View source for Thamud

{{Short description|Tribal confederation in pre-Islamic Arabia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{about|the ancient Arabian tribe|the town in Yemen|Thamud, Yemen}}
{{Infobox tribe
|name       = Thamud
|local name = ثَمُوْد
|type       = Ancient Arab tribe
|ethnicity  = [[Arabs|Arab]]
|nisba      = al-Thamūdi
|location   = [[Hegra (Mada'in Salih)|Hegra]], northern Hejaz
|language   = [[Thamudic]], [[Old Arabic]]
|religion   = [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabian polytheism]]
}}

The '''Thamud''' ({{langx|ar|ثَمُود|translit=Ṯamūd}}) were an ancient tribe or tribal confederation in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]{{sfn|Hoyland|2001|p=68}} that occupied the northwestern [[Arabian Peninsula]]. They are attested in contemporaneous [[Mesopotamia]]n and [[Classical antiquity|Classical]] inscriptions, as well as Arabic ones from the eighth century BCE, all the way until the fifth century CE, when they served as Roman [[auxilia]]ries. They are also later remembered in [[pre-Islamic Arabic poetry]] and Islamic-era sources, including the [[Quran]]. Prominently, they appear in the [[Ruwafa inscriptions]] discovered in a temple constructed circa 165–169 CE in honor of the local deity, [[Ilah|ʾlhʾ]]. 

Islamic sources state that the Thamud were an early Arab tribe that had gone extinct in ancient days.{{sfn|Retsö|2003|pp=34–37}} Thamud appears twenty-six times in the Quran, where the tribe is presented as an example of an ancient [[polytheistic]] people destroyed by God for their rejection of God's [[Prophets in Islam|prophet]] [[Salih]].{{Sfn|Mackintosh-Smith|2019|p=29}} In the Quran, Thamud is associated with a pattern of rebellion and destruction of past groups of people. This is done the most times with [[ʿĀd|Ad]], but others as well, like [[Lot in Islam|Lot]] and [[Noah in Islam|Noah]]. When Salih calls Thamud to serve one God, they demand a sign from him. He presents them with a miraculous [[She-camel of God|she-camel]]. Thamud, unconvinced, injure the camel; for this, God destroys them, except Salih and his followers. This account is embellished with a more detailed background in the [[Tafsir|Islamic exegetical tradition]]. Some traditions locate the tribe in northwestern Arabia at [[Hegra (Mada'in Salih)|Hegra]], and in others they are identified as [[Nabataeans]].{{Sfn|Firestone|2006}} Islamic genealogy describes the Thamud as among the true Arab tribes, as opposed to the "Arabicized Arabs".{{Sfn|Mackintosh-Smith|2019|p=30}} 

It is possible that several, possibly unrelated groups, took on the name of Thamud; they probably spoke [[Old Arabic]].{{sfn|Macdonald|2015|p=48}}{{sfn|Hoyland|2001|p=69}} The Thamud are not specially connected to the [[Thamudic]] scripts, an aggregate term for understudied writing systems of Ancient Arabia.

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Thamud
| common_name            = Thamud
| native_name            = مملكة ثمود
| image_map              = Lihyan Map.svg
| capital                = [[Hegra (Mada'in Salih)|Hegra]]
| religion               = [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabian polytheism]]
| government_type        = [[Monarchy]]
| year_end               = 5th century AD
| year_start             = 8th century BC
| common_languages       = [[Old Arabic]]
| today                  = [[Saudi Arabia]]
}}

==Pre-Islamic sources==
===Ancient Near East===
The word Thamud appears in the ''[[Annals of Sargon II|Annals]]'' of the [[Assyria]]n king [[Sargon II]] (r. 722—705 BCE), inscribed at [[Dur-Sharrukin]].{{sfn|Eph'al|1982|p=36}} As the "Ta-mu-di", the peoples are mentioned together with the [[Ephah]], the "Ibadidi", and the "Marsimani" as part of "the distant desert-dwelling Arabs who knew neither overseers nor officials and had not brought their tribute to any king". Sargon defeated these tribes, according to his ''Annals'', and had them forcibly deported to [[Samaria]].{{sfn|Eph'al|1982|p=105}} Historian Israel Eph'al questions the plausibility of Sargon's account, as the briefness of Sargon's account seems to be at odds with the fact that such a campaign deep into Arabia would have been one of the longest wars in Assyrian history, and because no mention of plunder is provided. Eph'al instead speculates that the Thamūd and other Arab tribes may have made arrangements with Sargon to trade in Samaria, which Assyrian historians embellished as submission.{{sfn|Eph'al|1982|pp=105–107}}

A surviving letter from [[Nabonidus]], a sixth-century BC king of Babylon, includes an order that a "Te-mu-da-a Ar-ba-a-a", apparently "Thamudi Arab", be given several [[Talent (measurement)|talents of silver]]. This individual was probably a merchant or official in service of the Babylonian court.{{sfn|Eph'al|1982|p=189}}

===Greek and Roman===
Thamud is also mentioned in several accounts of [[Hellenic historiography|Greek historiography]]. Portions of [[Agatharchides]]'s (fl. 2nd century BCE) ''On the Erythrean Sea'' that survive in later quotations mention that the Thamud Arabs then inhabited a "stony and large shore" of the Arabian coastline, south of the [[Gulf of Aqaba]].{{sfn|Retsö|2003|pp=297–299}}{{sfn|Macdonald|2015|p=46}} In ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'', [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]], a 1st-century BCE Greek historian, mentions Thamūd in his description of the "Arabian Gulf" (the Red Sea): "This coast, then, is inhabited by Arabs who are called Thamudeni; but the coast next to it is bounded by a very large gulf, off which lie scattered islands which are in appearance very much like the islands called the [[Echinades]]". The coast being referred to lies just prior to Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Diodorus Siculus — Book III Chapters 35–48 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3C*.html |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=E. H. Warmington |first=M. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/greekgeography0000ehwa |title=Greek Geography |date=1934 |publisher=London & Toronto |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>

In a somewhat muddled passage, [[Pliny the Elder]], a Roman historian of the first century CE, appears to locate the Thamūd at the unidentified inland town of "Baclanaza". [[Ptolemy]], who lived in the second century, wrote that the "Thamuditai" tribe inhabited the Red Sea coastline, and that the "Thamoudenoi" tribe lived in inland northwestern Arabia—either or both may be references to the Thamūd—while his contemporary [[Uranius (geographer)|Uranius]] believed that the Thamūd neighbored the [[Nabateans]].{{sfn|Macdonald|2015|pp=46–47}} The Thamūd also joined the Byzantine armies as [[auxilia]]ries, and the ''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]'' mentions two units of Thamūd warriors serving the Byzantine Empire, one in Egypt and the other in Palestine.{{sfn|Hoyland|2001|p=69}}

===Pre-Islamic Arabian inscriptions===
The Thamūd are infrequently mentioned in contemporary indigenous Arabian sources, although two [[Safaitic]] inscriptions carved some time between the first century BCE and the fourth century CE refer to "the year of the war between Gšm and the tribe of Thamūd [''snt ḥrb gšm ʾl ṯmd'']".{{sfn|Macdonald|2015|p=47}} An important exception is a temple at [[al-Ruwāfa]] in northwestern Saudi Arabia, built by the Thamūd themselves in the 160s CE.{{sfn|Macdonald|2015|p=49}} The temple inscriptions, known as the [[Ruwafa inscriptions]] (composed bilingually in [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Nabataean Aramaic]]) state that it was constructed by a priest named Šʿdt of the "Thamūd of Robathū" for [[Ilah|ʾlhʾ]], apparently the patron deity of the tribe, with the Roman government's support.{{sfn|Macdonald|2015|pp=54–56}} Robathū is likely the ancient name of modern al-Ruwāfa.{{sfn|Macdonald|2015|p=54}} The Thamūd in question were Roman auxiliary troops, as the inscription states explicitly:

<blockquote>
For the well-being of the rulers of the whole world... [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus Aurelius Anthoninus]] and [[Lucius Verus|Lucius Aurelius Verus]], who are the conquerors of the Armenians. This is the temple that was built by the tribal unit of Thamūd, the leaders of their unit, so that it might be established by their hands and be their place of veneration forever... with the support of [[Quintus Antistius Adventus|Antistius Adventus]], the governor.{{sfn|Hoyland|2001|pp=68–69}}
</blockquote>

===Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry===
Thamud is mentioned in [[pre-Islamic Arabic poetry]]. Though they may have survived as late as the fourth century CE, they are already referred to by the poets as a long-lost tribe. For the poets, the name of Thamud was an attestation of the transience of all things.{{sfn|Hoyland|2001|p=224}} One poem attributed to [[Imru' al-Qais]] observes and compares a site of massacre to the peoples of Thamud.{{Sfn|Mackintosh-Smith|2019|p=29}}

Another poem, attributed to [[Umayya ibn Abi as-Salt]], a contemporary of [[Muhammad]], describes the story of the camel and Thamud. In Umayya's account, there is no Salih. Instead, the camel is killed by a certain "accursed Aḥmar", and the camel's foal stands upon a rock and curses Thamud, leading to the tribe's annihilation except for a single lame woman who is spared to spread the message of the destruction.{{sfn|Sinai|2011|p=407}} The authenticity of the poem is disputed.{{sfn|Sinai|2011|pp=407–410}}

==Islamic sources==
Thamud is mentioned twenty-three times in the [[Quran]] as part of a moralistic lesson about God's destruction of sinful communities, a central motif in the Quran.{{sfn|Firestone|2006|p=252}} According to the Quran, the Thamud were the successors of a previous community called the [[ʿĀd]], who had also been destroyed for their sins. They lived in houses carved into the surface of the earth. God chose the [[prophets in Islam|prophet]] [[Salih]] to warn the polytheistic Thamud that they should worship the [[Tawhid|One God]]. The tribe refused to heed him, saying that Salih was merely a mortal, and demanded a sign from God. God sent down a [[Milch camel of God|milch camel]] as his sign, and Salih told his countrymen that they should not harm the camel and allow it to drink from their well. But the Thamud cut its [[hamstring]] or otherwise wounded it. God then destroyed the tribe, except for Salih and a few other righteous men. The means of God's destruction of Thamud include a thunderbolt, a storm, a shout, and an earthquake. The shout, which is an extremely loud sound, might have caused the earthquake, according to certain scholars. The account presented in [[Surah]] [[an-Naml]] also mentions nine evil people of Thamud who are immediately responsible for God's punishment of their people{{cite quran|27|48|end=51}} in a narrative reminiscent of Jewish descriptions of the demise of [[Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom]].{{sfn|Firestone|2006|p=253}}

<blockquote>
To the Thamūd, We sent their brother, Ṣāliḥ. He said, "My people, worship God. You have no god other than Him. It was He who brought you into being from the earth and made you inhabit it, so ask forgiveness from Him, and turn back to Him: my Lord is near, and ready to answer." They said, "Ṣāliḥ, We used to have such great hope in you. Will you forbid us to worship what our fathers worshiped? We are in grave doubt about what you are asking us to do." He said, "My people, just think: if I did have clear proof from my Lord, and if He had given me mercy of His own, who could protect me from God if I disobeyed Him? You would only make my loss greater. My people, this camel belongs to God, a sign for you, so leave it to pasture on God's earth and do not harm it, or you will soon be punished." But they hamstrung it, so he said, "Enjoy life for another three days: this warning will not prove false." And so, when Our command was fulfilled, by Our mercy We saved Ṣāliḥ and his fellow believers from the disgrace of that day. [Prophet], it is your Lord who is the Strong, the Mighty One. The blast struck the evildoers and they lay dead in their homes, as though they had never lived and flourished there. Yes, the Thamūd denied their Lord—so away with the Thamūd!{{cite quran|11|61|end=68|tn=Abdel Haleem}}
</blockquote>

[[File:Madain Saleh (6811791359).jpg|thumb|Ruins of carved buildings at [[Hegra (Mada'in Salih)|Hegra]]]]

The Islamic [[tafsir|exegetical tradition]] adds detail to the Quran's account. Accordingly, the Thamud were a powerful and idolatrous tribe living in [[Hegra (Mada'in Salih)|Hegra]], now called Madāʼin Ṣāliḥ, the Cities of Ṣāliḥ—in northwestern Arabia. When Salih began to preach monotheism, the Thamud demanded that he prove his prophethood by bringing forth a pregnant camel from solid rock. When God permitted the prophet to do this, some of the tribesmen followed Salih, while many powerful leaders continued to oppose him. After giving birth, the camel drank all the water from a well every two days and then produced enormous amounts of milk for the people. But it was hamstrung and eventually killed by nine people of Thamud, who then attempted but failed to kill Salih himself. Having failed to save his people, Salih warned that they would be destroyed after three days. On the first day, their skin would turn yellow; on the second day, red; and on the final day of destruction, black. This came to pass, and Thamud was annihilated.{{sfn|Firestone|2006|pp=253–254}} The traditional Muslim view is that the destruction of Thamud occurred before the prophethood of [[Abraham]].{{sfn|Munt|2015|p=479}}

A ''[[hadith]]'' tradition preserved in the ''[[Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī]]'' collection narrates that the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] called Hegra "the land of Thamud" and did not allow his troops to drink from its wells or to use its water, and to never enter its ruins "unless weeping, lest occur to you what happened to them."{{sfn|Firestone|2006|p=254}} The stone constructions of Hegra are actually mostly from the [[Nabataean]] period, especially the first century CE.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293 |title=Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih) |author=<!--Not stated--> |year=2008 |website=whc.unesco.org |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |access-date= 22 August 2020}}</ref> The ninth-century Muslim scholar [[Ibn Saʿd]] believed that the Thamud were the Nabateans.{{sfn|Firestone|2006|p=254}}

Some Islamic sources claim that the [[Banu Thaqif]] tribe, an Arab tribe from [[Ta'if]] in the period of Muhammad, was descended from a survivor of the Thamud (sometimes a slave of Salih).{{sfn|Firestone|2006|p=254}}

==Thamudic script==
[[Thamudic]] is an aggregate name for some 15,000 [[Pre-Islamic Arabian inscriptions|inscriptions from pre-Islamic Arabia]], which have not yet been properly studied and categorized into their distinct languages.{{sfn|Hoyland|2001|p=254}} The name arose in the nineteenth century, when many people asserted that the Thamud tribe was responsible for the creation of these inscriptions. However, since then, it has become widely accepted among [[Epigraphy|epigraphists]] that there is no evidence justifying a connection between these inscriptions and the tribe of Thamud.{{sfn|Graf|Zwettler|2004|p=56}}{{Sfn|Robin|2010|p=122–123}}

==See also==
* [[Atlantis of the Sands]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{citation| surname = Eph'al | given = Israel| title = The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent, 9th—5th Centuries B.C.| publisher = Brill | year = 1982| isbn = 9789652234001| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2-QO9Noo-ygC }}
* {{citation| surname = Firestone | given = Reuven| chapter = Thamūd | pages = 252–254| title = Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān, Volume Five| editor-given = Jane Dammen | editor-surname = McAuliffe| publisher = Brill | year = 2006| isbn = 978-9004123564| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3DbqxwEACAAJ}}
* {{citation| surname1 = Graf | given1 = David F.| surname2 = Zwettler | given2 = Michael J.| title = The North Arabian 'Thamudic E' Inscription from Uraynibah West| journal = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research | year = 2004 | volume = 335| issue = 335| pages = 53–89| jstor = 4150069 | doi = 10.2307/4150069| s2cid = 162185795}}
* {{citation| surname = Hoyland | given = Robert G.| title = Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam| publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2001| isbn = 0-415-19535-7| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XaiGAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation| surname = Macdonald | given = Michael C. A.| chapter = Arabs and Empires before the Sixth Century | pages = 11–90| title = Arabs and Empires before Islam| editor-given = Greg | editor-surname = Fisher| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2015| isbn = 978-0-19-965452-9| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GhAxCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mackintosh-Smith |first=Tim |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Arabs/Qw-LDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=thamud+tribe&pg=PA628&printsec=frontcover |title=Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press}}
* {{citation| surname = Munt | given = Harry| chapter = Arabic and Persian Sources for Pre-Islamic Arabia | pages = 434–500| title = Arabs and Empires before Islam| editor-given = Greg | editor-surname = Fisher| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2015| isbn = 978-0-19-965452-9| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GhAxCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation| surname = Retsö | given = Jan| title = The Arabs in Antiquity: Their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads| publisher = Routledge | year = 2003| isbn = 0-7007-1679-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robin |first=Christian Julien |title=Routes d'Arabie |date=2010 |publisher=Editions du musée du Louvre |editor-last=Al-Ghabban |editor-first=A. |pages=118–131 |chapter=Langues et écritures |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37659418/_Langues_et_%C3%A9critures_dans_Routes_dArabie_Arch%C3%A9ologie_et_histoire_du_royaume_dArabie_s%C3%A9oudite_sous_la_direction_de_Ali_Ibrahim_Al_Ghabban_B%C3%A9atrice_Andr%C3%A9_Salvini_Fran%C3%A7oise_Demange_Carine_Juvin_et_Marianne_Cotty_Paris_Louvre_%C3%A9ditions_et_Somogy_%C3%A9ditions_dart_2010_pp_118_131}}
* {{citation| surname = Sinai | given = Nicolai| title = Religious poetry from the Quranic milieu: Umayya b. Abī l-Ṣalt on the fate of the Thamūd| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | year = 2011 | volume = 74 | issue = 3| pages = 397–416| jstor = 41287978 | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X11000309}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Qur'anic people}}
{{Historical Arab tribes}}

[[Category:Ancient peoples]]
[[Category:History of Hejaz]]
[[Category:Arab ethnic groups]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century]]