View source for Tacanan languages

{{Short description|Language family of Bolivia}}
{{redirect|Tacanan|the Peruvian region|Tacna Region}}
{{distinguish|Tucanoan languages}}
{{Lead too short|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox language family
| fontcolor        = #ffffff
| name          = Takanan
| region        = Bolivia
| familycolor   = pano-tacanan
| fam1          = [[Pano–Tacanan]]?
| glotto        = taca1255
| glottorefname = Tacanan
| map           = Pano-Takanan languages.png
| mapcaption    = Takanan languages (light green) and Panoan languages (dark green). Spots indicate documented locations.
| altname       = Tacanan
| child1        = [[Ese Ejja language|Ese Ejja]]
| child2        = Araona–Tacana
}}

'''Tacanan''' is a family of languages spoken in [[Bolivia]], with [[Ese Ejja language|Ese’ejja]] also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the [[Panoan languages]]. Many of the languages are endangered.

==Family division==
{{tree list}}
*'''Tacanan'''
**[[Ese Ejja language|Ese Ejja]] ({{aka}} Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, Eseʼexa, Tatinawa, Ese exa)
**Araona–Tacana
***[[Araona language|Araona]] ({{aka}} Carina, Cavina)
***Cavineña–Tacana
****[[Cavineña language|Cavineña]] ({{aka}} Kavinenya)
****Tacana
*****[[Tacana language|Tacana]] ({{aka}} Tupamasa, Takana)
*****[[Reyesano language|Reyesano]] ({{aka}} San Borjano, Maropa)
*****[[Toromona language|Toromona]] ({{extinct}}?)
{{tree list/end}}

Toromono may be [[extinct language|extinct]]. Another possibly extinct Tacanan language is [[Mabenaro language|Mabenaro]]; [[Arasa language|Arasa]] has been classified as Tacanan, but appears to have more in common with Panoan.

=== Loukotka (1968) ===
Below is a full list of Tacanan language varieties listed by [[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

*'''[[Tacana language|Tacana]]''' - language with many relationships with the Arawak and Pano languages, spoken on the [[Beni River]], [[Tuichi River]], and [[Tequeje River]], territory of Colonia, Bolivia; now spoken by only a few families. Dialects are:
**'''Tumupasa''' / '''Maracáni''' - spoken on the [[Uchipiamona River]] in the same region.
**'''Isiama''' / '''Ydiama''' - spoken on the [[Unduma River]] and around Ydiama.

*'''[[Araona language|Araona]]''' - spoken on the [[Madre de Dios River]] and [[Manuripi River]] in Colonia, Bolivia
*'''[[Capachene language|Capechene]]''' / '''Capaheni''' - unknown language spoken on the [[Xapuri River]] and [[Rosiano River]], Acre territory, Brazil. (Unattested.)
*'''[[Sapiboca language|Sapiboca]]''' - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Reyes, Beni province, Bolivia.
*'''[[Chirigua language|Chirigua]]''' / '''Shiribá''' - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Santa Buenaventura, Beni. (Unattested.)
*'''Guarizo''' - extinct language once spoken at the old missions of Reyes and [[San Antonio de Isiama]].
*'''[[Maropa language|Maropa]]''' - spoken in the vicinity of [[Lake Rogoaguado]], Beni, now probably extinct.
*'''Guacanahua''' / '''Chama''' / '''[[Ese Ejja language|Ese'ejja]]''' - spoken by a small tribe on the [[Madidi River]] and [[Undumo River]], La Paz province, Bolivia.
*'''[[Mabenaro language|Mabenaro]]''' - spoken on the [[Manuripi River]].
*'''Caviña''' / '''[[Cavineña language|Cavineña]]''' - once spoken on the [[Cavinas River]], [[Madidi River]], and [[Beni River]], now probably extinct.
*'''[[Toromona language|Toromona]]''' - once spoken between the [[Madidi River]], [[Beni River]], and [[Madre de Dios River]], now perhaps extinct.
*'''[[Arasa language|Arasa]]''' - language spoken by the greater part of the Arazaire tribe (of Pano stock) on the [[Marcopata River]] and [[Arasa River]].
*'''[[Tiatinagua language|Tiatinagua]]''' / '''Mohino''' / '''Chuncho''' / '''Huarayo''' / '''Baguaja''' / '''Tambopata-Guarayo''' / '''Echoja''' - spoken by a tribe on the Peru-Bolivia border, on the [[Tambopata River]].

==Language contact==
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the [[Kayuvava language|Kayuvava]], [[Tupi languages|Tupi]], and [[Arawak languages|Arawak]] language families due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Tacanan languages.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! [[Tacana language|Tacana]] !! Tumupasa !! Isiama !! [[Araona language|Araona]] !! Sapiboca !! Maropa !! [[Ese Ejja language|Guacanahua]]!! Mabenaro !! [[Cavineña language|Caviña]] !! [[Toromono language|Toromona]] !! Arasa !! [[Ese Ejja language|Tiatinagua]]
|-
! one
| peada || peada || peáda || peada || pebbi || pembive ||  ||  || pea ||  || nonchina || owi
|-
! two
| beta || beta || beta || beta || beta || beta || béka ||  || beta || béka || béta || bikapiai
|-
! head
| e-chua || e-shua || é-cho || e-chua || e-chuxa || e-chuxa ||  || i-yoa || i-yuka ||  || é-osha || é-osha
|-
! eye
| e-tásha || é-tasha || ey-raha || e-sásha ||  || é-shakuéna ||  || i-thaha || i-xaka || e-shásh || é-shásha || i-sash
|-
! hand
| e-me || ä-ma || e-me || e-me || e-mé || e-me || iá || i-miatsa || e-metuku || i-á || e-mä || e-mé
|-
! water
| eavi || ahui || eahui || eavi || eubi || xubi ||  || eowi || ena ||  || ena || éna
|-
! fire
| kuati || kuáti || kuáti || kuati || kuati || kuati || kuáti || kwathi || etiki || kuáti || chi || kuáti
|-
! sun
| ideti || itaːti || itatti || izeti || iseti || icheti ||  ||  || igeti ||  || huári || eshét
|-
! maize
| dixe || oːtisha || ärishe || shíshe ||  || chixe || shishé ||  || ixike || shishé || shishe || shishi
|-
! tapir
| ähuadi || aːhuadi || ahuáta ||  ||  || ahuánsha ||  ||  || auada || sháawi ||  || shauví
|-
! house
| ete || äte || ete || etai || etae || étai ||  || ithai || etare || ekíi || soːpo || eti
|}


Sample vocabulary of four Tacanan languages, along with Proto-Panoan for comparison, from Nikulin (2019):<ref>Nikulin, Andrey V. [https://www.academia.edu/40654122/The_classification_of_the_languages_of_the_South_American_Lowlands_State-of-the-art_and_challenges The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки]. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, October 17, 2019.</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Ese Ejja !! Araona !! Cavineña !! Tacana !! Proto-Panoan
|-
! liver
| e-kakʷa || tákʷa || e-takʷa || e-takʷa || *takʷa
|-
! tongue
| ej-ana || e-ána || j-ana || j-ana || *hana
|-
! blood
|  || ami || ami || ami || *himi
|-
! you (sg.)
| mi-a || mi || mi- || mi || *mi
|-
! hand
| e-me || e-me || e-me-tuku || e-me || *mɨ-
|-
! earth
| meʃi || mezizo || metʃi ‘soil’ || med’i || *mai
|-
! meat
| e-jami || e-ami || e-rami || j-ami ‘muscle’ || *rami
|-
! stone
|  || mahana || makana ||  || *maka
|-
! bone
| e-sá || e-tsoa || e-tsau || e-tsau || *ʂao
|-
! (finger)nail
| e-me-kiʃe || Ø-mé-tezi ||  || e-me-tid’i || *mɨ̃-tsis
|-
! fat
| e-sei || e-tsei || e-tseri || e-tsei || *ʂɨ[n]i
|-
! tooth
| e-sé || e-tse || e-tse || e-tse || *ʂɨta
|}

==Verbal morphology==

===Associated motion===
Tacanan languages, in particular [[Cavineña language|Cavineña]] and [[Ese Ejja language|Ese Ejja]], have among the richest [[associated motion]] systems in the world's languages.<ref>Guillaume, Antoine. 2016. Associated motion in South America: Typological and areal perspectives. ''Linguistic Typology'' 20(1). 81–177</ref>

==Further reading==
*Girard, Victor (1971). Proto-Takanan Phonology (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 70.) Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). ''The languages of the Andes''. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.

==External links==
* Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/takanan.htm Familia Tacanana]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819194552/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Tacana language dictionary online from IDS] (select simple or advanced browsing)

{{Pano-Tacanan languages}}
{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{South American languages}}

[[Category:Tacanan languages| ]]
[[Category:Pano-Tacanan languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Languages of Brazil]]
[[Category:Languages of Peru]]
[[Category:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area|*]]