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|dyk1date=30 August 2013|dyk1entry=... that '''[[Henry III of England]]''' competed in piety with his brother-in-law [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis IX of France]], washing the feet of [[leprosy|lepers]] and [[royal touch|touching sick people]], but was never [[canonization|sainted]] because [[Edward I of England|his son]] was sceptical?
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== Was he really the last English/GB/UK King whose first two legitimate sons each had a legitimate son?  Seem impossible, but this is what Wikipedia indicates. ==

Another Wikipedia article used to indicate that monarchs typically pick their second son as Duke of York, and their sons theoretically can inherit the dukedom from them, but never do, because either the Duke's older brother (the Prince of Wales) has no legitimate children so the Duke of York becomes King and the dukedom merges into the crown, or because the Duke of York has no sons (daughter can't inherit dukedoms).  [This has since been deleted from that article.]  I started going through Wikipedia articles concerning future, present, and past monarchs of the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England, looking for someone whose first two sons both had sons.

In summary, here's what I found in existing Wikipedia articles:

Queen Victoria was the last monarch whose first two sons both had sons.  But she wasn't a King, because she was female.

If we don't include sons or grandsons who are known to be illegitimate, then the last possible male example I can find is Henry III, but it seems implausible that there would be no one in over 700 years.  If it really is so rare that it hasn't happened in over 700 years, then this would be something notable about him that should be mentioned in the article.

(Prince Charles will probably be the next.  He is likely to become King, and his two sons each have one or more sons.)

If we include a King's illegitimate sons or the illegitimate sons of a King's legitimate sons, then it would be someone more recent, but I'm not sure whom.  It's impossible to tell whether George IV qualifies (he had so many unconfirmed rumored or reported illegitimate sons that we can't tell who his first two illegitimate sons were).  More research is needed to see George III does (Wikipedia didn't clearly state whether Prince Frederick had a son).  If neither them qualifies, then it would probably be Henry IV, whose first son (Henry V) had a legitimate son and whose second son (Thomas) had an illegitimate son.

Here's the details of what I've found so far from Wikipedia on past monarchs, starting from the present, initially including both genders, and later only males:

Queen Elizabeth II's second son (Prince Andrew, the current Duke of York) has only daughters.

George VI had only daughters.

Edward VIII had no children.

George V's first two sons (Edward VIII and George VI) had no daughters.

Edward VII's first son (Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale) had no known children.

So Queen Victoria (whose first two sons were Edward VII and Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) would be the last monarch of either gender.

William IV had no surviving legitimate sons, one of his first two sons (both of whom were illegitimate) had no children (of either gender), and his only legitimate sons were all stillborn.

George IV had no legitimate sons.  I'm not sure which of his rumored or reported illegitimate sons were really his, so I can't tell who his first two illegitimate sons were.

George III's sons (George IV and Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany) had no legitimate sons; one (George IV) probably had illegitimate sons; I'm not sure if the other (Prince Frederick) did.

George II's second son (Prince George William) had no children.

George I had only one son.

William III (and Mary II) had none.

James II's first four sons had no children.

Charles II had no legitimate sons and his second illegitimate son was probably Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, who had no sons.

Charles I's first son died the day it was born.

James VI's first son (Henry Frederick) died without children.

Henry VIII's first son died before the age of two months.

Henry VII's first son (Prince Arthur) died without children.

Richard III's son Edward died age 10.

Edward V died about age 12.

Edward IV's second son (Richard) died before age 1.

Henry VI had only one son.

Henry V had only one son.

Henry IV's second son (Thomas) had only an illegitimate son.

Richard II had no children.

Edward III's second son died in infancy.

Edward II's second son (John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall) had no children.

Edward I's first son (John) died age 5.

Henry III's first two sons had sons.[[Special:Contributions/47.139.45.69|47.139.45.69]] ([[User talk:47.139.45.69|talk]]) 19:09, 25 May 2019 (UTC)
:[[James II of Scotland]] reigned from 1437 to 1460. His eldest son [[James III of Scotland|James III]] had three sons, and his second son [[Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany|Alexander]] had four. [[User:Opera hat|Opera hat]] ([[User talk:Opera hat|talk]]) 19:27, 25 May 2019 (UTC)
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== Henry III in popular culture. ==

The book  ''World Historical Fiction: An Annotated Guide to Novels for Adults and Young Adults'' by Lynda G. Adamson (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, {{ISBN|9781573560665}} (p.660) lists at least five historical novels featuring Henry III of England. They are ''The Queen from Provence'' (1979) by [[Eleanor Hibbert|Jean Plaidy]], ''The De Montfort Legacy'' (1973) by Pamela Bennetts, ''[[The Outlaw of Torn]]'' (1927) by [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]], ''The Marriage of Meggotta'' (1979) by [[Edith Pargeter]] and ''Falls the Shadow'' (1988) by [[Sharon Kay Penman]]. These could be added to the main article about Henry III, or possibly a separate "Cultural Depictions of Henry III of England" section could be added to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cultural_depictions_of_English_and_British_monarchs "Cultural depictions of English and British monarchs" Template].  [[Special:Contributions/188.141.25.160|188.141.25.160]] ([[User talk:188.141.25.160|talk]]) 20:49, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

== Magna Carta ==

{{u|Olef641}} recently added (aka ''Magna Carta'') after [[Magna Carta#Great Charter of 1225|Great Charter of 1225]] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_England&curid=46591&diff=1017169858&oldid=1016432610]. I am doubtful about calling the 1225 version Magna Carta. However, I am no expert on post-Conquest nomenclature. {{u|Johnbod}} do you have a view on this? [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|talk]]) 11:59, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

Hello.  In the book, ''Magna Carta'', a scholarly treatise on the evolution of the document by leading authority on the history of that time and place, David Carpenter, the various versions of the Charter are discussed at length.  On page 417 of the Penguin Classics edition of the book, the author calls it "The final and definitive Magna Carta of 1225". [[User:Olef641|olef641]] ([[User talk:Olef641|talk]]) 12:47, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

:OK but I would leave out "aka", which is an unnecessary colloquial abbreviation. [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|talk]]) 13:32, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
:I've changed to "Henry promised to abide by the [[Magna Carta#Great Charter of 1225|Great Charter of 1225]], a later version of the 1215 ''[[Magna Carta]]'',..." (rather a double link).  Aka is certainly wrong. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 01:34, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

== Shortened lede ==

In trying to shorten the lede, per some of the suggestions in [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section]], I made a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_England&type=revision&diff=1048220996&oldid=1046378595&diffmode=source change], but it was subsequently reverted by a later editor, but I don't know why:

{{blockquote|'''Henry III''' (1 October 1207&nbsp;– 16 November 1272), also known as '''Henry of Winchester''', was [[King of England]], [[Lord of Ireland]], and [[Duke of Aquitaine]] from 1216 until his death in 1272.<ref>{{harvnb|Carpenter|1990|p=262}}</ref> The son of [[John, King of England|King John]], Henry assumed the throne in the middle of the [[First Barons' War]] when he was only nine. [[Cardinal Guala]] declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by [[William Marshal]], defeated the rebels at the battles of [[Battle of Lincoln (1217)|Lincoln]] and [[Battle of Sandwich (1217)|Sandwich]]. Henry promised to abide by the [[Magna Carta#Great Charter of 1225|Great Charter of 1225]], which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons.<!--Note: the 1225 date is correct in this context, and shouldn't be confused with the 1215 charter--> His early rule was dominated first by [[Hubert de Burgh]] and then [[Peter des Roches]], who re-established royal authority after the war. The King [[English invasion of France (1230)|unsuccessfully attempted]] to reconquer the [[Angevin Empire|provinces of France]] that had once belonged to his father.

Following a revolt led by William Marshal's son, [[Richard Marshal]], Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in a handful of his favourite [[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland#Palace-fortresses|palaces and castles]]. He married [[Eleanor of Provence]], with whom he had five children. Henry was known for his [[piety]], holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of [[Edward the Confessor]], whom he adopted as his [[patron saint]]. He extracted huge sums of money from the [[Jews in England]], ultimately crippling their ability to do business, and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened, he introduced the [[Statute of Jewry]], attempting to segregate the community. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family's lands in France, he [[Saintonge War|invaded Poitou]]. After the disastrous [[Battle of Taillebourg]], Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]. Henry supported his brother [[Richard of Cornwall]] in his bid to become [[King of the Romans]], but was unable to place his own son [[Edmund Crouchback]] on the [[Kingdom of Sicily|throne of Sicily]]. He planned to go on [[crusade]], but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in [[Gascony]].

Henry's rule grew increasingly unpopular, the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his half-brothers, the [[Lusignans]], as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts. A coalition of barons, probably backed by Eleanor, seized power in a coup d'état and expelled the Poitevins from England, reforming the royal government through the [[Provisions of Oxford]]. Henry and the baronial government enacted a [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|peace with France]], under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for recognition of his rule over Gascony. The baronial regime collapsed but Henry could not reform a stable government and instability across England continued.

One of the more radical barons, [[Simon de Montfort]], seized power in the [[Second Barons' War]]. Henry persuaded the French king to support his cause and mobilised an army. In the [[Battle of Lewes]] Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. His eldest son, [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], escaped to defeat de Montfort and freed his father. Henry initially enacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels, but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the [[Dictum of Kenilworth]]. Reconstruction was slow and Henry had to acquiesce to various measures, including further suppression of the Jews, to maintain baronial and popular support. Henry died and was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]], which he had rebuilt, and was later moved to his current tomb.}}

{{reflist}}
I suggest we find an amenable compromise. —[[User talk:GoldRingChip|GoldRingChip]] 00:39, 5 October 2021 (UTC)
:I reverted. This is an [[WP:FA]] article, which has been reviewed and supported as of the highest standard. See [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Henry III of England/archive1]]. Major changes should not be made without discussion here on the talk page. I also think the original version was better. For example, some of the changes were deletions of dates, which are important for context. I do not see any reason for shortening the lead. Of course it can no doubt be improved and specific proposals for changes can be discussed here as you say. [[User:Dudley Miles|Dudley Miles]] ([[User talk:Dudley Miles|talk]]) 09:03, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

== Legacy section: Anglo-Jewish historiography ==

Quick note that a couple of lines on the evaluation of Henry III in Anglo-Jewish historiography would be a helpful addition. The period is often referred to as a "watershed", where Henry's policies essentially sent the Jewish community's finances on the road to ruin, while of course their position had come under physical, religious and political attack. While it wouldn't be the case that the 1290 expulsion was an inevitability, Henry had started Royal policy down that track, wittingly or unwittingly. I'm happy to suggest a couple of lines and sources. [[User:JimKillock|Jim Killock]] [[User_talk:JimKillock|(talk)]] 23:01, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
:As the article makes clear, Henry III and his reign are often overlooked in traditional British historiography.: "Henry's reign did not receive much attention from historians for many years after the 1950s: no substantial biographies of Henry were written after Powicke's, and the historian John Beeler observed in the 1970s that the coverage of Henry's reign by military historians remained particularly thin." If you can find better coverage of his reign in your sources, you should probably start making improvements. [[User:Dimadick|Dimadick]] ([[User talk:Dimadick|talk]]) 00:04, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
::Great. I'll start with {{cite journal|first1=Robert C. |last1=Stacey |title=1240-1260: A Watershed in Anglo-Jewish Relations?|journal=Historical Research |issue=61 |date=June 1988|year=1988 |pages=135-150}}. There are plenty of others; I will try to keep this brief tho. [[User:JimKillock|Jim Killock]] [[User_talk:JimKillock|(talk)]] 09:42, 8 March 2024 (UTC)