View source for Talk:Insurance/Archive 1

{{aan}}
----
== legal insurance not covered ==
There is no mention of any kind of legal expenses insurance, legal protection insurance, defense insurance or whatever it might be called by the insurance corporation. This is a type of insurance getting more and more important for the everyday person. I am hoping that an expert in this area will step up. Thanks. [[User:John sej|John sej]] ([[User talk:John sej|talk]]) 02:13, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

==Old topics==

I updated the first section on prinicples of insurance. I'm not too sure about what I said about the NAIC and Guaranty Funds (factually I'm sure but in terms of placing, relevenece I'm not). My limited time limits my contribution but I will ocme back and visit to work on it some more. NOte to anyone who would like to tackle a factual information section, the insurance information institute has lots of figures and statistics, etc and could be a useful place to look. [http://www.iii.com]. I agree that legal principle like moral hazard and adverse selection need desperatley to be tackled.  

----

This article seriously needs input from economists and marketing people. I'll do what I can when I have the time, but it reads like a current affairs piece and doesn't contain any discussion of '''fundamental''' features of insurance markets like information assymetry, moral hazard and adverse selection and the associated marketing techniques to avoid them.

----

Private health insurance is a major matter only for travellers and citizens of the US.  It does not deserve this much space in this article.  Move it to a more specific article like [[US health insurance]].  Most people reading this are not Americans, and don't care.  What you say can be said in about one paragraph on that issue.

:Private health insurance is available even in (nearly all) countries with public health insurance, and is worth discussing.  I do think there could be a whole article on the ethical debate.  [[User:Tempshill|Tempshill]] 20:21, 3 Nov 2003 (UTC)

There is plenty to talk about insurance in general, e.g . [[reinsurance market]]s (see [[commodity markets]] for an example of how that could be structured), morbidity calculations, actuarial professions, use of insurance for portfolio management (very common as a tax planning instrument), etc., etc., etc., etc.

----

This page needs work.  There's a lot more to be said about insurance.  Also, the "abuses" section needs to be rewritten for NPOV.  -- [[User:Cjmnyc|Cjmnyc]] 07:48, 31 Jul 2003 (UTC)

----
Insurance is a complex and remarkably interesting subject. Someone smarter than I needs to work on this one. 

I have been doing some work on [[List of civic, fraternal, service, and professional organizations
American Fraternal Groups]] and note the large number of modern insurance companies who evolved from such groups.

[[User: PaulinSaudi|Paul, in Saudi]]

== what about insurance brokers? ==
Insurance broker represents buyer rather than a insurance company and should find a best policy for buyer in comparison shopping.A Broker of Record for you should assist you with adding new employees or terminating employees from your group plan. They should also help you claim problems, Answering employees' questions about how their plan works. Remember- Your agent is getting a commission every month from the insurance company to service your account-Make sure they are giving you the service you deserve?

Response to above: Also, Insurance Brokers represent the client, and the companies they sell for and try to find a fair balance. I am an insurance broker and know that it is not a one way street if you are a broker. I have a duty to protect the client and the insurers.

== Lack of Knowledge of Policyholders ==

I removed the portion of this that mentioned poorer policyholders not understaing the fees in insurance documents. I suppose I felt uncomfortable connecting lack of financial resources with lack of intellectual ability.

I feel this section needs more work, as does the rest of the article - I plan on adding to the introductory section, perhaps including concepts such as insurable interest, insurability, underwriting etc. Perhaps contrasting insurance with gambling (as is done on the gambling page).
--[[User:Socs|Socs]] 09:30, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
I can write about them

==Removed paragraph==
Removed this paragraph: it is rambling, non-insurance-specific, and has no important point to make. [[User:Smyth|&ndash; [[User:Smyth|Smyth]]]] 00:06, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

:Large organizations have a much harder time managing money than individuals.  While large organizations have more clout and are better and negotiating contracts, they lack the ability to micromanage their money.  This has to do with scale.  To a multi-billion dollar company a million dollars is an accounting blip, but to most people it is enough money to retire.  As a result the organization sets the prices for policies and services at some level and acts as a monopoly.  Without freemarket competition their is an incentive to increase prices.

The other paragraph added by the same anon is nearly as bad, very POV and very little information.  I'll remove it for now and we can [[refactor]] it and put it back in. - [[User:Taxman|Taxman]] 18:06, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)
:'Law of Diminishing Returns'

:Insurance is based on the idea of managing risk, but what happens when everyone cashes in their policy.  The net result is that insurance becomes a tax.  Also insurers can deny policies based of preexisiting conditions and can limit the coverage of insurance.  When combined with high premiums, what is the point of having insurance?  It would be better to take the money spent on insurance and invest it.  That way the policy holder will have control over how the money is spent.  The only problem is accumulating enough money to make the system self sustainable.  This is a chicken egg problem.this all is wonderfull...........ch

== Lack of Marine Insurance & Air Cargo Insurance ==

Lack of Marine Insurance and Air Cargo Insurance. Need any expert from Insurance Business to input.


==Added==

Added statistics and an external link. [[User:Johnwhunt|Johnwhunt]] 00:06, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

==Rework agenda==

*Taxman suggested developing salvage plans for this article.  While many groan at the notion of committees, they do share one drawback in common with democracy: being the worst possible choice, except the rest.  In any case, anyone is welcome to add to, or amend, the 'agenda' items below.  The agenda will simply draw from the above suggestions for now, but perhaps will be prioritized later; meanwhile, another go at reworking the article... [[User:Ombudsman|Ombudsman]] 03:25, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)


{| border=1 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0
|- 
| objective summary
| date proposed 
| progress to date
| completion date?
|- style="background: lightblue;"
! lightspeedy tasks: prompt attention needed
| 
| 
|
|-
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|  
|  
|  
|   
|-
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|-
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~ 
|- style="background: lightgreen;"
! main proposal sounding board
| 
| 
|
|-
| separate [[Insurance ethics]] article needed
|  3 Nov 2003
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| separate [[US health insurance]] article?
|  1 Oct 2004
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| develop & expand [[Policy]] article
|  16 Jun 2005
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| need expert: [[Marine insurance]], 
[[Air cargo insurance]] 
| 11 Jan 2005
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| ins. market fundamentals: [[Moral hazard|Moral hazards]],
[[Information assymetry]], [[Adverse selection]], 
techniques to avoid such risks
| 1 Oct 2004
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| content addressing [[Insurable interest]], 
[[Insurability]], [[Underwriting]], etc.
|  16 Jun 2004
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| what about [[Insurance broker|Insurance brokers]]?
|  2 Jun 2004
|  added brief mention of Marsh 6/15/05
|  ~
 
|-
| US [[Friendly society|fraternal insurers]], history
|  12 Dec 2003
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| [[Reinsurance market]], & its structure
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| [[Morbidity calculation|Morbidity calculations]] & 
[[Actuary|actuarial professions]]
|  23 Jan 2003
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| insurer (insured?) [[Portfolio management]] 
|  23 Jan 2003
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| address: complexities of [[Contract|contracts]], 
fees; insured's misunderstanding
|  16 Jun 2004
|  ~
|  ~
|-
|  Risk spreading, [[Risk pool|Risk pools]]
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| insurer portfolio [[Administrative incompetence|mis-management]] and/or
separate [[Portfolio mis-management]] article
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| effects of [[September 11, 2001 attack]];
[[Put option|puts]] & [[Call option|calls]] on [[9/11]]
|  16 Jun 2005
|  ~
|  ~
|-
|  What about Insurance Agents (Captive and Independent)?
|  05 Jun 2007
|  ~
|  ~
|-
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|-
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|- style="background: orange;"
! touchy feelings: NPOV or Pavlov needed?
| 
| 
|
|-
| input from [[Economist|economists]], [[Marketing|marketers]]
|  1 Oct 2004
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| private [[health insurance]] available 
in countries with [[Publicly funded medicine|socialized medicine]] 
|  3 Nov 2003
|  ~
|  ~ 
|-
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|  
|  
|  
| 
|-
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|-
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|- style="background: pink;"
! fuzzy-logic: content gutwrenchers
| 
| 
|
|-
| Start Insurance [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|Wikiproject]]?
pinned (please do not remove) 
|  16 Jun 2005
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| what should top level sections be?
(pinned - please do not remove)
|  16 Jun 2005
|  ~
|  ~ 
|-
| which topics need separate sections?
(pinned)
|  16 Jun 2005
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| insurers manage risk, but profit (unfairly?)
when policies cashed in early
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|-
| private [[health insurance]] less common
outside US; deserves less space?
|  23 Jan 2003
|  ~
|  ~
|-
|  
|  
|  
|   
|-
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|-
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|  ~
|}

===agenda discussion===

Ok, most of that looks pretty good. I was looking for more of a simple text outline, but this works too. I didn't want to comment in the table, but what do you mean by "fuzzy-logic gutwrenchers" and "touchy feelings:". I don't know if you're going to get much of a committee, you might be it. Also I think we should flesh out the material in the article sections, and make fixing up a lead section to the last thing. First, maybe we should decide what topics need their own sections, what are the top level sections, etc. - [[User:Taxman|Taxman]] <sup><small>[[User talk:Taxman|Talk]]</small></sup> 14:43, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

*Unlike [[Insurance contract|insurance contracts]], agenda section titles need brevity, without the complexities that disengage them from a mere mortal's sensory realities.  The blue and green agenda sections address absolute, straightforward content issues that can be handled in a relatively objective manner; sky is blue, green light kinda stuff.  Encyclopedic content, by definition, is extruded through deductive, algorithmic superficial processes, perhaps filtered in the upper agenda sections; moderation of subsurface POV issues and political compass matters can be addressed in the lower sections.  The laws of organizational [[entropy]] ensure the influence of absolutist objectivity may well consolidate issues in the upper section, finding enhancement through the ministrations of small tent, blue sky [[expert worship|expert worshipper]] minions (see [[Post Autistic Economics]]).  The orange and soft rose sections deal with relative, absolutely subjective matters; 'shortest path isn't a straight line', '[[Danger, Will Robinson|Danger, Will Robinson!]]', '[[rose colored glasses]]' sorta stuff.  Discussion of relatively subjective issues will find sanctuary in the wilderness of this talk page, perhaps protected in the lower sections, where [[Non-Aristotelian logic|non-Aristotelian]] laws, obeyed by [[Church of the Holy Donut]] congregants and their [[ilk]], govern survival of the fittest beyond the tent shielding whatever it is the prevailing [[paradigm]] happens to be.  The committee idea may seem over the top for the moment, but this aspect of the agenda is intentionally open-ended, as a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Insurance]] is anticipated; the Wiki will be around long term, yes? [[User:Ombudsman|Ombudsman]] 19:17, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

== Comment on the Gambling Analogy ==

The dictionary definition of a bet is to risk a sum of money against someone else’s on the basis of the outcome of an unpredictable event. I can see why one might want to compare this to insurance but the resemblance is specious. The funademental difference is that (i) prior to me making a bet there is no risk, whereas with insurance the risk that my house burns down or my car is stolen already exists (even if I do not take out insurance), and (ii) by taking out insurance I will not profit if I experience an insured event, I will simply be indemnified by the insurance company for the loss I suffer, however gambling is about profiteering. If the section on gambling is to remain I think it should highlight these differences.

I do not see the relationship with moral hazard and think it requires further explanation.

The reason the Amish avoid insurance is not (simply) because it is like gambling (which it isn’t) but because they have no need for it and it would imply a lack of trust in God. I do not think their beliefs should be misstated.

You reasoning that most societies could not afford a similar system of mutual support for individuals when disaster strikes is is also mislaeading – this is exactly the logic of insurance. If your house burns down, instead of me coming around to help you rebuild your house as I would if we were Amish, our insurance company takes a portion of my insurance premium and a portion of the premiums from other policyholders and gives it to you in order that you may pay a specialist to rebuild your house. A quite elegant solution and one fitting for a modern society??

Hm, article should at least mention religions and societies don't always accept insurance.[[User:82.93.133.130|82.93.133.130]] 17:41, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

hi. I rewrote the entire section. I put the "closed community" aversion to insurance in another section. [unsigned]

Insurance is the ability to offer coverage to be responsible for others mistakes. We give coverage when a 16 year old driver rams a telephone pole. We offer coverage when a 95 year old woman drives into a church. We come out like bandits when you drive safely for 50 years and promptly pay your premiums. Thats the science of insurance. ([[User:Jillianandalanja|Jillianandalanja]] 21:28, 2 May 2007 (UTC))

== Government Insurance ==

The article and discussions thus far seem to be about commercially offered insurance.  Some governments (national through local) have activities either titled as, or described as, insurance programs.  A revised article should include such government provided insurance or describe why those programs are, in fact, not insurance.

== Discriminatory policy-building ==
::The article currently has a paragraph within the "redlining" section that goes thus;

A refutation to this is that the job of an insurance underwriter is to properly categorize a given risk as to the likelihood that the loss will occur. Any factor that causes a greater likelihood of loss should in theory, be charged a higher rate. This is a basic principle of insurance and must be followed for insurance companies or groups to operate properly, even for non-profit organizations. Thus, discrimination of potential insureds by legitimate factors is central to insurance. Therefore the only thing that can be considered legitimately "unfair" are practices that discriminate against a given group without actual factors that show that the group is a higher risk. So, eliminating real factors discriminates against other insureds by forcing them to bear part of the cost of the disallowed perceived factors.

::I must say that I feel whoever wrote this fails to understand why some people consider some insurance policies discriminatory.  For a situation where every member of the group is at a higher risk than people not in the group, the policy is still discriminatory but is acceptably so given the higher force of mortality that applies to said group.  Examples include smokers, or people living within two miles of an active volcano.  However in situations where a particular group may statistically exhibit a greater chance of hazard, but where the greater probability is not caused by any intrinsic quality of these individuals but rather social and other external trends that do not necessarily apply to all members of the group, is it fair for policies to be set differently for them?  For instance, the fact that black males have a lower life expectancy within the US than white males (due to a larger percentage of them living in dangerous neighbourhoods, having dangerous jobs etc), is it fair to simply increase premiums for life insurance for all black males?  Would it be fair for an upper-middle class black male living in Beverly Hills to have a higher premium despite the fact that the greater hazard does not not at all apply to him?--[[User:Zoso Jade|Zoso Jade]] 13:48, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

It's legal. Womens' life ins. rates are, at most companies, lower than mens'.[[User:82.93.133.130|82.93.133.130]] 17:44, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

::You apparently didn't follow the thread of Zoso Jade's argument.  ZJ said that if a condition applies to every member of the group, then that would be acceptable discrimination.  ZJ then gave an example where the characteristic applies only to certain members of the group and then only because of the presence of a new factor that had nothing intrinsically to do with that group.  You, on the other hand, have taken a characteristic that, in ZJ's way of describing things, "applies to the whole group," i.e., women live longer than men and no external factor can explain it -- it's just part of being a woman, any woman, anywhere.  So you haven't advanced the argument or in any way refuted Zj's argument.[[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 03:06, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

The current section on Redlining is fine as far as it goes, although it should be entitled something like, “The Traditional Perspective from the Insurance Industry.”  Most importantly, we need to include additional discussions just as good and substantial.  The term redlining comes from cases where for all intents and purposes there were lines on a map, and maybe in some cases, lines literally were drawn on a map, here’s the black community, where we don’t insure, or we insure much higher.
   
They’ve done studies, not of insurance, but of appraisal of market value of a house, and everything’s the same, size of house, age of house, some kind of measure of the neighborhood like per capita income, and so on and so forth, except . . . in one picture of the house there are black kids playing in the front yard and in the other picture there are white kids playing in the front yard.  And we get significantly different final answers.  A professional appraiser, a supposedly “neutral” process, variables going in, and yet we get very different final answers as far as the appraisal value of the house.

They’ve done news shows with a hidden camera, a young black man walking around, going into stores, inquiring about renting an apartment, and he’s treating much differently than a young white man walking around, going into stores, inquiring about renting an apartment.  And this was in the 1990s when we really ought to have been past such stuff!

So when Zoso Jade writes, “may statistically exhibit a greater chance of hazard, but where the greater probability is not caused by any intrinsic quality of these individuals but rather social and other external trends,” I think he’s on the right track.  That’s the kind of thing we can include at greater length in the main article.  And there probably are all kinds of research and published criticism we can include as footnotes.

And the argument about lower insurance rates for woman than for men because women, on average, live longer.  Is that the only thing we look at?  We have two and only two rates?  That would be a pretty crude and stupid way of doing it.  The myriad of other factors would include a physical exam, health history, family longevity, smoking or not, obesity or not, exercise habit, gym membership, etc, etc.  So, yeah, McTavidge is right, and the other individual hasn’t really made a complete argument.  And at a certain point, the argument would need to become quantitative.  For example, given all the above, the mere fact that a policyholder is a man or a woman, that should account for, what, 10% of it?

Let me share my own experience, not about life insurance but about auto insurance.  I was born in 1963, got my license in 1979 at age sixteen.  I got one ticket in 1981.  I drove all the way from ’79 to ‘92 accident-free.  And that year, due to hard times, I sold my car rather than fixing it (and if we want to talk about another social justice issue, we can talk about the fact that there are not enough good jobs).  In 1995, things were better and I was looking to buy a car.  The only thing the insurance companies were looking at was the fact that I did not have insurance over the last three years.  And I mean the only thing.  They were not the least bit interested in my previous good record.  They were putting me into some kind of “mutual” policy.  I aggressively shopped around.  This seemed to be across industry.  Basically, they all seemed to be a bunch of copy cats.  I had to settle for a policy at $1600 a year.  A year later, I was only paying $600 a year, which is what I should have been paying all along based on my good driving history.  So, no, I’m not real impressed with the industry’s ability to judge various risk factors.  At best, the fact that liability insurance was state-mandated (I was living in Texas) caused them to be lazy.  At worse, they took advantage of the situation.   

:FRO:  That brought a chuckle and some memories of when I underwrote personal auto insurance back in the 70's.  My company had that exact rule.  The rationale (and I have to say, when I tested it the rationale had an annoying tendency to prove out) was that unlike you, most people that lacked prior insurance also seemed to lack recollection of a motor vehicle record that might arguably explain the lack of insurance.  Good underwriters looked into the matter with the help of a trusted agent and made exceptions.  Generally exceptions would be unlikely for 20 - 25 single men (ah, those were the days!) and more likely for 30+ year olds and women.  A good, trusted agent was also a big help.  [[User:Rcherrick|Bob Herrick]] 21:39, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Our entire article needs to be more controversial, “happy to accept premiums in good times, very slow  .  .  .”, that whole thing.  The fact that insurance companies sometimes delay paying a valid claim, and often it sure looks like they’re hoping that out of desperation the person will settle for a lesser amount.  We need to find the best criticism on the web, summarize it in a readable voice, and footnote it.  And it might also add to our article to include references to books and magazine articles that are not on the web.   

Most of the writers here seem to be in the industry, which is fine, but come on, you guys know some of the most valid criticism of all.  Please include it.   (And by "guys" I mean the New York usage, both the men and the women in the industry.)  [[User:FriendlyRiverOtter|FriendlyRiverOtter]] 22:50, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

:: Writing as an insurance guy (former agent, current associate with a major insurer), we tend to see a lot of vehement disapproval of various sound underwriting practices. These are nearly always "backed up" with anecdotal evidence, what-if style questions and blind indignance. So it's easy to respond to ''valid'' criticism with an air of indifference. That being said, there is a good reason that not all statistically valid criteria can be accepted - and Zoso makes it well: [[Correlation does not imply causation]]. It is important to distinguish the two. For black males, the correlation of a lower life expectancy does not imply the causation of being black. 

::The notion of "Correlation does not imply causation" being used to discredit an underwriting practice, however, must be tempered by the law of large numbers. It is not economically viable to deeply investigate every $1600/year premium to ensure that the statistics used to price the policy apply perfectly. In the example given by FriendlyRiverOtter, the reason that his premium was high for a year was not that he was in difficult financial circumstances, nor that he was part of a specific ethnic group. Rather it was because in nearly all cases people do not simply stop driving or get rid of their car. Having a three-year gap in coverage, for most people regardless of ''any'' other demographic statistic, indicates not that they ceased driving but instead that they either became uninsurable or chose to drive without insurance - two huge red flags on an underwriting evaluation. 

:::CFS:  As I mentioned in the response to FRO above, in my experience (five years in PL underwriting) exceptions were made where the explanation was right and there was an element of trust.  I agree that many such situations netted to the same out come, but enough did not that we were encouraged to be thoughtful and not rule bound.  You put your finger on the reasons why the rule exists, and in doing so, point to how to evaluate.

::And just my own little pet peeve that's less a response to this section and more to the entire talk page: Insurance companies are in the business to make money, not screw people with some kind of giant underhanded scheme. They are the most highly regulated industry in the USA (''us perspective only warning'') and they are also in one of the most fiercely competitive fields around. Any company that discriminates on non-valid factors stands to lose money, both on competition and on government crackdown. It's not a scam, folks. [[User:CredoFromStart|<font color="green">'''Credo'''</font><font color="blue">From</font><font color="green">'''Start'''</font>]]  <sup>[[User_talk:CredoFromStart |'''<font color="blue">talk</font>''']]</sup> 21:28, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

== References? ==
Perhaps this article could be expanded with a reference to a good book, or article, about the workflow of insurance (quotation->policy->claim), and the underlying laws and principles? Other articles have excellent references, which is really useful for amateurs, like myself, who likes to know more about a subject.

Well I have 2 books, one for my state (Michigan laws) and one for general (Life and Health), but the general one is written for the company I work for and so I worry if my book isn't a good reference. What do you guys think?[[User:82.93.133.130|82.93.133.130]] 17:48, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

I added a bit about D&O insurance, made a reference to an Answers.com article, and added a references section. I am new to editing; if any of this was done inappropriately or broke etiquette, please do not hesitate to e-mail me or put it on my Talk. [[User:BC Graham|BC Graham]] 18:57, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
:Answers.com takes its information from wikipedia, so that is circular, and not allowed [[Image:smile.gif]]. -- [[User:Avraham|Avi]] 19:38, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

== Structural quality ==

There is significant opportunity for improvement in the quality of this article. Specifically, I refer to spelling and grammar. For instance, the syntax used in the gambling analogy section is highly convoluted (antecedents, negation, etc). It's difficult to parse.

I realize that Wikipedia is a collaborative effort, but I am a new user and unfamiliar with the etiquette and norms of this group; thus, I am loathe to modify the article.

Great article overall, and with a little work it could be even better in the future. <small>&mdash;''The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by'' [[User:68.226.79.85 |68.226.79.85 ]] ([[User talk:68.226.79.85 |talk]]&nbsp;•&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/68.226.79.85 |contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.</small><!--Inserted with Template:Unsigned-->
:Have at it. The article is pretty terrible. It needs to properly survey the topic and not belabor any minor details. No one has really gone after it, so it might as well be you. Why not get a login name though, so we can respond to you more easily, etc. - [[User:Taxman|Taxman]] <sup><small>[[User talk:Taxman|Talk]]</small></sup> 13:32, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

== Nuclear insurance question ==

The question arose in [[Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act]] as to whether the insurance companies (American Nuclear Insurers, based in Connecticut, and one other consortium) are legally required to have sufficient financial resources to cover the maximum possible insurance loss ($300 million in 2005, legally "all the coverage that is available").  Can anyone answer this? [[User:Simesa|Simesa]] 20:54, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
:I'm not a lawyer or an American, my experience is more with the European insurance market, but all insurance companies operating in the U.S.A. are regulated & approved to transact business. It is a fundamental principle of insurance regulation (at least in developed financial systems of which the U.S.A. is one) that insurers have sufficient assets to make good their liabilities (which are estimated by accountants & actuaries), so yes. In practice I think you'll find that the insurers in question probably have [[Reinsurance]] in place for part of the risk so they wouldn't need to have the resources to meet that part of any loss as the reinsurers would be liable to pay for it (they would be regulated in their own countries of operation -for that type of risk it would probably be the U.K. (Lloyds) or possibly Bermuda).
:By the way I would doubt if the maximum possible loss for a nuclear accident in the U.S.A. would be as little as $300,000,000. This may be the maximum liability of the insurance policy & if this is so it is almost certain (barring massive & undetected fraud)that a major insurer would be able to meet this. [[User:AllanHainey|AllanHainey]] 15:16, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

== How the Insurance Company Makes Money & Rate Structure sections (DONE)==
Appear highly duplicative to me. IMHO, the "How the Insurance Company Makes Money" section should be a sky high overview, while "Rate Structure" should have the details instead of having full definations of "float" in both. [[User:Joncnunn|Joncnunn]] 18:17, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

----
Consolidated both sections into “Insurer’s Business Model"
--[[User:Faperez|Faperez]] 10:21, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
----

== Insurance in Blackjack section ==
Seems totally out of place with the rest of the article to me. Add a disambig page. [[User:Joncnunn|Joncnunn]] 18:39, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

:I took care of it; see changes made on http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance&oldid=50205125 Thanks, -- [[User:Argon233|Argon233]] <font face="Arial"><font size="2pt"><sup style="margin-right:-18pt"><b>[[User_talk:Argon233|<span style="color:darkred;">T</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Argon233|<span style="color:darkblue;">C</span>]]</b></sup>&nbsp;<sub><sub><b>[[Special:Emailuser/Argon233|<span style="color:red;">@</span>]] [[User:Argon233/sandbox|<span style="color:teal;">¶</span>]]</b></sub></sub></font></font>  17:27, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

== Mandatory isurance ==
I think this article could use a paragraph on how mandatory insurance [insurance required by law and/or as a requirement for loans] came about and also how it's similar and different to traditional insurance. [[User:Joncnunn|Joncnunn]] 18:39, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

== Most accurate definition? ==

First paragraph says,

"Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care"

'From one entity to another' -- I'm assuming this means from the individual to the insurance company, though this is not really accurate.  Insurance spreads individual risk to all members of a group; the insurance company merely facilitates and manages this risk-sharing, and takes a fee for its services.

Suggested Changes:

-It should probably be changed to convey that insurance spreads risk from one entity to ''many'' others - not one entity to one other.

-The risk is not really "transferred," since the individual still shoulders some of his own risk; just less of it.

-It should specify who these "entities" are: individual subscribers, and the group of subscribers (but not the insurance company itself).

:Your understanding is incorrect. It is in fact the insurer as an entity that is legally liable to pay for the loss, not the other policy holders. So while your understanding has some elements of truth on a conceptual level, it gets it wrong where it comes to the suggested problem. There are assessment groups where the entity is not responsible to pay the loss, the whole group is, but that's not modern insurance. But of course the industry is varied and it is possible that in some jurisdictions there are assessable policies defined as insurance. To support that, you would need a reliable source to back your position. See [[WP:V|the verifiability policy]] and [[WP:RS|the reliable sources guideline.]] - [[User:Taxman|Taxman]] <sup><small>[[User talk:Taxman|Talk]]</small></sup> 23:31, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Response: You are correct. The definition is correct in the article. Anyone who has a license understands this definition of insurance.  <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/198.53.85.96|198.53.85.96]] ([[User talk:198.53.85.96|talk]]) 20:36, 20 June 2009 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

==This article on Insurance is Weak==

i am troubled reading this article.  i need to revisit again to tighten up the concepts.[[User:Josephbrophy|joe]] 15:00, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

As someone in the insurance industry, I would like to see an Insurance Project similar to the Common Law Project.  Unfortunately, I don't have much free time at the moment, but I'd help where I had time and experience.  [[User:BlueNight|BlueNight]]

== Some Questions ==

Can anyone provide information on the technology/software used in the insurance company?
What are the most succesfull business practices in the insurance market? 
How is the technology of today being used to provide better service? cut costs?

== Insurance of Contruction projects ==

Is any company provide Insurance to Contruction projects
Kindly send details on manojkw@yahoo.co.in

==Duty of care?==
Not sure I follow:  How is a duty of care "exchanged" in an insurance transaction?  (Sorry about all the in-line comments -- figured that was what the hidden comment feature was for.)

'''Insurance''', in [[law]] and [[economics]], is a form of [[risk management]] primarily used to [[Hedge (finance)|hedge]] against the [[risk]] of catastrophic [[financial]] loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and a duty of care.[[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 07:19, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

=="Fairness" in the premium?==

1. There must be a larger number of similar objects so the financial outcome of insuring the pool of exposures is predictable. Therefore it can calculate a "fair" -- NOT SURE HOW FAIRNESS ENTERS THE EQUATION. SHOULDN'T THE PREMIUM BE BASED ON WHAT MAKES SENSE ECONOMICALLY, BOTH TO THE INSURER (AND ULTIMATELY TO ITS SHAREHOLDERS) AND TO ITS CUSTOMERS. CHARGE TOO LITTLE AND INSURER BECOMES INSOLVENT AND/OR ISN'T GOING TO PAY ITS SHAREHOLDERS AN ACCEPTABLE RETURN; CHARGE TOO MUCH AND NO CUSTOMERS BUY. -- premium.[[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 07:19, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

In a ratemaking sense, "fair" refers to a premium not being inadequate, excessive, or unfairly discriminitory.  If all premiums are fair, than insolvencies should rarely occur.  [[User:Schoop|Schoop]] 18:44, 5 April 2007 (UTC)Schoop

==Confusing paragraph==

The loss must be significant: The legal principle of ''[[de minimis]]'' dictates that trivial matters are not covered.  Furthermore, rational insurance uses existing insurance when the [[transaction costs]] dictate that filing a claim is not rational.  Actually, de minimis does not come into play here.--THIS IS CONFUSINGLY WRITTEN.  THE READER IS FIRST LED TO BELIEVE THE DE MINIMIS PRINCIPLE GOVERNS THE MATTER; IMMEDATELY AFTERWARD WE'RE TOLD IT DOESN'T.  WHAT GIVES?-- The reality is that it costs too much to insure frequent and/or small losses. It is much more cost effective to not transfer small loss potential to insurance companies by taking the largest deductible that you can stand (given adequate price reduction). As for filing small claims, if the insurance company contractually should pay for it, you should file it. --IT WOULD BE HELPFUL IF THIS COULD BE EXPLAINED.  SOME PEOPLE AVOID FILING SMALL CLAIMS, THAT THEY FEEL THEY CAN COVER WITHOUT TOO GREAT A BURDEN, SO THAT THEY CAN AVOID THE PREMIUM INCREASE THEY THINK WILL FOLLOW A CLAIM, ESPECIALLY IF IT BLEMISHES AN OTHERWISE PERFECT RECORD (SOME INSURERS OFFER NO-ACCIDENT DISCOUNTS, E.G.).-- This is the difference between deciding before the contract the parameters and after following through.--THIS SENTENCE IS HARD TO UNDERSTAND -- IS THAT ECON JARGON?  MIGHT BE NICE TO UNPACK IT A LITTLE.[[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 07:19, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

==Mixing apples and oranges?==

THIS PARAGRAPH (BELOW) DOESN'T KNOW WHAT IT WANTS TO BE WHEN IT GROWS UP.  IT STARTS OFF SUPPLYING ONE OF THE CRITERIA FOR RISKS INSURERS ASSUME (OR NOT, DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE CRITERIA ARE SATISFIED).  AT THE MENTION OF INSOLVENCY, HOWEVER, IT DETOURS INTO STATE GUARANTY FUNDS (US).  RATHER THAN STICKING WITH REMEDIES FOR INSOLVENCY, IT THEN U-TURNS INTO PRE-INSOLVENCY STANDARDS/REGULATIONS (UK COMPANIES ONLY).  SOLVENCY REGULATION (BOTH US AND UK AND FOR THAT MATTER WHEREVER ELSE ANYONE KNOWS ANYTHING ABOUT IT) AND POST-INSOLVENCY GUARANTEE/REMEDIAL REGIMES HAVE A LEGITIMATE PLACE IN THIS ARTICLE, BUT I SUBMIT THEY'RE MISPLACED HERE AND IN ANY CASE COULD DO WITH MORE THAN A SENTENCE EACH.

The loss must not be catastrophic: If the insurer is [[insolvent]], it will be unable to pay the insured. In the United States, there is a system of guarantee funds that operate at the state level to reimburse insureds whose insurance companies have become insolvent.[http://www.ncigf.org] This program is run by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC).[http://www.naic.org/]  In the United Kingdom, the [[Financial Services Authority]] (FSA), which regulates all insurance companies, has its own standards of solvency which are legally required to be adhered to.[[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 07:19, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

==Materialized utility==

Could someone (presumably an economist) unpack the term materialized utility, as in the following paragraph?

Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. Claims handling management in insurance companies is to balance the triangle elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. Within this triangle, insurance fraud is a major business risk to manage and overcome.[[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 03:49, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

==Gambling insurance==

I was under the impression that the problem with insuring speculative risks like gamblers and stocks is that the element of chance is too great, the risk of loss not predictable enough to price these risks, not that these risks have an element of intentionality, as suggested by the excerpted paragraph below.  Besides, what's intentional about stock price movements anyway?

Additionally, “speculative risks” like those incurred through [[gambling]] or through the purchase of company [[stock]] are uninsurable. Insurable risks should have **accidental and not intentional** losses, and they should have economically feasible premiums, meaning that chance of loss must not be too high.[[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 04:06, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

:It is not that the risk of loss is not predictable (for example, calculating the odds on a bet on the toss of a coin is far easier to do than calcualting the odds of an automobile accident) but that since most 'speculative' losses are in some sence controllable, they are not fortuitous.  Gambling is not insurable also because gambling contracts are not enforceable in law, as I understand it, and it is possible to insure against declines in portfolios of stocks, or at least it was in the not too distant past.  --[[User:Rcherrick|Bob Herrick]] 18:00, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

:If so, should the sentence in question be revised?  [[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 23:54, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

==History question==

Anyone know the unit of weight in the excerpt below? 

Achaemenian monarchs were the first to insure their people and made it official by registering the insuring process in governmental notary offices. The insurance tradition was performed each year in Norouz (the beginning of the Iranian New Year); the heads of different ethnic groups as well as others willing to take part presented gifts to the monarch. The most important gift was presented during a special ceremony. When a gift was worth more than 10,000 Derrik (an Achaemenian gold coin weighing 8.35-8.42 --WHAT UNIT?), the issue was registered in a special office. [[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 04:36, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

* I got curious about that too.  It looks like this excerpt was cribbed from an article on [http://www.iran-law.com/article.php3?id_article=61 IRAN-LAW] and 2 paragraphs should probably be removed or rewritten.  For now, I'm removing the weight reference and adding a citation.  I'd bet a few Derrik the weight was grams, that would be a reasonable size for a coin, heavier than a US nickel - 10,000 Derrik at 8.4 g/each = 84 Kg, a reasonable size for a "huge freaking impressive bag of money" that two men could move.  [[User:StephanCom|stephan.com]] 21:08, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

==Non-sequiturs==

The following paragraphs are at the end of the history of insurance section.  While interesting topics, they're not much about history.  Where should they go?

In the United States, [[regulation]] of the insurance industry is highly [[Balkanization|Balkanized]], with primary responsibility assumed by individual [[U.S. state|state]] insurance departments. Whereas insurance markets have become centralized nationally and internationally, state insurance commissioners operate individually, though at times in concert through a [[National Association of Insurance Commissioners|national insurance commissioners' organization]]. In recent years, some have called for a dual state and federal regulatory system for insurance similar to that which oversees state banks and national banks.

In the state of [[New York]], which has unique laws in keeping with its stature as a global business center, Attorney General [[Eliot Spitzer]] has been in a unique position to grapple with major national insurance brokerages.  Spitzer alleged that [[Marsh & McLennan Companies|Marsh & McLennan]] steered business to insurance carriers based on the amount of contingent commissions that could be extracted from carriers, rather than basing decisions on whether carriers had the best deals for clients.  Several of the largest commercial insurance brokerages have since stopped accepting contingent commissions and have adopted new business models.[[User:McTavidge|McTavidge]] 04:43, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

== Additional categories of insurance ==

I added sections on builder's risk and marine cargo/marine insurance. [[User:Dharmasattva|Dharmasattva]] 02:14, 25 January 2007 (UTC)Dharmasattva



[['''BENEFITS OF INSURANCE''']]


Benefits of insurance given below;
•	Indemnification of fortuitous losses.
•	Peace of mind
•	Source of investment funds.
•	Loss prevention.
•	Enhancement of credit.
Indemnification of fortuitous losses

By virtue of the insurance the losses which occurred due the fortuitous circumstances are indemnified by the insurance companies against the claims. 
Thus the insurance help the owner to protect himself against the uncertainty of the circumstances.

'''Peace of mind'''

Insurance provide the peace of mind to the insured party.  Because all the risk is transferred to the insurance company and in case of any incident the insurance company would be liable for the indemnification of the losses. It covers the potential losses which can be arising due the uncertainty of environment.

'''Source of investment of funds'''  

Insurance is also a source of investment of funds because as we paid insurance premium on instalment bases and the insurance company use it for investment purpose. And profit is also shared with the client as per policy.
'''
Loss prevention'''

Insurance also prevent client form any future loss. Because by the insurance policy risk of loss is transferred to the third party (insurance company). So client can prevent itself from any loss which can be acquired in future. Without insurance the person have to bear the whole loss but in case of insured person the loss transferred to insurance company which is now responsible for the loss.

'''Enhancement of credit'''

Enhancement of credit means that now client can be more creditworthy for the insurance company then before. Because he is the regular client and he have a policy with the insurance company. And has a faith with the company as well by this the creditworthiness of the client also enhanced. '''By Rizwan Anjum haily College LHR.''' <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/202.174.159.106|202.174.159.106]] ([[User talk:202.174.159.106|talk]]) 11:52, 28 February 2007 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned -->

== Replacement of first section ==

I replaced the first section with a more complete discussion abstracted from one of the texts available to me.  The four points in the original section were incomplete, I thought, and the new section incorporates those ideas, plus others.

It is my intention to add a new section that will discuss the question of what constitutes insurance from a legal and accounting perspective.

:Done --[[User:Rcherrick|Bob Herrick]] 23:32, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

: Rcherrick, you might want to be careful not to quote the texts.  That could violate a copyright.  Also, how US centric is your discussion?  If it is primarily US based, we might want to separate it out as a stand alone article.--[[User:Nowa|Nowa]] 01:49, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

:: I am comfortable that the brief exerpts from FAS and SAP are not objectionable - these are routinely quoted in many contexts.  

::The section from Mehr and Cammack is paraphrased in my own words (any inaccuracies are mine not theirs).  

::The risk transfer discussion is US Centric as it focuses on US GAAP and US SAP, however IAS will generally result in similar findings.  Country by country discussion of statutory provisions for insurers and reinsurers would be tedious, and difficult to get right.  I could try Bermuda, but the discussion of Bermuda accounting would be best left to someone else.  I have a basic understanding of the issues, but as they only apply to insurers and reinsurers, they are uninteresting for end-users, which is my area of expertise (such as it is).

--[[User:Rcherrick|Bob Herrick]] 16:46, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
:::I expect to add a discussion of accounting under IAS in the coming months, however, the topic is not yet settled by IAS, so the discussion will need to be about the process more than about the conclusions.  FAS is also relooking at certain aspects of insurance accounting under GAAP, and there is also the planned convergence to consider.  --[[User:Rcherrick|Bob Herrick]] 17:12, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

hi. 2007 03 10  this first section can still be made more abstract andmore general.

also, risk too large" belongs near the beginning. i removed it from the gambling section.
i.e.
 most [[home insurance|homeowner's insurance]] does not cover [[flood]]s. 
 A company that sells homeowner's insurance in a given city can accurately estimate the number of claims it would have to pay because of fires, [[tornado]]es, and other smaller-scale disasters.
 However, a flood may impact a large percentage of a city and the company might be unable to pay such a large number of claims and become insolvent. 
 For the same reason, losses due to [[war]] and [[earthquake]]s are generally excluded.  In the case of floods and earthquakes (which occur on a smaller scale than war does), homeowners can purchase separate insurance from national companies with larger resources and a greater ability to distribute the risk across regions rather than individual buildings.  

creates risk through the bet itself. that they would not otherwise be exposed to,
transfers potentially large risk to a carrier who can afford to support the risk, and thereby

== excess ==

what does it mean when they say excess? for example, i am looking at a medical insurance policy and it says Excess :  £100.00

== Use of Excess ==

The term has different meanings depending on context.  In the context you cite, it is equivalent to a deductible - the amount you will pay out of pocket before the insurance begins to pay.  It is similarly used in the phrase 'excess insurance,' which, as opposed to 'primary insurance' is insurance that begins after a lower level policy has paid out it's limit - i.e., the excess policy is in some sense 'above' the primary policy.  More than one excess policy can exist; in that case we speak of 'layers' of coverage, the first of which is a primary, followed by a first excess, second excess etc.  

The equivalent term in investment banking is 'tranche.'

Note that one could fine a 'primary' policy that had 'excess' (higher layer) above it and contain an 'excess' (deductible).

The use of the term 'excess' is usually found in the UK and sometimes, because London is a center for a lot of European insurance, on the Continent.  You might find some of us American's that use the term, but we would be affected types.

You will also find the term 'franchise' used as a term for deductible, although technically it is a very specific type of deductible in English usage.  In France, if I recall correctly, you would find 'franchise' quite commonly used.   --[[User:Rcherrick|Bob Herrick]] 18:13, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

== What is a hardcover insurance? ==

Hi Folks!

A friend of mine lately won a major sum in the Irish National Lottery and asked me, what a hardcover insurance is.

Apparently it means that the prize money as a whole has been insured against theft etc., and so there can be nothing deducted from the total sum. Therefore my friend has to pay the charge in advance, as the money now is insured in his name.

I have never heard about this before. And I also didn't find it mentioned here. Might this be a scam?

Best regards

Thor
:It's a [[lottery scam]] to obtain fraudulent fees before the non-existent 'prize' can be collected. Your friend should run a mile. -- [[user:zzuuzz|zzuuzz]] <sup>[[user_talk:zzuuzz|(talk)]]</sup> 13:02, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

::Yes, I thought so. But in principle, does something like a hardcover insurance exist at all, or is it a mere phantasy?

::Thanks

::Thor

::: It does not exist as part of the mainstream insurance industry and I have never heard of in any context that didn't involve a con. [[User:Dissento|Dissento]] ([[User talk:Dissento|talk]]) 22:01, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

== Reorganization ==

It appears to me that this article could use a more coherent flow to it.  I am thinking, off the top of my head, about something like the following ToC

#Definition of Insurance
#History of Insurance
#Principles of Insurance
#Categories of Insurance
##Personal Lines 
##Commerical Lines
#Types of Insurance
##Life and Health 
##Property and Casualty
##Credit
#How Insurance is Delivered
##Mutual Insurance Companies
##Stock Insurance Companies
##Reciprocals
##Group Vehicles
##Captive Insurance Companies 
##Agents, Brokers, Direct Writers and Self-procurement
#Regulation of Insurance
#Admitted Insurance
#Non-admitted Insurance
#Foreign Insurance
#Issues in Insurance

Many of these topics are already covered piecemeal within the article and some are covered elsewhere in Wikipedia.  Some appear to be missing entirely.  I would appreciate some suggestions on the TOC above (too much, too little, what's missing?).  Is this a good idea?  Anyone like to help?<br>
<br>
[[User:Rcherrick|Bob Herrick]] 22:22, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

== Self Insurance ==

The definition of self insurance in the article reads:

<blockquote>Self Insurance is protection against loss by setting aside one's own money. This can be done on a mathematical basis by establishing a separate fund into which funds are deposited on a periodic basis. Through self insurance it is possible to protect against high-frequency low-severity losses. To do this through an insurance company would mean having to pay a premium that includes loadings for the company's general expenses, cost of putting the policy on the books, acquisition expenses, premium taxes, and contingencies. </blockquote>

I believe this definition is too restrictive as follows:

#Many entities that self insure do not "set aside" any money at all
#Separate funds are, I think, less common than separate accounts or registers
#I do not believe the word "protect" is apropos.  The net risk position of the entity does not change if it declares itself "Self insured."
#While insurance contains the frictional costs enumerated, self insurance contains implicit costs that may be similar, e.g., administation and payment of internal claims, implicit capital charges that result where the liquidity position of the entity alters to match the volatility introduced by the decision to self insure

There is also a distinction that should be recognized between voluntary self-insurance (the entity could purchase insurance and chooses not to) and involuntary (insurance is not available in type or amount satisfactory to the entity).  In some sense everyone 'self insures' because they are unable to purchase unlimited protection in areas where unlimited exposures exist (e.g., general or personal liablity)

The following would be my rewrite.  Comments, please?

<blockquote>Formal Self Insurance is the deliberate decision to pay for otherwise insurable losses out of one's own money. This can be done on a formal basis by establishing a separate fund into which funds are deposited on a periodic basis, or by simply forgoing the purchase of available insurance and paying out-of-pocket. Self insurance is ususally used to pay for high-frequency, low-severity losses. Such losses, if covered by conventional insurance, mean having to pay a premium that includes loadings for the company's general expenses, cost of putting the policy on the books, acquisition expenses, premium taxes, and contingencies. While this is true for all insurance, for small, frequent losses the transaction costs may  exceed the benefit of volatility reduction that insurance otherwise affords.</blockquote>

== Article re-write ==

I have begun a complete rewrite of this article at [[User:Rcherrick/Sandbox|my sandbox]] if anyone would like to take a look and offer help/comments, feel very welcome to do so.  As of now it is about 20% done.  Where I can, I am moving existing sections around and editing them up a bit.<br>
<br>
[[User:Rcherrick|Bob Herrick]] 19:22, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

:I like your proposed outline.  I'd like to suggest a further breakdown for the section "Types of Insurance."  The current section has both lines of coverage (or types of coverage . . . or whatever you want to call them, but P&C, Life, Health, Homeowners, Marine, etc.), and forms of coverage (or types of funding, or forms of contract, etc.), such as retrospectively experience rated, self insurance, social insurance, reinsurance, etc.  These are two fundamentally different sets of ideas.  I'd like to suggest something along the lines of:

:5.  Types of Coverage 
::a. Life and Health 
::b. Property and Casualty 
::c. Credit 

:6.  Forms of Insurance
::a. Fully-insured
:::1)  Term
:::2)  Permanent
::b. Experience Rated
::c. Self-insurance
::d. Reinsurance

:Those aren't the best categories, but I hope they convey the idea.  It would really help if there were a section that organized these different funding approaches in a rational fashion  <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/146.145.79.247|146.145.79.247]] ([[User talk:146.145.79.247|talk]]) 17:34, 10 December 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

I agree that this article sorely needs a re-write.  It's far too technical and sounds like it was written by an insurance company, not to mention the criticism of the companies themselves are too short by any reasonable standard or that the there is no mention of insurance fraud. [[Special:Contributions/68.176.131.122|68.176.131.122]] ([[User talk:68.176.131.122|talk]]) 16:53, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

== Redlining ==

The last two paragraphs of "redlining" need citations.  The information seems accurate, it's just unsourced.[[User:Reinoe|Reinoe]] ([[User talk:Reinoe|talk]]) 16:15, 8 January 2008 (UTC)



==Moving Dental Insurance out of the Controversies Section==

I moved the Dental Insurance subsection out of the "Controversies" section and up into the list of different types of coverage (and put it under health insurance, since that's how it's generally classified in the US).  Someone's moved it back down into the controversies section.  I don't understand that, because I don't see any controvesy identified regarding dental insurance, and it's not included in the list of different types of coverage.  I don't want to start an edit war, though, so I'd like to suggest that we talk about it.  Is there a reason to put dental insurance under Controversies?  If so, we should probably do a better job of identifying what the controversy is.  <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/146.145.79.247|146.145.79.247]] ([[User talk:146.145.79.247|talk]]) 16:20, 24 January 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

== Gambling's relevance ==

Other than uncertain cash flows, Gambling and insurance practices today are unrelated. The science of probability had its start in games of chance, but that belongs in the probability article, not here. -- [[User:Avraham|Avi]] ([[User talk:Avraham|talk]]) 09:34, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

:Gambling and insurance are fundamentally different.  However, this is a comparison that's often made by laypeople - "the insurance company is gambling that you won't die young [get sick, have an accident, etc.]."  I've even heard people in the insurance industry reference gambling in discussions of how insurance works (which is frustrating, because it creates more misconceptions than true understanding).    It seems appropriate to have a section in this article that addresses the differences between the two.  I would suggest moving it further down, though, because the original position appeared to give to much prominence to the analogy.[[User:EastTN|EastTN]] ([[User talk:EastTN|talk]]) 17:26, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

== Cleanup ==

As people can see, I've done a bit of cleaning on this article. The main changes are,
* putting in a few "main article" headers underneath the sections - this is important in a general article like this one, which must necessarily summarise the material and encourage people to expand on the sub-pages
* adding a few pictures - it looks better
* taking the exclusively US material and moving it to a newly created [[Insurance in the United States]] page - this needs work on its own
* reordering a few sections, to put things on the same issues under the same sections
* adding a header calling for more source citations - it's a long article, and I see there's already a few in the notes section; but more I think is needed

I hope it helps, and the page will further develop in a more structured way. There's a lot of good material here already. '''[[User:Wikidea|<span style="color:red;">Wik</span>]][[User:Wikidea|<span style="color:gold;">idea</span>]]''' 15:10, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

== An unreverted removal of text ==

Just a heads up: the text removed in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance&diff=prev&oldid=198218300 this edit] was never put back. However I couldn't find a way to re-add it, because of the cleanup that has been done since. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|<span style="color:green;">87</span>]] 06:52, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

:I've put the text back in the "Life insurance section". '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|<span style="color:green;">87</span>]] 06:59, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

== too broad ==

is it possible to break this article up?  there is just too much information to cover in one article.  i am new to this, so i am not real sure if we can do that or not.  i would really like to see it broken down by state also, such things as liability limits and standard and non standard companies operating in that state.  [[User:Rescuechick|Rescuechick]] 02:52, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

:See [[Wikipedia:Summary style]] for the guideline on splitting broad articles like insurance. There is already an article about insurance in the U.S. at [[insurance in the United States]], which is listed at the end of the see also section. Perhaps their should be a section like "Insurance around the world", linking to the main articles about insurance by country. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|<span style="color:green;">87</span>]] 07:17, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

== Isn't marine the third traditional major branch of insurance? ==

The article doesn't sound right: My understanding from reading treatises like Appleman's is that the three great traditional branches of insurance (prior to the 20th century) were life, marine, and property/casualty (because in fact many of the earliest insurance schemes were marine-oriented).  That is, there are THREE major traditional branches, not two (prior to the proliferation of hundreds of types of special lines available today).  Is there any jurisdiction in which the traditional dichotomy is only two? --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 18:42, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

== Insurance Patents ==

I can understand removing the promotional aspect.  That being the trademark FastTrackClaim.  However, the refernce to the patent as an example is good.  So is naming the company that owns it.  However, for the sake of avoiding controvery I removed the refernce to Ultimate Claim Solutions, Inc.  -Dale  <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Dale Menendez|Dale Menendez]] ([[User talk:Dale Menendez|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dale Menendez|contribs]]) 23:04, 13 December 2008 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:There is no need to pick an "example" for a clearly articulated concept.  It is also not a good idea for you to add a link to ''your'' patent.  Please read [[WP:COI]] when you get an opportunity.  Thanks. [[User:Kuru|<span style="color:#cd853f;">'''Kuru'''</span>]] [[User talk:Kuru|<sup style="color:#f5deb3;">''talk''</sup>]] 23:16, 13 December 2008 (UTC)


== NPOV Tag in Criticism Section ==

The NPOV tag in the [[Insurance#Criticism of insurance companies|Criticism section]] is dated September 2008 but I don't see any controversy or discussion about that section here. I just revised that section in an attempt to neutralize it some and wonder if anyone would object if I removed the tag. [[User:Sreed888|Jojalozzo]] ([[User talk:Sreed888|talk]]) 04:23, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:Not sure who put that tag there but I have no problem with you removing it. The bigger problem, now that you've brought it to my attention, is that there are no sources cited for those bizarre critiques of the industry.  In particular, the argument about excessive exclusion clauses makes no sense.  There have to be exclusion clauses in an insurance contract for the business model to function at all.  Otherwise we end up with insurers being forced to cover irrational, unpredictable freak risks, like paying out life insurance on suicides or having to provide a defense under liability insurance to hit men being sued by their victims' relatives or people suing themselves (yes, people have really tried to find coverage for all these things).  Similarly, it makes no sense for insurers to cover houses which they know will be flooded or young drivers who are certain to get into crashes.  If there's a market failure, that's why we have governments to step in and provide services like assigned-risk pools or public insurers of last resort (for example, California has [[State Compensation Insurance Fund]] as the workers' comp insurer of last resort) to cover such insane risks.  --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 07:09, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:Those citation tags have been there a long time I think. I propose we delete the whole section since no one's stood up to support the claims with references. [[User:Sreed888|Jojalozzo]] ([[User talk:Sreed888|talk]]) 20:24, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
::I concur with your proposal.  --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 07:27, 16 July 2009 (UTC)



== No mention of Insurance company groups? ==

The funny thing about this article is that it lacks any mention of insurance company groups.  

In the U.S., it is very common for insurance companies to operate as groups of companies.  Often, one, two or three companies in a group will operate as the public "face" of the group, while the other companies actually exist only on paper as a bookkeeping mechanism for tracking premiums collected and claims paid.  Besides a nominal board of directors and some senior executives, they may have a few actuaries and underwriters, but they have ongoing contracts with the operating companies in the group which actually write the vast majority of policies, collect premiums, and handle claims.  The advantage of this structure is that some U.S. states have different operating requirements for insurers than others.  So each member of a group will be capitalized and managed to fit the requirements of a particular group of states, and then if one company gets hit with too many claims in one year, and pays out all its assets in claims and also runs through its reinsurance coverage, then it can be put into runoff and shut down while the rest of the companies in the group continue to survive and thrive.  

For example, [[GEICO]] actually operates as four separate insurance companies plus an attached insurance agency, but as far as most ordinary people know, they are simply dealing with GEICO and they do not pay much attention to which of the four companies in the group actually collected premiums on and wrote their car insurance policy.  Large insurers like Zurich have many companies in their group, as indicated by [http://www.zurichna.com/zna/aboutzurich/znacompanies.htm this list]; it's fairly obvious that some of these companies share a lot of their core business functions as they all share the same headquarters address.  

Is this just unique to the U.S., or do insurers in other countries do the same thing?  If this is common to insurers in many countries, it should be mentioned in the article.  --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 05:49, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
==glossary premium = price==
I put this in there because, although we all use the word "premium" without thinking about it, it is really an orwellian marketing term - if you look at the meaning of premium in wiki, the first two meanings are " a charge paid in addition to normal payments ;a marketing term for a something given free with the purchase of a product or service, which makes clear tha tin std american english, the main meaning for premium is either something for free, or something extra and beyond. However, in insurance, a premium is the normal, standard charge for a normal product.  <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/75.67.134.245|75.67.134.245]] ([[User talk:75.67.134.245|talk]]) 17:30, 25 October 2009 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

That usage for premium appears to go back to 17th century Italy: "Insurance sense is 1660s, from It. premio." [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=premium http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=premium]. Back then maybe they called it Machiavellian. :-)  [[User:Sreed888|Jojalozzo]] ([[User talk:Sreed888|talk]]) 16:32, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

== insurance ==

hi to you all can any one tel me if i am correct please...... my son is under 21 and has his own fullycomp policy i cought him driving his maates spots car i told him his insurance  would no cover him as he is under 21 am i correct yours ian............([[User:Gillianboathian|Gillianboathian]] ([[User talk:Gillianboathian|talk]]) 20:13, 31 March 2010 (UTC)).
:Wikipedia isn't to answer individual questions like yours - best bet is to call your agent (the person who sold the policy}. Best, [[User:CliffC|CliffC]] ([[User talk:CliffC|talk]]) 20:59, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

== life insurance ==

Today in India more and ,more ulip plan sold in Life insurance , i hope this is wrong , always sale insurance, as per person requiermemt , thieir age , and income  <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Spbedmutha|Spbedmutha]] ([[User talk:Spbedmutha|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Spbedmutha|contribs]]) 17:45, 8 June 2010 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

== Fair Contract ==

I would like to suggest the insertion of what is a fair contract in what concerns insurance. [[User:512upload|512upload]] ([[User talk:512upload|talk]]) 21:09, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
:There seems to be quite a bit of information here related to contractual components, and the instrument specific article at [[insurance policy]] seems to cover even more.  What did you have in mind? [[User:Kuru|<span style="font-family:Segoe print; color:#cd853f; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;">Kuru</span>]] [[User talk:Kuru|<span style="color:#f5deb3">''(talk)''</span>]] 23:07, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

== external link to resources? ==

I'd like to add an external link to a Guide to insurance, surety bond resources on the web. The page indicates that no more external links are desired, but this would add U.S. resources. What do you think?[[User:Dawsedit|Dawsedit]] ([[User talk:Dawsedit|talk]]) 15:02, 9 September 2010 (UTC)
:I think that you have tried to add links to constructionweblinks to enough pages already. - [[User:MrOllie|MrOllie]] ([[User talk:MrOllie|talk]]) 15:11, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

==NHS==
Why is the NHS listed as an example (in fact, the only example) of health insurance? The NHS is ''not'' an insurance company, even a "public" one - the whole point is that you do not need to purchase any kind of policy to receive treatment. [[Special:Contributions/94.193.35.68|94.193.35.68]] ([[User talk:94.193.35.68|talk]]) 18:34, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

== Cmoras messed up the lead on 10 June 2011, need to fix ==

I'm proposing to revert back the lead paragraph to how it looked like on 10 June 2011 before Cmoras made a huge mess out of it. The lead now has a serious "too much information" problem which it did not have before, along with several bizarre typos (looks like [[Engrish]]).  Any objections? --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 11:17, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

== How to purchase insurance is the best choice? ==
I am an international trade salesman, and I am only 26 years old, a Chinese national. How should I purchase insurance?

== Insurance question. ==

And do you think insurance is crediable? If the insurance company is going to make a profit from customers, then customers will definitely lose profit, right?  <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/118.123.200.135|118.123.200.135]] ([[User talk:118.123.200.135|talk]]) 10:17, 16 July 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

{{talk archive}}

== Cmoras messed up the lead on 10 June 2011, need to fix ==
I'm proposing to revert back the lead paragraph to how it looked like on 10 June 2011 before Cmoras made a huge mess out of it. The lead now has a serious "too much information" problem which it did not have before, along with several bizarre typos (looks like [[Engrish]]).  Any objections? --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 11:17, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

:Done.  The lead paragraph has been corrected back to a more conservative style consistent with the Manual of Style and core policy [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not]]. --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 05:58, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

== potential resource ''Swiss Re Estimates 2011 Catastrophe Loss To Insurers At $108 Billion'' ==
http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201112160554rttraderusequity_0233&title=swiss-re-estimates-2011-catastrophe-loss-to-insurers-at-108-bln-quick-facts ...  

[[RTTNews]] exceprt ... {{Quotation|[[Swiss Re]] Co. Ltd. (RUKN.VX, SCR.DE, SSREY.PK) Friday posted its estimate of 2011 catastrophe losses, with loss to insurers amounting to $108 billion, while total losses, including uninsured losses, reaching $350 billion.  The global insurance industry saw losses of $48 billion in 2010, the company added.  Elaborating that the [[Great East Japan Earthquake]] accounted for most of the year's losses despite Japan not being "more fully insured", Swiss Re said "moderate" hurricane losses in 2011 ensured that 2005, when losses touched $123 billion on the impact of hurricanes [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]], [[Hurricane Wilma|Wilma]] and [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]], remained the most expensive year ever. 
Kurt Karl, Swiss Re's [[Chief economist]], commented "2011 is going down as another year of very tragic and costly earthquakes.  Unfortunately [[earthquake insurance]] coverage is still quite low, even in some industrialised countries with high seismic risk, like [[Japan]]. So on top of people losing their loved ones, societies are faced with enormous financial loss.}} [[Special:Contributions/99.19.45.160|99.19.45.160]] ([[User talk:99.19.45.160|talk]]) 02:07, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

==Assistance companies==
Should the companies that insurance companies contract to provide service, ''assistance companies'' be covered here? -- [[Special:Contributions/65.92.180.137|65.92.180.137]] ([[User talk:65.92.180.137|talk]]) 14:25, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

:No.  For one thing, many countries do not have them, while others use different models or terms.  WP already has an article on [[Third-party administrator]]. --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 07:44, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

== Policyholder / Insured ==
It should be clarified the distinction between policyholder and insured, both may be the same person, but not necessarily;

e.g. a company orders a business trip for some of their employees including travel insurance =>
*Policyholder = company
*insured persons = employees. 
--[[Special:Contributions/84.175.248.169|84.175.248.169]] ([[User talk:84.175.248.169|talk]]) 10:49, 29 December 2013 (UTC)from a german nitpicker :)

:Agree [[User:Saga City|S a g a  C i t y]] ([[User talk:Saga City|talk]]) 12:45, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

== Specialty Insurance ==
Should the articly mention Specialty Insurance? A lot of companies uses Specialty Insurance to describe what they do ie high risk tailored insurance deals (if i have understood it correctly). I considered creating a new article with Specialty Insurance but i do not know if it is widely used. I found this [http://plusweb.org/Portals/0/DandO%20Material%202013/SpecialtyInsurance.pdf this] presentation on the subject. [[User:OutWardsOutlaw|OutWardsOutlaw]] ([[User talk:OutWardsOutlaw|talk]]) 14:04, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

== About the policyholder ==
Is the policyholer equals to the insured?  <small><span class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Lr hazel|Lr hazel]] ([[User talk:Lr hazel|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lr hazel|contribs]]) 04:45, 24 September 2014 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

== Controversy ==
You should say that most people worldwide, including millions of Americans, can't ever afford any of the many types of insurance: http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-insurance/articles/2014/12/15/uninsured-under-the-aca-millions-of-americans-cant-afford-coverage [[User:Pepper9798|Pepper9798]] ([[User talk:Pepper9798|talk]]) 23:39, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

:That source doesn't really help us with the worldwide situation, and it only discusses one type of insurance (health). [[User:EricEnfermero|EricEnfermero]] ([[User talk:EricEnfermero|Talk]]) 01:50, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

::And we already have an article on [[Health insurance in the United States]] that thoroughly addresses these issues. --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 02:35, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

== USA only? ==
I see this in the text for life insurance : "In most states". Is this article specific to (I presume) the USA, or does 'states' here use the word in a more generic sense?

[[User:Davidmaxwaterman|Davidmaxwaterman]] ([[User talk:Davidmaxwaterman|talk]]) 14:13, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

== External links modified ==
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on [[Insurance]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=774896007 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110715030319/http://press.oxforddnb.com/index/16/101016829/ to http://press.oxforddnb.com/index/16/101016829
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576408_8/Health_Insurance.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''<span style="color:darkgrey;font-family:monospace">InternetArchiveBot</span>''']] <span style="color:green;font-family:Rockwell">([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]])</span> 10:33, 11 April 2017 (UTC)

== Planning to pull out or reduce a lot of the U.S.-specific material ==
We now have a separate article on [[Insurance in the United States]] which adequately covers a lot of the issues unique to the United States like the surplus line issue. Any objections before I pull out or reduce a lot of the U.S.-specific material in this article? --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 05:41, 5 February 2017 (UTC)

:It's been two months. Hearing no objections, here goes. --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 05:48, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

== Need External Link Approval ==
Hi Wikipedia Experts,

I want add 1 external link on [[Insurance]]. This is a Registered Insurance Company in India Called Policybazaar
Kindly Review and tell me can i add?
<link removed>

Thanks[[User:Vicky gusain|Vicky gusain]] ([[User talk:Vicky gusain|talk]]) 07:42, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

:Hello, Vicky.  Thanks for asking about this.  A link to a specific company will likely be seen as promotional and treated as [[WP:LINKSPAM|link spam]].  It would be deleted very quickly.  [[User:NewYorkActuary|NewYorkActuary]] ([[User talk:NewYorkActuary|talk]]) 10:34, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

Hi, NewYorkActuary<br/>
Thanks for reply Kindly Guide me How i can add?, this is not Spam Link or Promotional Link, Kindly help me<br/>
Thanks[[User:Vicky gusain|Vicky gusain]] ([[User talk:Vicky gusain|talk]]) 06:21, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

:It is. What other reason would you have for adding it? [[User:Kuru|<span style="font-family:Segoe print; color:#cd853f; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;">Kuru</span>]] [[User talk:Kuru|<span style="color:#f5deb3">''(talk)''</span>]] 11:33, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

HI, 
# This is Registered Company
# This is 100% related to this Page
# As a Information purpose i want add it in this Page 
# Policy Bazaar have lot of Information regarding Insurance
I hope you will understand and will give me Permission to add Policy Bazaar<br/>
Thanks[[User:Vicky gusain|Vicky gusain]] ([[User talk:Vicky gusain|talk]]) 03:22, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

:No thank you, Vicky. Please promote your firm elsewhere. [[User:Kuru|<span style="font-family:Segoe print; color:#cd853f; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;">Kuru</span>]] [[User talk:Kuru|<span style="color:#f5deb3">''(talk)''</span>]] 11:44, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

== The oldest insurance company ... ==
... as far as I know is Hamburger Feuerkasse [[Hamburger_Feuerkasse]], established in 1676, preceding the "Insurance Office for Houses" (est. 1681) by several years.  <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/194.8.192.242|194.8.192.242]] ([[User talk:194.8.192.242#top|talk]]) 13:24, 13 November 2017 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

== External links modified ==
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on [[Insurance]]. Please take a moment to review [[special:diff/810304853|my edit]]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://dhenriet.perso.egim-mrs.fr/gollier.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090411184958/http://www.iba.ie/development2009/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=167 to https://www.iba.ie/development2009/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=167
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://baywood.metapress.com/index/1GU8EQN802J62RXK.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090907134048/http://www.abi.org.uk/About_The_ABI/role.aspx to http://www.abi.org.uk/About_The_ABI/role.aspx
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://www.thecityuk.com/assets/Uploads/Insurance-2011-F2.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230141/http://www.law.fsu.edu/Journals/lawreview/downloads/263/rand.pdf to http://www.law.fsu.edu/Journals/lawreview/downloads/263/rand.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081324/http://www.ncoil.org/policy/Docs/2007/ILFStudy.pdf to http://www.ncoil.org/policy/Docs/2007/ILFStudy.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235655/http://www.marketsandpatents.com/IPB-12152006.mht to http://marketsandpatents.com/IPB-12152006.mht
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060525173303/http://www.bl.uk/collections/business/insurind.html to http://www.bl.uk/collections/business/insurind.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''<span style="color:darkgrey;font-family:monospace">InternetArchiveBot</span>''']] <span style="color:green;font-family:Rockwell">([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]])</span> 13:07, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

== Personalized insurancing ==
What hasn't been mentioned at this page is insurancing that is tailored-made to the individual, rather than being "one-size-fits-all". For instance, in car insurance, the company [[ANWB]] has an insurance that increases or decreases in cost depending on your driving style. By means of a smartphone app (which monitors the speed at which you drive, along with your accelerating speeds, ...) the app measures your driving risks, which the agency then uses to adjust your insurance fee. See http://www.volkskrant.nl/photoseries/articlephotos/4319535/72041a4a-6eed-4788-9057-eebc6541c9a3

The same principle can probably be used for other insurances as well (ie life insurance, ...). Perhaps that this either needs to be mentioned on this page, or a new article called [[Personalized insurancing]] needs to be made. [[User:KVDP|KVDP]] ([[User talk:KVDP|talk]]) 17:40, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

:[[Usage-based insurance]], no? I'm not aware of any large scale attempts to do that in home or life, other than the usual discounts for safety features, etc. [[User:Kuru|<span style="font-family:Segoe print; color:#cd853f; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;">Kuru</span>]] [[User talk:Kuru|<span style="color:#f5deb3">''(talk)''</span>]] 18:20, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

::Concur with Kuru. Insurance underwriting has ''always'' been customized to the risk, either directly or through various proxy variables. What KVDP is talking about is just another additional data set. No big deal. --[[User:Coolcaesar|Coolcaesar]] ([[User talk:Coolcaesar|talk]]) 18:24, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

::: Yes I looked over it, the usage-based insurance is all ready mentioned at the vehicle insurance article. However, what about the other insurances that can also be personalized ? These haven't been mentioned or described yet. For instance, someone that either wants a [[health insurance]] or [[life insurance]] may be tested on his mental health (making the likelihood of suicide lower), or have his DNA examined (the latter is currently not yet put forward as a mandatory test to be able to subscribe to a life insurance nor is it financially compensated -see https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testing/insurancecoverage -, but if DNA data is available, insurance companies will use it, at present only to increase fees though, and not to lower them if there's a good outcome). See 
::: * https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/05/08/life-insurance-companies-deny-coverage-cancer-genes-like-brca/
::: * https://www.fastcompany.com/3055710/if-you-want-life-insurance-think-twice-before-getting-genetic-testing
::: * https://www.policygenius.com/blog/mental-health-history-life-insurance-rates/
[[User:KVDP|KVDP]] ([[User talk:KVDP|talk]]) 11:00, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

Hmm good but more info [[User:Sherwin0125|Sherwin0125]] ([[User talk:Sherwin0125|talk]]) 10:12, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

==Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment==
[[File:Sciences humaines.svg|40px]] This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-09-06">6 September 2020</span> and <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-12-06">6 December 2020</span>. Further details are available [[Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/New_York_University/Research_Process_and_Methodology_-_RPM_FA_2020_-_MASY1-GC_1260_200_Thu_(Fall_2020)|on the course page]]. Student editor(s): [[User:Dyy122dyy|Dyy122dyy]].

{{small|Above undated message substituted from [[Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment]] by [[User:PrimeBOT|PrimeBOT]] ([[User talk:PrimeBOT|talk]]) 23:02, 17 January 2022 (UTC)}}

== India Education Program course assignment ==
[[File:Wikipedia-Ambassador-Program-Logo.png|50px]] This article was the subject of an educational assignment  supported by [[Wikipedia:Education program/Ambassadors|Wikipedia Ambassadors]] through the [[Wikipedia:India Education Program|India Education Program]].[[Category:India Education Program student projects|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:India Education Program student projects]]

{{small|The above message was substituted from {{tlc|IEP assignment}} by [[User:PrimeBOT|PrimeBOT]] ([[User talk:PrimeBOT|talk]]) on 20:13, 1 February 2023 (UTC)}}