View source for TWA Flight 847

{{Short description|1985 aircraft hijacking}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name            = TWA Flight 847
| image           = Boeing 727-231(Adv), Trans World Airlines (TWA) JP5958649.jpg
| alt             = 
| caption         = N64339, the aircraft involved in the hijacking, in 1987
| occurrence_type = Hijacking
| date            = June 14, 1985
| site            = [[Greece|Greek]] [[airspace]]
| coordinates     = 
| aircraft_type   = [[Boeing 727|Boeing 727–231]]
| aircraft_name   = 
| operator        = [[Trans World Airlines]]
| callsign        = TWA 847
| tail_number     = N64339
| origin          = [[Cairo International Airport]], Egypt
| stopover0       = [[Ellinikon International Airport]], Greece
| stopover1       = [[Leonardo da Vinci International Airport]], Italy
| stopover2       = [[Logan International Airport]], United States
| stopover3       = [[Los Angeles International Airport]], United States
| destination     = [[San Diego International Airport]], United States
| passengers      = 147 (including 2 hijackers)
| occupants       = 155
| crew            = 8
| injuries        = 
| fatalities      = 1 
| survivors       = 154
| type            = Hijacking
}}
{{Campaignbox South Lebanon 1982–2000}}

'''TWA Flight 847''' was a regularly scheduled [[Trans World Airlines]] flight from [[Cairo]] to [[San Diego]] with en route stops in [[Athens]], [[Rome]], [[Boston]], and [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=time/> On the morning of June 14, 1985, Flight 847 was [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] soon after take off from Athens.<ref name=Photius/><ref name="Pilot Photo"/> The [[Hezbollah]] hijackers demanded the release of 700 [[Shia–Sunni relations|Shia]] Muslims from Israeli custody and took the plane repeatedly to [[Beirut]] and [[Algiers]].<ref name=time>Smith, William E. June 24, 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080206210255/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,142099,00.html Terror Aboard Flight 847]. ''TIME Magazine.'' Retrieved: 24 November 2012.</ref><ref name="Photius" /> Later [[Western world|Western]] analysis confirmed them members of [[Hezbollah]], an allegation Hezbollah rejects.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hezbollah, l'enquête interdite |date=2023-02-05 |type=Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26696093/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |others=Jack Kelly |publisher=Magneto Presse}}</ref>

The hijacking and subsequent hostage situation played out over the course of 17 days, during which the aircraft crisscrossed the Mediterranean. At the same time many passengers were tied up and beaten and those with [[Jewish name|Jewish-sounding name]]s were separated from the others. [[United States Navy]] diver [[Robert Stethem]] was murdered, and his body was thrown onto the [[airport apron]]. The ordeal finally ended after some of the hijacker's demands were met and they agreed to release their hostages. Many believed that because of the lawless nature of Lebanon at the time the captors would go without punishment.

== Hijacking events ==
<small>''All times are in Algiers time unless otherwise noted''</small>

Flight 847 was operated with a Boeing 727–200, [[Aircraft registration|registration]] {{Airreg|N|64339|.}} The flight originated in Cairo on the morning of June 14.

=== Day one ===
After an uneventful flight from Cairo to Athens, a new crew boarded Flight 847. The new crew in Athens were Captain John Testrake, [[first officer (aviation)|First Officer]] Phil Maresca, Flight Engineer [[Christian Zimmerman]], flight service manager [[Uli Derickson]], and flight attendants Judy Cox, Hazel Hesp, Elizabeth Howes, and Helen Sheahan.<ref name="zimmermann">See ''Hostage in a Hostage World: Hope aboard Hijacked TWA 847'' (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1985) for Zimmermann's account of this experience.</ref>

==== 10:10 a.m. ====
Flight 847 departs Athens for Rome. It was hijacked soon after takeoff<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=June 15, 1985 |title=Chronology of Hijacking of Flight 847 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/06/16/chronology-of-hijacking-of-flight-847/d1f01b11-ba49-456e-bad2-b7baa51df2bf/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 2, 2025 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> by two [[Arabic]]-speaking [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] men who had smuggled a pistol and two [[grenade]]s through the Athens airport security. One was identified later as [[Mohammed Ali Hammadi]], who was eventually captured and sentenced to life imprisonment in [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nysun.com/editorials/thinking-of-robert-dean-stethem/86999/|title=Thinking of Robert Stethem|website=The New York Sun|access-date=2019-09-22|archive-date=2010-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616213002/https://www.nysun.com/editorials/thinking-of-robert-dean-stethem/86999/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hamadi is an alleged member of Hezbollah.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/20/AR2005122001615.html|title=Hijacker Sought By U.S. Released|last=Whitlock|first=Craig|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2005-12-21|access-date=2018-04-09|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> 

The hijackers assaulted Derickson, dragged her by her hair and breached the cockpit and proceeded to attack and pistol-whip Testrake, Maresca, and Zimmerman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=The Judean |date=2022-06-14 |title=This Day In History: Hezbollah Terrorists Hijack TWA Flight 847 |url=https://thejudean.com/index.php/history/47-this-day-in-history-hezbollah-terrorists-hijack-twa-flight-847 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Judean |language=en-GB}}</ref>

While still in Greek airspace and with Captain Testrake being held at gunpoint, the hijackers forced the airplane to divert from its original destination of Rome, to the [[Middle East]].

==== 11:57 a.m. ====
The now hijacked plane made its first stop, at the [[Beirut International Airport]] in Lebanon.<ref name=":0" /> 

Shortly before they were allowed to land Captain Testrake argued with air traffic control, who initially refused to let them land in Beirut, until they relented. When Beirut air traffic control tried to talk to the hijackers, Testrake interrupted, "He has pulled a hand-grenade pin and he is ready to blow up the aircraft if he has to. We must, I repeat, we must land at Beirut. We must land at Beirut. No alternative."<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |date=June 15, 1985 |title=He's Pulled a Grenade Pin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/15/world/he-s-pulled-a-grenade-pin.html |access-date=May 23, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> 

They remained in Beirut for several hours where 19 passengers were allowed to leave in exchange for fuel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Joseph |title=Gunmen Seize Jet in Mideast Flight; Passenger Killed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/15/world/gunmen-seize-jet-in-mideast-flight-passenger-killed.html |work=The New York Times |issue=46441 |volume=134|date=15 June 1985}}</ref> 

At the time, Lebanon was in the midst of the [[Lebanese Civil War]], and Beirut was divided into sectors controlled by different Shia [[Amal Militia|Amal militia]] and Hezbollah. 

The aircraft departed Beirut at 1:30 p.m.<ref name=":0" /> 

==== 3:30 p.m. ====
After crossing the [[Mediterranean Sea]] the aircraft arrived at [[Houari Boumediene Airport|Algiers International Airport]] in [[Algeria]]. During their five-hour stop in Algiers the hijackers issued their demands, which included: 

*Release of the "Kuwait 17", those involved in the [[1983 Kuwait bombings|1983 bombings]] of the U.S. embassy in Kuwait<ref name="PBS">{{cite web |title=Hijacking of TWA Flight 1847 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/cron.html |access-date=12 January 2013 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> 
* Release of all 766 mainly Lebanese Shias transferred to [[Israel]]'s Atleat Prison<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gwertzman |first1=Bernard |date=21 June 1985 |title=U.S. Aides Say Hostage Release Would Free 766 Held in Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/21/world/us-aides-say-hostage-release-would-free-766-held-israel-formal-link-steps-barred.html |work=The New York Times |volume=134 |issue=46447}}</ref> in conjunction with immediate withdrawal of [[Israeli forces]] from [[southern Lebanon]]<ref name="time" /><ref name="Ranstorp, Magnus 1997, p.95">Ranstorp, Magnus, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis'', New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 95. {{oclc|89805638}}</ref>
* International condemnation of Israel and the [[United States]].<ref name="time" />

21 passengers were released before heading back to Beirut at 8:25 that night.<ref name=":0" />

=== Day two ===
[[File:SW2 Robert Stethem.jpg|thumbnail|Robert Stethem]]
Beirut International Airport was surrounded by a [[Shia]] neighborhood. It had no [[perimeter security]] and had been overrun by Islamist militias, and nearby residents could simply drive onto the runway.

==== 2:20 a.m. ====
The aircraft arrives in Beirut for the second time. 

The hijackers had systematically and regularly beaten all the military passengers, but during this stop, they selected [[U.S. Navy]] diver, [[Robert Stethem]], beat him, shot him in the right temple, and dumped his body out of the plane onto the ramp and shot him again.<sup>†</sup><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite report |last= |first= |date=21 September 1999 |orig-date=15 March 1986 |title=The Hijacking of TWA 847 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/2024-10/40-447-93195-001-2023.pdf |work= |location= |publisher= |docket= |access-date=5 March 2025 |pages=4-8 |via=[[Ronald Reagan Library]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TWA flight 847 is hijacked by terrorists {{!}} June 14, 1985 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/twa-flight-847-is-hijacked-by-terrorists |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> 

During the stopover seven American passengers, alleged to have Jewish-sounding surnames, were taken off the jet and kept captive in a Shia prison in Beirut, while an additional dozen or so terrorists boarded the flight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8105.html|title=Lebanon – The Hostage Crisis|website=www.country-data.com}}</ref>

The airplane then departed Beirut at 5:40 a.m.

==== 7:50 a.m. ====
Flight 847 returns to Algiers where it will spend twenty-five hours on the ground.

Algerian officials boarded the plane to begin negotiations with the terrorists.

The terrorists released three hostages from the aircraft shortly after landing. The [[Greek government]] also released an accomplice to the hijackers, [[Ali Atwa]], who was flown to Algiers. In exchange the hijackers released eight Greek citizens, including Greek popular singer [[Demis Roussos]], to be flown by a Greek government business jet from Algiers back to Athens.

All in all 66 hostages, 61 passengers and all 5 female cabin crew members were released in Algiers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Joseph |date=16 June 1985 |title=Hijackers Release Over 60 From Jet in Algiers Airport |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/16/world/hijackers-release-over-60-from-jet-in-algiers-airport.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |volume=134 |issue=46442}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

=== Day three ===

==== 12:45 p.m. ====
The aircraft arrives in Beirut, where it would remain for the remainder of the crisis. 

After landing the remaining 29 passengers are removed from the plane and kept captive in Beirut.

=== Days four through seventeen  ===
By the afternoon of June 17, the 40 hostages remaining had been taken from the airplane and kept captive throughout Beirut by Hezbollah.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rohter |first1=Larry |title=Passengers Taken From Hijacked Jet, Lebanese Reports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/18/world/passengers-taken-from-hijacked-jet-lebanese-reports.html |work=The New York Times |issue=46444 |volume=134|date=18 June 1985}}</ref> [[Nabih Berri]] was the chief of the Amal militia and the minister of justice in the fractured Lebanon cabinet. One of the hostages was released on 26 June when he developed heart trouble. The other 39 remained captive until June 30 when they were collected in a local schoolyard after an intervention by [[U.S. President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] along with Lebanese officials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weinraub |first1=Bernard |title=39 American Hostages Free After 17 Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/01/world/39-american-hostages-free-after-17-days-go-from-lebanon-to-syria-and-head-home-090944.html |work=The New York Times |volume=134|issue=46457 |date=1 July 1985}}</ref> The intervention involved a settlement negotiated by [[Abraham David Sofaer|Abraham Sofaer]], the Legal Advisor to Reagan's State Department, in which the hostages were released in exchange for Israeli release of Lebanese prisoners. Sofaer argued that this action did not constitute acquiescence to the terrorist's demands because the U.S had objected to Israel’s imprisonment of Lebanese prisoners prior to the incident.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oberdorfer |first=Dan |title=Abraham Sofaer: Players State’s Legal Adviser Deals with Policy, Then the Law |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 10, 1986 |page=A13 }}  
</ref> The released hostages then met with international journalists and were driven to [[Syria]] by the [[International Red Cross]] to the Sheraton Hotel and a press conference in [[Damascus]].

The hostages then boarded a U.S. Air Force [[C-141B Starlifter]] cargo plane and flew to [[Rhein-Main AB]], [[Hesse]], [[West Germany]], where they were met by [[U.S. Vice President]] [[George H. W. Bush]], debriefed, given medical examinations, then flown to [[Andrews Air Force Base]] in [[Maryland]] and welcomed home by the president. Over the next several weeks, Israel released over 700 Shia prisoners, while maintaining that the prisoners' release was not related to the hijacking.<ref name="Photius">{{Cite web|url=https://www.photius.com/countries/lebanon/national_security/lebanon_national_security_the_hostage_crisis.html|title=Lebanon The Hostage Crisis – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System|website=www.photius.com}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" style="margin-left:1em;"
!Nationality!!Passengers!!Crew!!Total
|-
|Australia||3||0
|3
|-
|France||8||1||9
|-
|Greece||15||0
|15
|-
|Italy||11||0
|11
|-
|United Kingdom||24||0
|24
|-
|United States||84||7||91
|-
|Total||145||8||153
|}
[[File:TWA Flight 847 Captain John Testrake with hijacker in Beirut.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|John Testrake with a hijacker in Beirut [[File:Hezbollah hijackers TWA Flight 847.png|frameless|260x260px]]

]]
A famous image of this hijacking was a photograph showing a gun being held near Captain Testrake, sticking out of the cockpit window, while he and the other pilots were being interviewed by [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] reporter [[Charles Glass]]. The scene was interrupted by one of the French-speaking Hezbollah guards left by the hijackers to hold the crew after most passengers and the cabin crew had been released in Algiers, and the remaining men were held in captivity elsewhere in Beirut. The young militiaman may have unloaded the gun before entering the scene, as he primarily wanted to be on television.<ref name="Pilot Photo">[http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/02/13/btsc.clancy.mugniyah/index.html Terror Mastermind's deception cause for skepticism], ''[[CNN]]'', February 14, 2008</ref>

Flight attendant [[Uli Derickson]] was credited with calming one of the hijackers during a fuel-quantity incident during the first leg to Beirut, because she spoke German, the only European language which either hijacker spoke. Notably, she interrupted an attempt to end the hijacking in Algiers when airport officials refused to refuel the plane without payment by offering her own [[Shell Oil]] [[credit card]], which was used to charge about $5,500 for 22,700 L (6,000 gal) of jet fuel, for which she was reimbursed. She also refused to cooperate with the hijackers in identifying for them the passports of any passengers with Jewish-sounding names so they could not be singled out.

{{USS|Stethem|DDG-63|6}}, an {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|1}} commissioned in 1995, was named in memory of Robert Stethem.<ref name="Navy DDG-63">{{Cite web |url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg63/Pages/namesake.aspx |title=Named for Steelworker 2nd Class Robert Stethem |publisher=[[United States Navy]] |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=November 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128134220/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg63/Pages/namesake.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The aircraft involved in the hijacking was put back into service. It remained in service for TWA until the aircraft was retired on September 30, 2000. It ceremoniously operated the airline's final revenue flight of their Boeing 727 fleet.<ref>{{cite web |title=TWA RETIRES THE B-727 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=ydfsPlNIMw0 |website=Youtube |publisher=ampicoab |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Alleged perpetrators ===
Hezbollah specialist [[Magnus Ranstorp]] of the [[University of St Andrews]] credits "leading" Hezbollah members [[Hassan Izz-Al-Din]] (later involved with the [[Kuwait Airways Flight 422]] hijacking in 1988) and [[Mohammed Ali Hammadi]], whose brother was one of the commanders of the Hezbollah Special Security Apparatus, with assisting Hezbollah operatives in the "supervision and planning of the incident itself and as an active participant in the defusion and resolution".<ref name="Ranstorp, Magnus 1997, p.95"/>

On October 10, 2001, in the immediate aftermath of [[9/11]], three of the alleged hijackers, [[Imad Mughniyeh]], Ali Atwa, and Hassan Izz-Al-Din, having been indicted earlier in [[United States district court]]s for the 1985 skyjacking of the American airliner, were among the original 22 fugitives announced by President George W. Bush to be placed on the newly formed [[FBI Most Wanted Terrorists]] list. Rewards of $5 million for information resulting in the arrest and conviction of Atwa and Izz-Al-Din are still being offered by the United States.

Mohammed Ali Hammadi was arrested in 1987 in [[Frankfurt]], [[West Germany]], while attempting to smuggle [[liquid explosive]]s, two years after the TWA Flight 847 attack. In addition to the West German charge of illegal importation of explosives, he was tried and convicted of Stethem's 1985 murder and was sentenced to life in prison. However, he was paroled and released by German officials on December 20, 2005, and returned to Lebanon.<ref name="msnbc">[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10544923 Germany paroles terrorist after 19-year term], ''[[NBC News]]''</ref><ref name="2004Germany">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050508074201/http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/2004_01_27.htm Will Germany Release an American-Killer?], January 27, 2004</ref> There has been speculation that his parole was granted as part of a covert prisoner swap, in exchange for the release of [[Susanne Osthoff]]. Taken hostage in [[Iraq]] a month prior, Osthoff was released the week of Hammadi's parole.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/german-hostage-freed-in-iraq-freed-osthoff-not-heading-home-yet-a-391177.html|title=German Hostage Freed in Iraq: Freed Osthoff Not Heading Home Yet|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=December 19, 2005|via=Spiegel Online}}</ref> On February 14, 2006 the United States formally asked the Lebanese government to extradite Mohammed Ali Hammadi for Stethem's murder.<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4547416.stm US 'seeks justice' for hijacker], ''[[BBC News]]''</ref> On February 24, 2006, he appeared as well on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list, with the name Mohammed Ali "Hamadei" (sic). He was among the second group of indicted fugitives to be named by the FBI to the list.<ref name="24threlease">[https://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel06/mostwantedterrorists022406.htm FBI updates most wanted terrorists and seeking information – War on Terrorism Lists] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129092124/http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel06/mostwantedterrorists022406.htm |date=2010-01-29 }}, ''[[FBI]] national Press Release'', February 24, 2006</ref>

Several news outlets reported the announcement by Hezbollah of the death of [[Imad Mughniyeh]] in a [[car bomb]] explosion in Syria on February 13, 2008.<ref name="MSNBC">[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna23140698 Hezbollah: Top militant wanted by U.S. slain], ''[[MSNBC]]'' February 13, 2008</ref> The remaining three fugitives from TWA Flight 847 remain on the list, and at large.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/hijacking-of-twa-flight-847|title=Hijacking of TWA Flight 847|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref>

On September 19, 2019, [[Greece|Greek]] police arrested a 65-year-old Lebanese man who was accused of involvement in the hijacking. The man was arrested at [[Mykonos]] during a passport check for cruise ship passengers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suspect arrested in Greece over 1985 TWA plane hijacking &#124; DW &#124; 21.09.2019|url=https://www.dw.com/en/suspect-arrested-in-greece-over-1985-twa-plane-hijacking/a-50528542|website=DW.COM}}</ref> He was aboard a cruise ship that had crossed [[Rhodes]], [[Santorini]] and Mykonos. Mykonos was the last stop before returning to [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TWA hijacker arrested in Greece after 34 years (photos)|url=http://en.protothema.gr/twa-hijacker-arrested-in-greece-after-34-years-photos/}}</ref> He was later released after police determined it was a case of mistaken identity.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Elinda Labropoulou, Nada Altaher and Evan Perez|title=Greek police release TWA hijacking suspect and say it was a case of mistaken identity|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/22/europe/lebanon-hijacking-twa-847-arrest-intl/index.html|access-date=2019-09-30|website=CNN|date=22 September 2019}}</ref>

Hezbollah reportedly denies culpability in the TWA Flight 847 hijacking, among its denials of numerous other attacks that have been attributed to the group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4545780.stm|title=Germans release Lebanese hijacker|date=2005-12-20|access-date=2018-04-09|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Film==
*''[[The Delta Force]]'' film of 1986 is based on the TWA 847 hijacking.
*''[[The Taking of Flight 847: The Uli Derickson Story]]'' is a 1988 TV movie based on the incident focusing on the role of flight attendant Uli Derickson (played by [[Lindsay Wagner]]).

== Footnotes ==
† There is some discrepancy between sources as to when the Stethem incident occurred with some sources indicating it took place during the first stop in Beirut while others suggest it occurred during the second. Overall, more reliable sources seem to agree the murder took place during the second stop.   

==See also==
*[[Trans World Airlines Flight 106]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080611015453/http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/terrorists/fugitives.htm FBI Most Wanted Terrorists at fbi.gov web site]
* [https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna23140698 Top Hezbollah militant slain]
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE3D81439F934A35751C0A960958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/H/Hijacking John Testrake, 68, TWA pilot who became hero in hijacking]

{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1985}}
{{TWA}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Algeria}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Lebanon}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twa Flight 847}}
[[Category:1985 crimes in Algeria]]
[[Category:1980s crimes in Beirut]]
[[Category:1980s in Athens]]
[[Category:1980s in Cairo]]
[[Category:1985 murders in Lebanon]]
[[Category:1980s in Algiers]]
[[Category:Aircraft hijackings in Africa]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727]]
[[Category:Aircraft hijackings in Asia]]
[[Category:Aircraft hijackings in Europe]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1985]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Algeria]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Algiers]]
[[Category:Hezbollah attacks]]
[[Category:Hostage taking in Europe]]
[[Category:Hostage taking in Lebanon]]
[[Category:June 1985 in Africa]]
[[Category:June 1985 in Asia]]
[[Category:June 1985 in Europe]]
[[Category:1985 in Greece]]
[[Category:Lebanon–United States relations]]
[[Category:Murder in Beirut]]
[[Category:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Africa in 1985]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Beirut]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Greece in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Lebanon in 1985]]
[[Category:Trans World Airlines accidents and incidents|847]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Algeria in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Military history of Athens]]
[[Category:Hijackings in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Beirut in the Israeli–Lebanese conflict]]