View source for Tempel 1

{{Short description|Jupiter-family comet}}
{{For|other comets of the same name|Comet Tempel (disambiguation){{!}}Comet Tempel}}
{{Infobox comet
| name            = 9P/Tempel
| image           = PIA02142 Tempel 1 bottom sharped.jpg
| caption         = Composite of images of nucleus obtained by the [[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|''Deep Impact'']] mission
| discoverer      = [[Wilhelm Tempel]]
| discovery_date  = 3 April 1867
| mpc_name        = {{unbulleted|P/1867 G1, P/1873 G1|P/1967 L1, P/1972 A1}}
| designations    = {{unbulleted|Tempel 1|1867 II, 1873 I, 1879 III|1966 VII, 1972 V, 1978 II|1983 XI, 1989 I, 1994 XIX|1873a, 1879b, 1972a|1977i, 1982j, 1989 I|1987e1, 1993c}}
| orbit_ref       = {{r|Horizons2028|jpldata|MPC}}
| epoch           = 25 February 2023 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2460000.5)
| semimajor       = 3.151 AU
| perihelion      = 1.545 AU<br/>{{small|(1.77 AU after 2024 Jupiter approach)}}
| aphelion        = 4.757 AU
| eccentricity    = 0.5097
| period          = 5.59 years
| inclination     = 10.474°
| asc_node        = 68.64°
| arg_peri        = 179.54°
| Earth_moid      = 0.52 AU
| physical_ref    = {{r|jpldata}}
| dimensions      = {{cvt|7.6|×|4.9|km|mi}}{{r|A'Hearn_2005}}
| albedo          = 0.05{{r|Campins_2002}}
| density         = {{val|0.62|u=g/cm3}}{{r|Britt_2006}}
| mass            = 7.2{{e|13}} to 7.9{{e|13}} kg{{efn|Using a spherical diameter of 6.25 km; [[Volume#Volume formulas|volume of a sphere]] * a [[rubble pile]] density of {{val|0.62|u=g/cm3}} yields a mass (m{{=}}d*v) of 7.9{{e|13}} kg}}
| rotation        = 40.7 hours{{r|A'Hearn_2005}}
| M1              = 12.9
| M2              = 
| last_p          = 4 March 2022
| next_p          = 12 February 2028{{r|Horizons2028}}
}}

'''Tempel 1''' (official designation: '''9P/Tempel''') is a [[List of numbered comets|Jupiter-family comet]] discovered by [[Wilhelm Tempel]] in 1867. It completes an orbit of the [[Sun]] every 5.6 years. Tempel 1 was the target of the [[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|''Deep Impact'']] space mission, which photographed a deliberate high-speed impact upon the comet in 2005. It was re-visited by the [[Stardust (spacecraft)|''Stardust'']] spacecraft on 14 February 2011, and came back to perihelion in August 2016. On 26 May 2024, it made a modest approach to Jupiter at a distance of {{convert|0.55|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}},{{r|cometography|jpldata}} which lifted the [[perihelion]] distance. 9P will next come to perihelion on 12 February 2028 when it will be {{convert|1.77|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}} from the Sun.{{r|Horizons2028}}

== Discovery and orbital history ==
Tempel 1 was discovered on April 3, 1867, by [[Wilhelm Tempel]], who was working at [[Marseille]]. At the time of discovery, it approached [[perihelion]] once every 5.68 years (designations P/1867 G1 and 1867 II).{{r|NASA4|ESA1}} It was subsequently observed in 1873 (P/1873 G1, 1873 I, 1873a) and in 1879 (1879 III, 1879b).{{r|Rao_2020}}

Photographic attempts during 1898 and 1905 failed to recover the comet, and astronomers surmised that it had [[lost comet|disintegrated]], when in reality, its orbit had changed. Tempel 1's orbit occasionally brings it sufficiently close to [[Jupiter]] to be altered, with a consequent change in the comet's orbital period.{{r|cometography}} This occurred in 1881 (closest approach to Jupiter of 0.55 AU), lengthening the orbital period to 6.5 years. [[Perihelion]] also changed, increasing by {{convert|50|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}}, to 2.1 AU, rendering the comet far less visible from [[Earth]].{{r|cometography}} Perihelion did not drop below 2 AU until 1944 after a 1941 approach to Jupiter.{{r|Kinoshita_2018}}

[[File:Comet Temple 1 detail.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of crater-like features on Comet Tempel 1 in image taken by ''Deep Impact''{{'}}s impactor]]

Tempel 1 was rediscovered in 1967 (as P/1967 L1, 1966 VII) after British astronomer [[Brian G. Marsden]] performed precise calculations of the comet's orbit that took into account Jupiter's [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbations]]. Marsden found that further close approaches to Jupiter in 1941 (0.41 AU) and 1953 (0.77 AU) had decreased both the perihelion distance and the orbital period to values smaller than when the comet was initially discovered (5.84 and 5.55 years, respectively).{{r|cometography}} These approaches moved Tempel 1 into its present [[libration]] around the 1:2 resonance with Jupiter. Despite an unfavorable 1967 return, [[Elizabeth Roemer]] of the Catalina Observatory took several photographs.{{r|cometography}} Initial inspection revealed nothing, but in late 1968 she found a 8 June 1967 exposure (Tempel 1 had passed perihelion in January) that held the image of an 18th magnitude diffuse object very close to where Marsden had predicted the comet to be. At least two images are required for orbit computation, so the next return had to be awaited.{{r|cometography}}

Roemer and L. M. Vaughn recovered the comet on 11 January 1972, from [[Steward Observatory]] (P/1972 A1, 1972 V, 1972a).{{r|cometography}} The comet became widely observed, reached a maximum brightness of magnitude 11 during May, and was last seen on July 10. Since that time the comet has been seen at every apparition, in 1978 (1978 II, 1977i), 1983 (1983 XI, 1982j), 1989 (1989 I, 1987e1), 1994 (1994 XIUX, 1993c), 2000, and 2005.{{r|cometography}}{{clear}}

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:PIA02118.jpg|thumb|Tempel 1 in X-ray light by [[Chandra X-ray Observatory|''Chandra'']]{{r|Lisse_2007}}]]
Tempel 1 is not a bright comet; its brightest [[apparent magnitude]] since discovery has been 11, far below naked-eye visibility. Its nucleus measures {{cvt|7.6|×|4.9|km|mi}}.{{r|jpldata|tps1}} Measurements taken by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] in visible light {{r|Meech_2000}} and the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] in infrared light {{r|Lisse_2005}} suggest a low [[albedo]] of only 4%. A two-day rotation rate was also determined.{{r|newswise1}} The comet was also seen to emit x-rays due to highly charged solar wind ions removing electrons via charge exchange from gases outflowing from Tempel 1's nucleus.{{r|Lisse_2007}}

== Exploration ==
=== ''Deep Impact'' mission ===
[[File:Animation of Deep Impact trajectory.gif|thumb|right|Animation of ''Deep Impact''{{'s}} trajectory from 12 January 2005 to 8 August 2013<br /> {{legend2|magenta| ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]'' 1}} {{legend2|lime|Tempel 1}} {{legend2|royalblue|[[Earth]]}} {{legend2|cyan|[[103P/Hartley]]}}]]
[[File:Deep Impact HRI.jpeg|thumb|left|The head-on collision of comet 9P/Tempel and the [[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|''Deep Impact'' impactor]]]]

On 4 July 2005 at 05:52 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (01:52 EDT), Tempel 1 was deliberately struck by one component of the [[NASA]] [[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|''Deep Impact'']] probe, one day before perihelion. The impact was photographed by the other component of the probe, which recorded a bright spray from the impact site. The impact was also observed by earthbound and space telescopes, which recorded a brightening of several magnitudes.

The [[Impact crater|crater]] that formed was not visible to ''Deep Impact'' due to the cloud of dust raised by the impact, but was estimated to be between {{cvt|100|–|250|m|ft}} in diameter and {{cvt|30|m|ft}} deep.{{r|tps3}} Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the ejecta detected dust particles finer than human hair and discovered the presence of [[silicates]], [[carbonates]], [[smectite]], [[Sulfide minerals|metal sulfides]] (such as [[fool's gold]]), [[amorphous carbon]] and [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]].{{r|Lisse_2006}} Spitzer also detected water [[ice]] in the [[ejecta]], consistent with surface water ice detected by Deep Impact's spectrometer instrument.{{r|Sunshine_2007}} The water ice came from 1 meter below the surface crust (the devolatized layer around the nucleus).{{r|Sunshine_2007}}

=== NEXT mission ===
[[File:DeepImpactTempelCrater.jpg|thumb|Before and after comparison images from ''Deep Impact'' and ''Stardust'', showing the crater formed by ''Deep Impact'' on the right hand image.]]
[[File:Animation of Stardust trajectory.gif|thumb|right|Animation of ''Stardust''{{'s}} trajectory from 7 February 1999 to 7 April 2011<br /> {{legend2|magenta| ''Stardust'' }}{{·}}{{legend2|lime|[[81P/Wild]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Royalblue|[[Earth]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan|[[5535 Annefrank]] }}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|Tempel 1 }}]]
In part, because the crater formed during the ''Deep Impact'' collision could not be imaged during the initial flyby,{{r|tps3}} on 3 July 2007, NASA approved the New Exploration of Tempel 1 (or NExT) mission. The low-cost mission utilized the already existing [[Stardust (spacecraft)|''Stardust'' spacecraft]], which had studied [[Comet Wild 2]] in 2004. ''Stardust'' was placed into a new orbit so that it approached Tempel 1. It passed at a distance of approximately {{convert|181|km|abbr=on}} on February 15, 2011, 04:42 UTC.{{r|NASA1}} This was the first time that a comet was visited twice.{{efn|[[Halley's Comet]] was visited [[Halley Armada|five times]] in March 1986. However, Tempel 1 is the first comet revisited between its two different apparitions}}

On February 15, NASA scientists identified the crater formed by ''Deep Impact'' in images from ''Stardust''. The crater is estimated to be {{cvt|150|m|ft}} in diameter and has a bright mound in the center likely created when material from the impact fell back into the crater.{{r|NASA2}} [https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/spacecraft/impactor.html Energy of impactor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623220100/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/spacecraft/impactor.html |date=2016-06-23 }} According to NASA "The impactor delivers 19 Gigajoules (that's 4.8 tons of TNT) of kinetic energy to excavate the crater. This kinetic energy is generated by the combination of the mass of the impactor (370 kg; 816 lbs) and its velocity when it impacts (~10.2 km/s)". According to NASA, "The energy from the impact will excavate a crater approximately 100m wide and 28m deep".{{r|NASA3}}

The geometry of the flyby allowed investigators to obtain considerably more three-dimensional information about the nucleus from stereo pairs of images than during ''Deep Impact'''s encounter.{{r|tps2}} Scientists were able to quickly spot locations where an elevated flow-like formation of [[Volatile (astrogeology)|icy]] material on the comet's surface receded due to [[Sublimation (phase transition)|sublimation]] between encounters.{{r|tps2}}

== Close approaches ==
Comets are in unstable orbits that evolve due to [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturbations]] and [[outgassing]].  Tempel 1 passed within 0.04 AU – or {{convert|5.9|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}} – of the [[dwarf planet]] [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] on 11 November 2011.{{r|jpldata}}  Then, as a Jupiter-family comet, it will spend years interacting with the [[gas giant|giant planet]] Jupiter, and by October 2084 perihelion will be lifted as high as {{convert|1.98|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}.{{r|Horizons2084}} Then perihelion will start dropping again and it will pass {{Convert|0.0191|AU|e6km e6mi|abbr=unit}} from [[Mars]] on October 17, 2183.{{r|jpldata}}

{{anchor|CA2183}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em;"
|+9P/Tempel closest [[Mars]] approach on 2183-Oct-17{{r|jpldata}}
! Date & time of<br />closest approach
! Mars distance<br/>([[Astronomical unit|AU]])
! Sun distance<br/>(AU)
! Velocity<br/>wrt Mars<br/>(km/s)
! Velocity<br/>wrt Sun<br/>(km/s)
! Uncertainty<br />region<br />([[3-sigma]])
! Reference
|-
| 2183-Oct-17 16:25 ± 2 hours || {{Convert|0.0191|AU|e6km e6mi|abbr=unit|lk=on}} || {{Convert|1.506|AU|e6km e6mi|abbr=unit}} || 6.58 || 29.92 || ± 6620 km || <small>[https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27DES%3D9P%3BCAP%27&START_TIME=%272183-10-17%2016:25%27&STOP_TIME=%272183-10-18%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2719,20,22,39%27&CENTER=%27@499%27 Horizons]</small>
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed heights=180px>
StardustTemple1.jpg|Tempel 1 from the ''Stardust'' spacecraft in 2011
PIA13862 Tempel 1 annotated.jpg|Comparison of ''Deep Impact'' and ''Stardust'' photos of a smooth elevated feature on the surface of the nucleus showing recession of icy cliffs at the margins.
Tempel 1, as Seen by Two Spacecraft.jpg|Different views of Tempel 1 seen by Deep Impact spacecraft (left) and Stardust (right). The dashed lines correlate the features.
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="A'Hearn_2005">{{cite journal
| author1= M. F. A'Hearn
| author2= M. J. S. Belton
| author3= W. A. Delamere
| display-authors= etal
| title= Deep Impact: Excavating Comet Tempel 1
| journal= Science
| year= 2005
| volume= 310
| issue= 5746
| pages= 258–264
| bibcode= 2005Sci...310..258A
| s2cid= 6244382
| pmid= 16150978
| doi= 10.1126/science.1118923 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Britt_2006">{{cite conference
| author1= D. T. Britt
| author2= G. J. Consol-magno SJ
| author3= W. J. Merline
| title= Small Body Density and Porosity: New Data, New Insights
| url= http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2006/pdf/2214.pdf
| conference= Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII
| year= 2006 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Campins_2002">{{cite journal
| author1= H. Campins
| author2= Y. R. Fernandez
| title= Observational Constraints On Surface Characteristics Of Comet Nuclei
| url= https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1021590203207.pdf
| journal= Earth, Moon & Planets
| year= 2002
| volume= 89
| issue= 1
| bibcode= 2002EM&P...89..117C
| doi= 10.1023/A:1021590203207
| doi-access= free }}
</ref>

<ref name="cometography">{{cite web
| author1= G. W. Kronk
| title= 9P/Tempel 1
| url= http://cometography.com/pcomets/009p.html
| website= Cometography.com
| access-date= 18 April 2023 }}
</ref>

<ref name="ESA1">{{Cite web
| title= Tempel 1: Biography of a comet 
| url= https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Rosetta/Tempel_1_Biography_of_a_comet
| website= www.esa.int
| publisher= [[European Space Agency]]
| access-date= 4 August 2022 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Horizons2028">{{cite web
  |title=Horizons Batch for 9P/Tempel 1 (90000192) on 2028-Feb-12
  |publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
  |type=Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive
  |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2790000192%27&START_TIME=%272028-Feb-08%27&STOP_TIME=%272028-Feb-16%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615113931/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2790000191%27&START_TIME=%272028-Feb-08%27&STOP_TIME=%272028-Feb-16%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
  |archive-date=2022-06-15
  |url-status=live
  |accessdate=2025-09-25}} (JPL#K284/1 Soln.date: 2025-Sep-22)</ref>

<ref name="Horizons2084">{{cite web
  |title=Horizons Batch for 9P/Tempel 1 on 2084-Oct-14
  |publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
  |type=Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive
  |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND=%27DES%3D9P%3BCAP%27&START_TIME=%272084-Oct-11%27&STOP_TIME=%272084-Oct-17%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712034110/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND=%27DES%3D9P%3BCAP%27&START_TIME=%272084-Oct-11%27&STOP_TIME=%272084-Oct-17%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
  |archive-date=2023-07-12
  |url-status=live
  |accessdate=2023-07-12}} (JPL#K2234/6 Soln.date: 2023-May-04)</ref>

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
| title= 9P/Tempel 1 – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup
| url= https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=9P
| website= ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
| publisher= [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| access-date= 16 December 2008}}
</ref>

<ref name="Kinoshita_2018">{{cite web
| author1= K. Kinoshita
| title= 9P/Tempel
| url= http://jcometobs.web.fc2.com/pcmtn/0009p.htm
| work= Comet Orbit
| date= 7 July 2018
| access-date= 19 July 2023 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Lisse_2005">{{cite journal
| author1= C. M. Lisse
| author2= M. F. A'Hearn
| author3= O. Groussin
| author4= Y. R. Fernández
| author5= M. J. S. Belton
| author6= J. VanCleve
| author7= V. Charmandaris
| author8= K. J. Meech
| author9= C. McGleam
| display-authors= 5
| title= Rotationally Resolved 8-35 Micron Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1
| journal= Astrophysical Journal
| year= 2005
| volume= 625
| issue= 2
| pages= L139–L142
| bibcode= 2005ApJ...625L.139L
| doi= 10.1086/431238 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Lisse_2006">{{cite journal
| author1= C. M. Lisse
| author2= J. VanCleve
| author3= A. C. Adams
| author4= M. F. A'Hearn
| author5= Y. R. Fernández
| author6= T. L. Farnham
| author7= L. Armus
| author8= C. J. Grillmair
| author9= J. Ingalls
| author10= M. J. S. Belton
| author11= O. Groussin
| author12= L. A. McFadden
| author13= K. J. Meech
| author14= P. H. Schultz
| author15= B. C. Clark
| author16= L. M. Feaga
| author17= J. M. Sunshine
| display-authors= 5
| title= Spitzer Spectral Observations of the Deep Impact Ejecta
| url= https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141119-091710206
| journal= Science
| year= 2006
| volume= 313
| issue= 5787
| pages= 635–640
| pmid= 16840662
| bibcode= 2006Sci...313..635L
| doi= 10.1126/science.1124694 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Lisse_2007">{{cite journal
| author1= C. M. Lisse
| author2= K. Dennerl
| author3= D. J. Christian
| author4= S. J. Wolk
| author5= D. Bodewits
| author6= T. H. Zurbuchen
| author7= K. C. Hansen
| author8= R. Hoekstra
| author9= M. R. Combi
| author10= C. D. Fry
| author11= M. Dryer
| author12= T. Mäkinen
| author13= W. Sun
| display-authors= 5
| title= Chandra observations of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 during the Deep Impact campaign
| journal= Icarus
| year= 2007
| volume= 190
| issue= 2
| pages= 391–405
| bibcode= 2007Icar..190..391L
| doi= 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.004 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Meech_2000">{{cite book
| author1= K. J. Meech
| author2= M. F. A'Hearn
| author3= L. McFadden
| author4= M. J. S. Belton
| author5= A. Delamere
| author6= J. Kissel
| author7= K. Klassen
| author8= D. K. Yeomans
| author9= J. Melosh
| author10= P.
| author11= J. Sunshine
| author12= J. Veverka
| display-authors= 5
| title= Deep Impact – Exploring the Interior of a Comet
| series= Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life
| publisher= [[University of Maryland]]
| url= http://deepimpact.umd.edu/science/pubs/bioast_meech.pdf
| bibcode= 2000ASPC..213..235M }}
</ref>

<ref name="MPC">
{{mpc|9p}}
</ref>

<ref name="NASA1">{{Cite web
| author1= D. C. Able
| title= NASA's ''Stardust'' Spacecraft Completes Comet Flyby
| website= Stardust-Next Mission
| publisher= [[NASA]] / [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]]
| url= http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/Spacecraft_completes_CometFlyby.html
| date= 14 February 2011
| access-date= 16 February 2011
| archive-date= 18 February 2011
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110218093837/http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/Spacecraft_completes_CometFlyby.html
| url-status= dead }}
</ref> 

<ref name="NASA2">{{cite web
| author1= T. Greicius
| title= Tempel 1 Impact Site
| url= http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stardust/multimedia/Schultz4.html
| publisher= [[NASA]]
| date= 15 February 2011
| access-date= 16 February 2011 }}
</ref>

<ref name="NASA3">{{cite web
| title= The ''Deep Impact'' Spacecraft
| url= https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/spacecraft/index.html
| publisher= [[NASA]]
| date= 6 June 2013 }}
</ref>

<ref name="NASA4">{{cite web
| title= In Depth {{!}} 9P/Tempel 1
| url= https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/9p-tempel-1/in-depth
| website= solarsystem.nasa.gov
| publisher= [[NASA]]
| access-date= 4 August 2022 }}
</ref>

<ref name="newswise1">{{cite news
| title= Space Telescopes Sharpen View of Comet for UM-Led Deep Impact
| url= http://www.newswise.com/articles/space-telescopes-sharpen-view-of-comet-for-um-led-deep-impact
| website= www.newswise.com
| access-date= 10 January 2018 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Rao_2020">{{Cite web
| author1= J. Rao
| title= The History of Tempel 1, the 'Deep Impact' Target
| url= https://www.space.com/1160-history-tempel-1-deep-impact-target.html
| website= Space.com
| date= 3 June 2005
| access-date= 4 August 2022 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Sunshine_2007">{{cite journal
| author1= J. M. Sunshine
| author2= O. Groussin
| author3= P. H. Schultz
| author4= M. F. A'Hearn
| author5= L. M. Feaga
| author6= T. L. Farnham
| author7= K. P. Klaasen
| display-authors= 4
| title= The distribution of water ice in the interior of Comet Tempel 1
| url= https://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3546.pdf
| journal= Icarus
| volume= 190
| issue= 2
| pages= 284–294
| year= 2007
| bibcode= 2007Icar..190..284S
| doi= 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.024 }}
</ref>

<ref name="tps1">{{cite web
| title= Comet 9P/Tempel 1
| url= http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/asteroids_and_comets/tempel1.html
| website= [[The Planetary Society]]
| access-date= 16 December 2008
| archive-date= 9 February 2006
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060209112311/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/asteroids_and_comets/tempel1.html 
| url-status= dead }}
</ref>

<ref name="tps2">{{Cite web
| author1= E. Lakdawalla
| title= Some early scientific impressions of ''Stardust''{{'}}s Tempel 1 flyby
| url= http://planetary.org/blog/article/00002920/
| website= [[The Planetary Society]]
| date= 16 February 2011
| access-date= 16 February 2011
| archive-date= 21 February 2011
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110221192648/http://planetary.org/blog/article/00002920
| url-status= dead }}
</ref>

<ref name="tps3">{{Cite web
| author1= E. Lakdawalla
| title= Stardust prepares for a first-second look at a comet: Tempel 1 on February 14
| url= http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002884/
| website= [[The Planetary Society]]
| date= 19 January 2011
| access-date= 19 February 2011
| archive-date= 1 April 2012
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120401234344/http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002884/
| url-status= dead }}
</ref>

}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Deep Impact (space mission)}}
* {{JPL Small Body|id=1000093|name=9P/Tempel}}
*[http://www.space.com/deepimpact Space.com - ''Deep Impact'']
*[http://deepimpact.jpl.nasa.gov NASA - ''Deep Impact'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090120211956/http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/ NASA - ''Stardust''-NExT]*
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/ugordan/4240932749/in/photostream/ Tempel 1 natural/contrast-enhanced] 
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/lunarandplanetaryinstitute/5635389241/in/photostream Four views of Tempel 1]

{{PeriodicComets Navigator|8P/Tuttle|10P/Tempel}}
{{Comets}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tempel, 009P}}
[[Category:Periodic comets]]
[[Category:Numbered comets|0009]]
[[Category:Comets visited by spacecraft]]
[[Category:Comets in 2011|009P]]
[[Category:Comets in 2016|009P]]
[[Category:Comets in 2022|009P]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1867|18670403]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Wilhelm Tempel]]