View source for Texture (music)

{{short description|Way in which tempo, melody, and harmony are combined in a musical composition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Distinguish|Textures (band)}}[[File:Sousa - "Washington Post March," m. 1-7.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Introduction to [[John Philip Sousa|Sousa]]'s "[[The Washington Post (march)|Washington Post March]]", mm. 1–7 features [[octave doubling]]{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=133}} and a homorhythmic texture.[[File:Sousa - "Washington Post March," m. 1-7.mid]]]]

In [[music]], '''texture''' is how the [[tempo]] and the [[Melody|melodic]] and [[Harmony|harmonic]] materials are combined in a [[musical composition]], determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece. The texture is often described in regard to the density, or thickness, and [[range (music)|range]], or width, between lowest and highest [[Pitch (music)|pitches]], in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices, or parts, and the relationship between these voices (see [[#Common types|Common types]] below). For example, a thick texture contains many 'layers' of instruments. One of these layers could be a string section or another brass. The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the instruments playing the piece. The thickness varies from light to thick. A piece's texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once, the [[timbre]] of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony, [[tempo]], and rhythms used.{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|loc={{Page needed|date=August 2015}}}} The types categorized by number and relationship of parts are analyzed and determined through the labeling of primary textural elements: primary melody (PM), [[Hauptstimme|secondary melody]] (SM), parallel supporting melody (PSM), static support (SS), harmonic support (HS), rhythmic support (RS), and harmonic and rhythmic support (HRS).{{sfn|Isaac & Russell|2003|p=136}}{{incomplete short citation|date=May 2021}}

==Common types==
In musical terms, particularly in the fields of music history and music analysis, some common terms for different types of texture are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type
! Description
! Visual
! Audio
|-
| [[Monophony|Monophonic]]
| Monophonic texture includes a single melodic line with no accompaniment.{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=136}} PSMs often double or parallel the PM they support.{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=137}}
| [[File:Pop Goes the Weasel melody.PNG|thumb|250px|"[[Pop Goes the Weasel]]" melody{{sfn|Kliewer|1975|pp=270–301}}]]
| {{Listen|filename=Pop Goes the Weasel.ogg|title="Pop Goes the Weasel"|image=none}}
|-
| Biphonic
| Two distinct lines, the lower sustaining a drone (constant pitch) while the other line creates a more elaborate melody above it. [[Pedal point|Pedal tone]]s or [[ostinati]] would be an example of a SS.{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=137}} It is generally considered to be a type of polyphony.
| [[File:Pedal tone Bach - BWV 851, m.1-2.png|thumb|250px|Pedal tone in [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s Prelude No. 6 in D minor, BWV 851, from ''[[The Well-Tempered Clavier]]'', Book I, mm.&nbsp;1–2. All pedal tone notes are consonant except for the last three of the first measure.{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=99}}[[File:Pedal tone Bach - BWV 851, m.1-2.mid]]]]
| {{Listen|filename=Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 11 Prelude No. 6 in D minor, BWV 851.ogg|title=Bach - Prelude No. 6 in D minor, BWV 851|image=none|help=no}}
|-
|[[Polyphony|Polyphonic]] or [[Counterpoint]] or [[Contrapuntal]]
| Multiple melodic voices which are to a considerable extent independent from or in imitation with one another. Characteristic texture of the [[Renaissance music]], also prevalent during the [[Baroque music|Baroque period]].{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p={{page needed|date=May 2021}}}} Polyphonic textures may contain several PMs.{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=137}}
|[[File:BachFugueBar.png|thumb|right|250px|Bar from Bach's [[Fugue]] No. 17 in A-flat major, BWV 862, from ''The Well-Tempered Clavier'' (Book I), example of [[counterpoint|contrapuntal polyphony]][[File:BachFugueBar.mid]]]]
|{{Listen|filename=Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-tempered Clavier - Book 1 - 11Efuge Bbmaj.ogg|image=none|title=Fugue No. 21 in B-flat major (BWV 866)|description=Performed on a Flemish harpsichord by [[Martha Goldstein]]|help=no}}
|-
|[[Homophony|Homophonic]]
|The most common texture in Western music: melody and accompaniment. Multiple voices of which one, the melody, stands out prominently and the others form a background of harmonic accompaniment. If all the parts have much the same rhythm, the homophonic texture can also be described as homorhythmic. Characteristic texture of the [[Classical music|Classical period]] and continued to predominate in [[Romantic music]] while in the 20th century, "popular music is nearly all homophonic," and, "much of jazz is also" though, "the simultaneous improvisations of some jazz musicians creates a true polyphony".{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=136}} Homophonic textures usually contain only one PM.{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=137}} HS and RS are often combined, thus labeled HRS.{{sfn|Benward & Saker|2003|p=137}}
|[[File:If ye love me.png|thumb|right|250px|Homophony in [[Thomas Tallis|Tallis']] "[[If Ye Love Me]]", composed in 1549. The voices move together using the same rhythm, and the relationship between them creates chords: the excerpt begins and ends with an F [[major chord|major triad]].]]
|{{Listen|filename=If ye love me.ogg|title=Tallis' "If Ye Love Me"|image=none|help=no}}
|-
|[[Homorhythm]]ic
|Multiple voices with similar rhythmic material in all parts. Also known as "chordal". May be considered a condition of homophony or distinguished from it.
|see above
|
|-
|[[Heterophony|Heterophonic]]
| Two or more voices simultaneously performing variations of the same melody.
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rest (music)|Silence]]
| No sound at all or the absence of intended sound
|
|
|}


Many classical pieces feature different kinds of texture within a short space of time. An example is the Scherzo from [[Piano Sonata in B major, D 575 (Schubert)|Schubert’s piano sonata in B major, D575]]. The first four bars are [[monophony|monophonic]], with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart:[[File:Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 1-4.wav|thumb|Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 1–4]][[File:Schubert Piano Sonata in B major scherzo bars 1-4.png|thumb|center|400px|Schubert Piano Sonata in B major scherzo bars 1–4 ]]

Bars 5–10 are [[Homophony|homophonic]], with all voices coinciding rhythmically:[[File:Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 5-10.wav|thumb|Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 5–10]][[File:Schubert Piano Sonata in B scherzo bars 5-10.png|thumb|center|500px|Schubert Piano Sonata in B scherzo bars 5–10]]

Bars 11–20 are [[polyphonic]]. There are three parts, the top two moving in parallel (interval of a tenth). The lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats. The passage climaxes abruptly with a bar’s silence: [[File:Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 11-20.wav|thumb|Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 11–20]][[File:Schubert Piano Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 11-20.png|thumb|center|500px|Schubert Piano Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 11–20]]

After the silence, the polyphonic texture expands from three to four independent parts moving simultaneously in bars 21–24. The upper two parts are [[imitation (music)|imitative]], the lowest part consists of a repeated note ([[pedal point]]) and the remaining part weaves an independent melodic line: [[File:Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 21-24.wav|thumb|Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 21–24]][[File:Schubert Piano Sonata in B majore Scherzo bars 21-24.png|thumb|center|500px|Schubert Piano Sonata in B majore Scherzo bars 21–24]]

The final four bars revert to [[homophony]], bringing the section to a close; [[File:Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 25-28.wav|thumb|Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 25–28]][[File:Schubert Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 25-28.png|thumb|center|500px|Schubert Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 25–28]] A complete performance can be heard by following this link: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INRxAUVLPG0 Listen]

==Additional types==
Although in music instruction certain styles or repertoires of music are often identified with one of these descriptions this is basically added music{{Clarify|date=September 2017}} (for example, Gregorian chant is described as monophonic, Bach Chorales are described as homophonic and fugues as polyphonic), many composers use more than one type of texture in the same piece of music.

A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time, rather than in succession.

A more recent type of texture first used by [[György Ligeti]] is [[micropolyphony]]. Other textures include [[polythematic]], polyrhythmic, onomatopoeic, compound, and mixed or composite textures.{{sfn|Corozine|2002|p=34}}

==See also==
* [[Style brisé]]

==References==
{{reflist|22em}}
'''Sources'''
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Benward & Saker|2003}}|reference=Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker (2003). ''Music: In Theory and Practice'', seventh edition, vol. 1. Boston: McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0-07-294262-0}}.}}
* {{cite book |last=Corozine |first=Vince |title=Arranging Music for the Real World: Classical and Commercial Aspects |year=2002 |publisher=Mel Bay |location=Pacific, Missouri|isbn=0-7866-4961-5 |oclc=50470629 }}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kliewer|1975}}|reference=Kliewer, Vernon (1975). "Melody: Linear Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music". In ''Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music'', edited by Gary Wittlich, pp.&nbsp;270–301. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-049346-5}}.}}

==Further reading==
* Anon.: "Monophony", ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', edited by Deane L. Root {{Subscription required}}.
* [[Aaron Copland|Copland, Aaron]]. (1957). ''What to Listen for in Music'', revised edition. New York: McGraw-Hill
* [[Norman Demuth|Demuth, Norman]]. 1964. ''Musical Forms and Textures: A Reference Guide'', second edition. London: Barrie and Rockliff.
* Frobenius, Wolf, Peter Cooke, Caroline Bithell, and Izaly Zemtsovsky: "Polyphony", ''Grove Music Online''. edited by Deane Root {{Subscription required}}.
* [[Barbara Russano Hanning|Hanning, Barbara Russano]], ''Concise History of Western Music'', based on [[Donald Jay Grout]] and [[Claude V. Palisca]]'s ''A History of Western Music'', fifth edition. Published by W. W. Norton, New York. {{ISBN|0-393-97168-6}}.
* Hyer, Brian: "Homophony", ''Grove Music Online'', edited by Deane Root {{Subscription required}}.
* [[Ivor Keys|Keys, Ivor]]. 1961. ''The Texture of Music: From Purcell to Brahms''. London: D. Dobson.
* [[Panayiotis Kokoras|Kokoras, Panayiotis]] (2005). ''[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/i/icmc/bbp2372.2005.188?rgn=main;view=fulltext Towards a Holophonic Musical Texture]''. In ''Proceedings of the ICMC2005 – International Computer Music Conference'',{{Page needed|date=August 2015}}<!--Inclusive page numbers of Kokoras's paper needed.-->. Barcelona: International Computer Music Conference.
* White, John David. 1995. ''Theories of Musical Texture in Western History''. Perspectives in Music Criticism and Theory 1; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1678. New York: Garland Publishers.

==External links==
* [http://www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/liske/musicalelements/textureframes.html A Guide to Musical Texture with multimedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205235110/http://www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/liske/musicalelements/textureframes.html |date=5 December 2003 }}
* [https://addtexture.com Add Texture: A web app with examples of different sonic textures]

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[[Category:Musical texture]]
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