View source for Talysh language

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Iranic}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Talysh
| nativename       = {{lang|tly-Latn|Tolışə zıvon}}<br/>{{lang|tly-Cyrl|Tолышә зывон}}<br/> {{lang|tly-Arab|تؤلشه زوؤن}}
| ethnicity        = [[Talysh people|Talysh]]
| states           = [[Iran]]<br/>[[Azerbaijan]]
| region           = Western and Southwestern [[Caspian Sea]] coastal strip
| speakers         = 229,590
| date             = 
| ref              = <ref>{{cite web |title=Talysh |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tly/ |website=Ethnologue |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309075202/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tly/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam4             = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]]
| fam5             = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern]]
| fam6             = Tatic/[[Caspian languages|Caspian]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=کلباسی |first=ایران |author-link=:fa:ایران کلباسی |script-title=fa:شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌های تالشی، گیلکي و مازندرانی |trans-title=Similarities and differences between Talysh, Gilaki and Mazandarani |url=https://www.sid.ir/Fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=132659 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=58–97 |script-journal=fa:زبان شناسی |lang=fa |trans-journal=Linguistics |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326053240/https://www.sid.ir/Fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=132659 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| script           = [[Arabic script]] ([[Persian alphabet]]) in Iran<br/>[[Latin script]] in Azerbaijan<br/>[[Cyrillic script]] in Russia
| agency           = [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
| iso3             = tly
| glotto           = taly1247
| glottorefname    = North-Central Talysh
| lingua           = 58-AAC-ed
| map              = Talysh language dialects.svg
| notice           = IPA
| image            = [[File:Talysh in Nastaliq, Latin Script, and Cyrillic Script.png|200px]]
| imagecaption     = Talysh written in [[Nastaliq]] script ({{lang|tly-Arab|تؤلشه زوؤن}}), [[Latin script]] ({{lang|tly-Latn|Tolışə zıvon}}), and [[Cyrillic script]] ({{lang|tly-Cyrl|Tолышә зывон}})
| map2             = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Talysh is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}

'''Talysh''' ({{lang|tly-Arab|تؤلشه زوؤن}}, {{lang|tly-Latn|Tolışə Zıvon}}, {{lang|tly-Cyrl|Tолышә зывон}})<ref name="pirejko" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Məmmədov|first1=Novruzəli|title=Əlifba — Tolışi əlifba|last2=Ağayev|first2=Şahrza|publisher=Maarif|year=1996|location=Baku}}</ref> is a [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian language]] spoken in the northern regions of the [[Iran]]ian provinces of [[Gilan Province|Gilan]] and [[Ardabil Province|Ardabil]] and the southern regions of the Republic of [[Azerbaijan]] by around 500,000-800,000 people. Talysh language is closely related to the [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati language]]. It includes many dialects usually divided into three main clusters: Northern (in Azerbaijan and Iran), Central (Iran) and Southern (Iran). Talysh is partially, but not fully, intelligible with [[Persian language|Persian]]. Talysh is classified as "vulnerable" by [[UNESCO]]'s [[Red Book of Endangered Languages|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1515.html|title=Talysh|website=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|language=en|access-date=2018-08-03|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015121117/http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1515.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==

The origin of the name Talysh is not clear but is likely to be quite old. The name of the people appears in early Arabic sources as Al-Taylasân and in Persian as Tâlišân and Tavâliš, which are plural forms of Tâliš. Northern Talysh (in the Republic of Azerbaijan) was historically known as [[Talish-i Gushtasbi|Tâlish-i Guštâsbi]]. Talysh has always been mentioned with Gilan or [[Mughan plain|Muqan]]. Writing in the 1330s AD, Hamdallah Mostowfi calls the language of Gushtaspi (covering the Caspian border region between Gilan to [[Shirvan]]) a [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi language]] connected to the language of Gilan.<ref>مستوفی، حمدالله: «نزهةالقلوب، به كوشش محمد دبیرسیاقی، انتشارات طهوری، ۱۳۳۶. Mostawafi, Hamdallah, 1336 [[Iranian calendar|AP]] / 1957 [[Gregorian calendar|AD]]. Nozhat al-Qolub. Edit by Muhammad Dabir Sayyaqi. Tahuri publishers. {{in lang|fa}}</ref> Although there are no confirmed records, the language called in Iranian linguistics as [[Ancient Azari language|Azari]] can be the antecedent of both Talysh and [[Tati (Iran)|Tati]]. Miller's (1953) hypothesis that the Âzari of [[Ardabil]], as appears in the quatrains of [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili|Shaikh Safi]], was a form of Talysh was confirmed by Henning (1954).<ref>Henning, W. B. 1954. The Ancient Language of Azerbaijan. ''Transactions of the Philological Society'', London. p 157-177. [http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Azari/henningazari/henningazari.htm]</ref><ref name="Asatrian">Asatrian, G. and H. Borjian, 2005. Talish: people and language: The state of research. ''Iran and the Caucasus'' 9/1, p 43-72</ref> In western literature the people and the language are sometimes referred to as Talishi, Taleshi or Tolashi. Generally speaking, written documents about Taleshi are rare.

The first information about the Talysh language in Russian can be found in Volume X of Strachevsky's "Encyclopedic Dictionary" ("Справочный энциклопедический словарь"), published in St. Petersburg in 1848.  The work says:

"The Talysh dialect is one of the six main dialects of Persian. It is used in the Talysh khanate and is probably the homeland of that language. Due to its grammatical and lexicographic forms, this language is noticeably different from other dialects.  Except for the addition of the plural suffix "un", it is peculiar and is not derived from any Pahlavi or any other language. This language puts all relative pronouns before the noun, and the pronouns themselves are original in it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/rsl01003825505?page=64&rotate=0&theme=white|title=НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202101326/https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/rsl01003825505?page=64&rotate=0&theme=white|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second information about the Talysh language is provided by Ilya Berezin, a professor at Kazan University, in Russian, but not in Russian, but in French.  In 1853, Berezin's book on Persian grammar was published in Kazan.  In the same year, his book "Recherches sur les dialectes persans" was published in Kazan.  Experts still refer to this work as the first work of Russian Iranians in the field of Iranian dialectology.  He used the "Talysh" songs given in A. Khodzko's work.  IN Berezin's work consists of two parts - a grammatical essay and songs from A. Khodzko's work.  IN Berezin writes that he conducted his research on Iranian dialects on the basis of materials he personally collected and studied, but does not write anywhere with whom, when and in what area he collected them.  In the work, Talysh words are distorted.  IN Berezin writes about the quartets taken from the work of A. Khodzko:

"Here I present to the reader a new translation of the Talysh, Gilan and Mazandaran songs and accompany them with critical notes; the Talysh texts, if not in Khodzko, were restored by me on the basis of his transcription."  However, the author writes that "grammatical rules are not strictly observed in the Talysh language, as the verb's news form is usually confused almost all the time, i.e. instead of the aorist preterit, the future  time in the present tense, etc.  is used. "  Going even further, he writes: "In the Talysh language, the verb is the most difficult, the most confusing and the most dubious part."<ref>Грамматика персидского языка, составленная И. Березиным, профессором Казанского университета. - Казань : тип. Ун-та, 1853. - XVI, 480 с.; 23.</ref>

== Geography ==

In the north of Iran, there are six cities where Talysh is spoken: [[Masal]], [[Rezvanshahr, Gilan|Rezvanshar]], [[Hashtpar|Talesh]], [[Fuman]], [[Shaft, Iran|Shaft]], and [[Masuleh]] (in these cities some people speak [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and Turkish as well). The only towns where Talysh is spoken exclusively are the townships of Masal and Masuleh. In other cities, in addition to Talysh, people speak [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]. In Azerbaijan there are eight cities where Talysh is spoken{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}: [[Astara, Azerbaijan|Astara]] (98%), [[Lerik, Azerbaijan|Lerik]]  (90%), [[Lankaran|Lenkoran]]  (90%), [[Masallı|Masalli]] (36%).{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}{{clarify|date=November 2013}} <!--What do these percentages represent?-->

Talysh has been under the influence of [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]], Azeri Turkic, and Persian. In the south (Taleshdula, Masal, Shanderman, and Fumanat) the Talysh and [[Gilaki people|Gilaks]] live side by side; however, there is less evidence that a Talysh family replaces Gilaki with its own language. In this region, the relation is more of a contribution to each other's language. In the north of Gilan, on the other hand, Azeri Turkic has replaced Talysh in cities like [[Astara, Iran|Astara]] after the migration of Turkic speakers to the region decades ago. However, the people around Lavandvil and its mountainous regions have retained Talysh. Behzad Behzadi, the author of "Azerbaijani Persian Dictionary" remarks that: "The inhabitants of Astara are Talyshis and in fifty years ago (about 1953) that I remember the elders of our family spoke in that language and the great majority of dwellers also conversed in Talyshi. In the surrounding villages, a few were familiar with Turkic".<ref>Behzadi, B, 1382 [[Iranian calendar|AP]] / 2003 [[Gregorian calendar|AD]]. Farhange Azarbâyjani-Fârsi (Torki), p. 10. Publication: [http://www.farhangmoaser.com Farhange Moâser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219230331/http://www.farhangmoaser.com/ |date=19 December 2008 }}. {{ISBN|964-5545-82-X}} <br/> In Persian: حقیقت تاریخی این است که آذربایجانی، ایرانی است و به زبان ترکی تکلم می‌کند. اینکه چگونه این زبان در بین مردم رایج شد، بحثی است که فرصت دیگر می‌خواهد. شاهد مثال زیر می‌تواند برای همه‌‌‌‌‌ این گفتگوها پاسخ شایسته باشد. اهالی آستارا طالش هستند و تا پنجاه سال پیش که نگارنده به خاطر دارد پیران خانواده ما به این زبان تکلم می‌کردند و اکثریت عظیم اهالی نیز به زبان طالشی صحبت میکردند. در دهات اطراف شاید تعداد انگشت‌شماری ترکی بلد بودند.</ref> From around [[Lisar]] up to [[Hashtpar]], Azeri and Talysh live side by side, with the latter mostly spoken in small villages. To the south of [[Asalem]], the influence of Azeri is negligible and the tendency is towards Persian along with Talysh in cities. In the Azerbaijan republic, Talysh is less under the influence of Azeri and [[Russian language|Russian]] than Talysh in Iran is affected by Persian.<ref name="Abdoli">Abdoli, A. 1380 [[Iranian calendar|AP]] / 2001 [[Gregorian calendar|AD]]. Farhange Tatbiqiye Tâleši-Tâti-Âzari (Comparative dictionary of Talyshi-Tati-Azari), p 31-35, Publication:Tehran, "šerkate Sahâmiye Entešâr" {{in lang|fa}}.</ref> Central Talysh has been considered the purest of all Talysh dialects.<ref name="Asatrian" />

== Classification and related languages ==

Talysh belongs to the Northwestern Iranian branch of [[Indo-European languages]]. The living language most closely related to Talysh is [[Tati (Iran)|Tati]]. The Tati group of dialects is spoken across the Talysh range in the southwest{{clarify|date=November 2013}}<!--The southwest of what?--> (Kajal and Shahrud) and south <!--The south of what?-->(Tarom).<ref name="Asatrian" /> This Tatic family should not be confused with another [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] family which is more related to Persian. Talysh also shares many features and structures with [[Zazaki language|Zazaki]], now spoken in [[Turkey]], and the [[Caspian languages]] and [[Semnani language|Semnani]] of Iran.

== Dialects ==

[[File:Caspian_languages.png|thumb|right|Map depicting areas where Talysh dialects are spoken]]

The division of Talysh into three clusters is based on lexical, phonological and grammatical factors.<ref>Stilo, D.  1981. The Tati Group in the Sociolinguistic Context of Northwestern Iran. ''Iranian Studies'' XIV</ref> Northern Talysh distinguishes itself from Central and Southern Talysh not only geographically but culturally and linguistically as well. Speakers of Northern Talysh are found almost exclusively in the Republic of Azerbaijan but can also be found in the neighbouring regions of Iran, in the Province of Gilan. The varieties of Talysh spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan are best described as speech varieties rather than dialects. Four speech varieties are generally identified on the basis of phonetic and lexical differences. These are labeled according to the four major political districts in the Talysh region: [[Astara (rayon)|Astara]], [[Lankaran Rayon|Lankaran]], [[Lerik Rayon|Lerik]], and [[Masally Rayon|Masalli]]. The differences between the varieties are minimal at the phonetic<ref>Mamedov, N., 1971. Šuvinskij governs talyšskogo yazyka (Talyshi dialect of Shuvi), ''PhD dissertation'', Baku. {{in lang|ru}}</ref> and lexical level.<ref name="pirejko">Pirejko, L. A., 1976. Talyšsko-russkij slovar (Talyshi-Russian Dictionary), Moscow.</ref> Mamedov (1971) suggests a more useful dialectal distinction is one between the varieties spoken in the mountains and those spoken in the plains. The morphosyntax of Northern Talysh is characterized by a complicated split system which is based on the Northwest Iranian type of accusativity/ergativity dichotomy: it shows accusative features with present-stem-based transitive constructions, whereas past-stem-based constructions tend towards an ergative behavior.<ref>Schulze, W., 2000. Northern Talysh. Publisher: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-681-4}} [http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/book?id=762] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615070745/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/book?id=762 |date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> In distant regions like [[Lavandevil]] and [[Masuleh]], the dialects differ to such a degree that conversations begin to be difficult.<ref name="Abdoli" /> In Iran, the northern dialect is in danger of [[Language death|extinction]].

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; background:white;"
! colspan="3"| '''The major dialects of Talysh'''
|-
!style="width:150px;"|<small>Northern (in Azerbaijan Republic and in Iran (Ardabil and Gilan provinces) from [[Anbaran]] to Lavandevil) including:</small>
!style="width:150px;"|<small>Central (in Iran (Gilan province) from [[Kargan Rud District|Haviq]] to [[Rezvanshahr County|Taleshdula/Rezvanshahr]] district) Including:</small>
!style="width:150px;"|<small>Southern (in Iran from [[Khoshabar Rural District|Khushabar]] to [[Fuman County|Fumanat]]) including:</small>
|-
|style="width:150px;"|<small>Astara, Lankaran, Lerik, Masalli, [[Kargan Rud District|Karaganrud]]/[[Khotbeh Sara Rural District|Khotbesara]], [[Lavandevil Rural District|Lavandevil]]</small>
|style="width:150px;"|<small>[[Rezvanshahr County|Taleshdula]], [[Asalem District|Asalem]], [[Tula Rud Rural District|Tularud]]</small>
|style="width:150px;"|<small>[[Khoshabar Rural District|Khushabar]], [[Shanderman District|Shanderman]], Masuleh, Masal, [[Siah Mazgi|Siahmazgar]]</small>
|-
|}

=== Some Northern dialects' differences ===

The northern dialect has some salient differences from the central and southern dialects, e.g.:<ref name="Abdoli" />

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; background:white;"
|-
!style="width:60px;"|Taleshdulaei
!style="width:60px;"|Example
!style="width:60px;"|Lankarani
!style="width:60px;"|Example
!style="width:60px;"|Meaning
|--
|rowspan=2|â || '''â'''vaina ||rowspan=2| u || '''u'''vai:na || mirror
|-
| d'''â'''r || d'''u''' || tree
|-
|a || z'''a''' || â || z'''â'''rd || yellow
|-
|u/o || m'''o'''rjena || â || m'''â'''rjena || ant
|-
|x || '''x'''etē || h || '''h'''tē || to sleep
|-
|j || gi'''j''' || ž || gi'''ž''' || confused
|-
|}

'''Alignment variation'''

The durative marker "ba" in Taleshdulaei changes to "da" in Lankarani and shifts in between the stem and person suffixes:
: ba-žē-mun → žē-da-mun

Such a diversification exists in each dialect too, as in the case of Masali<ref>De Caro, G. Alignment variation in Southern Tāleši (Māsāl area). ''School of Oriental and African Studies / Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project''. [http://www.linguistik.uni-kiel.de/icil2/49Decaro.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306113548/http://www.linguistik.uni-kiel.de/icil2/49Decaro.pdf |date=6 March 2009 }}</ref>

== Phonology  ==
The following is the Northern Talysh dialect:

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|{{IPAlink|f}}
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|x}}
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|{{IPAlink|z}}
|{{IPAlink|ʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɪ}}
|({{IPAlink|ɨ}})
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|-
|{{IPAlink|ʏ}}
|
|
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}}
|{{IPAlink|o}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|{{IPAlink|a}} ~ {{IPAlink|æ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɑ}}
|}

* {{IPA|[ʏ]}} only occurs in free variation with {{IPA|/u/}}, whereas {{IPA|/a/}} is often palatalized as {{IPA|[æ]}}.
* {{IPA|[ɪ, ɨ, ɔ]}} are heard as allophones of {{IPA|/i, ə, o/}}.
* Vowel sounds followed by a nasal consonant, /_nC/, often tend to be nasalized.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Northern Talysh|last=Schulze|first=Wolfgang|publisher=München: Lincom|year=2000|location=Languages of the World/Materials, 380|pages=9}}</ref>

== Scripts ==
{{Main articles|Talysh alphabet}}
The vowel system in Talysh is more extended than in standard Persian. The prominent differences are the front vowel ü in central and northern dialects and the central vowel ə.<ref name="Asatrian" /> In 1929, a Latin-based alphabet was created for Talysh in the [[Soviet Union]]. However, in 1938 it was changed to [[Cyrillic alphabet variants|Cyrillic-based]], but it did not gain extensive usage for a variety of reasons. An orthography based on [[Azerbaijani alphabet|Azeri Latin]] is used in Azerbaijan,<ref name=":0" /> and also in Iranian sources, for example on the [[IRIB]]'s ParsToday website.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Əsasə səyfə|url=https://parstoday.com/tly|access-date=2020-07-25|website=Parstoday|language=tly|archive-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826071936/https://parstoday.com/tly|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Perso-Arabic script]] is also used in Iran, although publications in the language are rare and are mostly volumes of poetry.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Daniel|title=A Comparative Dialectal Description of Iranian Taleshi|publisher=University of Manchester|year=2011|pages=324}}</ref> The following tables contain the vowels and consonants used in Talysh. The sounds of the letters on every row, pronounced in each language, may not correspond fully.

=== Monophthongs ===

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; background:white;"
!style="width:60px;"|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!style="width:60px;"|1929–1938
!style="width:60px;"|[[ISO 9]]
!style="width:60px;"|[[Perso-Arabic script]]
!style="width:60px;"|KNAB (199x<sup>(2.0)</sup>)
!style="width:60px;"|[[Cyrillic alphabet variants|Cyrillic]]
!style="width:60px;"|Other [[Romanization]]
!style="width:60px;"| Example(s)
|-
|{{IPA|ɑː}}|| a || a || <span style="font-size:130%">آ, ا</span> || a || а || â || âv
|-
|{{IPA|a ~ æ}}|| a || a̋ ||  <span style="font-size:130%">َ, اَ</span> || ǝ || ә || a, ä || asta
|-
|{{IPA|ə}} || ә || '''-''' ||  <span style="font-size:130%"> ِ, اِ</span> or <span style="font-size:130%">َ, اَ</span> || ə || ə || e, a || esa
|-
|{{IPA|eː}} || e || e ||  <span style="font-size:130%"> ِ, اِ</span> || e || е || e || nemek
|-
|{{IPA|o ~ ɔ}}|| o || o ||  <span style="font-size:130%">ا, ُ, و</span> || o || о || o || šalvo
|-
|{{IPA|u}} || u || u ||  <span style="font-size:130%">او, و</span> || u || у || u || udmi
|-
|{{IPA|ʏ}}|| u || '''-''' ||  <span style="font-size:130%">او, و</span> || ü || у || ü || salü, kü, düri, Imrü
|-
|{{IPA|ɪ ~ i}}|| ъ || y ||  <span style="font-size:130%">ای, ی</span> || ı || ы || i || bila
|-
|{{IPA|iː}} || i || i ||  <span style="font-size:130%">ای, ی</span> || i || и || i, ị || neči, xist
|-
|colspan="8" | <small>Notes: ''ISO 9'' standardization is dated 1995. ''2.0 KNAB'' romanization is based on the [[Azerbaijani alphabet|Azeri Latin]].</small><ref name="Pedersen">[http://transliteration.eki.ee/ Pedersen, T. T.. Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120154143/http://transliteration.eki.ee/ |date=20 November 2018 }}, [http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Talysh.pdf Talyshi transliteration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124095434/http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Talysh.pdf |date=24 January 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Diphthongs ===

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; background:white;"
!style="width:60px;"|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!style="width:60px;"|[[Perso-Arabic script]]
!style="width:60px;"|[[Romanization]]
!style="width:60px;"| Example(s)
|-
|{{IPA|ɑːɪ}}||<span style="font-size:130%">آی, ای</span> || âi, ây || bâyl, dây
|-
|{{IPA|au}}||<span style="font-size:130%">اَو</span> || aw || dawlat
|-
|{{IPA|æɪ}} || <span style="font-size:130%">اَی</span> || ai, ay || ayvona, ayr
|-
|{{IPA|ou}}||<span style="font-size:130%">اُو</span> || ow, au || kow
|-
|{{IPA|eɪ}} || <span style="font-size:130%">اِی</span> ||  ey, ei, ay, ai || keybânu
|-
|{{IPA|æːə}}||<span style="font-size:130%">اَ</span> || ah || zuah, soahvona, buah, yuahnd, kuah, kuahj
|-
|{{IPA|eːə}}||<span style="font-size:130%">اِ</span> || eh || âdueh,  sueh, danue'eh
|-
|{{IPA|ɔʏ}} || <span style="font-size:130%">اُی</span> ||  oy || doym, doymlavar
|-
|}

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; background:white;"
!style="width:60px;"|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!style="width:60px;"|1929–1938
!style="width:60px;"|[[ISO 9]]
!style="width:60px;"|[[Perso-Arabic script]]
!style="width:60px;"|KNAB (199x<sup>(2.0)</sup>)
!style="width:60px;"|[[Cyrillic alphabet variants|Cyrillic]]
!style="width:60px;"|Other [[Romanization]]
!style="width:60px;"| Example(s)
|-
|{{IPA|p}} || p || p || <span style="font-size:130%">پ</span> || p || п || p || pitâr
|-
|{{IPA|b}} || в || b || <span style="font-size:130%">ب</span> || b || б || b || bejâr
|-
|{{IPA|t}} || t || t || <span style="font-size:130%">ت, ط</span> || t || т || t || tiž
|-
|{{IPA|d}} || d || d || <span style="font-size:130%">د</span> || d || д || d || debla
|-
|{{IPA|k}} || k || k || <span style="font-size:130%">ک</span> || k || к || k || kel
|-
|{{IPA|ɡ}} || g || g || <span style="font-size:130%">گ</span> || g || г || g || gaf
|-
|{{IPA|ɣ}} || ƣ || ġ || <span style="font-size:130%">غ</span> || ğ || ғ || gh || ghuša
|-
|{{IPA|q}} || q || k̂ || <span style="font-size:130%">ق</span> || q || ҝ || q || qarz
|-
|{{IPA|tʃ}} || c, ç || č || <span style="font-size:130%">چ</span> || ç || ч || ch, č, c || čâki
|-
|{{IPA|dʒ}} || j || ĉ || <span style="font-size:130%">ج</span> || c || ҹ || j, ĵ || jâr
|-
|{{IPA|f}} || f || f || <span style="font-size:130%">ف</span> || f || ф || f || fel
|-
|{{IPA|v}} || v || v || <span style="font-size:130%">و</span> || v || в || v || vaj
|-
|{{IPA|s}} || s || s || <span style="font-size:130%">س, ص, ث</span> || s || с || s || savz
|-
|{{IPA|z}} || z || z || <span style="font-size:130%">ز, ذ, ض, ظ</span> || z || з || z || zeng
|-
|{{IPA|ʃ}} || ş || š || <span style="font-size:130%">ش</span> || ş || ш || sh || šav
|-
|{{IPA|ʒ}} || ƶ || ž || <span style="font-size:130%">ژ</span> || j || ж || zh || ža
|-
|{{IPA|x}} || x || h || <span style="font-size:130%">خ</span> || x || x || kh || xâsta
|-
|{{IPA|h}} || h || ḥ || <span style="font-size:130%">ه, ح</span> || h || һ || h || haka
|-
|{{IPA|m}} || m || m || <span style="font-size:130%">م</span> || m || м || m || muža
|-
|{{IPA|n}} || n || n || <span style="font-size:130%">ن</span> || n || н || n || nân
|-
|{{IPA|l}} || l || l || <span style="font-size:130%">ل</span> || l || л || l || lar
|-
|{{IPA|lʲ}} || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''-''' || xâlâ, avâla, dalâ, domlavar, dalaza
|-
|{{IPA|ɾ}} || r || r || <span style="font-size:130%">ر</span> || r || р || r || raz
|-
|{{IPA|j}} || y || j || <span style="font-size:130%">ی</span> || y || ј || y, j || yânza
|-
|colspan="8" | <small>Notes: ''ISO 9'' standardization is dated 1995. ''2.0 KNAB'' romanization is based on the [[Azerbaijani alphabet|Azeri Latin]].</small><ref name="Pedersen"/>
|-
|}

=== Differences from Persian ===

The general phonological differences of some Talysh dialects with respect to standard Persian are as follows:<ref name="Abdoli" />

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; background:white;"
|-
!style="width:80px;"|Talysh sound
!style="width:80px;"|Talysh example word
!style="width:80px;"|Corresponding Persian sound
!style="width:80px;"|Persian example word
!style="width:80px;"|Translation
|-
|u || d'''u'''na || â || d'''â'''ne || seed
|-
|i || '''i'''nsân || initial e || '''e'''nsân || human being
|-
|e || tarâz'''e''' || u || terâz'''u''' || balance (the apparatus)
|-
|e || x'''e'''râk || o || x'''o'''râk || food
|-
|a in compound words || mâng-'''a'''-tâv || ∅ || mah-tâb || moonlight
|-
|v || â'''v''' || b || â'''b''' || water
|-
|f || si'''f''' || b || si'''b''' || apple
|-
|x || '''x'''âsta || h || â'''h'''este || slow
|-
|t || ter'''t''' || d || tor'''d''' || brittle
|-
|j || mi'''j'''a || ž || mo'''ž'''e || eyelash
|-
|m || ša'''m'''ba || n || ša'''n'''be || Saturday
|-
|∅ || mēra || medial h || mo'''h'''re || bead
|-
|∅ || ku || final h || ku'''h''' || mountain
|-
|}

== Grammar ==

Talysh has a [[subject–object–verb]] word order. In some situations the case marker, 'i' or 'e' attaches to the accusative noun phrase. There is no definite article, and the indefinite one is "i". The plural is marked by the suffixes "un", "ēn" and also "yēn" for nouns ending with vowels. In contrast to Persian, modifiers are preceded by nouns, for example: "maryami kitav" (Mary's book) and "kava daryâ" (livid sea). Like most other Iranian dialects there are two categories of inflexion, subject and object cases. The "present stem" is used for the imperfect and the "past stem" for the present in the verbal system. That differentiates Talysh from most other Western Iranian dialects. In the present tense, verbal affixes cause a rearranging of the elements of conjugation in some dialects like Tâlešdulâbi, e.g. for expressing the negation of b-a-dašt-im (I sew), "ni" is used in the following form: ni-m-a-dašt (I don't sew)."m" is first person singular marker, "a" denotes duration and "dašt" is the past stem.

=== Pronouns ===

Talysh is a [[null-subject language]], so nominal pronouns (e.g. I, he, she) are optional. For [[Grammatical person|first person]] [[Grammatical number|singular]], both "az" and "men" are used. Person suffixes are not added to stems for "men".<ref name="Abdoli" /> 
Examples:
*men xanda. (I read.), az bexun-em (Should I read ...)
*men daxun! (Call me!), az-daxun-em (Should I call ...)

There are three prefixes in Talysh and Tati added to normal forms making possessive pronouns. They are: "če / ča" and "eš / še".

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Normal Forms
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1st person
| az/âz, men || ama
|-
!2nd person
| te || šema
|-
!3rd person
| ay || ayēn
|}
{{Col-break}}
<div style="clear:both" ></div>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Possessive Pronouns
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1st person
| če-men, če-mi || ča-ma
|-
!2nd person
| eš-te || še-ma
|-
!3rd person
| ča-y, ča || čai:mun
|}
{{col-end}}

=== Verbs ===

* [[preverb]]s: â/o, da, vi/i/ē/â, pē/pi
* Negative Markers: ne, nē, ni
* Subjunctive/Imperative prefix: be
* Durative markers: a, ba, da

The following Person Suffixes are used in different dialects and for different verbs.<ref name="Abdoli" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Person Suffixes
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1st person
|  -em, -ema, -emē, -ima, -um, -m ||  -am, -emun(a), -emun(ē), -imuna, -imun
|-
!2nd person
|  -i, -er(a), -eyē, -išaو -š ||  -a, -erun(a), -eyunē, -iruna, -iyun
|-
!3rd person
|  -e, -eš(a), -eš(ē), -a, -ē, -u ||  -en, -ešun(a), -ešun(ē), -ina, -un
|}

==== Conjugations ====

The past stem is inflected by removing the infinitive marker (ē), however the present stem and jussive mood are not so simple in many cases and are irregular. For some verbs, present and past stems are identical. The "be" imperative marker  is not added situationally.<ref>Masali, K. 1386 [[Iranian calendar|AP]] / 2007 [[Gregorian calendar|AD]]. Sâxte fe'l dar zabâne Tâleši (Guyeše Mâsâl) (Conjugations in Talyshi language (Masali dialect)). {{cite web |url=http://www.talesh.info/wp-content/uploads/_sakht-e_fel_taleshi_masali.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306113548/http://www.talesh.info/wp-content/uploads/_sakht-e_fel_taleshi_masali.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-06 |language=fa}}</ref> The following tables show the conjugations for first-person singular of "sew" in some dialects of the three dialectical categories:<ref name="Abdoli" />

===== Stems and imperative mood =====

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Stems and Imperative mood
|-
!style="width:70px"|
!style="width:70px"|Northern (Lavandavili)
!style="width:70px"|Central (Taleshdulaei)
!style="width:70px"|Southern (Khushabari)
!style="width:70px"|[[Tati (Iran)|Tati]] (Kelori)
|-
|[[Infinitive]] || dut-ē || dašt-ē || dēšt-ē || dut-an
|-
|[[Word stem|Past stem]] || dut || dašt || dēšt || dut
|-
|[[Word stem|Present stem]] || dut || dērz || dērz || duj
|-
|[[Imperative mood|Imperative]] || be-dut || be-dērz || be-dērz || be-duj
|-
|}

===== Active voice =====

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Grammatical voice|Active Voice]]
|-
!Form
!Tense
!Northern<br>(Lavandavili)
!Central<br>(Taleshdulaei)
!Southern<br>(Khushabari)
![[Tati (Iran)|Tati]]<br>(Kelori)
|-
|Infinitive || '''-''' || dut-ē || dašt-ē || dēšt-ē || dut-an
|-
|[[Indicative]] || [[Present tense|Present]] || dute-da-m || ba-dašt-im || dērz-em || duj-em
|-
|„ || [[Past tense|Past]] || dut-emē || dašt-em || dēšt-em || bedut-em
|-
|„ || [[perfect (grammar)|Perfect]] || dut-amē || dašt-ama || dēšt-ama || dute-mē
|-
|„ || [[Past imperfective]] || dute-aymē || adērz-ima || dērz-ima || duj-isēym
|-
|„ || [[Past perfect]] || dut-am bē || dašt-am-ba || dēšt-am-ba || dut-am-bē
|-
|„ || [[Future tense|Future]] || pima dut-ē || pima dašt-ē || pima dēšt-ē || xâm dut-an
|-
|„ || [[Present progressive]] || dute da-m || kâr-im dašt-ē || kâra dērz-em || kerâ duj-em
|-
|„ || [[Imperfect|Past progressive]] || dut dab-im || kârb-im dašt-ē || kârb-im dēšt-ē || kerâ duj-isēym
|-
|[[Subjunctive mood|Subjunctive]] || Present || be-dut-em || be-dērz-em || be-dērz-em || be-duj-em
|-
|„ || Past || dut-am-bu || dašt-am-bâ || dēšt-am-bu || dut-am-bâ
|-
|[[Conditional mood|Conditional]] || Past || dut-am ban || ba-dērz-im || be-dērz-im || be-duj-im
|}

===== Passive voice =====

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Grammatical voice|Passive Voice]]
|-
!Form
!Tense
!Northern<br>(Lavandavili)
!Central<br>(Taleshdulaei)
!Southern<br>Khushabari)
![[Tati (Iran)|Tati]]<br>(Kelori)
|-
|Infinitive || '''-''' || dut-ē || dašt-ē || dēšt-ē || dut-an
|-
|Indicative || Present || duta bē dam || dašta babim || dēšta bum || duta bum
|-
|„ || Preterite || duta bēm || dašta bima || dēšta bima || bedujisim
|-
|„ || Imperfective preterite || duta be-am be || dašta abima || dēšta bistēm || duta bisim
|-
|„ || Perfect || duta beam || dašta baima || dērzistaima || dujisim
|-
|„ || Pluperfect || duta beam bē || dērzista bim || dērzista bim || dujisa bim
|-
|„ || Present progressive || duta bē dam || kâra dašta babima || kšra dēšta bum || kerâ duta bum
|-
|„ || Preterite progressive || duta bēdabim || kâra dašta abima || kâra dēšta bistēymun || kerâ duta bisim
|-
|Subjunctive || Present || duta bebum || dašta bebum || dēšta bebum || duta bebum
|-
|„ || Preterite || duta beabum || dašta babâm || dēšta babâm || dujisa biya-bâm
|-
|}

=== Nouns and adpositions ===

There are four "cases" in Talysh, the nominative (unmarked), the genitive, the (definite) accusative and ergative.

The nominative case (characterized by null morpheme on nouns) encodes the subject; the predicate; the indefinite direct object in a nominative clause; definite direct object in an ergative clause;  the vowel-final main noun in a noun phrase with another noun modifying it; and, finally, the nominal element in an adpositional phrases with certain adpositions. The examples below are from Pirejko 1976<ref name="pirejko" />    
<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
PRST:present stem
REFL:reflexive pronoun
</div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|Nənə ıştə zoə pe-də 
|mother REFL son love.VN-LOC
|'The mother loves her son'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|Əv rəis-e 
|3SG boss-PRED
|'S/he is a boss'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|Az vıl bı-çın-ım bo tını 
|1SG flower FUT-pick.PRST-FUT for 2SG.ERG
|'I will pick a flower for you'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|Əy çımı dəftər dıry-əşe 
|3SG.ERG 1SG.POSS notebook tear.apart.PP-3SG.PFV.TR
|'S/he tore apart my notebook'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|hovə şol 
|sister scarf
|'sister's scarf'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|bə şəhr 
|to city
|'to the city'}}

The ergative case, on the other hand, has the following functions: indicating the subject of an ergative phrase; definite direct object (in this function, ergative case takes the form of '''-ni''' after vowel-final stems); nominal modifier in a noun phrase; the nominal element in adpositional phrases with most adpositions.

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|Ağıl-'''i''' sef şo do-şe 
|child-ERG apple ? throw.PP-3SG.PFV.ERG
|'the child threw the apple'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|Im kəpot-'''i''' se-də-m bə həvə-yo
|DEM dress-ERG buy.VN-LOC-1SG for sister-BEN
|'I'm buying this dress for (my) sister'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|Iştə zoə-'''ni''' voğan-də bə məktəb
|REFL son-ERG send.VN-LOC to school
|'S/he is sending his/her son to the school'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|jen-'''i''' dəs
|woman-ERG hand
|'a hand's woman'}}

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|muallimi-'''i''' ton-i-ku omə-m
|teacher-ERG side-ERG-ABL come.1SG.PP-PFV.NOM
|'I approached the teacher'}}

The accusative form is often used to express the simple indirect object in addition to the direct object. These "cases" are in origin actually just particles, similar to Persian prepositions like "râ".

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; background:white;"
|+ Case markers and prepositions
|-style="background:#eeeeee;"
!Case
!Marker
!Example(s)
!style="width:150px;"|Persian
|style="background:#6C868E"|‌
!style="width:150px;"|English
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]] || '''-''' || sepa ve davaxa. || Sag xeyli hâfhâf kard. || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| The dog barked much.
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]] || -i || gerd<span style="color:#800000">'''-i'''</span> âda ba men || Hame <span style="color:#800000">râ</span> bede be man. || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| Give them all to me!
|-
|„ || -e || âv<span style="color:#800000">'''-e-'''</span>m barda || Âb <span style="color:#800000">râ</span> bordam. || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| I took the water.
|-
|[[Ablative case|Ablative]] || -kâ, -ku (from) || ba-i<span style="color:#800000">'''-kâ-'''</span>r če bapi || <span style="color:#800000">Az</span> u ce mixâhi? || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| What do you want from him?
|-
|„ || -ka, -anda (in) || âstâra<span style="color:#800000">'''-ka'''</span> tâleši gaf bažēn || <span style="color:#800000">Dar</span> Âstârâ Tâleši gab (harf) mizanand. || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| They talk Talyshi in Astara.
|-
|„ || -na (with) || âtaši<span style="color:#800000">'''-na'''</span> mezâ maka || <span style="color:#800000">Bâ</span> âtaš bâzi nakon. || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| Don't play with fire!
|-
|„ || -râ, -ru (for) || me<span style="color:#800000">'''-râ'''</span> kâr baka te<span style="color:#800000">'''-râ'''</span> yâd bigē || <span style="color:#800000">Barâye</span> man kâr bekon <span style="color:#800000">Barâye</span> xodat yâd begir. || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| Work for me, learn for yourself.
|-
|„ || -ken (of) || ha<span style="color:#800000">'''-ken'''</span> hēsta ča (čečiya) || <span style="color:#800000">Az</span> ân, ce bejâ mânde? (Hamân ke hast, cist?) || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| What is of which is left?
|-
|„ || ba (to) || <span style="color:#800000">'''ba'''</span> em denyâ del mabēnd || <span style="color:#800000">Be</span> in donyâ del maband. || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| Don't take the world dear to your heart!
|-
|[[Ergative case|Ergative]] ||  -i || a palang<span style="color:#800000">'''-i'''</span> do lorzon-i ([[Aorist]]) || Ân palang deraxt râ larzând. || style="background:#6C868E"|‌|| That leopard shook the tree.
|-
|}

== Vocabulary ==

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; background:white;"
|-
!style="width:80px;"|English
!style="width:80px6;"|Zazaki
!style="width:80px;"|Kurmanji Kurdish
!style="width:80px;"|Central (Taleshdulaei)
!style="width:80px;"|Southern (Khushabari / Shandermani)
!style="width:80px;"|[[Tati (Iran)|Tati]] (Kelori / Geluzani)
!style="width:80px;"|Talysh
!style="width:80px;"|[[Persian language|Persian]]
|-
|big || gird, pîl
|gir, mezin|| ? ||yâl || yâl || pilla || bozorg, gat, (yal, pil)
|-
|boy, son || laj / laz / lac
|law (boy), kur (son)|| zoa, zua || zôa, zue || zu'a, zoa || zâ || Pesar
|-
|bride || veyve
|bûk|| vayü || vayu || gēša, veyb || vayu, vēi || arus
|-
|cat || pisîng, xone (tomcat)
|pisîk, kitik || kete, pišik, piš || peču || peču, pešu, piši || pešu || gorbe, piši
|-
|cry (v) || bermayen
|girîn|| bamē || beramestē || beramē || beramesan || geristan
|-
|daughter, girl (little) || kêna/keyna, çêna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=k%C4%B1z&z=|title=Encamên lêgerînê|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309014314/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=k%C4%B1z&z=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|keç (girl), dot (daughter)|| kina, kela || kilu, kela || kina, kel(l)a || kille, kilik || doxtar
|-
|day || roc, roz, roj
|roj|| rüž, ruj || ruz || ruz, roz || ruz || ruz
|-
|eat (v) || werden
|xwarin|| hardē || hardē || hardē || hardan || xordan
|-
|egg || hak 
|hêk|| uva, muqna, uya || âgla || merqona || xâ, merqowna || toxme morq
|-
|eye || çim
|çav|| čâš || čaš,  čam || čēm || čašm || čašm
|-
|father || pî, pêr, bawk, babî<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=baba&z=|title=Encamên lêgerînê|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326053247/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=baba&z=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|bav|| dada, piya, biya || dada || ? || pē || pedar
|-
|fear (v) || tersayen
|tirsîn|| purnē, târsē || târsinē, tarsestē || tarsē || tarsesan || tarsidan
|-
|flag || ala<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=bayrak&z=|title=Encamên lêgerînê|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326053241/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=bayrak&z=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|ala|| filak || parčam || ? || ? || parčam, derafš
|-
|food || nan, werd
|xwarin|| xerâk || xerâk || xerâk || xuruk || xorâk
|-
|go (v) || şîyen
|çûn || šē || šē || šē || šiyan || raftan (šodan)
|-
|house || keye, çeye<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/peyv.php?peyv_id=keye|title=Keye kelimesinin anlamı|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308070006/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/peyv.php?peyv_id=keye|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/peyv.php?peyv_id=ceye|title=Çeye kelimesinin anlamı|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308055513/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/peyv.php?peyv_id=ceye|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|xanî|| ka || ka || ka || ka || xâne
|-
|language; tongue ||ziwan, zon
|ziman|| zivon || zun || zavon || zuân || zabân
|-
|moon || aşme
|heyv / hîv|| mâng, uvešim || mâng || mang || mung, meng || mâh
|-
|mother || maye, mare, dayîke, dadî<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=anne&z=|title=Encamên lêgerînê|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308091921/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=anne&z=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|mak, dayik|| mua, mu, nana || nana || ? || mâ, dēdē, nana || mâdar, nane
|-
|mouth || fek
|dev|| qav, gav || ga, gav, ga(f) || qar || gar || dahân, kak
|-
|night || şew 
|şev|| šav || şaw || šav || šav || šab
|-
|north || zime, vakur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=vakur&z=zztr|title=Encamên lêgerînê|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326053245/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=vakur&z=zztr|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|bakur|| kubasu || šimâl || ? || ? || šemâl
|-
|high || berz
|bilind, berz<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=y%C3%BCksek&z=trkrm|title=Encamên lêgerînê|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326053420/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=y%C3%BCksek&z=trkrm|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| berz || berz || berj || berenj || boland
|-
|say (v) || vatene 
|gotin|| votē || vâtē || vâtē || vâtan || goftan
|-
|sister || waye
|xwîşk, xwang|| huva, hova, ho || xâlâ, xolo || xâ || xâv, xâ || xâhar
|-
|small || qic, qij, wirdî
|biçûk, qicik|| ruk, gada || ruk || ruk || velle, xš || kučak
|-
|sunset || rocawan, rojawan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=rojawan&z=|title=Encamên lêgerînê|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326053412/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=rojawan&z=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|rojava|| šânga || maqrib || ? || ? || maqreb
|-
|sunshine || tije,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/peyv.php?peyv_id=tije_44594|title=Tîje kelimesinin anlamı|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326053831/http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/peyv.php?peyv_id=tije_44594|url-status=dead}}</ref> zerq 
|tîroj, tav/hetav|| şefhaši || âftâv || ? || ? || âftâb
|-
|water || aw, awk
|av|| uv, ôv || âv || âv || âv || âb
|-
|woman, wife || cinî
|jin|| žēn || žēn, žen || yen, žen || zanle, zan || zan
|-
|yesterday || vizêr
|duh/diho|| zina || zir, izer || zir, zer || zir || diruz, di
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Abdoli |first=A. |year=2001 |title=Tat and Talysh literature (Iran and Azerbaijan republic) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102000027/http://www.entesharco.com/booksf/zabanvaadab/tat.htm |url=http://www.entesharco.com/booksf/zabanvaadab/tat.htm |archive-date=2009-01-02 |publisher=Entešâr Publication |location=Tehran |isbn=964-325-100-4 |lang=fa}} (1380 [[Iranian calendar|AP]] / 2001 [[Gregorian calendar|AD]])
* {{cite journal |last1=Asatrian |first1=G |first2=Habib |last2=Borjian |year=2005 |title=Talish: people and language: The state of research |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=43–72 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1573384054068169}}
** also available at {{cite report |title=Talish and the Talishis: The State of Research |doi=10.7916/D8D23960 |doi-access=free |last1=Asatrian |first1=Garnik |last2=Borjian |first2=Habib |website=Columbia Academic Commons|date=2005 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bazin |first=M. |year=1974 |title=Le Tâlech et les tâlechi: Ethnic et region dans le nord-ouest de l'Iran |journal=Bulletin de l'Association de Geographes Français |volume=417–418 |issue=417 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3406/bagf.1974.4771 |lang=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Bazin |first=M. |year=1979 |chapter=Recherche des papports entre diversité dialectale et geographie humaine: l’example du Tâleš |editor-first=G. |editor-last=Schweizer |title=Interdisciplinäre Iran-Forschung: Beiträge aus Kulturgeographie, Ethnologie, Soziologie und Neuerer Geschichte |publisher=Wiesbaden |pages=1–15 |lang=fr}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bazin |first=M. |year=1981 |title=Quelque échantillons des variations dialectales du tâleši |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=10 |pages=111–124, 269–277 |lang=fr}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Paul |first=D. |year=2011 |title=A comparative dialectal description of Iranian Taleshi |type=PhD Dissertation |publisher=University of Manchester |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:119653}}
* {{cite journal |last=Yarshater |first=Ehsan |year=1996 |title=The Taleshi of Asalem |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=25 |pages=83–113 |location=New York|doi=10.2143/SI.25.1.2003967 }}
* {{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=10|title=Tâlish|page(s)=|first=Ehsan|last=Yarshater|authorlink=Ehsan Yarshater}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=tly}}
* [http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/talyshi/TALYSHSUMGAYIT.pdf Positive Orientation Towards the Vernacular among the Talysh of Sumgayit]
* [http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/talyshi/talyshlanguage.pdf Example of Talyshi Language]
* [http://atropat.narod.ru/moa.html B. Miller. Talysh language and the languages of Azeri] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://atropat.narod.ru/moa3.html A. Mamedov, k.f.n. Talishes as carriers of the ancient language of Azerbaijan] {{in lang|ru}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130203080149/http://taleshan.com/adabiyat.htm A short note on the history of Talyshi literature]}} {{in lang|fa}}

{{Languages of Azerbaijan}}
{{Languages of Iran}}
{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{Iranian languages}}{{Talysh people}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Talysh]]
[[Category:Northwestern Iranian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Iran]]
[[Category:Languages of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian languages]]