View source for Tagalog language

{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Tagalag language|Tagalag (or Tagalaka) language]] or [[Filipino language]]}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Tagalog
| altname          = 
| nativename       = {{lang|tl|Wikang Tagalog}}<br/>{{Script|Tglg|ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|tl|tɐˈɡaːloɡ||Tl-PH-Tagalog.ogg}}
| states           = [[Philippines]]
| region           = [[Katagalugan]]; [[Metro Manila]] (as Filipino), parts of [[Central Luzon]], most of [[Calabarzon]], parts of [[Mimaropa]], northwestern [[Bicol Region]], and [[Ilocos Region]] (southeast [[Pangasinan]])
| ethnicity        = [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]
| speakers         = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|32.768940|2}} million
| date             = 2023
| ref              = <ref name="Ethnologue28|tgl">{{Ethnologue28|tgl}}</ref>
| speakers2        = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|54.146000|2}} million (2020)<ref name="Ethnologue28|tgl">{{Ethnologue28|tgl}}</ref><br/>Total: {{sigfig|86.914940|2}} million (2020–2023)<ref name="Ethnologue28|tgl">{{Ethnologue28|tgl}}</ref>
| speakers_label   = Speakers
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
| fam4             = [[Greater Central Philippine languages|Greater Central Philippine]]
| fam5             = [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]]
| fam6             = [[Kasiguranin language|Kasiguranin]]–Tagalog
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Philippine language|Proto-Philippine]]
| ancestor4        = [[Old Tagalog]]
| dia1             = Bataan
| dia2             = [[Batangas Tagalog|Batangas]]
| dia3             = Bulacan
| dia4             = Lubang
| dia5             = Manila (Filipino)
| dia6             = Marinduque
| dia7             = Puray
| dia8             = Tanay–Paete (Eastern Rizal-Northern Laguna)
| dia9             = Tayabas<ref name="Manuel 1971">{{Cite book |last=Manuel |first=E. Arsenio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ropdAAAAIAAJ |title=A Lexicographic Study of Tayabas Tagalog of Quezon Province |date=1971 |publisher=Diliman Review |language=en |access-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224180337/https://books.google.com/books?id=ropdAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dia10            = Soccsksargen (Mindanao)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@jeremiahcordial/the-morphology-of-sox-tagalog-a8288aa4a02d |title=The Morphology of Sox-Tagalog |website=medium.com |date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref>
| stand1           = [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
| script           = {{Unbulleted list|[[Filipino alphabet]] ([[Latin script]])|[[Philippine Braille]]|{{Lang|tl|[[Baybayin]]}} (cultural)|[[Jawi script]] (historical)<ref name="Donoso2019" >{{cite journal|url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JAT/article/view/16534|title=Letra de Meca: Jawi Script in the Tagalog Region During the 16th Century|journal=Journal of Al-Tamaddun|language=en|year=2019|pages=89–103|first=Isaac|last=Donoso|location=[[San Vicente del Raspeig]]|publisher=[[Universidad de Alicante]]|volume=14|number=1|doi=10.22452/JAT.vol14no1.8|doi-access=free|issn=}}</ref>}}
| nation           = [[Philippines]] (as Filipino)
----
[[ASEAN]] (as Filipino)
| minority         = Philippines (as a [[regional language]] and an auxiliary official language in the predominantly Tagalog-speaking areas of the Philippines)
| agency           = [[Commission on the Filipino Language|Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]
| iso1             = tl
| iso2             = tgl
| iso3             = tgl
| lingua           = 31-CKA
| map              = Idioma tagalo.png
| mapcaption       = Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines
| glotto           = taga1280
| glottoname       = Tagalogic
| glotto2          = taga1269
| glottoname2      = Tagalog-Filipino
| glotto3          = taga1270
| glottoname3      = Tagalog
}}
{{Contains special characters|Baybayin}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Josh speaking Tagalog.webm|thumb|A Tagalog speaker, recorded in [[South Africa]].]]

'''Tagalog''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|l|ɒ|ɡ}} {{Respell|tə|GAH|log}},<ref name=":0">According to the ''[[OED]]'' and [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/TAGALOG Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121011858/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Tagalog |date=January 21, 2018 }}</ref> {{IPA|tl|tɐˈɡaːloɡ||Tl-PH-Tagalog.ogg|label=native pronunciation:}}; ''[[Baybayin]]'': {{Script|Tglg|ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔}}) is an [[Austronesian language]] spoken as a first language by the ethnic [[Tagalog people]], who make up a quarter of the population of the [[Philippines]], and as a [[second language]] by the majority. Its de facto [[Standard language|standardized]] and codified form, officially named ''Filipino'', is the [[national language]] of the Philippines, and is one of the nation's two [[official language]]s, alongside [[Philippine English|English]].

Tagalog is closely related to other [[Philippine languages]], such as the [[Bikol languages]], the [[Bisaya languages]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], and [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as the [[Formosan languages]] of [[Taiwan]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Māori language|Māori]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], and many more.

==Classification==
Tagalog is a [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine language]] within the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family. Being [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]], it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Tetum language|Tetum]] (of Timor), and [[Yami language|Yami]] (of Taiwan).<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=M. P. |last2=Simons |first2=G. F. |last3=Fennig |first3=C. D. |date=2014 |title=Tagalog |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tgl |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |access-date=July 30, 2015 |archive-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212163108/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/TGL |url-status=live }}</ref> It is closely related to the languages spoken in the [[Bicol Region]] and the [[Visayas]] islands, such as the [[Bikol languages|Bikol group]] and the [[Visayan languages|Visayan group]], including [[Waray language|Waray-Waray]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] and [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]].<ref name="ethnologue.com" />

Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the [[Proto-Philippine language|Proto-Philippine]] [[schwa]] vowel {{IPA|*ə}}. In most [[Bikol languages|Bikol]] and [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] languages, this sound merged with {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|[o]}}. In Tagalog, it has merged with {{IPA|/i/}}. For example, Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*dəkət}} (adhere, stick) is Tagalog {{lang|tl|dikít}} and Visayan and Bikol {{lang|map|dukót}}.

Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*r}}, {{IPA|*j}}, and {{IPA|*z}} merged with {{IPA|/d/}} but is {{IPA|/l/}} between vowels. Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*ŋajan}} (name) and {{IPA|*hajək}} (kiss) became Tagalog {{lang|tl|ngalan}} and {{lang|tl|halík}}. Adjacent to an affix, however, it becomes {{IPA|/r/}} instead: {{lang|tl|bayád}} (paid) → {{lang|tl|bayaran}} (to pay).

Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*R}} merged with {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. {{IPA|*tubiR}} (water) and {{IPA|*zuRuʔ}} (blood) became Tagalog {{lang|tl|tubig}} and {{lang|tl|dugô}}.

==History==
{{Main|Old Tagalog}}

[[File:Baybayin alpha.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|The base consonants and vowels of the [[Baybayin]] script, the original writing system of Tagalog]]

The word ''Tagalog'' is possibly derived from the [[endonym]] ''taga-ilog'' ("river dweller"), composed of ''tagá-'' ("native of" or "from") and ''ilog'' ("river"), or alternatively, ''taga-alog'' deriving from ''alog'' ("pool of water in the lowlands"; "rice or vegetable plantation"). Linguists such as [[David Zorc]] and [[Robert Blust]] speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern [[Mindanao]] or the [[Eastern Visayas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zorc |first=R. David Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/bisayandialectso0044zorc |title=The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction |date=1977 |publisher=The Australian National University |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-C44 |hdl=1885/146594 |isbn=9780858831575 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |date=1991 |title=The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=73–129 |doi=10.2307/3623084 |jstor=3623084}}</ref>

Possible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] from the tenth century, which is largely written in [[History of the Malay language#Old Malay (7th to 14th century)|Old Malay]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Anton |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=https://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/1033 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=183–203 |jstor=42633308 |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509173459/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/1033 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the ''[[Doctrina Christiana]]'' (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The ''Doctrina'' was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current [[Baybayin]] script and the other in an early Spanish attempt at a [[Latin script|Latin]] orthography for the language.

[[File:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala 1794.jpg|thumb|''Vocabulario de la lengua tagala'', 1794.]]

Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San José published the ''Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala'' (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published the first Tagalog dictionary, his ''[[Vocabulario de la lengua tagala]]'' in [[Pila, Laguna]].

The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[Jesuit]] missionary [[Pablo Clain]] in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=2013 |publisher=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |location=Maynila |page=iv |orig-date=1860}}</ref> Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as ''[[Vocabulario de la lengua tagala]]'' in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTIOAAAAIAAJ |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala: compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves, y coordinado |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=1860 |publisher=Ramirez y Giraudier |location=Manila |language=es}}</ref> reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=2013 |publisher=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |location=Maynila |orig-date=1860}}</ref>

Among others, ''Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos'' (1850) in addition to early studies<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spieker-Salazar |first=Marlies |date=1992 |title=A Contribution to Asian Historiography: European Studies of Philippines Languages from the 17th to the 20th Century |journal=Archipel |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=183–202 |doi=10.3406/arch.1992.2861 |doi-access=free}}</ref> of the language.

The indigenous poet [[Francisco Balagtas]] (1788–1862) is known as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the 19th-century [[Epic poetry|epic]] ''[[Florante at Laura]]''.<ref name="Cruz 1906">{{Cite book |last=Cruz |first=Hermenegildo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S5BAQAAMAAJ |title=Kun Sino ang Kumathâ ng̃ "Florante": Kasaysayan ng̃ Búhay ni Francisco Baltazar at Pag-uulat nang Kanyang Karunung̃a't Kadakilaan |date=1906 |publisher=Librería "Manila Filatélico" |location=Maynilà |language=tl |via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Official status===
{{Main|Filipino language}}
[[File:Diariong Tagalog.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Diariong Tagalog]]'' (Tagalog Newspaper), the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines founded in 1882 written in both Tagalog and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].]]
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first revolutionary constitution in the Philippines, the [[wikisource:Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (1897)#ARTICLE VIII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE|Constitution of Biak-na-Bato]] in 1897.<ref>{{Citation |title=1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, Article VIII |date=November 1897 |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/1897-constitution.php |mode=cs1 |via=The Corpus Juris |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717035029/https://thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/1897-constitution.php |url-status=live }}</ref> On the basis of the 1987 Constitution, Filipino, the national language of the Philippines, is designated as the official language. As the foundation of the national language, Tagalog symbolizes equality, unity, and national pride, reflecting the Filipino people’s shared commitment to social justice and inclusive nation-building.<ref>Porter, David (2019). ''Language and National Identity in the Philippines''. University of California Press.</ref><ref>UNESCO (2021). ''Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education in the Philippines''. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.</ref>

In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.<ref>{{Citation |title=1935 Philippine Constitution (amended), Article XIV, Section 3 |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1935-constitution-ammended/ |mode=cs1 |via=Official Gazette |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601164141/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1935-constitution-ammended// |url-status=live }}</ref> After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<ref name="MLQspeech">{{Cite speech |last=Quezon |first=Manuel L. |author-link=Manuel L. Quezon |location=Malacañan Palace, Manila |date=December 30, 1937 |title=Speech of His Excellency Manuel L. Quezon President of the Philippines on Filipino National Language |url=http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mlq-speech-national-language-1.pdf |via=quezon.ph |access-date=March 26, 2010 |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225085738/http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mlq-speech-national-language-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gonzalez">{{Cite journal |last=Gonzalez |first=Andrew |date=1998 |title=The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines |url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=19 |issue=5, 6 |pages=487–488 |doi=10.1080/01434639808666365 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322083304/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2006 }}</ref> President [[Manuel L. Quezon]] then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<ref name=MLQspeech /> In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as ''Wikang Pambansâ'' (national language).<ref name=Gonzalez/> Quezon himself was born and raised in [[Baler, Aurora]], which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. Under the Japanese puppet government during [[World War II]], Tagalog as a national language was strongly promoted; the 1943 Constitution specifying: "The government shall take steps toward the development and propagation of Tagalog as the national language."

In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".<ref name=Gonzalez/> Along with English, the national language has had official status under the 1973 constitution (as "Pilipino")<ref>{{Citation |title=1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Sections 2–3 |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |mode=cs1 |via=Official Gazette |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the present 1987 constitution (as Filipino).

===Controversy===
The adoption of Tagalog in 1937 as basis for a national language is not without its own controversies. Instead of specifying Tagalog, the national language was designated as ''Wikang Pambansâ'' ("National Language") in 1939.<ref name=MLQspeech /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mga Probisyong Pangwika sa Saligang-Batas |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date=June 7, 2012 |website=wika.pbworks.com |archive-date=February 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221013557/http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}} Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, [[José E. Romero]], as ''[[Filipino language|Pilipino]]'' to give it a [[nation]]al rather than [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-[[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], especially [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]]s who had not accepted the selection.<ref name="Gonzalez" />

The national language issue was revived once more during the [[1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election|1971 Constitutional Convention]]. The majority of the delegates were in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Nigel |date=August 7, 2014 |title=What the PH Constitutions Say About the National Language |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/65477-national-language-philippine-constitutions/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=Rappler |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194244/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/65477-national-language-philippine-constitutions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called ''Filipino'' rather than ''Pilipino''. The 1973 constitution makes no mention of Tagalog. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language.<ref name="Gonzalez" /> The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. Filipino and Tagalog are varieties of the same language, sharing a big bulk of common lexical items, and having very similar grammatical structures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagalog (Filipino) {{!}} Department of Asian Studies |url=https://asianstudies.cornell.edu/research/tagalog-filipino |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=asianstudies.cornell.edu}}</ref>

===Use in education===
{{Expand section|date=March 2018}}

Upon the issuance of ''Executive Order No. 134'', Tagalog was declared as basis of the National Language. On April 12, 1940, ''Executive No. 263'' was issued ordering the teaching of the national language in all public and private schools in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espiritu |first=Clemencia |date=April 29, 2015 |title=Filipino Language in the Curriculum |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/language-and-translation/filipino-language-in-the-curriculum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821124733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/language-and-translation/filipino-language-in-the-curriculum/ |archive-date=August 21, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2018 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref>

Article XIV, Section 6 of the 1987 [[Constitution of the Philippines]] specifies, in part:

{{blockquote|Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.<ref name="1987constitutionXIV">{{Citation |title=1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6–9 |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |via=Official Gazette |mode=cs1 |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105085906/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Under Section 7, however:

{{blockquote|The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.<ref name=1987constitutionXIV />}}

In 2009, the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue (one of the various regional Philippine languages) until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role.<ref>{{Citation |last=Department of Education |title=Order No. 74 |date=2009 |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/DO%20No.%2074,%20s.%202009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225924/http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/DO%20No.%2074,%20s.%202009.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |mode=cs1}}</ref> After pilot tests in selected schools, the MLE program was implemented nationwide from School Year (SY) 2012–2013.<ref>{{Citation |title=DO 16, s. 2012 |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-16-s-2012 |via=deped.gov.ph |mode=cs1 |access-date=February 7, 2018 |archive-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064031/http://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-16-s-2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dumlao |first=Artemio |date=May 21, 2012 |title=K+12 to Use 12 Mother Tongues |work=Philstar Global |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/05/16/807083/k12-use-12-mother-tongues |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194245/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/05/16/807083/k12-use-12-mother-tongues |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tagalog is the first language of a quarter of the population of the Philippines (particularly in Central and Southern Luzon) and the second language for the majority.<ref name="Philippine Census 2000">Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
===In the Philippines===
[[File:Map of the Major Languages of the Philippines.png|thumb|center|600px|Map of the areas where Tagalog is the majority native language.]]
[[File:Brgy. Santo Angel No Dumping Sign.jpg|thumb|right|No dumping sign along the highway in the [[Laguna (province)|Laguna province]], Philippines.]]
[[File:2019-07-08 Tagalog landslide and rockslide-prone sign Limbon Indang Cavite 0671.jpg|thumb|A landslide and rockslide-prone area sign at [[Indang]], [[Cavite]].]]
[[File:CityofPalayanjf8211 03.JPG|thumb|Welcome arch to [[Palayan]], [[Nueva Ecija]].]]According to the 2020 census, 109 million people were living in the Philippines. The vast majority have some basic level of understanding of Filipino. The Tagalog homeland, Katagalugan, covers much of the central to southern parts of the island [[Luzon]] — particularly in [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]], [[Bataan]], [[Batangas]], [[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Nueva Ecija]], [[Quezon]], and [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]]. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of [[Marinduque]] and [[Mindoro]], as well as [[Palawan]] to a lesser extent. Significant minorities of Filipino speakers are found in the other Central Luzon provinces of [[Pampanga]] and [[Tarlac]], [[Camarines Norte]] and [[Camarines Sur]] in Bicol Region, the [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]] city of [[Baguio]], southeast [[Pangasinan]] in [[Ilocos Region]], and various parts of [[Mindanao]] especially in the island's urban areas. Filipino is also the predominant language of [[Cotabato City]] in [[Mindanao]], making it the only place outside of Luzon with a Filipino-speaking majority. It is also the main lingua franca in [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKenna |first=Thomas M. |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e482&toc.id=d0e359&brand=ucpress |title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines |date=1998 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |via=UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982–2004 |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807215825/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e482&toc.id=d0e359&brand=ucpress |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the 2000 Philippine Census, approximately 96% of the household population who were able to attend school could speak Filipino;<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2005 |title=Educational Characteristics of the Filipinos (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO) |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr05153tx.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127174205/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr05153tx.html |archive-date=January 27, 2008 |access-date=January 21, 2008 |website=National Statistics Office}}</ref> and about 28% of the total population spoke it natively.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Philippines: Population Expected to Reach 100 Million Filipinos in 14 Years (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO) |date=October 16, 2002 |publisher=National Statistics Office |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02178tx.html |access-date=January 21, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128222713/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02178tx.html |archive-date=January 28, 2008}}</ref>

The following regions and provinces of the Philippines are majority Tagalog-speaking, overlapping with Filipino-speaking (from north to south):
* [[Cordillera Administrative Region]]
** [[Baguio]] (While the regional language [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] and indigenous languages [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]] and [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]] are the native languages of Baguio, a provincial dialect of Filipino, is the majority language.)
* [[Central Luzon|Central Luzon Region]]
** [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]
** [[Bataan]]
** [[Bulacan]]
** [[Nueva Ecija]]
**[[Zambales]]
* [[Metro Manila]] (National Capital Region)
*Southern Luzon
** [[Southern Tagalog]] ([[Calabarzon]] and [[Mimaropa]])
*** [[Batangas]]
*** [[Cavite]]
*** [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]
*** [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]]
*** [[Quezon]]
*** [[Marinduque]]
*** [[Occidental Mindoro]]
*** [[Oriental Mindoro]]
*** [[Romblon]] (While Romblomanon, Onhan, and Asi are the native languages of the province, a provincial dialect of Filipino, is the ''lingua franca'' between the various language groups.)
*** [[Palawan]] (Historically a non-Tagalog-speaking province, waves of cross-migration from various other regions, especially Calabarzon, has resulted in a dialect of Filipino, becoming the main spoken language.)
** [[Bicol Region]] (While the [[Bikol languages]] have traditionally been the majority languages in the following provinces, heavy Tagalog influence and migration has resulted in its significant presence in these provinces and in many communities, Tagalog is now the majority language.)
*** [[Camarines Norte]]
*** [[Camarines Sur]]
* [[Bangsamoro]]
** [[Maguindanao del Norte]] and [[Maguindanao del Sur]] (While [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] has traditionally been the majority language of these provinces, Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a dialect of Filipino, is now the main language of "mother tongue" primary education (but here as the local and regional auxiliary official Tagalog language, rather than or instead of the national and official Filipino language) in the province, the majority language in the regional center of [[Cotabato City]] (either or both Tagalog or Filipino), and the ''lingua franca'' of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or BARMM (predominantly Filipino).)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maulana |first=Nash |date=August 3, 2014 |title=Filipino or Tagalog Now Dominant Language of Teaching for Maguindanaons |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/625918/filipino-or-tagalog-now-dominant-language-of-teaching-for-maguindanaons |access-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124203953/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/625918/filipino-or-tagalog-now-dominant-language-of-teaching-for-maguindanaons |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Davao Region]]
**[[Metro Davao]] (While [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] is the majority language of the region, a linguistic phenomenon has developed whereby local residents have either shifted to Tagalog or Filipino, or significantly mix Tagalog terms and grammar into their Cebuano speech, or a regional metropolitan variety of Filipino, because older generations speak Tagalog/Filipino in home settings, and Cebuano is spoken in everyday settings, making Tagalog/Filipino the secondary lingua franca. Additionally, migrations from Tagalog-speaking provinces to the area are a contributing factor.)
*[[Soccsksargen]]
**[[North Cotabato]], [[South Cotabato]] and [[Sultan Kudarat]] (Despite [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] being the regional main lingua franca, migrations from [[Luzon]] and [[Visayas]] (including influx of migrants from Tagalog-speaking regions) to North Cotabato, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat has made a dialect of Filipino the secondary lingua franca between various ethnolinguistic groups on everyday basis, especially those not fluent in Hiligaynon. Signages in the region are typically written in Filipino or Tagalog. Filipino is also used in administrative functions by local government, in education and in local media.)

===Outside the Philippines===
[[File:Tagalosphere.png|thumb|{{legend|#FF0000|Countries with more than 500,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#FA8077|Countries with between 100,000–500,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#FFC0CB|Countries where it is spoken by minor communities}}]]
[[File:Tagalog Information About Venom.jpg|thumb|The Tagalog caption (bottom-left) about [[venom]] at the [[California Academy of Sciences]] in [[San Francisco]] includes words that are uncommonly used in Metro Manila such as "hungkag" (hollow), "sinisila" (prey), "mapanila" (predator), "tibò" (stinger), and "kabatiran" (clue/knowledge/discernment).]]

Tagalog serves as the common language among [[Overseas Filipinos]], though its use overseas is usually limited to communication among [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Filipino ethnic groups]]. The largest concentration of Tagalog speakers outside the Philippines is found in the [[United States]], where the 2020 census reported (based on data collected in 2018) that it was the fourth most-spoken non-English language at home with over 1.7 million speakers, behind [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (with figures for [[Cantonese]] and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] combined).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Languages&hidePreview=true&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S1601&vintage=2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030015410/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Languages&hidePreview=true&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S1601&vintage=2018|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-10-30|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for United States: 2014-2018|website=census.gov}}</ref>

A study based on data from the United States Census Bureau's 2015 American Consumer Survey shows that Tagalog is the most commonly spoken non-English language after Spanish in [[California]], [[Nevada]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] states.<ref name="LosAngeles">{{Cite news |date=July 7, 2017 |title=Study: Tagalog California's Most Commonly Spoken Foreign Language After Spanish |language=en-US |work=CBS Los Angeles |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/tagalog-californias-most-commonly-spoken-foreign-language/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194244/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/tagalog-californias-most-commonly-spoken-foreign-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tagalog is one of three recognized languages in [[San Francisco]], California, along with Spanish and Chinese, making all essential city services be communicated using these languages along with English.<ref name="SF">{{Cite news |date=April 2, 2014 |title=Tagalog Certified As Third Language To Be Used In SF City Services Communications |language=en-US |work=CBS San Francisco |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/04/02/tagalog-certified-as-third-language-to-be-used-in-sf-city-services-communications/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416183522/https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/04/02/tagalog-certified-as-third-language-to-be-used-in-sf-city-services-communications/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Hawaii]], state-funded entities are required to provide oral and written translations for everything in Tagalog and [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]].<ref name="Hawaii01">{{Cite web |title=Office of Language Access: Find a Law |url=https://labor.hawaii.gov/ola/find-a-law/ |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=Hawaii.gov |publisher=State of Hawaii |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907174547/https://labor.hawaii.gov/ola/find-a-law/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Hawaii02">{{Cite web |title=Office of Language Access: "Free Interpreter Help" in Multi-Languages |url=https://health.hawaii.gov/ola/free-interpreter-help-in-multi-languages/ |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=Hawaii.gov |publisher=State of Hawaii |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907174547/https://health.hawaii.gov/ola/free-interpreter-help-in-multi-languages/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevada provides Tagalog Election ballots.<ref name="Nevada">{{Cite news |date=February 12, 2020 |title=Tagalog Was on the Ballot for the First Time in Nevada |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/02/12/we-count-voter-series-nevada-orig-jm.cnn/video/playlists/2020-presidential-election/ |access-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124203943/https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/02/12/we-count-voter-series-nevada-orig-jm.cnn/video/playlists/2020-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other countries with significant concentrations of overseas Filipinos and Tagalog speakers include [[Saudi Arabia]] with 938,490, [[Canada]] with 676,775, [[Japan]] with 313,588, [[United Arab Emirates]] with 541,593, [[Kuwait]] with 187,067, and [[Malaysia]] with 620,043.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution on Filipinos Overseas |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/distribution-of-filipinos-overseas |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=dfa.gov.ph |archive-date=April 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103043/http://www.dfa.gov.ph/distribution-of-filipinos-overseas |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Dialects==
[[File:Katagalugan_dialects.png|thumb|250px|Distribution of Tagalog dialects in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the four dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern and [[Marinduque]]. While the majority of residents in [[Camarines Norte]] and [[Camarines Sur]] traditionally speak [[Bikol languages|Bikol]] as their first language, these provinces nonetheless have significant Tagalog minorities. In addition, Tagalog is used as a [[second language]] throughout the country.

{{legend|pink|2=Northern Tagalog dialects: Bataan (Bataan and Zambales) and Bulacan (Bulacan and Nueva Ecija)}}
{{legend|#CF657C|2=Central Tagalog dialects: Manila/[[Filipino language|Standard Tagalog or Filipino]] (Metro Manila), and Tanay-Paete (Rizal and Laguna).}}
{{legend|crimson|2=Southern Tagalog dialects: Batangas (Batangas, Cavite, and Oriental Mindoro), Lubang (Occidental Mindoro), Tayabas (Quezon), and Aurora.}}{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
{{legend|maroon|2=Marinduque dialects (Marinduque). Source: [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/taga1270]}}]]

At present, no comprehensive [[dialectology]] has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. [[Ethnologue]] lists Manila, Lubang, [[Marinduque]], Bataan (Western Central Luzon), [[Batangas Tagalog|Batangas]], Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna), and [[wiktionary:Tayabas Tagalog|''Tayabas'']] (Quezon)<ref name="Manuel 1971"/> as dialects of Tagalog; however, there appear to be four main dialects, of which the aforementioned are a part: Northern (exemplified by the [[Bulacan]] dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque.

Some example of dialectal differences are:
* Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in Standard Tagalog, probably influenced by Spanish, where the glottal stop doesn't exist. For example, standard Tagalog ''ngayón'' (now, today), ''[[Sinigang|sinigáng]]'' (broth stew), ''gabí'' (night), ''matamís'' (sweet), are pronounced and written ''ngay-on'', ''sinig-ang'', ''gab-i'', and ''matam-is'' in other dialects.
* In [[Teresa, Rizal|Teresian]]-[[Morong, Rizal|Morong]] Tagalog, {{IPA|[ɾ]}} alternates with {{IPA|[d]}}. For example, ''bundók'' (mountain), ''dagat'' (sea), ''dingdíng'' (wall), ''isdâ'' (fish), and ''litid'' (joints) become ''bunrók'', ''ragat'', ''ringríng'', ''isrâ'', and ''litir'', e.g. "sandók sa dingdíng" ("ladle on a wall" or "ladle on the wall", depending on the sentence) becoming "sanrók sa ringríng". However, exceptions are recent loanwords, and if the next consonant after a {{IPA|[d]}} is an {{IPA|[ɾ]}} (''durog'') or an {{IPA|[l]}} (''dilà'').
* In many [[Batangas Tagalog|southern dialects]], the progressive aspect infix of ''-um-'' verbs is ''na-''. For example, standard Tagalog ''kumakain'' (eating) is ''nákáin'' in Aurora, Quezon, and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers, for should a Southern Tagalog ask ''nákáin ka ba ng patíng?'' ("Do you eat shark?"), he would be understood as saying "Has a shark eaten you?" by speakers of the Manila Dialect.
* Some dialects have interjections which are considered a regional trademark. For example, the interjection ''ala e!'' usually identifies someone from Batangas as does ''hane?!'' in Rizal and Quezon provinces and ''akkaw'' in Aurora.

Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soberano |first=Ros |title=The Dialects of Marinduque Tagalog |date=1980 |publisher=The Australian National University |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 69 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-B69 |hdl=1885/144521 |isbn=9780858832169 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/Philippines/Marinduque/blog-462972.html |title = My Marinduque &#124; Travel Blog}}</ref> Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.

One example is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://salitablog.blogspot.com/2007/03/tagalog-verbs.html | title=Salita Blog: Tagalog verbs| date=March 30, 2007}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | [[Filipino language|Manileño Tagalog]]
! scope="col" | Marinduqueño Tagalog
! scope="col" | English
|-
! scope="row" | Susulat siná María at Esperanza kay Juan.
| Másúlat da María at Esperanza kay Juan.
| "María and Esperanza will write to Juan."
|-
! scope="row" | Mag-aaral siya sa Maynilà.
| Gaaral siya sa Maynilà.
| "[He/She] will study in Manila."
|-
! scope="row" | Maglutò ka na.
| Paglutò.
| "Cook now."
|-
! scope="row" | Kainin mo iyán.
| Kaina yaan.
| "Eat it."
|-
! scope="row" | Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay.
| Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay.
| "Father is calling us."
|-
! scope="row" | Tútulungan ba kayó ni Hilario?
| Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilario?
| "Is Hilario going to help you?"
|}

The Manila Dialect is the basis for the national language.

Outside of Luzon, a variety of Tagalog called Soccsksargen Tagalog (Sox-Tagalog, also called Kabacan Tagalog) is spoken in [[Soccsksargen]], a southwestern region in [[Mindanao]], as well as Cotabato City. This "hybrid" Tagalog dialect is a blend of Tagalog (including its dialects) with other languages where they are widely spoken and varyingly heard such as [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] (a regional lingua franca), [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] as well as [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]] and other indigenous languages native to region, as a result of migration from [[Panay]], [[Negros]], [[Cebu]], [[Bohol]], [[Siquijor]], [[Ilocandia]], [[Cagayan Valley]], [[Cordillera Administrative Region]], Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Mindoro and Marinduque since the turn of 20th century, therefore making the region a melting pot of cultures and languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=On Writing in Hybrid Language: An Interview with Gerald Galindez |url=https://www.yadukaru.com/2020/08/on-writing-in-hybrid-language-interview.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Pagsusuri sa Varayti at Varyasyon ng Sox-Tagalog: Isang Komparatibong Pag-aaral.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leceña |first=Hanna A. |date=2023 |title=Mga Tula sa Filipino-SOX na Zines: Túngo sa Pagpapakilala ng Multilingguwal at Multikultural na Komunidad sa Timog Mindanao |journal=Philippine High School for the Arts, Makiling los Baños |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordial |first=J. |date=2024-07-09 |title=The Morphology of Sox-Tagalog |url=https://medium.com/@jeremiahcordial/the-morphology-of-sox-tagalog-a8288aa4a02d |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

==Phonology==
{{Main|Tagalog phonology}}
{{IPA notice}}
Tagalog has 21 [[phoneme]]s: 16 are [[consonant]]s and 5 are [[vowel]]s. Native Tagalog words follow CV(C) [[syllable]] structure, though more complex consonant clusters are permitted in loanwords.<ref name="Himmelmann 2011 351–352">{{cite book | last  = Himmelmann | first = Nikolaus P. | author-link = Nikolaus P. Himmelmann | chapter = Tagalog | pages = 351–352 | editor-last  = Adelaar | editor-first = Alexander | editor2-last  = Himmelmann | editor2-first = Nikolaus P. | title  = The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | publication-date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-68153-7}}</ref><ref name="Rubino 2002 351–352">{{cite book | last  = Rubino | first = Carl R. Galvez | pages = 351–352 | title  = Tagalog-English, English-Tagalog Dictionary | year = 2002 | publisher = Hippocrene Books, Inc. | publication-date = 2002 | isbn = 0-7818-0961-4}}</ref><ref name="Guzman 2001 704">{{cite book | last  = Guzman | first = Videa | chapter = Tagalog | pages = 704 | editor-last  = Garry | editor-first = Jane | editor2-last  = Rubino | editor2-first = Carl | title  = Facts about the world's languages : an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present | year = 2001 | publisher = New England Publishing Associates | publication-date = 2001 | isbn = 0-8242-0970-2}}</ref><ref name="Quilis 1985 241–243">{{cite book | last  = Quilis | first = Antonio | chapter = A Comparison of the Phonemic Systems of Spanish and Tagalog | pages = 241–243 | editor-last  = Jankowsky | editor-first = Kurt R. | title  = Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language: Festschrift for Robert Lado | year = 1985 | publisher = Benjamins | publication-date = 1985 | isbn = 90-272-2013-1}}</ref><ref name="Tagalog Reference Grammar">{{cite book | last1  = Schachter | first1 = Paul | last2 = Otanes | first2 = Fe T. | pages = 6 | title  = Tagalog Reference Grammar | year = 1972 | publisher = University of California Press | publication-date = 1972 | isbn = 0-520-01776-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last  = Zamar | first = Sheila | author-link =  Sheila Zamar | chapter = Phonology and Spelling | pages = 3–5 | title  = Filipino: An Essential Grammar | date = October 31, 2022 | publisher = Routledge | publication-date = 2023 | isbn = 978-1-138-82628-1}}</ref>

===Vowels===
Tagalog has five vowels and four diphthongs.<ref name="Himmelmann 2011 351–352"/><ref name="Rubino 2002 351–352"/><ref name="Guzman 2001 704"/><ref name="Quilis 1985 241–243"/><ref name="Tagalog Reference Grammar"/> Tagalog originally had three vowel phonemes, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}. Tagalog is now considered to have five vowel phonemes following the introduction of two marginal phonemes from Spanish, /o/ and /e/.

{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''Table of the five general Tagalog vowel phonemes'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|o̞}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|}
* {{IPA|/a/}} an [[open central unrounded vowel]] roughly similar to English "f'''a'''ther"; in the middle of a word, a [[near-open central vowel]] similar to Received Pronunciation "c'''u'''p"; or an [[open front unrounded vowel]] similar to Received Pronunciation or California English "h'''a'''t"
* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} an [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] similar to General American English "b'''e'''d"
* {{IPA|/i/}} a [[close front unrounded vowel]] similar to English "mach'''i'''ne"
* {{IPA|/o̞/}} a [[mid back rounded vowel]] similar to General American English "s'''o'''ul" or Philippine English "f'''o'''rty"
* {{IPA|/u/}} a [[close back rounded vowel]] similar to English "fl'''u'''te"

Nevertheless, simplification of pairs {{IPA|[o ~ u]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ ~ i]}} is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and working class registers.

The four [[diphthong]]s are {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/uj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}}, and {{IPA|/iw/}}. Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent is used: ''á é í ó ú.''<ref name="ELL">{{ELL2|Tagalog}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''Table of all possible realizations of Tagalog vowels'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| '''{{IPA link|i}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| '''{{IPA link|u}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e/i}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o/u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ̝}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| '''{{IPA link|o̞}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| '''{{IPA link|ɛ}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɐ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|a}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
| '''{{IPA link|ä}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|}

The table above shows all the possible realizations for each of the five vowel sounds depending on the speaker's origin or proficiency. The five general vowels are in '''bold'''.

===Consonants===
Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The [[velar nasal]] occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Loanword variants using these phonemes are italicized inside the angle brackets.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|+Tagalog consonant phonemes<ref name=ELL/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=Steven |last2=McCloy |first2=Daniel |last3=Wright |first3=Richard |date=2012 |title=Revisiting population size vs. phoneme inventory size |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0087 |journal=Language |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=877–893 |doi=10.1353/lan.2012.0087 |hdl=1773/25269 |s2cid=145423518 |issn=1535-0665 |hdl-access=free |access-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427092646/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492552 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |
! <small>[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]</small>
! <small>[[Alveolar consonant|Alv.]]</small>/<small>[[Dental consonant|Dental]]</small>
! <small>[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/</small><br><small>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]</small>
! <small>[[Velar consonant|Velar]]</small>
! <small>[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{anglebracket|ng}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|ts}})
| ({{IPA link|tʃ}}) {{anglebracket|ts, tiy, ty}} 
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|dz}})
| ({{IPA link|dʒ}}) {{anglebracket|dz, diy, dy}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|({{IPA link|ʃ}}) {{anglebracket|siy, sy, ''sh''}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}} {{anglebracket|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}} {{anglebracket|y}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{anglebracket|r}}
|
|
|
|}
*{{IPA|/k/}} between vowels has a tendency to become {{IPA|[x]}} as in ''loch'', German ''Bach'', whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become {{IPA|[kx]}}, especially in the Manila dialect.
*Intervocalic {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} tend to become {{IPA|[ɰ]}}, as in Spanish ''agua'', especially in the Manila dialect.
*{{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} were once allophones, and they still vary grammatically, with initial {{IPA|/d/}} becoming intervocalic {{IPA|/ɾ/}} in many words.<ref name=ELL/>
*A glottal stop that occurs in [[pausa]] (before a pause) is omitted when it is in the middle of a phrase,<ref name=ELL/> especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
*The {{IPA|/ɾ/}} phoneme is an alveolar rhotic that has a free variation between a trill, a flap and an approximant ({{IPA|[r~ɾ~ɹ]}}).
*The {{IPA|/dʒ/}} phoneme may become a consonant cluster {{IPA|[dd͡ʒ]}} in between vowels such as ''sadyâ'' {{IPA|[sɐdˈd͡ʒäʔ]}}.

Glottal stop is not indicated.<ref name="ELL" /> Glottal stops are most likely to occur when:
*the word starts with a vowel, like '''''a'''so'' (dog)
*the word includes a dash followed by a vowel, like ''mag-'''a'''ral'' (study)
*the word has two vowels next to each other, like ''pa'''a'''no'' (how)
*the word starts with a prefix followed by a verb that starts with a vowel, like ''mag-aayos'' ([will] fix)

===Stress and final glottal stop===
[[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] is a [[distinctive feature]] in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.

Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of the stress or the presence of a final glottal stop. In formal or academic settings, stress placement and the glottal stop are indicated by a [[diacritic]] ({{lang|tl|tuldík}}) above the final vowel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Himmelmann |first=Nikolaus |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Adelaar |editor-first=K. Alexander |location=London |pages=350–376 |chapter=Tagalog |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus}}</ref> The penultimate primary stress position ({{lang|tl|malumay}}) is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Phonetic comparison of Tagalog homographs based on stress and final glottal stop
|-
! Common spelling
! Stressed non-ultimate syllable<br/>no diacritic
! Stressed ultimate syllable<br/>acute accent (´)
! Unstressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop<br/>grave accent (`)
! Stressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop<br/>circumflex accent (^)
|-
! {{lang|tl|baba}}
| {{IPA|[ˈbaba]}} {{lang|tl|baba}} ('father')
| {{IPA|[baˈba]}} {{lang|tl|babá}} ('piggy back')
| {{IPA|[ˈbabaʔ]}} {{lang|tl|babà}} ('chin')
| {{IPA|[bɐˈbaʔ]}} {{lang|tl|babâ}} ('descend [imperative]')
|-
! {{lang|tl|baka}}
| {{IPA|[ˈbaka]}} {{lang|tl|baka}} ('cow')
| {{IPA|[bɐˈka]}} {{lang|tl|baká}} ('possible')
|
|
|-
! {{lang|tl|bata}}
| {{IPA|[ˈbata]}} {{lang|tl|bata}} ('bath robe')
| {{IPA|[bɐˈta]}} {{lang|tl|batá}} ('persevere')
| {{IPA|[ˈbataʔ]}} {{lang|tl|batà}} ('child')
|
|-
! {{lang|tl|bayaran}}
| {{IPA|[bɐˈjaran]}} {{lang|tl|bayaran}} ('pay [imperative]')
| {{IPA|[bɐjɐˈran]}} {{lang|tl|bayarán}} ('for hire')
|
|
|-
! {{lang|tl|labi}}
|
|
| {{IPA|[ˈlabɛʔ]}}/{{IPA|[ˈlabiʔ]}} {{lang|tl|labì}} ('lips')
| {{IPA|[lɐˈbɛʔ]}}/{{IPA|[lɐˈbiʔ]}} {{lang|tl|labî}} ('remains')
|-
! {{lang|tl|pito}}
| {{IPA|[ˈpito]}} {{lang|tl|pito}} ('whistle')
| {{IPA|[pɪˈto]}} {{lang|tl|pitó}} ('seven')
|
|
|-
! {{lang|tl|sala}}
| {{IPA|[ˈsala]}} {{lang|tl|sala}} ('living room')
| {{IPA|[saˈla]}} {{lang|tl|salá}} ('interweaving [of bamboo slats]')
| {{IPA|[ˈsalaʔ]}} {{lang|tl|salà}} ('sin')
| {{IPA|[sɐˈlaʔ]}} {{lang|tl|salâ}} ('filtered')
|}

==Grammar==
{{Main|Tagalog grammar|Austronesian alignment}}

==Writing system==
{{see also|Filipino orthography}}
{{Contains special characters|Baybayin}}

Tagalog, like other Philippines languages today, is written using the Latin alphabet. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 1521 and the beginning of their colonization in 1565, Tagalog was written in an [[abugida]]—or [[alphasyllabary]]—called [[Baybayin]]. This system of writing gradually gave way to the use and propagation of the Latin alphabet as introduced by the Spanish. As the Spanish began to record and create grammars and dictionaries for the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, they adopted systems of writing closely following the orthographic customs of the Spanish language and were refined over the years. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography.

In the late 19th century, a number of educated Filipinos began proposing for revising the spelling system used for Tagalog at the time. In 1884, Filipino doctor and student of languages [[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera]] published his study on the ancient Tagalog script ''Contribucion para el Estudio de los Antiguos Alfabetos Filipinos'' and in 1887, published his essay ''El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog'' which made use of a new writing system developed by him. Meanwhile, Jose Rizal, inspired by Pardo de Tavera's 1884 work, also began developing a new system of orthography (unaware at first of Pardo de Tavera's own orthography).<ref name="Is k foreign 19" /> A major noticeable change in these proposed orthographies was the use of the letter ⟨k⟩ rather than ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme {{IPA|/k/}}.

In 1889, the new bilingual Spanish-Tagalog ''La España Oriental'' newspaper, of which [[Isabelo de los Reyes]] was an editor, began publishing using the new orthography stating in a footnote that it would "use the orthography recently introduced by ... learned Orientalis". This new orthography, while having its supporters, was also not initially accepted by several writers. Soon after the first issue of ''La España'', [[Pascual H. Poblete]]'s ''Revista Católica de Filipina'' began a series of articles attacking the new orthography and its proponents. A fellow writer, Pablo Tecson was also critical. Among the attacks was the use of the letters "k" and "w" as they were deemed to be of German origin and thus its proponents were deemed as "unpatriotic". The publishers of these two papers would eventually merge as ''La Lectura Popular'' in January 1890 and would eventually make use of both spelling systems in its articles.<ref name="k is for">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Megan C. |date=2007 |title=K is for De-Kolonization: Anti-Colonial Nationalism and Orthographic Reform |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=938–967 |doi=10.1017/S0010417507000813 |s2cid=144161531}}</ref><ref name="Is k foreign 19">{{Cite web |title= Is 'K' a Foreign Agent? Orthography and Patriotism: Accusations of Foreign-ness of the ''Revista Católica de Filipina'' |url=http://www.espanito.com/is-k-a-foreign-agent-orthography-and-patriotism-in-the-late-19.html?part=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213092441/http://www.espanito.com/is-k-a-foreign-agent-orthography-and-patriotism-in-the-late-19.html?part=6 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |access-date=June 2, 2018 |website=espanito.com}}</ref> Pedro Laktaw, a schoolteacher, published the first Spanish-Tagalog dictionary using the new orthography in 1890.<ref name="k is for" />

In April 1890, Jose Rizal authored an article ''Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog'' in the Madrid-based periodical [[La Solidaridad]]. In it, he addressed the criticisms of the new writing system by writers like Pobrete and Tecson and the simplicity, in his opinion, of the new orthography. Rizal described the orthography promoted by Pardo de Tavera as "more perfect" than what he himself had developed.<ref name="k is for" /> The new orthography was, however, not broadly adopted initially and was used inconsistently in the bilingual periodicals of Manila until the early 20th century.<ref name="k is for" /> The revolutionary society Kataás-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan or [[Katipunan]] made use of the k-orthography and the letter k featured prominently on many of its flags and insignias.<ref name="k is for" />

In 1937, Tagalog was selected to serve as basis for the country's [[national language]]. In 1940, the ''Balarilâ ng Wikang Pambansâ'' ({{langx|en|Grammar of the National Language}}) of grammarian [[Lope K. Santos]] introduced the [[Abakada script|Abakada]] alphabet. This alphabet consists of 20 letters and became the standard alphabet of the national language.<ref name="ebolusyon">{{Cite web |title=Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date=June 22, 2010 |website=wika.pbworks.com |archive-date=February 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221013557/http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}} The orthography as used by Tagalog would eventually influence and spread to the systems of writing used by other Philippine languages (which had been using variants of the Spanish-based system of writing). In 1987, the Abakada was dropped and replaced by the expanded Filipino alphabet.

===Baybayin===
{{Main|Baybayin}}

Tagalog was written in an [[abugida]] ([[alphasyllabary]]) called [[Baybayin]] prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular [[writing system]] was composed of symbols representing three [[vowel]]s and 14 [[consonant]]s. Belonging to the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts, it shares similarities with the [[Old Kawi]] script of [[Javanese language|Java]] and is believed to be descended from the script used by the [[Bugis]] in [[Sulawesi]].

Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] taught by the Spaniards during their rule.

There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an [[abugida]], or an [[alphasyllabary]], rather than an [[alphabet]]. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.

A "kudlít" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the consonant without a following vowel was simply left out (for example, ''bundók'' being rendered as ''budo''), forcing the reader to use context when reading such words.

Example:
<div style="text-align:center; margin:1em 0;">[[File:Baybayin sample 02.jpg|Ba Be Bo B (in Baybayin)]]</div>

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ vowels
! scope="row" | 
| {{script|Tglg| ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | a
| {{script|Tglg|ᜀ}}
|-
! scope="row" | i<br />''e''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜁ}}
|-
! scope="row" | u <br /> ''o''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜂ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ b
! scope="row" | b
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ba
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊ}}
|-
! scope="row" | bi<br />''be''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | bu <br /> ''bo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ k
! scope="row" | k
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ka
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ki<br />''ke''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ku <br /> ''ko''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜓᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ d/r
! scope="row" | d/r
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | da/ra
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇ}}
|-
! scope="row" | di/ri<br />''de/re''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | du/ru <br /> ''do/ro''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ g
! scope="row" | g
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ga
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄ}}
|-
! scope="row" | gi<br />''ge''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | gu <br /> ''go''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ h
! scope="row" | h
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ha
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑ}}
|-
! scope="row" | hi<br />''he''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | hu <br /> ''ho''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ l
! scope="row" | l
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | la
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎ}}
|-
! scope="row" | li<br />''le''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | lu <br /> ''lo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ m
! scope="row" | m
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ma
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋ}}
|-
! scope="row" | mi<br />''me''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | mu <br /> ''mo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ n
! scope="row" | n
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | na
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ni<br />''ne''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | nu <br /> ''no''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ ng
! scope="row" | ng
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | nga
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ngi<br />''nge''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ngu <br /> ''ngo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ p
! scope="row" | p
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | pa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉ}}
|-
! scope="row" | pi<br />''pe''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | pu <br /> ''po''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ s
! scope="row" | s
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | sa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐ}}
|-
! scope="row" | si<br />''se''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | su <br /> ''so''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ t
! scope="row" | t
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ta
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ti<br />''te''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | tu <br /> ''to''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ w
! scope="row" | w
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | wa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏ}}
|-
! scope="row" | wi<br />''we''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | wu <br /> ''wo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ y
! scope="row" | y
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ya
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌ}}
|-
! scope="row" | yi<br />''ye''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | yu <br /> ''yo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌᜓ}}
|}

|}

===Latin alphabet===
====Abecedario====
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called ''''ABECEDARIO'''' ([[wikt:abecedario#English-alphabet|Spanish for "alphabet"]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gómez Rivera |first=Guillermo |author-link=Guillermo Gómez Rivera |date=April 10, 2001 |title=The Evolution of the Native Tagalog Alphabet |url=http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919003751/http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html |archive-date=September 19, 2013 |access-date=August 3, 2010 |website=Emanila News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Signey |first=Richard C. |date=2005 |title=The Evolution and Disappearance of the "Ğ" in Tagalog Orthography since the 1593 Doctrina Christiana |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18813686 |url-status=dead |journal=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113010354/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18813686 |archive-date=January 13, 2012 |access-date=August 3, 2010}}</ref> The additional letters beyond the 26-letter [[English alphabet]] are: ch, ll, ng, ñ, n͠g / ñg, and rr.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|-
| A || a || Ng || ng
|-
| B || b || Ñ || ñ
|-
| C || c || N͠g / Ñg || n͠g / ñg
|-
| Ch || ch || O || o
|-
| D || d || P || p
|-
| E || e || Q || q
|-
| F || f || R || r
|-
| G || g || Rr || rr
|-
| H || h || S || s
|-
| I || i || T || t
|-
| J || j || U || u
|-
| K || k || V || v
|-
| L || l || W || w
|-
| Ll || ll || X || x
|-
| M || m || Y || y
|-
| N || n || Z || z
|}

====Abakada====
{{Main|Abakada alphabet}}
When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ''Abakada'' in school grammar books called ''balarilâ''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781566399388/page/ |title=Contemporary Asian American Communities: Intersections and Divergences |date=2002 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-938-8 |editor-last=Võ |editor-first=Linda Trinh |pages=96, 100 |ref={{Harvid|Trinh|Bonus|2002}} |editor-last2=Bonus |editor-first2=Rick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1971 |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=k6oqAAAAMAAJ }} |journal=Philippine Journal of Education |title=Philippine Journal of Education |volume=50 |page=556}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2022}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Perfecto T. |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Bv5HAAAAMAAJ }} |title=Diksiyunaryong Adarna: Mga Salita at Larawan para sa Bata |date=1986 |publisher=Children's Communication Center |isbn=978-971-12-1118-9}}</ref> The only letter not in the [[English alphabet]] is ng.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|-
| A || a || N || n
|-
| B || b || Ng || ng
|-
| K || k || O || o
|-
| D || d || P || p
|-
| E || e || R || r
|-
| G || g || S || s
|-
| H || h || T || t
|-
| I || i || U || u
|-
| L || l || W || w
|-
| M || m || Y || y
|}

====Revised alphabet====
{{Main|Filipino alphabet}}
In 1987, the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education, Culture and Sports]] issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet<ref>{{Harvnb|Trinh|Bonus|2002|pp=[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=7xp4qZta2GYC |page=96 }} 96], [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=7xp4qZta2GYC |page=100 }} 100]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Perdon |first=Renato |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=4X1Musto3h0C }} |title=Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English/English-Tagalog |date=2005 |publisher=Periplus Editions |isbn=978-0-7946-0345-8 |pages=[{{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=4X1Musto3h0C|page=PR6 }} vi–vii]}}</ref> to make room for loans, especially family names from Spanish and English.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=tM3PrFFSiVgC }} |title=Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning |date=1997 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-015509-5 |editor-last=Clyne |editor-first=Michael |page=[{{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=tM3PrFFSiVgC|page=317 }} 317]}}</ref> The additional letters beyond the 26-letter [[English alphabet]] are: ñ, ng.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|-
| A || a || Ñ || ñ
|-
| B || b || Ng || ng
|-
| C || c || O || o
|-
| D || d || P || p
|-
| E || e || Q || q
|-
| F || f || R || r
|-
| G || g || S || s
|-
| H || h || T || t
|-
| I || i || U || u
|-
| J || j || V || v
|-
| K || k || W || w
|-
| L || l || X || x
|-
| M || m || Y || y
|-
| N || n || Z || z
|}

====''ng'' and ''mga''====
{{See also|ng (digraph)}}
The [[Genitive case|genitive]] marker ''ng'' and the plural marker ''mga'' (e.g. ''Iyan ang '''mga''' damít ko.'' (Those are my clothe'''s''')) are abbreviations that are pronounced ''nang'' {{IPA|[naŋ]}} and ''mangá'' {{IPA|[mɐˈŋa]}}. ''Ng'', in most cases, roughly translates to "of" (ex. ''Siyá ay kapatíd '''ng''' nanay ko.'' She is the sibling ''of'' my mother) while ''nang'' usually means "when" or can describe how something is done or to what extent (equivalent to the suffix ''-ly'' in English adverbs), among other uses. 
* '''''Nang''' si Hudas ay nadulás.''—When [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]] slipped.
* ''Gumising siya '''nang''' <u>maaga</u>.''—He woke up <u>early</u>.
* ''Gumalíng '''nang''' <u>{{sic|hide=y|todo}}</u> si Juan dahil nag-ensayo siyá.''—Juan <u>greatly</u> improved because he practiced.

In the first example, ''nang'' is used in lieu of the word ''noong'' (when; ''<u>Noong</u> si Hudas ay madulás''). In the second, ''nang'' describes that the person woke up (''gumising'') early (''maaga''); ''gumising nang maaga''. In the third, ''nang'' described up to what extent that Juan improved (''gumalíng''), which is "greatly" (''nang {{sic|hide=y|todo}}''). In the latter two examples, the ligature ''na'' and its variants ''-ng'' and ''-g'' may also be used (''Gumising <u>na</u> maaga/Maaga<u>ng</u> gumising''; ''Gumalíng <u>na</u> {{sic|hide=y|todo}}/Todo<u>ng</u> gumalíng'').

The longer ''nang'' may also have other uses, such as a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] that joins a repeated word:
*''Naghintáy sila '''nang''' naghintáy.''—They kept on waiting" (a closer calque: "They were waiting and waiting.")

===''pô/hô'' and ''opò/ohò''===
The words {{lang|tl|pô/hô}} originated from the word "{{lang|tl|Panginoon}}." and "{{lang|tl|Poon}}." ("Lord."). When combined with the basic affirmative {{lang|tl|Oo}} "yes" (from [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] *heqe), the resulting forms are {{lang|tl|opò}} and {{lang|tl|ohò}}.

"{{lang|tl|Pô}}" and "{{lang|tl|opò}}" are specifically used to denote a high level of respect when addressing older persons of close affinity like parents, relatives, teachers and family friends. "{{lang|tl|Hô}}" and "{{lang|tl|ohò}}" are generally used to politely address older neighbours, strangers, public officials, bosses and nannies, and may suggest a distance in societal relationship and respect determined by the addressee's social rank and not their age. However, "{{lang|tl|pô}}" and "{{lang|tl|opò}}" can be used in any case in order to express an elevation of respect.
*Example: "{{lang|tl|Pakitapon namán '''pô/hô''' yung basura.}}" ("Please throw away the trash.")

Used in the affirmative:
*Ex: "{{lang|tl|Gutóm ka na ba?" "'''Opò/Ohò'''}}". ("Are you hungry yet?" "Yes.")

{{lang|tl|Pô/Hô}} may also be used in negation.
*Ex: "{{lang|tl|Hindi ko '''pô/hô''' alám 'yan.}}" ("I don't know that.")

==Vocabulary and borrowed words==
{{see also|List of loanwords in Tagalog}}

Tagalog vocabulary is mostly of native Austronesian or Tagalog origin, such as most of the words that end with the [[diphthongs|diphthong]] -iw, (e.g. giliw) and words that exhibit [[reduplication]] (e.g. halo-halo, patpat, etc.). Besides inherited cognates, this also accounts for innovations in Tagalog vocabulary, especially traditional ones within its dialects. Tagalog has also incorporated many Spanish and English loanwords; the necessity of which increases in more technical parlance.

In precolonial times, [[Malay trade and creole languages|Trade Malay]] was widely known and spoken throughout [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], contributing a significant number of Malay vocabulary into the Tagalog language. Malay loanwords, identifiable or not, may often already be considered native as these have existed in the language before colonisation.

Tagalog also includes loanwords from [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] ([[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], mostly through Malay), [[Chinese language]]s (mostly [[Hokkien]], followed by [[Cantonese]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], etc.), [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].

English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, barong, [[butterfly knife|balisong]], [[boondocks]], [[jeepney]], Manila hemp, [[pancit]], ylang-ylang, and yaya. Some of these loanwords are more often used in [[Philippine English]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2021 |title=English Words Used in Filipino |url=https://www.filipinopod101.com/blog/2021/05/13/english-loanwords-in-filipino/ |access-date=July 19, 2022 |website=FilipinoPod101.com Blog |language=en |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095214/https://www.filipinopod101.com/blog/2021/05/13/english-loanwords-in-filipino/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Other examples of Tagalog words used in English
! scope="col " | Example
! scope="col " | Definition
|-
! scope="row" | [[boondocks]]
| meaning "rural" or "back country", borrowed through American soldiers stationed in the Philippines in the Philippine–American War as a corruption of the Tagalog word ''bundok'', which means "mountain"
|-
! scope="row" | [[cogon]]
| a type of grass, used for thatching, came from the Tagalog word ''kugon'' (a species of tall grass)
|-
! scope="row" | [[ylang-ylang]]
| a tree whose fragrant flowers are used in perfumes
|-
! scope="row" | [[abacá]]
| a type of hemp fiber made from a plant in the banana family, came from the Tagalog word ''abaká''
|-
! scope="row" | [[Manila hemp]]
| a light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper, usually made from abaca hemp, from [[Manila]], the capital of the Philippines
|-
! scope="row" | [[Windowpane oyster|capiz]]
| a type of marine mollusc also known as a "windowpane oyster" used to make windows
|}

Tagalog has contributed several words to [[Philippine Spanish]], like ''barangay'' (from ''balan͠gay,'' meaning ''barrio''), the ''abacá'', ''cogon'', ''palay'', ''dalaga'' etc.
<!--
abaca&nbsp;— Via Spanish. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abaca#Etymology "Tagalog name for the plant, via Spanish abacá"
adobo&nbsp;— May be heard from communities with interest in Filipino cuisine. Reminiscent of the Hispanic concept. (Dec 2021, Myrnamyers)
aggrupation&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
barong&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
balisong&nbsp;— A popular term among international enthusiasts of this type of knife; interchangeable with the term "butterfly knife". (Dec 2021, Myrnamyers)
boondocks&nbsp;— Yes.
jeepney&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
Manila hemp&nbsp;— Someone must be kidding here. For "Hemp" see [[Cannabis (etymology)]]. ... in response to this, the word being referred to is the adjective "manila". (Dec 2021, Myrnamyers)
pancit&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
ylang ylang&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
yaya&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
-->

===Tagalog words of foreign origin===
{{Main|List of loanwords in Tagalog}}

==Taglish (Englog)==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2024}}
{{main|Taglish}}
{{See also|Singlish|Spanglish}}

''Taglish'' and ''Englog'' are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to changing language in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.<ref name="Bautista-2004">{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code Switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=June 2004 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=226–231 |doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf |access-date=July 3, 2023 |publisher=Education Research Institute, [[Seoul National University]] |issn=1598-1037 |oclc=425894528 |s2cid=145684166}}</ref>

Code-mixing also entails the use of foreign words that are "Filipinized" by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.

{{Verse translation
|Magshoshopping kamí sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shopping center?
|We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center?
}}

Urbanites are the most likely to speak like this.

The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well.<ref name="Bautista-2004" /> Advertisements from companies like [[Wells Fargo]], [[Wal-Mart]], [[New Albertsons|Albertsons]], [[McDonald's]] and [[Western Union]] have contained Taglish.

===Cognates with other Philippine languages===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Tagalog word
! scope="col" | Meaning
! scope="col" | Language of cognate
! scope="col" | Spelling
|-
! scope="row" | bakit
| why (from ''bakin'' + ''at'')
| [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] 
| obakit 
|-
! scope="row" | akyát
| climb/step up
| Kapampangan 
| ukyát/mukyát 
|-
! scope="row" | bundók
| mountain
| Kapampangan 
| bunduk 
|-
! scope="row" | at
| and
| Kapampangan <br />[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] 
| at <br />tan 
|-
! scope="row" | aso
| dog
| Kapampangan and [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]] <br />Pangasinan, [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and [[Maranao language|Maranao]] 
| asu <br />aso 
|-
! scope="row" | huwág
| don't
| Pangasinan 
| ag 
|-
! scope="row" | tayo
| we (inc.) 
| Pangasinan <br />Ilocano <br />Kapampangan <br />[[Tausug language|Tausug]] <br />Maguindanao <br />Maranao <br />[[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] <br />[[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] <br />[[Yogad language|Yogad]] <br />[[Gaddang language|Gaddang]] <br />[[Tboli language|Tboli]] 
| sikatayo <br />datayo <br />ikatamu <br />kitaniyu <br />tanu <br />tano <br />yaten <br />sittam <br />sikitam <br />ikkanetam <br />tekuy 
|-
! scope="row" | itó, nitó
| this, its
| Ilocano <br />[[Bikol languages|Bicolano]] 
| to <br />iyó/ini 
|-
! scope="row" | ng
| of
| [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] <br />[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] <br />[[Waray language|Waray]] <br />Kapampangan <br />Pangasinan <br />Bicolano <br />Ilocano 
| sa/og <br />sang/sing <br />han/hin/san/sin <br />ning <br />na <br />kan/nin <br />a 
|-
! scope="row" | araw
| sun; day
| [[Visayan languages]] <br />Kapampangan <br />Pangasinan <br />Bicolano ([[Central Bikol|Central]]/[[Albay Bikol language|East Miraya]]) and Ilocano <br />[[Rinconada Bikol language|Rinconada Bikol]] <br />Ivatan <br />Ibanag<br />Yogad <br />Gaddang <br />Tboli 
| adlaw <br />aldo <br />agew <br />aldaw <br />aldəw <br />araw <br />aggaw <br />agaw <br />aw <br />kdaw 
|-
! scope="row" | ang
| definite article
| Visayan languages (except Waray) <br />Bicolano and Waray 
| ang <br />an 
|}

==Comparisons with Austronesian languages==
Below is a chart of Tagalog and a number of other Austronesian languages [[Comparative linguistics|comparing]] thirteen words.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="row" | Tagalog
| isá
| dalawá
| tatló
| apat
| tao
| bahay
| aso
| niyóg
| araw
| bago
| táyo
| anó
| apóy
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tombulu language|Tombulu]] ([[Minahasa]])
| esa
| zua/rua
| telu
| epat
| tou
| walé
| asu
| po'po'
| endo
| weru
| kai/kita
| apa
| api
|-
! scope="row" | [[Central Bikol language|Central Bikol]]
| sarô
| rowspan="2" | duwa
| rowspan="2" | tulo
| apat
| tawo
| harong
| ayam
| niyog
| rowspan="2" | aldaw
| rowspan="2" | bâgo
| rowspan="2" | kita
| ano
| kalayo
|-
! scope="row" | [[East Miraya Bikol]] 
| rowspan="2" | əsad
| rowspan="2" | əpat
| taw
| balay
| ayam/ido
| nuyog
| unu/uno
| rowspan="2" | kalayō
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rinconada Bikol language|Rinconada Bikol]] 
| darwā
| tolō
| tawō
| baləy
| ayam
| noyog
| aldəw
| bāgo
| kitā
| onō
|-
! scope="row" | [[Waray-Waray language|Waray]]
| usá
| rowspan="2" | duhá
| rowspan="2" | tuló
| rowspan="2" | upát
| rowspan="5" | tawo
| rowspan="4" | baláy
| ayám/idô
| rowspan="3" | lubí
| rowspan="6" | adlaw
| rowspan="5" | bag-o
| rowspan="5" | kitá
| anú/nano
| rowspan="4" | kalayo
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]]
| sara
| darwa
| rowspan="2" | ayam
| rowspan="2" | niyog
|-
! scope="row" | [[Aklanon language|Akeanon]]
| isaea/sambilog
| daywa
| ap-at
| baeay
| kaeayo
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tausug language|Tausug]]
| isa/hambuuk
| duwa
| tu
| upat
| rowspan="2" | tau
| bay
| iru'
| rowspan="2" | niyug
| ba-gu
| kitaniyu
| unu
| kayu
|-
! scope="row" | [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]
| rowspan="2" | isa
| dua
| telu
| pat
| rowspan="2" | walay
| asu
| gay
| bagu
| tanu
| ngin
| apuy
|-
! scope="row" | [[Maranao language|Maranao]]
| dowa
| t'lo
| phat
| taw
| aso
| neyog
| gawi'e
| bago
| tano
| tonaa
| apoy
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
| isa/metung 
| adwa
| atlu
| apat
| tau
| bale
| asu
| ngungut
| aldo
| bayu
| ikatamu
| nanu
| api
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]
| sakey
| dua/duara
| talo/talora
| apat/apatira
| too
| abong
| rowspan="2" | aso
| niyog
| ageo/agew 
| balo
| sikatayo
| anto
| pool
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]
| maysa
| dua
| tallo
| uppat
| rowspan="2" | tao
| balay
| niog
| aldaw
| baro
| datayo
| ania
| rowspan="2" | apoy
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]]
| asa
| dadowa
| tatdo
| apat
| vahay
| chito
| niyoy
| araw
| va-yo
| yaten
| ango
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]
| tadday
| dua
| rowspan="2" | tallu
| appa'
| rowspan="3" | tolay
| balay
| kitu
| niuk
| aggaw
| rowspan="2" | bagu
| sittam
| anni
| afi
|-
! scope="row" | [[Yogad language|Yogad]]
| tata
| addu
| rowspan="2" | appat
| binalay
| rowspan="2" | atu
| iyyog
| agaw
| sikitam
| gani
| rowspan="2" | afuy
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]]
| antet
| addwa
| tallo
| balay
| ayog
| aw
| bawu
| ikkanetam
| sanenay
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tboli language|Tboli]]
| sotu
| lewu
| tlu
| fat
| tau
| gunu
| ohu
| lefo
| kdaw
| lomi
| tekuy
| tedu
| ofih
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kadazan language|Kadazan]]
| iso
| duvo
| tohu
| apat
| tuhun
| hamin
| tasu
| piasau
| tadau
| vagu
| tokou
| onu
| tapui
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]/'''[[Malay language|Malay]]'''
| satu
| dua
| tiga
| empat
| orang
| rumah/balai
| anjing
| kelapa/nyiur
| hari
| baru/baharu
| rowspan="2" | kita
| apa
| api
|-
! scope="row" | [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
| siji
| loro
| telu
| papat
| uwong
| omah/bale
| asu
| klapa/kambil
| hari/dina/dinten
| anyar/enggal
| apa/anu
| geni
|-
! scope="row" | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]
| sa
| duwa
| lhèë
| peuët
| ureuëng
| rumoh/balèë
| asèë
| u
| uroë
| barô
| (geu)tanyoë
| peuë
| apuy
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lampung language|Lampung]]
| sai
| khua
| telu
| pak
| jelema
| lamban
| rowspan="2" | asu
| nyiwi
| khani
| rowspan="4" | baru
| kham
| api
| apui
|-
! scope="row" | [[Buginese language|Buginese]]
| se'di
| rowspan="2" | dua
| tellu
| eppa'
| tau
| bola
| kaluku
| esso
| idi'
| aga
| rowspan="3" | api
|-
! scope="row" | [[Toba Batak language|Batak]]
| sada
| tolu
| opat
| halak
| jabu
| biang
| harambiri
| rowspan="2" | ari
| hita
| aha
|-
![[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
|ciek
|duo
|tigo
|ampek
|urang
|rumah
|anjiang
|karambia
|kito
|apo
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
| ida
| rowspan="2" | rua
| tolu
| haat
| ema
| uma
| asu
| nuu
| loron
| foun
| ita
| saida
| rowspan="2" | ahi
|-
! scope="row" | [[Māori language|Māori]]
| tahi
| toru
| wha
| tangata
| whare
| rowspan="2" | kuri
| kokonati
| ra
| hou
| taua
| aha
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tuvaluan language|Tuvaluan]]
| tasi
| rowspan="2" | lua
| tolu
| fá
| toko
| fale
| moku
| aso
| fou
| tāua
| ā
| afi
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]
| kahi
| kolu
| hā
| kanaka
| hale
| 'īlio
| niu
| ao
| hou
| kākou
| aha
| ahi
|-
! scope="row" | [[Banjar language|Banjarese]]
| asa
| dua
| talu
| ampat
| urang
| rumah
| hadupan
| kalapa
| hari
| hanyar
| kita
| apa
| api
|-
! scope="row" | [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]
| isa
| roa
| telo
| efatra
| olona
| trano
| alika
| voanio
| andro
| vaovao
| isika
| inona
| afo
|-
! scope="row" | [[Central Dusun language|Dusun]]
| iso
| duo
| tolu
| apat
| tulun
| walai
| tasu
| piasau
| tadau
| wagu
| tokou
| onu/nu
| tapui
|-
! scope="row" | [[Iban language|Iban]]
| sa/san
| duan
| dangku
| dangkan
| orang
| rumah
| ukui/uduk
| nyiur
| hari
| baru
| kitai
| rowspan="2" | nama
| api
|-
! scope="row" | [[Melanau language|Melanau]]
| satu
| dua
| telou
| empat
| apah
| lebok
| asou
| nyior
| lau
| baew 
| teleu
| apui
|}

==Religious literature==
[[File:CalauanChurchjf4373 11.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.15|The [[Ten Commandments]] in Tagalog.]]

Religious literature remains one of the most dynamic components to [[Tagalog literature]]. The first Bible in Tagalog, then called ''Ang Biblia''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Worth |first=Roland H. |title=Biblical Studies on the Internet: A Resource Guide |date=2008 |publisher=McFarland |edition=2nd |page=43}}</ref> ("the Bible") and now called ''Ang Dating Biblia''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genesis 1 |url=http://adb.scripturetext.com/genesis/1.htm |access-date=April 14, 2022 |publisher=Bible Hub |website=biblehub.com |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818113747/http://adb.scripturetext.com/genesis/1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ("the Old Bible"), was published in 1905. In 1970, the Philippine Bible Society translated the [[Bible]] into modern Tagalog. Even before the [[Second Vatican Council]], devotional materials in Tagalog had been in circulation. There are at least four circulating Tagalog translations of the Bible
* the ''[[Magandang Balita Biblia]]'' (a parallel translation of the ''[[Good News Bible]]''), which is the [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] version
* the ''[[Bibliya ng Sambayanang Pilipino]]''
* the 1905 ''Ang Biblia'', used more by Protestants
* the ''Bagong Sanlibutang Salin ng Banal na Kasulatan'' (''[[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]]''), exclusive to the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]

When the [[Second Vatican Council]], (specifically the [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into [[Vernacular|vernacular languages]], the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines]] was one of the first to translate the [[Roman Missal]] into Tagalog. The [[Roman Missal]] in Tagalog was published as early as 1982. In 2012, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines revised the 41-year-old liturgy with an English version of the Roman Missal, and later translated it in the [[vernacular]] to several native languages in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Manila Archdiocese starts seminars for new translation of Roman Missal|url= https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/244743/manila-archdiocese-starts-seminars-for-new-translation-of-roman-missal/story/|accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=[[GMA Integrated News]] |date=January 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aning|first1= Jerome |title=Church revises Roman Missal|url= https://globalnation.inquirer.net/19401/church-revises-roman-missal|accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> For instance, in 2024, the [[w:en: Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos|Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos]] uses the Tagalog translation of the [[Roman Missal]] entitled "Ang Aklat ng Mabuting Balita."<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Sandigan|url=https://dioceseofmalolos.ph/ |accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher= [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos]]|date=January 1, 2024}}</ref>

Jehovah's Witnesses were printing Tagalog literature at least as early as 1941<ref>{{Cite book |title=2003 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses |publisher=Watch Tower Society |page=155}}</ref> and ''[[The Watchtower]]'' (the primary magazine of Jehovah's Witnesses) has been published in Tagalog since at least the 1950s. New releases are now regularly released simultaneously in a number of languages, including Tagalog. The official website of Jehovah's Witnesses also has some publications available online in Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watchtower Online Library |url=http://wol.jw.org/tl/wol/h/r27/lp-tg |publisher=Watch Tower Society |language=tl |access-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-date=November 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111215106/http://wol.jw.org/tl/wol/h/r27/lp-tg |url-status=live }}</ref> The revised [[bible]] edition, the ''New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures,'' was released in Tagalog on 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2019 |title=''New World Translation'' Released in Tagalog |url=https://www.jw.org/en/whats-new/nwt-tagalog/#?insight |access-date=April 14, 2022 |website=Jw.org |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132201/https://www.jw.org/en/whats-new/nwt-tagalog/#?insight |url-status=live }}</ref> and it is distributed without charge both printed and [https://www.jw.org/tl/library/bibliya/nwt/mga-aklat/ online versions].

Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to Catholic [[Bible translations]]. Also, as Protestantism in the Philippines is relatively young, [[liturgy|liturgical]] prayers tend to be more [[ecumenism|ecumenical]].

==Example texts==
===Lord's Prayer===
In Tagalog, the [[Lord's Prayer]] is known by its [[incipit]], ''Amá Namin'' (literally, "Our Father").

{{Poemquote
| style=font-style:italic; line-height:2.1em;
| text={{lang|tl|
Amá namin, sumasalangit Ka,
Sambahín ang ngalan Mo.
Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.
Sundín ang loób Mo,
Dito sa lupà, gaya nang sa langit.
Bigyán Mo kamí ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw,
At patawarin Mo kamí sa aming mga salà,
Para nang pagpápatawad namin,
Sa nagkakasalà sa amin;
At huwág Mo kamíng ipahintulot sa tuksô,
At iadyâ Mo kamí sa lahát ng masamâ.
[Sapagkát sa Inyó ang kaharián, at ang kapangyarihan,
At ang kaluwálhatian, ngayón, at magpakailanman.]
Amen.}}
}}

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
This is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (''Pangkalahatáng Pagpapahayág ng Karapatáng Pantao'')

;Tagalog (Latin)
{{lang|tl|Bawat tao'y isinilang na may layà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkalooban ng pangangatwiran at budhî, at dapat magpálagayan ang isá't-isá sa diwà ng pagkákapatiran.}}
;Tagalog (Baybayin)
{{lang|tl|{{Script|Tglg| ᜊᜏᜆ᜔ ᜆᜂᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜌ᜔ ᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄ᜔ᜎᜌ᜔ ᜈ ᜇᜅᜎ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜃᜇᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶ ᜐᜒᜎᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆ᜔ᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇᜑᜒ᜵ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐᜆ᜔ ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜇᜈ᜔᜶}}}}
;English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english |mode=cs1 |via=ohchr.org |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=March 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322040025/https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Numbers===
Numbers ({{lang|tl|mga bilang}}/{{lang|tl|mga numero}}) in Tagalog follow two systems. The first consists of native Tagalog words and the other are Spanish-derived. (This may be compared to other East Asian languages, except with the second set of numbers borrowed from Spanish instead of Chinese.) For example, when a person refers to the number "seven", it can be translated into Tagalog as "{{lang|tl|pitó}}" or "{{lang|tl|siyete}}" (Spanish: {{lang|es|siete}}).

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Number
! scope="col" | Cardinal
! scope="col" | Spanish-derived<br />(Original Spanish)
! scope="col" | Ordinal
|-
! scope="row" | 0
| {{lang|tl|sero}} / {{lang|tl|walâ}} ({{lit|null}})
| {{lang|tl|sero}} (cero)
| –
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{lang|tl|isá}}
| {{lang|tl|uno}} (uno)
| {{lang|tl|una}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{lang|tl|dalawá}} [{{lang|tl|dalaua}}]
| {{lang|tl|dos}} (dos)
| {{lang|tl|pangalawá}} / {{lang|tl|ikalawá}}
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{lang|tl|tatló}}
| {{lang|tl|tres}} (tres)
| {{lang|tl|pangatló}} / {{lang|tl|ikatló}}
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| {{lang|tl|apat}}
| {{lang|tl|kuwatro}} (cuatro)
| {{lang|tl|pang-apat}} / {{lang|tl|ikaapat}} (In standard Filipino orthography, "{{lang|fil|ika}}" and the number-word are never hyphenated.)
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| {{lang|tl|limá}}
| {{lang|tl|singko}} (cinco)
| {{lang|tl|panlimá}} / {{lang|tl|ikalimá}}
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| {{lang|tl|anim}}
| {{lang|tl|seis}} (seis)
| {{lang|tl|pang-anim}} / {{lang|tl|ikaanim}}
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| {{lang|tl|pitó}}
| {{lang|tl|siyete}} (siete)
| {{lang|tl|pampitó}} / {{lang|tl|ikapitó}}
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| {{lang|tl|waló}}
| {{lang|tl|otso}} (ocho)
| {{lang|tl|pangwaló}} / {{lang|tl|ikawaló}}
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| {{lang|tl|siyám}}
| {{lang|tl|nuwebe}} (nueve)
| {{lang|tl|pansiyám}} / {{lang|tl|ikasiyám}}
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| {{lang|tl|sampû}} / {{lang|tl|pû}} (archaic) [sang puwo]
| {{lang|tl|diyés}} (diez)
| {{lang|tl|pansampû}} / {{lang|tl|ikasampû}} (or {{lang|tl|ikapû}} in some literary compositions)
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| {{lang|tl|labíng-isá}}
| {{lang|tl|onse}} (once)
| {{lang|tl|panlabíng-isá}} / {{lang|tl|pang-onse}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabíng-isá}}
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| {{lang|tl|labíndalawá}}
| {{lang|tl|dose}} (doce)
| {{lang|tl|panlabíndalawá}} / {{lang|tl|pandose}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabíndalawá}}
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| {{lang|tl|labíntatló}}
| {{lang|tl|trese}} (trece)
| {{lang|tl|panlabíntatló}} / {{lang|tl|pantrese}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabíntatló}}
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| {{lang|tl|labíng-apat}}
| {{lang|tl|katorse}} (catorce)
| {{lang|tl|panlabíng-apat}} / {{lang|tl|pangkatorse}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabíng-apat}}
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| {{lang|tl|labínlimá}}
| {{lang|tl|kinse}} (quince)
| {{lang|tl|panlabínlimá}} / {{lang|tl|pangkinse}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabínlimá}}
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| {{lang|tl|labíng-anim}}
| {{lang|tl|disisais}} (dieciséis)
| {{lang|tl|panlabíng-anim}} / {{lang|tl|pandyes-sais}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabíng-anim}}
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| {{lang|tl|labímpitó}}
| {{lang|tl|disisiyete}} (diecisiete)
| {{lang|tl|panlabímpitó}} / {{lang|tl|pandyes-syete}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabímpitó}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| {{lang|tl|labíngwaló}}
| {{lang|tl|disiotso}} (dieciocho)
| {{lang|tl|panlabíngwaló}} / {{lang|tl|pandyes-otso}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabíngwaló}}
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| {{lang|tl|labinsiyám}} / {{lang|tl|labins'yam}} / {{lang|tl|labingsiyam}}
| {{lang|tl|disinuwebe}} (diecinueve)
| {{lang|tl|panlabinsiyám}} / {{lang|tl|pandyes-nwebe}} / {{lang|tl|ikalabinsiyám}}
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| {{lang|tl|dalawampû}}
| {{lang|tl|beynte}} (veinte)
| {{lang|tl|pandalawampû}} / {{lang|tl|ikadalawampû}} (rare literary variant: {{lang|tl|ikalawampû}})
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| {{lang|tl|dalawampú't isá}}
| {{lang|tl|beynte y uno}} / {{lang|tl|beynte'y uno}} (veintiuno)
| {{lang|tl|pang-dalawampú't isá}} / {{lang|tl|ikalawamapú't isá}}
|-
! scope="row" | 30
| {{lang|tl|tatlumpû}}
| {{lang|tl|treynta}} (treinta)
| {{lang|tl|pantatlumpû}} / {{lang|tl|ikatatlumpû}} (rare literary variant: {{lang|tl|ikatlumpû}})
|-
! scope="row" | 40
| {{lang|tl|apatnapû}}
| {{lang|tl|kuwarenta}} (cuarenta)
| {{lang|tl|pang-apatnapû}} / {{lang|tl|ikaapatnapû}}
|-
! scope="row" | 50
| {{lang|tl|limampû}}
| {{lang|tl|singkuwenta}} (cincuenta)
| {{lang|tl|panlimampû}} / {{lang|tl|ikalimampû}}
|-
! scope="row" | 60
| {{lang|tl|animnapû}}
| {{lang|tl|sesenta}} (sesenta)
| {{lang|tl|pang-animnapû}} / {{lang|tl|ikaanimnapû}}
|-
! scope="row" | 70
| {{lang|tl|pitumpû}}
| {{lang|tl|setenta}} (setenta)
| {{lang|tl|pampitumpû}} / {{lang|tl|ikapitumpû}}
|-
! scope="row" | 80
| {{lang|tl|walumpû}}
| {{lang|tl|otsenta}} (ochenta)
| {{lang|tl|pangwalumpû}} / {{lang|tl|ikawalumpû}}
|-
! scope="row" | 90
| {{lang|tl|siyamnapû}}
| {{lang|tl|nobenta}} (noventa)
| {{lang|tl|pansiyamnapû}} / {{lang|tl|ikasiyamnapû}}
|-
! scope="row" | 100
| {{lang|tl|sándaán}} / {{lang|tl|daán}}
| {{lang|tl|siyen}} (cien)
| {{lang|tl|pan}}({{lang|tl|g}})-({{lang|tl|i}}){{lang|tl|sándaán}} / {{lang|tl|ikasándaán}} (rare literary variant: {{lang|tl|ikaisándaán}})
|-
! scope="row" | 200
| {{lang|tl|dalawandaán}}
| {{lang|tl|dosyentos}} (doscientos)
| {{lang|tl|pandalawándaán}} / {{lang|tl|ikadalawandaan}} (rare literary variant: {{lang|tl|ikalawándaán}})
|-
! scope="row" | 300
| {{lang|tl|tatlóndaán}}
| {{lang|tl|tresyentos}} (trescientos)
| {{lang|tl|pantatlóndaán}} / {{lang|tl|ikatatlondaan}} (rare literary variant: {{lang|tl|ikatlóndaán}})
|-
! scope="row" | 400
| {{lang|tl|apat na raán}}
| {{lang|tl|kuwatrosyentos}} (cuatrocientos)
| {{lang|tl|pang-apat na raán}} / {{lang|tl|ikaapat na raán}}
|-
! scope="row" | 500
| {{lang|tl|limándaán}}
| {{lang|tl|kinyentos}} (quinientos)
| {{lang|tl|panlimándaán}} / {{lang|tl|ikalimándaán}}
|-
! scope="row" | 600
| {{lang|tl|anim na raán}}
| {{lang|tl|seissiyentos}} (seiscientos)
| {{lang|tl|pang-anim na raán}} / {{lang|tl|ikaanim na raán}}
|-
! scope="row" | 700
| {{lang|tl|pitondaán}}
| {{lang|tl|setesyentos}} (setecientos)
| {{lang|tl|pampitóndaán}} / {{lang|tl|ikapitóndaán}} (or {{lang|tl|ikapitóng raán}})
|-
! scope="row" | 800
| {{lang|tl|walóndaán}}
| {{lang|tl|otsosyentos}} (ochocientos)
| {{lang|tl|pangwalóndaán}} / {{lang|tl|ikawalóndaán}} (or {{lang|tl|ikawalóng raán}})
|-
! scope="row" | 900
| {{lang|tl|siyám na raán}}
| {{lang|tl|nobesyentos}} (novecientos)
| {{lang|tl|pansiyám na raán}} / {{lang|tl|ikasiyám na raán}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1,000
| {{lang|tl|sánlibo}} / {{lang|tl|libo}}
| {{lang|tl|mil}} / uno mil (mil)
| {{lang|tl|pan}}({{lang|tl|g}})-({{lang|tl|i}}){{lang|tl|sánlibo}} / {{lang|tl|ikasánlibo}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2,000
| {{lang|tl|dalawánlibo}}
| {{lang|tl|dos mil}} (dos mil)
| {{lang|tl|pangalawáng libo}} / {{lang|tl|ikalawánlibo}}
|-
! scope="row" | 10,000
| {{lang|tl|sánlaksâ}} / {{lang|tl|sampúng libo}}
| {{lang|tl|diyes mil}} (diez mil)
| {{lang|tl|pansampúng libo}} / {{lang|tl|ikasampúng libo}}
|-
! scope="row" | 20,000
| {{lang|tl|dalawanlaksâ}} / {{lang|tl|dalawampúng libo}}
| {{lang|tl|beynte mil}} (veinte mil)
| {{lang|tl|pangalawampúng libo}} / {{lang|tl|ikalawampúng libo}}
|-
! scope="row" | 100,000
| {{lang|tl|sangyutá}} / {{lang|tl|sandaáng libo}}
| {{lang|tl|siyento mil}} (cien mil)
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 200,000
| {{lang|tl|dalawangyutá}} / {{lang|tl|dalawandaáng libo}}
| {{lang|tl|dosyentos mil}} (doscientos mil)
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 1,000,000
| {{lang|tl|sang-angaw}} / {{lang|tl|sangmilyón}}
| {{lang|tl|milyón}} (un millón)
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 2,000,000
| {{lang|tl|dalawang-angaw}} / {{lang|tl|dalawang milyón}}
| {{lang|tl|dos milyónes}} (dos millones)
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 10,000,000
| {{lang|tl|sangkatì}} / {{lang|tl|sampung milyón}}
| {{lang|tl|diyes milyónes}} (diez millones)
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 100,000,000
| {{lang|tl|sambahalà}} / {{lang|tl|sampúngkatì}} / {{lang|tl|sandaáng milyón}}
| {{lang|tl|siyen milyónes}} (cien millones)
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 1,000,000,000
| {{lang|tl|sanggatós}} / {{lang|tl|sang-atós}} / {{lang|tl|sambilyón}}
| {{lang|tl|bilyón}} / {{lang|tl|mil milyón}} (un billón ([[Spanish language in the United States|US]]),<ref name="DRAE billón">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=billón |encyclopedia=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=Real Academia Española and ASALE |url=https://dle.rae.es/bill%C3%B3n?m=form |access-date=April 6, 2020 |date=2019 |edition=23rd electronic |language=es |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406171732/https://dle.rae.es/bill%25C3%25B3n%3Fm%3Dform |url-status=live }}</ref> mil millones, millardo<ref name="DPD billón">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=billón |encyclopedia=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas |publisher=Real Academia Española |url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/bill%2525C3%2525B3n |access-date=April 6, 2020 |date=2005 |language=es |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406171734/https://www.rae.es/dpd/bill%252525C3%252525B3n |url-status=live }}</ref>)
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 1,000,000,000,000
| {{lang|tl|sang-ipaw}}{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} / {{lang|tl|santrilyón}}
| {{lang|tl|trilyón}} / {{lang|tl|bilyón}} (un trillón (US),<ref name="RAE trillón">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=trillón |encyclopedia=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=Real Academia Española and ASALE |url=https://dle.rae.es/trill%C3%B3n |access-date=April 6, 2020 |date=2019 |edition=23rd electronic |language=es |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406171734/https://dle.rae.es/trill%25C3%25B3n |url-status=live }}</ref> un billón<ref name="DRAE billón" />)
| 
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Number
! scope="col" | English
! scope="col" | Spanish
! scope="col" | Ordinal / Fraction / Cardinal
|-
! scope="row" | 1st
| first
| primer, primero, primera
| una / ikaisá
|-
! scope="row" | 2nd
| second
| segundo/a
| ikalawá
|-
! scope="row" | 3rd
| third
| tercero/a
| ikatló
|-
! scope="row" | 4th
| fourth
| cuarto/a
| ikaapat
|-
! scope="row" | 5th
| fifth
| quinto/a
| ikalimá
|-
! scope="row" | 6th
| sixth
| sexto/a
| ikaanim
|-
! scope="row" | 7th
| seventh
| séptimo/a
| ikapitó
|-
! scope="row" | 8th
| eighth
| octavo/a
| ikawaló
|-
! scope="row" | 9th
| ninth
| noveno/a
| ikasiyám
|-
! scope="row" | 10th
| tenth
| décimo/a
| ikasampû
|-
! scope="row" | {{1/2}}
| half
| medio/a, mitad
| kalahatì
|-
! scope="row" | {{1/4}}
| one quarter
| cuarto
| kapat
|-
! scope="row" | {{frac|3|5}}
| three fifths
| tres quintas partes
| tatlóng-kalimá
|-
! scope="row" | {{frac|2|3}}
| two thirds
| dos tercios
| dalawáng-katló
|-
! scope="row" | {{frac|1|1|2}}
| one and a half
| uno y medio
| isá't kalahatì
|-
! scope="row" | {{frac|2|2|3}}
| two and two thirds
| dos y dos tercios
| dalawá't dalawáng-katló
|-
! scope="row" | 0.5
| zero point five
| cero punto cinco, cero coma cinco,<ref name="DPD coma">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=coma |encyclopedia=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas |publisher=Real Academia Española |url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/coma#4 |access-date=April 6, 2020 |date=2005 |language=es |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406171758/https://www.rae.es/dpd/coma#4 |url-status=live }}</ref> cero con cinco
| salapî / limá hinatì sa sampû
|-
! scope="row" | 0.05
| zero point zero five
| cero punto cero cinco, cero coma cero cinco, cero con cero cinco
| bagól / limá hinatì sa sandaán
|-
! scope="row" | 0.005
| zero point zero zero five
| cero punto cero cero cinco, cero coma cero cero cinco, cero con cero cero cinco
| limá hinatì sa sanlibo
|-
! scope="row" | 1.25
| one point two five
| uno punto veinticinco, uno coma veinticinco, uno con veinticinco
| isá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sampû
|-
! scope="row" | 2.025
| two point zero two five
| dos punto cero veinticinco, dos coma cero veinticinco, dos con cero veinticinco
| dalawá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sanlibo
|-
! scope="row" | 25%
| twenty-five percent
| veinticinco por ciento
| dalawampú't-limáng bahagdán
|-
! scope="row" | 50%
| fifty percent
| cincuenta por ciento
| limampúng bahagdán
|-
! scope="row" | 75%
| seventy-five percent
| setenta y cinco por ciento
| pitumpú't-limáng bahagdán
|}

===Months and days===
Months and days in Tagalog are also localised forms of Spanish months and days. "Month" in Tagalog is ''buwán'' (also the word for [[moon]]) and "day" is ''araw'' (the word also means [[sun]]). Unlike Spanish, however, months and days in Tagalog are always capitalised.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Month
! scope="col" | Original Spanish
! scope="col" | Tagalog (abbreviation)
|-
! scope="row" | January
| enero
| Enero (Ene.)
|-
! scope="row" | February
| febrero
| Pebrero (Peb.)
|-
! scope="row" | March
| marzo
| Marso (Mar.)
|-
! scope="row" | April
| abril
| Abríl (Abr.)
|-
! scope="row" | May
| mayo
| Mayo (Mayo)
|-
! scope="row" | June
| junio
| Hunyo (Hun.)
|-
! scope="row" | July
| julio
| Hulyo (Hul.)
|-
! scope="row" | August
| agosto
| Agosto (Ago.)
|-
! scope="row" | September
| septiembre
| Setyembre (Set.)
|-
! scope="row" | October
| octubre
| Oktubre (Okt.)
|-
! scope="row" | November
| noviembre
| Nobyembre (Nob.)
|-
! scope="row" | December
| diciembre
| Disyembre (Dis.)
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Day
! scope="col" | Original Spanish
! scope="col" | Tagalog
|-
! scope="row" | Sunday
| domingo
| Linggó
|-
! scope="row" | Monday
| lunes
| Lunes
|-
! scope="row" | Tuesday
| martes
| Martes
|-
! scope="row" | Wednesday
| miércoles
| Miyérkules / Myérkules
|-
! scope="row" | Thursday
| jueves
| Huwebes / Hwebes
|-
! scope="row" | Friday
| viernes
| Biyernes / Byernes
|-
! scope="row" | Saturday
| sábado
| Sábado
|}

===Time===
Time expressions in Tagalog are also Tagalized forms of the corresponding Spanish. "Time" in Tagalog is ''panahón'' or ''oras''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Time
! scope="col" | English
! scope="col" | Original Spanish
! scope="col" | Tagalog
|-
! scope="row" | 1 hour
| one hour
| una hora
| Isáng oras
|-
! scope="row" | 2 min
| two minutes
| dos minutos
| Dalawáng sandalî/minuto
|-
! scope="row" | 3 sec
| three seconds
| tres segundos
| Tatlóng saglít/segundo
|-
! scope="row" | 
| morning
| mañana
| Umaga
|-
! scope="row" | 
| afternoon
| tarde
| Hápon
|-
! scope="row" | 
| evening/night
| noche
| Gabí
|-
! scope="row" | 
| noon
| mediodía
| Tanghalì
|-
! scope="row" | 
| midnight
| medianoche
| Hatinggabí
|-
! scope="row" | 1:00 am
| one in the morning
| una de la mañana
| Ika-isá ng umaga
|-
! scope="row" | 7:00 pm
| seven at night
| siete de la noche
| Ikapitó ng gabí
|-
! scope="row" | 1:15
| quarter past one<br />one-fifteen 
| una y cuarto
| Kapat makalipas ika-isá<br />Labínlimá makalipas ika-isá<br />Apatnapú't-limá bago mag-ikalawá<br />Tatlong-kapat bago mag-ikalawá 
|-
! scope="row" | 2:30
| half past two<br />two-thirty<br/ >half-way to/of three
| dos y media
| Kalahatì makalipas ikalawá<br />Tatlumpû makalipas ikalawá<br />Tatlumpû bago mag-ikatló<br />Kalahatì bago mag-ikatló
|-
! scope="row" | 3:45
| three-forty-five<br />quarter to/of four 
| tres y cuarenta y cinco<br />cuatro menos cuarto
| Tatlóng-kapat makalipas ikatló<br />Apatnapú't-limá makalipas ikatló<br />Labínlimá bago mag-ikaapat<br />Kapat bago mag-ikaapat
|-
! scope="row" | 4:25
| four-twenty-five<br />twenty-five past four
| cuatro y veinticinco
| Dalawampú't-limá makalipas ikaapat<br />Tatlumpú't-limá bago mag-ikaapat
|-
! scope="row" | 5:35
| five-thirty-five<br />twenty-five to/of six
| cinco y treinta y cinco<br />seis menos veinticinco
| Tatlumpú't-limá makalipas ikalimá<br />Dalawampú't-limá bago mag-ikaanim
|}

==Common phrases==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | English
! scope="col" | Tagalog (with Pronunciation)
|-
| Filipino || {{lang|tl|Pilipino}} {{IPA|[pɪlɪˈpino]}}
|-
| English || {{lang|tl|Inglés}} {{IPA|[ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]}}
|-
| Tagalog || {{lang|tl|Tagálog}} {{IPA|[tɐˈɡaloɡ]}}
|-
| Spanish || {{lang|tl|Espanyol}}/{{lang|tl|Español}}/{{lang|tl|Kastila}} {{IPA|[ʔɛspɐnˈjol]}}
|-
| What is your name? ||{{lang|tl|Anó ang pangálan ninyó/nilá*?}} (plural or polite) {{IPA|[ʔɐˈno: ʔaŋ pɐˈŋalan nɪnˈjo]}}, {{lang|tl|Anó ang pangálan mo?}} (singular) {{IPA|[ʔɐˈno: ʔaŋ pɐˈŋalan mo]}}
|-
| How are you? || {{lang|tl|Kumustá}} {{IPA|[kʊmʊsˈta]}} (modern), {{lang|tl|Anó pô ang lagáy ninyó/nilá?}} (old use) {{IPA|[ʔɐˈno poː ʔɐŋ lɐˈgaɪ̯ nɪnˈjo]}}
|-
| Knock knock || {{lang|tl|Tao pô}} {{IPA|[ˈtɐʔo poʔ]}}
|-
| Good day! || {{lang|tl|Magandáng araw!}} {{IPA|[mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ˈʔɐɾaʊ̯]}}
|-
| Good morning! || {{lang|tl|Magandáng umaga!}} {{IPA|[mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ʔʊˈmaɡɐ]}}
|-
| Good noontime! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.) || {{lang|tl|Magandáng tanghalì!}} {{IPA|[mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ tɐŋˈhalɛʔ]}}
|-
| Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to 6:00&nbsp;p.m.)|| {{lang|tl|Magandáng hapon!}} {{IPA|[mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ˈhɐpon]}}
|-
| Good evening! || {{lang|tl|Magandáng gabí!}} {{IPA|[mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ɡɐˈbɛ]}}
|-
| Good-bye || {{lang|tl|Paálam}} {{IPA|[pɐˈʔalɐm]}}
|-
|Please || Depending on the nature of the verb, either {{lang|tl|pakí-}} {{IPA|[pɐˈki]}} or {{lang|tl|makí-}} {{IPA|[mɐˈki]}} is attached as a prefix to a verb. {{lang|tl|Ngâ}} {{IPA|[ŋaʔ]}} is optionally added after the verb to increase politeness. (e.g. {{lang|tl|Pakipasa ngâ ang tinapay.}} ("Can you pass the bread, please?"))
|-
|Thank you ||{{lang|tl|Salamat}} {{IPA|[sɐˈlamɐt]}}
|-
| This one || {{lang|tl|Itó}} {{IPA|[ʔɪˈto]}}, sometimes pronounced {{IPA|[ʔɛˈto]}} (literally—"it", "this")
|-
|That one (close to addressee) ||{{lang|tl|Iyán}} {{IPA|[ʔɪˈjan]}}
|-
|That one (far from speaker and addressee) || {{lang|tl|Iyón}} {{IPA|[ʔɪˈjon]}}
|-
| Here || {{lang|tl|Dito}} {{IPA|['dito]}}, {{lang|tl|heto}} {{IPA|['hɛto]}}, simplified to {{lang|tl|eto}} {{IPA|[ˈʔɛto]}} ("Here it is")
|-
| Right there || {{lang|tl|Diyán}} {{IPA|[dʒan]}}, {{lang|tl|(h)ayán}} {{IPA|[(h)ɐˈjan]}}, {{lang|tl|diyaán}} {{IPA|[dʒɐʔˈan]}} ("There it is")
|-
| Over there || {{lang|tl|Doón}} {{IPA|[doˈʔon]}}, {{lang|tl|ayón}} {{IPA|[ɐˈjon]}} ("There it is")
|-
| How much? || {{lang|tl|Magkano?}} {{IPA|[mɐɡˈkano]}}
|-
| How many? || {{lang|tl|Ilán?}} {{IPA|[ʔɪˈlan]}}
|-
| Yes || {{lang|tl|Oo}} {{IPA|[ˈʔoʔo]}}
{{lang|tl|Opò}} {{IPA|[ˈʔopoʔ]}} or {{lang|tl|ohò}} {{IPA|[ˈʔohoʔ]}} (formal/polite form)
|-
| No ||{{lang|tl|Hindî}} {{IPA|[hɪnˈdɛʔ]}} (at the end of a pause or sentence), often shortened to {{lang|tl|dî}} {{IPA|[dɛʔ]}}
{{lang|tl|Hindî pô}} {{IPA|[hɪnˈdiː poʔ]}} (formal/polite form)
|-
| I don't know ||{{lang|tl|Hindî ko alám}} {{IPA|[hɪnˈdiː ko ʔɐˈlam]}}
Very informal: {{lang|tl|Ewan}} {{IPA|[ˈʔɛwɐn]}}, archaic {{lang|tl|aywan}} {{IPA|[ʔaɪ̯ˈwan]}} (closest English equivalent: colloquial dismissive 'Whatever' or 'Dunno')
|-
| Sorry || {{lang|tl|Pasénsiya pô}} {{IPA|[pɐˈsɛnʃɐ poʔ]}} (literally from the word "patience") or {{lang|tl|paumanhín pô}} {{IPA|[pɐʔʊmɐnˈhin poʔ]}}, {{lang|tl|patawad pô}} {{IPA|[pɐˈtawɐd poʔ]}} (literally—"asking your forgiveness")
|-
|Because || {{lang|tl|Kasí}} {{IPA|[kɐˈsɛ]}} or {{lang|tl|dahil}} {{IPA|['dahɛl]}}
|-
| Hurry! || {{lang|tl|Dalî!}} {{IPA|[dɐˈliʔ]}}, {{lang|tl|Bilís!}} {{IPA|[bɪˈlis]}}
|-
| Again || {{lang|tl|Mulî}} {{IPA|[mʊˈˈliʔ]}}, {{lang|tl|ulít}} {{IPA|[ʔʊˈlɛt]}}
|-
| I don't understand || {{lang|tl|Hindî ko naíintindihán}} {{IPA|[hɪnˈdiː ko nɐˌʔiʔɪntɪndɪˈhan]}} or
{{lang|tl|Hindî ko naúunawáan}} {{IPA|[hɪnˈdiː ko nɐˌʔuʔʊnɐˈwaʔan]}}
|-
| What? ||{{lang|tl|Anó?}} {{IPA|[ʔɐˈno]}}
|-
| Where? ||{{lang|tl|Saán?}} {{IPA|[sɐˈʔan]}}, {{lang|tl|Nasaán?}} {{IPA|[ˌnɐsɐˈʔan]}} (literally – "Where at?")
|-
| Why? || {{lang|tl|Bakit?}} {{IPA|[ˈbakɛt]}}
|-
| When? ||{{lang|tl|Kailán?}} {{IPA|[kaɪ̯ˈlan]}}, {{IPA|[kɐʔɪˈlan]}}, or {{IPA|[ˈkɛlan]}} (literally—"In what order?/"At what count?")
|-
| How? || {{lang|tl|Paánó?}} {{IPA|[pɐˈʔano]}} (literally—"By what?")
|-
| Where's the bathroom? || {{lang|tl|Nasaán ang banyo?}} {{IPA|[ˌnɐsɐˈʔan ʔɐŋ ˈbanjo]}}
|-
| ''Generic toast''|| {{lang|tl|[[Mabuhay (expression)|Mabuhay]]!}} {{IPA|[mɐˈbuhaɪ̯]}} (literally—"long live")
|-
| Do you speak English? || {{lang|tl|Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Inglés?}} {{IPA|[mɐˈɾunoŋ kɐ baŋ mɐɡsɐlɪˈtaː nɐŋ ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]}}
{{lang|tl|Marunong pô ba kayóng magsalitâ ng Inglés?}} {{IPA|[mɐˈɾunoŋ poː ba kɐˈjoŋ mɐɡsɐlɪˈtaː nɐŋ ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]}} (polite version for elders and strangers)<br />
{{lang|tl|Marunong ka bang mag-Inglés?}} {{IPA|[mɐˈɾunoŋ kɐ baŋ mɐɡʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]}} (short form)<br />
{{lang|tl|Marunong pô ba kayóng mag-Inglés?}} {{IPA|[mɐˈɾunoŋ poː ba kɐˈjoŋ mɐɡʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]}} (short form, polite version for elders and strangers)
|-
| It is fun to live. || {{lang|tl|Masayá ang mabuhay!}} {{IPA|[mɐsɐˈja ʔɐŋ mɐˈbuhaɪ̯]}} or {{lang|tl|Masaya'ng mabuhay}} (contracted version)
|}

<small>*Pronouns such as {{lang|tl|niyó}} (2nd person plural) and {{lang|tl|nilá}} (3rd person plural) are used on a single 2nd person in polite or formal language. See [[Tagalog grammar]].</small>

===Proverbs===
''Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinánggalingan ay hindî makaráratíng sa paroroonan.'' 
:(— [[José Rizal]])
One who knows not how to look back to whence he came will never get to where he is going.

''Unang kagát, tinapay pa rin.''<br />First bite, still bread.<br />All fluff, no substance.

''Tao ka nang humaráp, bilang tao kitáng haharapin.''<br />You reach me as a human, I will treat you as a human and never act as a traitor.<br />(A proverb in Southern Tagalog that has made people aware of the significance of sincerity in Tagalog communities.)

''Hulí man daw (raw) at magalíng, nakáhahábol pa rin.''<br />If one is behind but capable, one will still be able to catch up.

''Magbirô ka na sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising.''<br />Make fun of someone drunk, if you must, but never one who has just awakened.

''Aanhín pa ang damó kung patáy na ang kabayò?''<br />What use is the grass if the horse is already dead?

''Ang sakít ng kalingkingan, damdám ng buóng katawán.''<br />The pain in the pinkie is felt by the whole body.<br />
In a group, if one goes down, the rest follow.

''Nasa hulí ang pagsisisi.''<br />Regret is always in the end.

''Pagkáhabà-habà man ng prusisyón, sa simbahan pa rin ang tulóy.''<br />The [[procession]] may stretch on and on, but it still ends up at the church.<br />
(In romance: refers to how certain people are destined to be married. In general: refers to how some things are inevitable, no matter how long you try to postpone it.)

''Kung 'dî mádaán sa santóng dasalan, daanin sa santóng paspasan.''<br />If it cannot be got through holy prayer, get it through blessed force.<br />
(In romance and courting: ''santóng paspasan'' literally means 'holy speeding' and is a euphemism for [[sexual intercourse]]. It refers to the two styles of courting by Filipino boys: one is the traditional, protracted, restrained manner favored by older generations, which often featured [[Harana (serenade)|serenades]] and manual labor for the girl's family; the other is upfront seduction, which may lead to a slap on the face or a pregnancy out of wedlock. The second conclusion is known as ''pikot'' or what Western cultures would call a '[[shotgun marriage]]'. This proverb is also applied in terms of diplomacy and negotiation.)

==See also==
*[[Filipino language]]
**[[Filipino alphabet]]
**[[Filipino orthography]]
**[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]
*[[Abakada alphabet]]
*[[Old Tagalog]]
*[[Taglish]]
*[[Tagalog Wikipedia]]
*[[Languages of the Philippines]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Tupas |first=Ruanni |date=2015 |title=The Politics of "P" and "F": A Linguistic History of Nation-Building in the Philippines |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277951403 |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=587–597 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2014.979831 |s2cid=143332545}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary category|category=Tagalog language}}
{{InterWiki|code=tl|Tagalog}}
{{Wikibooks|Tagalog}}
{{WikisourceWiki|Tagalog}}
{{Wikivoyage|Filipino phrasebook|Filipino|a phrasebook}}
{{Commons category|Tagalog language}}
* [http://tagalog.pinoydictionary.com/ Tagalog Dictionary]
* [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/tagalog_verbs.htm Tagalog verbs with conjugation]
* [https://www.tagaloglessons.com/dictionary/ Tagalog Lessons Dictionary]
* [https://www.tagalogmessages.com/ Tagalog Messages, Quotes]

* [https://www.tagalogtranslate.com/ Tagalog Translate]
* [http://tagalogforum.com/ Tagalog Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009085521/http://tagalogforum.com/ |date=October 9, 2020 }}
* [[Kaipuleohone]] [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/34061 archive of Tagalog]
* [https://translateph.com/translation/tl/en Tagalog Translate]

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