavoriteStory/FS_49-04-23_ep084-Strange_Valley-The_Country_of_the_Blind.mp3 ''The Country of the Blind''] on '''Favorite Story''': 23 April 1949
*[https://archive.org/download/SUSPENSE8/571027CountryOfTheBlind.MP3 ''The Country of the Blind''] on [[Suspense (radio drama)|Suspense]]: 27 October 1957

{{H. G. Wells}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Country of the Blind, The}}
[[Category:Short stories by H. G. Wells]]
[[Category:1904 short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories adapted into films]]
[[Category:Literature about blindness]]
[[Category:Works originally published in The Strand Magazine]]
[[Category:Works adapted into operas]]
[[Category:South America in fiction]]