View source for Taglish

{{Short description|Hybrid language of English and Tagalog}}
{{Distinguish|Tanglish|Tagish language}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Taglish
| altname          = Englog, Colloquial Tagalog, Colloquial Filipino
| nativename       = '' Wikang Taglish''
| states           = [[Philippines]]
| region           = [[Philippines]], especially in [[Urban area|urban areas]], particularly [[Metro Manila|Manila]]
| ethnicity        = [[Filipinos]]
| speakers         = 
| date             = 
| familycolor      = mixed
| fam1             = [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
| fam2             = mixed [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]–[[Philippine English|English]]
| script           = 
| nation           = Not official, de facto [[Philippines]]
| minority         = 
| iso3             = None
| lingua           = 
| map              = 
| mapcaption       = 
| notice           = 
| glotto           = 
| glottorefname    = 
}}
[[File:My SARAH G INTERVIEW experience (raw video).webm|thumb|A short interview with [[Metro Manila|Manila]]n singer and actress [[Sarah Geronimo]] in Taglish]]

'''Taglish''' or '''Englog''' is [[code-switching]] and/or [[code-mixing]] in the use of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[English language|English]], the most common languages of the [[Philippines]]. The words ''Taglish'' and ''Englog'' are [[portmanteaus]] of the words ''Tagalog'' and ''English''. The earliest use of the word ''Taglish'' dates back to 1973, while the less common form ''Tanglish'' is recorded from 1999.<ref>Lambert, James (January 2018). [https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.00001.lam "A Multitude of 'Lishes': The Nomenclature of Hybridity"]. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 31. {{Doi|10.1075/eww.00001.lam}}.</ref>

Taglish is widely used in the Philippines, but is also used by [[Filipino diaspora|Filipinos in overseas communities]]. It also has several variants, including [[#Coño English|Coño English]], [[Jejemon]] and [[Swardspeak]].

==Description==
Taglish is very widespread in the Philippines and has become the de facto [[lingua franca]] among the urbanized and/or educated [[middle class]]. It is largely considered the "normal acceptable conversation style of speaking and writing" in informal settings. It is so widespread that a non-native speaker can be identified easily because they predominantly speak Tagalog, whereas a native speaker would switch freely with English.<ref name="Bautista2004"/><ref name="Goulet">{{cite journal |last1=Goulet |first1=Rosalina Morales |title=English, Spanish, and Tagalog; a study of grammatical, lexical, and cultural interference |journal=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |date=1971 |issue=Special Monograph Issue № 1}}</ref><ref name="lesada">{{cite thesis |last=Lesada |first=Joseph D. |date=2017 |title=Taglish in Metro Manila: An Analysis of Tagalog-English Code-Switching |type=BA |publisher= University of Michigan |url= https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/139623/jlesada.pdf|access-date=October 31, 2021}}</ref>

According to the linguist Maria Lourdes S. Bautista, there are two contrasting types of code-switching in the Philippines: deficiency-driven and proficiency-driven. Deficiency-driven code-switching occurs when those who are not competent in one language must thus switch back to the language that is more familiar. That is common among younger children, as in the example below given by Bautista:<ref name="Bautista2004"/><ref name="lesada"/>

{|
|-
|
 (English is in ''italic''; Tagalog is in '''boldface'''.)
 
 {{Smallcaps|Mother}}:   ''Francis, why don't you play the piano for your grandmother?''
 
 {{Smallcaps|Francis}}:   ''Mommy, I don't want to. It's so'' '''hirap eh.''' ([in Tagalog] "Because it's so difficult.")
|}

Proficiency-driven code-switching, on the other hand, occurs when a person is fully competent in both languages being used and can switch between them easily. That is the main type of code-switching in the islands. This example is given by Bautista, taken from an interview with the [[television journalist]] [[Jessica Soho]]:<ref name="lesada"/>

{|
|-
|
 '''Sa''' GMA '''’yung''' ''objectivity has become part'' '''na''' ''of the culture'' ([in Tagalog] "At GMA, objectivity has already become part of the culture.") ''I can tell you with a straight face'' '''na wala kaming age-'''''agenda'' ([in Tagalog] "...that we have nothing like an agenda") – ''you know, make this person look good and that person look bad. It's really plain and simple journalism.'' '''Kung mayroon kang binira, kunin mo ’yung kabilang''' ''side'' ([in Tagalog] "If you attacked somebody, then get the other side") ''so that both sides are fairly presented.''

|}

Proficiency-driven code-switching is characterized by frequent switching of the Matrix Language (ML) between Tagalog and English, demonstrating the high proficiency of the speakers in both languages. There are also a wide range of strategies involved, including: the formation of bilingual verbs by the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (e.g. '''Nagse-'''''sweat'' '''ako''' = "I was sweating"); switching at the morphological, word, phrasal, or clausal levels; and the use of system morphemes (like [[enclitic]]s, [[Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]s, etc.) within long stretches of ML content; and even the inversion of the [[verb–subject–object]] word order of Tagalog into the [[subject-verb-object]] order of English.<ref name="lesada"/>

According to Bautista, the reason for this type of code-switching is what she termed "communicative efficiency" in which a speaker can "convey meaning using the most accurate, expressive, or succinct lexical items available to them."<ref name="Bautista2004">{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=2004 |volume=5 |pages=226–233|issue=2|doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |s2cid=145684166 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf}}</ref><ref name="lesada"/> The linguist Rosalina Morales Goulet also enumerated several reasons for this type of code-switching. They are: "for precision, for transition, for comic effect, for atmosphere, to bridge or create social distance, for snob appeal, and for secrecy."<ref name="Goulet"/>

==Characteristics==
Taglish was originally a manner of speaking in [[Metro Manila]] involving the mixing of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[English language|English]] together.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2005/03/07/the-globalization-of-english|title=The Globalization of English|work=WebProNews |access-date=January 1, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230102118/http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2005/03/07/the-globalization-of-english|archive-date=December 30, 2007|date=March 7, 2005}}</ref><ref>Virgilio S. Almario. [http://www.sawikaan.net/wikang_taglish.html Wikang Taglish, Kamulatang Taglish]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105062328/http://www.sawikaan.net/wikang_taglish.html|date=November 5, 2012}}.</ref><ref>[http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=20110323-327124 PAGASA VOWS : No more jargon, just plain 'Taglish,' in weather reports]. ''The Philippine Daily Inquirer''. March 23, 2011.</ref> However, this practice has spread to other areas where both English and Tagalog/Filipino are spoken, including in areas where Tagalog is not the native language. It is characteristically a form of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Filipino]] that mixes in [[English language|English]] words, where [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Filipino]] is the [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] and [[English language|English]] is the [[superstratum]]. Next to [[code-switching]] between sentences, clauses, and phrases in "pure" Tagalog and English, Taglish speech also [[Code-mixing|code-mixes]] especially with sentences that follow the rules of [[Tagalog grammar]] with Tagalog [[syntax]] and [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], but that occasionally employs English [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s in place of their Tagalog counterparts. Examples:

{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>English</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Tagalog</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Taglish</small>
|-
|<small>Could you '''explain''' it to me?</small>
|<small>Maaaring '''ipaunawà''' mo sa akin.</small>
|<small>Maaaring '''i-explain''' mo sa akin.</small>
|-
|<small>Could you '''shed light''' on it for me?</small>
|<small>Paki'''paliwanag''' mo sa akin.</small>
|<small>Paki-'''explain''' mo sa akin.</small>
|-
|<small>Have you '''finished''' your '''homework'''?</small>
|<small>'''Natapos''' mo na ba ang iyong '''takdáng-aralín'''?</small>
|<small>'''Finished'''/Natapos na ba 'yung '''homework''' mo?</small>
|-
|<small>Please call the '''driver'''.</small>
|<small>Pakitawag ang '''tsuper'''.</small>
|<small>Pakitawag ang '''driver'''.</small>
|}
 
English [[verb]]s and even some [[noun]]s can be employed as [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] verb roots. This is done by the addition of one or more [[prefix]]es or infixes and by the doubling of the first sound of the starting form of the noun or verb, consistent with Tagalog [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] but usually retaining English [[spelling]] for the [[Root (linguistics)|roots]].

The English verb ''drive'' can be changed to the Tagalog word ''magda-drive'' meaning ''will drive'' (used in place of the Tagalog word ''magmamaneho''). The English noun ''[[Internet]]'' can also be changed to the Tagalog word ''nag-Internet'' meaning ''have used the Internet''.

Taglish also uses [[sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]s of mixed English or Tagalog words and [[phrase]]s. The [[conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]s used to connect them can come from any of the two. Some examples include:

{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>English</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Tagalog</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Taglish</small>
|-
|<small>I '''will''' '''shop''' at the '''mall''' later.</small>
|<small>'''Bibilí''' ako sa '''pámilihan''' mámayâ.</small>
|<small>'''Magsya-shopping''' ako sa '''mall''' mámayâ.</small>
|-
|<small>Have you '''print'''ed the '''report'''?</small>
|<small>Nai'''lathala'''/Nai'''imprenta''' mo na ba ang '''ulat'''?</small>
|<small>Na-'''print''' mo na ba ang '''report'''?</small>
|-
|<small>Please turn '''on''' the '''aircon'''.</small>
|<small>Pakibuksán iyong '''érkon'''.</small>
|<small>Paki-'''on''' 'yung '''aircon'''.</small>
|-
|<small>Take the '''LRT''' to '''school'''.</small>
|<small>Mag-'''tren''' ka papuntáng '''paaralán/eskuwela'''.</small>
|<small>Mag-'''LRT''' ka papuntáng '''school'''.</small>
|-
|<small>I cannot '''understand''' the '''topic''' of his '''lecture'''.</small>
|<small>Hindi kó ma'''íntindi'''hán ang '''paksâ''' ng '''pagtuturò''' niya.</small>
|<small>Hindi kó ma-'''understand''' ang '''topic''' ng '''lecture''' niya.<ref name="Star">[https://archive.today/20130630040518/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=366138 "Taglish is not the enemy"]. October 30, 2006, 12:00 AM. ''The Philippine Star''.</ref></small>
|-
|<small>Could you '''fax''' your '''estimate''' tomorrow.</small>
|<small>Paki'''padalá''' na lang ng '''tantiyá''' mo sa akin bukas.</small>
|<small>Paki-'''fax''' na lang ng '''estimate''' mo sa akin bukas.<ref name ="Star" /></small>
|-
|<small>'''Eat now or else,''' you will not get fat.</small>
|<small>'''Kumain ka na ngayon, kundi,''' Hindi ka tátabâ.</small>
|<small>'''Eat now or else,''' hindi ka tátabâ.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091104-234235/Experts-discourage-use-of-Taglish |title=Experts discourage use of 'Taglish' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211204500/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091104-234235/Experts-discourage-use-of-Taglish |archive-date=February 11, 2015 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=November 4, 2009}}</ref></small>
|}

Because of its informal nature, [[Linguistic prescription|prescriptivists]] of English and Tagalog discourage its use.<ref>[http://www.mb.com.ph/node/116741 "Tagalog, English, or Taglish?"]. ''Manila Bulletin''. March 20, 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.mb.com.ph/node/178260 "Filipino English, not Taglish"]. ''Manila Bulletin''. September 7, 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.mb.com.ph/node/77306 "Stop using 'Taglish,' teachers, students told"]. ''Manila Bulletin''. June 1, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/02/world/manila-journal-land-of-100-tongues-but-not-a-single-language.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm "Manila Journal; Land of 100 Tongues, but Not a Single Language"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Published: December 2, 1987.</ref>

There are examples of modern [[book]]s in Taglish: the [[Adventure fiction|adventure novel]] ''Bullet With A Name'' (2018) by Kirsten Nimwey,<ref name="Bullet With A Name">{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/198201122X/|title=Bullet With A Name|last=Nimwey|first=Kirsten|date=April 15, 2018|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=9781982011222|pages=302|language=tl }}</ref> the love [[novel]] ''Aeternum Dream'' (2018) by Harkin Deximire,<ref name="Aeternum Dream">{{Cite book|title=Aeternum Dream|last=Deximire|first=Harkin|date=July 12, 2018|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=9781718940918|pages=372|language=tl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deviantart.com/harkindeximire/art/Aeternum-Dream-Second-Book-755075624|title=Aeternum Dream (Second Book)|website=[[DeviantArt]]|date=July 18, 2018 |access-date=November 14, 2018}}</ref> and more.

==Forms==
===Swardspeak===
[[Swardspeak]] is a kind of Taglish/Englog [[LGBT slang]] used by the [[LGBT]] demographic of the Philippines. It is a form of [[slang]] that uses words and terms primarily from [[Philippine English]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Filipino]], and/or [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] and [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], and occasionally as well as [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], or other languages. Names of celebrities, fictional characters, and trademarks are also often used.<ref name="Gayspeak: Not for gays only">{{cite web |url= http://www.thepoc.net/thepoc-features/buhay-pinoy/buhay-pinoy-features/6340-gayspeak-not-gor-gays-only.html |title= Gayspeak: Not for gays only |date= April 30, 2010 |website=Philippine Online Chronicles |access-date= December 23, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101201034008/http://www.thepoc.net/thepoc-features/buhay-pinoy/buhay-pinoy-features/6340-gayspeak-not-gor-gays-only.html |archive-date= December 1, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Critical Kultura">{{cite web|url= http://www.philjol.info/index.php/KK/article/viewPDFInterstitial/754/699|title= GAY LANGUAGE: DEFYING THE STRUCTURAL LIMITS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES|date= August 2008|work= Kritika Kultura, Issue 11 |access-date= December 25, 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090324065359/http://www.philjol.info/index.php/KK/article/viewPDFInterstitial/754/699|archive-date= March 24, 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref>

===Coño English===
Coño English (''{{langx|tl|Konyo}}'') or Colegiala English ({{IPA|es|koleˈxjala|lang|}}) is a [[sociolect]] of Taglish that originated from the younger generations of affluent families in Manila.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7GlcaOkztQUC&dq=Konyo+English&pg=PA34 The Routledge concise history of Southeast Asian writing in English]. Routledge. 2010. [[New York City]].</ref> The word ''coño'' or ''{{langx|tl|konyo}}'', itself came from ''{{langx|es|coño|lit=[[cunt]]}}.'' It is a form of [[Philippine English]] that mixes [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Filipino]] words, where opposite to Taglish, [[English language|English]] is the [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Filipino]] is the [[superstratum]].

The most common aspect of Coño English is the building of [[verbs]] by using the English word ''"make"'' with the [[root word]] of a Tagalog [[verb]]:

{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>English</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Tagalog</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Coño English</small>
|-
|<small>Let's '''skewer''' the fishballs.</small>
|<small>'''Tusukin''' natin ang mga pishbol.</small>
|<small>Let's '''make tusok-tusok''' the fishballs.<ref name="Star"/></small>
|-
|<small>'''Tell''' me the '''story''' of what happened...</small>
|<small>'''Ikuwento''' mo sa akin kung ano ang nangyari...</small>
|<small>'''Make kuwento''' to me what happened...</small>
|}

And adding the English [[Conjunction (grammar)|conjunctions]] ''"like so"'' before using a Tagalog [[adjective]] to finish the sentence, akin to [[valley girl]] speak:

{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Tagalog
!Coño English
|-
|He stinks!
|Ang baho niya!
|He's like so mabaho!
|-
|We were all annoyed with him.
|Kinaiinisan namin siya.
|We're like so inis sa kaniya!
|}

Sometimes, Tagalog [[interjection]]s such as ''ano'', ''naman'', ''pa'', ''na'' (or ''nah''), ''no'' (or ''noh''), ''a'' (or ''ha''), ''e'' (or ''eh''), and ''o'' (or ''oh'') are placed to add emphasis. ''{{langx|tl|'No/Noh / A/Ah}}'' ([[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]] from ''{{langx|tl|Ano|lit=What}}'') are used for [[question]]s and are added only to the end of a sentence. ''{{langx|tl|Ano|lit=What}}'', is also used for questions and is placed in the front or the end. It may also be used as an interjection, ''no?'', (equal to the Spanish ''¿no?'' and the [[German language|German]] ''nicht?'') and is pronounced as {{IPA|/no/}} or {{IPA|/nɔ/}}, with a pure vowel instead of the English glide, which shows influence from [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] in [[Filipino language|Filipino]].

''"E"''/''"Eh"'' (added to answers to questions) and "''o"''/''"oh"'' (for statements) are used for exclamations and are added to the front only. ''{{langx|tl|pa|lit=yet}}'' (not yet; not yet done; to continue; still) and ''{{langx|tl|na|lit=already; now}}'' can be placed in the middle or end. ''{{langx|tl|naman|lit=}}'' (particle used to soften requests or put emphasis) is placed anywhere.

{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>English</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Tagalog</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Coño English</small>
|-
|<small>I feel so hot '''already'''; please fan me '''now'''.</small>
|<small>Naiinitan '''na''' ako; paypayan mo '''naman''' ako.</small>
|<small>I'm so init '''na'''; please paypay me '''naman'''.</small>
|-
|<small>You wait here while I fetch my friend, '''all right'''?</small>
|<small>Hintayin mo ako habang sinusundo ko ang kaibigan ko, '''a'''?</small>
|<small>You make hintay here while I make sundo my friend, '''a'''?</small>
|-
|<small>'''What''', you will '''still''' eat that apple after it '''already''' fell on the floor?</small>
|<small>'''Ano''', kakainin mo '''pa''' ang mansanas na'yan matapos mahulog '''na''' iyan sa sahig?</small>
|<small>'''Ano''', you will make kain '''pa''' that apple after it made hulog '''na''' on the sahig?</small>
|}

English [[adjectives]] are often replaced with Tagalog verbs. The language also occasionally uses [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] words or [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] [[loanword]]s from [[Filipino language|Filipino]]/[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], like ''baño/banyo'' ("bathroom"), 
''tostado'' ("toasted") and ''jamón'' ("ham").

{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>English</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Tagalog</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Coño English</small>
|-
|<small>They're so '''competent'''!</small>
|<small>'''Magaling''' sila!</small>
|<small>They're so '''galing'''!</small>
|-
|<small>Where's the '''bathroom'''?</small>
|<small>Nasaan ang '''palikuran/banyo'''?</small>
|<small>Where's the '''baño'''?</small>
|-
|<small>Keep my '''ham''' on the grill.</small>
|<small>Itago mo lang ang '''hamon''' ko sa ihawan.</small>
|<small>Make tago my '''jamón''' on the grill.</small>
|-
|<small>I want my '''ham toasted'''.</small>
|<small>Gusto kong '''tostado''' ang '''hamon''' ko.</small>
|<small>I want my '''jamón tostado'''.</small>
|}

The perceived feminine sound of Coño English makes male speakers sometimes overuse the ''{{langx|tl|pare|lit=dude; pal; bro; buddy}}'' to make it sound more masculine. Sometimes ''{{langx|tl|tsong|lit=dude; pal; bro; buddy}}'' is used instead of ''pare'' or along with it:

{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>English</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Tagalog</small>
! style="background:#efefef;" | <small>Coño English</small>
|-
|<small>'''Dude''', he's so unreliable.</small>
|<small>'''Pare''', ang labo niya.</small>
|<small>'''Pare''', he's so malabo, '''pare'''.</small>
|-
|<small>'''Dude''', he's so unreliable.</small>
|<small>'''Tsong''', ang labo niya.</small>
|<small>'''Tsong''', he's so malabo, '''tsong'''.</small>
|}

==See also==
* [[Bisalog]], code-switching between [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] and Tagalog
* [[Bislish]], code-switching between [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] and English
* [[Hokaglish]], a mixed language of [[Philippine Hokkien]], Tagalog and English
* [[Pseudo-anglicism]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sawikaan.net/wikang_taglish.html Wikang Taglish, Kamulatang Taglish], article by [[Virgilio S. Almario]]

{{Taglish and Englog}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{Interlanguage varieties}}

[[Category:English language]]
[[Category:Tagalog language]]
[[Category:Code-switching]]