View source for Temco T-35 Buckaroo

<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->{{Short description|American low-cost trainer}}
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name=T-35 Buckaroo / TE-1
  |image=TemcoT-35.jpg
  |caption=The first YT-35 for evaluation by the USAF
  |type=[[trainer aircraft|trainer]]
  |national_origin= United States
  |manufacturer=[[Temco Aircraft]] 
  |designer=
  |first_flight=1948, (TE-1B: 20 February 1950)
  |introduction=1948
  |retired=
  |status=
  |primary_user=[[Saudi Arabia]]
  |more_users=
  |produced=
  |number_built=26{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
  |unit cost=
  |developed_from=[[Globe Swift]]
  |variants=
}}

The '''Temco T-35 Buckaroo''' (company designation '''TE-1''') was designed in the late 1940s as an extremely low-cost [[trainer aircraft|trainer]] for commercial and military markets. Temco's failure to secure a [[United States Air Force]] order for the Buckaroo forced it to turn to non-U.S. governments to keep the production lines going, yet only a few [[export]] orders materialized.

==Design and development==
Early in 1948, Temco's president, Robert McCulloch, received an inquiry from the [[Philippine Government]] expressing an interest in a tandem trainer version of the Swift. The first '''TE-1A''' was a modification of the [[Globe Swift|Swift GC-1B]], hand-built to rough layout drawings, the major difference in appearance being the tandem seating arrangement which resulted in a narrow [[windshield]] and an elongated two-piece [[aircraft canopy|canopy]] with a fixed bubble at the rear. This TE-1A prototype was completed late in 1948. After initial flight tests a {{cvt|145|hp|kW}} Continental engine replaced the original {{cvt|125|hp|kW}} installation.

Early in 1949, Temco's management received word that the [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) planned to hold a competition for a new primary/basic trainer. Temco built two additional [[prototype]]s for this competition, adding some minor improvements as time permitted. The three aircraft were designated the '''YT-35''' by the Air Force. Temco was competing with two other training aircraft, namely the [[Fairchild XNQ|Fairchild XNQ-1/T-31]] and the [[T-34 Mentor|Beechcraft Model 45]]. On 24 February 1949, the Air Force trainer evaluation board chose the Beech Model 45 by a four-to-one vote with Temco's TE-1A a distant third. Due to budget cuts, the USAF program was ultimately cancelled that year.<ref name="Dorr p. 835"/>

Although the USAF had decided against the TE-1A, interest had increased on the part of foreign governments, particularly the [[Philippines|Republic of the Philippines]]. After a study of the competition evaluation, Temco decided to proceed with a program to improve the TE-1A. Some of the redesign included: 
# A {{convert|3|in|cm|0|adj=on}} increase in the overall length of fuselage and a change in its cross section to be more compatible with the tandem seating. 
# The horizontal tail was raised {{convert|9|in|cm}}. 
# Wing and fuselage fillets were added. 
# Improved landing gear with main gear relocation to improve ground handling characteristics. 
# Structural improvement in the wing to meet 9 G loading. 
# Equipment and equipment installation changes were made including a change from a 12-volt to a 24-volt electrical system and radio installation changes to meet Air Force standards.

Concurrent with all this redesign, Temco had decided to build, on speculation, 10 of these production models powered by {{cvt|145|hp|kW}} engines.

==Operational history==
Late in 1949 with the engineering and tooling about 75% complete, three of the TE-1As redesigned '''YT-35''' were entered in the revived USAF trainer competition commencing in 1950.<ref name="Dorr p. 835">Dorr 1991, p. 835.</ref> An evaluation program using students flying competing aircraft would be held at [[Randolph Air Force Base]]. Following receipt of the USAF order, Temco decided that in addition to the extensive changes that had been made to the TE-1A, a {{cvt|165|hp|kW}} Franklin engine would be installed. The USAF agreed to the change, with this model designated the '''TE-1B''' and given the name “Buckaroo”. Development of the TE-1A and the TE-1B continued concurrently. The TE-1A was designated for export, and the TE-1B was for the USAF. One TE-1A was bought by the [[Israeli Air Force]] and a second one was bought by the [[Hellenic Air Force|Greek Air Force]].<ref name="Dorr p. 835"/>

In July 1950, the three '''YT-35''' Buckaroos were delivered to Randolph AFB to compete with the [[T-34 Mentor|YT-34 Mentor]], the [[Fairchild XNQ|Fairchild T-31]], [[Boulton Paul Balliol]], and the [[de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk|de Havilland DHC-1B Chipmunk]] trainers. Later in 1950, the [[Korean War]] disrupted many U.S. military programs, including the YT-35 evaluation. The aircraft ended up at James Connally Air Force Base, now called [[TSTC Waco Airport]] near [[Waco, Texas]].

[[File:T-35A.jpg|thumb|right|1950 Temco T-35A, ''N904B'' (Manufacturer's Serial number: 6005) is privately owned.]]

After 10 months of rigorous testing, the three YT-35s were returned to Temco in late July 1951, for factory overhaul. They then were assigned to [[Goodfellow Air Force Base]] where later all three were sold as surplus.

The majority of the TE-1Bs were sold to [[Saudi Arabia]] (designated '''T-35A''') through the USAF under the [[Mutual Defense Aid Program]]. Temco's contract with the Saudis called for ten T-35A aircraft and enough spares to keep them flying for years. The Saudi Arabian T-35A aircraft included two 30-caliber [[machine gun]]s, one mounted inside each wing and ten 2.75-inch [[rocket]]s, five mounted under each [[wing]].

Both [[Italy]] and [[Israel]] bought a single TE-1B Buckaroo in 1948.<ref name="Dorr p. 835"/> In 1950, the Israeli aircraft was evaluated against the [[Fokker S-11|Fokker Instructor]] and the [[DHC-1 Chipmunk]] for possible use as a trainer with the IAF [[flight school]]. Losing the competition, the single Buckaroo was retired in late 1950 or early 1951.

==Variants==
;Model TE-1A
:Company designation for the [[Franklin 6A4-165-B3]] engined version, six built (including three as YT-35).
;Model TE-1B
:Company designation for the [[Continental C-145|Continental C-145-2H]] engined version, ten built as the T-35A.
;YT-35
:Model TE-1A with [[Franklin 6A4-165-B3]] engine for evaluation by the [[United States Air Force]], three built.
;T-35A
:Model TE-1B delivered to Saudi Arabia under [[Mutual Defense Aid Program]], ten built.

==Operators==
;{{GRE}}
*[[Greek Air Force]] – One aircraft only.<ref>''Air-Britain Aviation World'' Spring 2018, pp. 36–37.</ref>
;{{ISR}}
*[[Israeli Air Force]] – One TE-1A for evaluation<ref name="andrade167">Andrade 1979, p. 167</ref>
;{{ITA}}
*[[Italian Air Force]] – One TE-1A only received in 1950<ref name="andrade167" />
;{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
*[[Royal Saudi Air Force]] – Ten T-35A<ref name="andrade167" />
;{{USA}}
*[[United States Air Force]] – Three YT-35s for evaluation<ref name="andrade167" />

==Surviving aircraft==
One T-35A is on display in [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia. Two T-35As recovered from a Saudi desert "[[Aircraft boneyard|boneyard]]" are owned by The International Swift Association <ref name="Dorr p. 835"/> in [[Athens, Tennessee]], USA. Currently five Buckaroos are registered in the United States.<ref>[http://sfahistory.org/070T35A.jpg "T-35A."] ''sfahistory.org''. Retrieved: 23 March 2010.</ref>

==Specifications (Temco Buckaroo TE-1B)==
[[File:Temco YT-35 Buckaroo 3-view line drawing.png|frameless|right|3-view drawing of the Temco YT-35 Buckaroo]]

{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953–54 <ref name="Janes 53 p277">Bridgman 1953, p. 277.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|genhide=

|crew=2
|capacity=
|length m=
|length ft=21
|length in=8
|span m=
|span ft=29
|span in=4
|height m=
|height ft=6
|height in=1+1/2
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=134
|wing area note=

|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=NACA 23015 (root), NACA 23009 (tip)
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=1300
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=1920
|gross weight note=
|fuel capacity={{convert|32.5|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}}
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Franklin O-335|Franklin 6A4-165-B3]]
|eng1 type=6-cylinder air-cooled horizontally opposed engine
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp=165<!-- prop engines -->

|prop blade number=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop name=
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=156
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=at sea level
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed kts=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|range km=
|range miles=548
|range note=<ref name="Vought Specification">[http://www.vought.org/products/html/te-1spec.html "TE-1A, TE-1B/T35 Buckaroo Specifications."]  ''Vought Heritage''. Retrieved: 25 April 2019.</ref>
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=17000
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=1000
|time to altitude=32.7 min to {{convert|12000|ft|m|abbr=on}}

|more performance=
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns= 2× {{cvt|.30|in|mm|2}}  machine guns in wings
|bombs= 
|rockets= Racks for ten {{cvt|2.75|in|mm}} rockets
|missiles= 
|hardpoints=
|hardpoint capacity=
|hardpoint rockets=
|hardpoint missiles=
|hardpoint bombs=
|hardpoint other=

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related= 
|similar aircraft=
*[[Beechcraft T-34 Mentor]]
*[[de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk|de Havilland DHC-1B Chipmunk]] 
*[[Fairchild XNQ]]
|lists=
*[[List of military aircraft of the United States]]
}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

* Andrade, John. ''U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909''. Midland Counties Publications, 1979, {{ISBN|0 904597 22 9}}
* Bridgman, Leonard (ed.). ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953–54''. London: Jane's, 1953.
* Dorr, Robert F. "Temco YT-35 Buckaroo Trainer." ''Aviation News'' Vol. 19, no. 18, January 1991.
* Green, William and Gerald Pollinger. ''The Aircraft of the World''. London: Macdonald, 1955.
* "Temco's Tandem Trainer." ''Air-Britain Aviation World'', Spring 2018. pp. 35–38. {{issn|1742-996X}}.

==External links==
{{commons category|Temco T-35 Buckaroo}}
* [http://airbum.com/pireps/PirepT-35Buckaroo.html Pirep T-35 Buckaroo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506200828/http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/specs/temco/yt-35.htm Temco YT-35 'Buckaroo']
* {{cite web |url= http://www.iaf.co.il/201-18284-en/IAF.aspx?indx=3 |title=Israeli Air Force – Flight Instruction – Temco TE-1A Buckaroo |website=Israeli Air Force |access-date=2014-08-17 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.airliners.net/photo/Untitled/Temco-T-35-Buckaroo-TE-1/1242600?qsp=eJwtjEEKwkAMRe%2BStRuptNCdHkBdeIGQfLRYnSETsEPp3Y2Du8d78FaS9HYsfqsZNFIBmzxoR5mNX4XGlZ6on2QaTOdh6LtD1JLMTzWMsuMoguzQv7%2BYwn4JRdroHuN9AOzamLo%2BvE4lz9wecJ5m2rYv/uot9A%3D%3D |title=Picture of the Temco T-35 Buckaroo (TE-1) aircraft N77634 (c/n 1) |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |date=July 14, 2007 |website=Airliners.Net }}

{{Temco aircraft}}
{{USAF trainer aircraft}}

[[Category:Temco aircraft|T-35]]
[[Category:1940s United States military trainer aircraft]]
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1948]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]]
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