View source for Tākitimu

{{Short description|Polynesian migration canoe}}
{{for|the mountain range in Southland|Takitimu Mountains}}
{{Italic title}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{use New Zealand English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox waka
|waka_name   = ''Tākitimu''
|commander   = [[Tamatea Arikinui]], Kahukura, Arutanga, Tangiia
|priest      =
|departed    =
|landed      =
|iwi         = [[Ngāti Ruapani]], [[Rongowhakaata]], [[Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti]], [[Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki]], [[Ngāti Ranginui]], [[Ngāti Kahungunu]], [[Ngati Porou]]
}}
'''''Tākitimu''''' was a ''[[waka (canoe)|waka]]'' (canoe) with ''[[whakapapa]]'' throughout the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] particularly with [[Samoa]], the [[Cook Islands]], and [[New Zealand]] in ancient times. In several [[Māori mythology|Māori tradition]]s, the ''Tākitimu'' was one of the great [[Māori migration canoes|Māori migration ships]] that brought [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] migrants to [[New Zealand]] from [[Hawaiki]]. The canoe was said to have been captained by '''Tamatea'''.

== Cook Islands Māori traditions ==
The ''Tākitumu'' {{sic}} was an important waka in the Cook Islands with one of the districts on the main island of [[Rarotonga]] consequently named after it. [[Thomas Davis (Cook Islands politician)|Sir Tom Davis]], a former prime minister of the Cook Islands, wrote, in the form of a novel,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Thomas R. A. H. |title=Vaka : saga of a Polynesian canoe |date=1999 |publisher=Published jointly by Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific [and] Polynesian Press |location=Rarotonga [Cook Islands] |isbn=9789820201538 |edition=[2nd]}}</ref> an account of 300 years of voyaging of the ''Tākitumu'' by his own forebears as told in their traditions.

==New Zealand Māori traditions==
The ''Tākitimu'' appears in many traditions around New Zealand. Most accounts agree that the ''Tākitimu'' was a sacred canoe. Many also give the name of the captain as "Tamatea", although in different forms. (He is not to be confused with [[Tama-te-kapua]], who sailed the ''[[Arawa (canoe)|Arawa]]'' to New Zealand.)

===Traditions of the East Coast===

====East Cape====
The Takitimu waka landed at Whangaōkena (East Cape), Ūawa (Tolaga Bay), Tūranganui (Gisborne), Nukutaurua (on Māhia Peninsula) and other points further south along the East Coast.

====Te Māhia accounts====
Accounts from the northern East Coast indicate that the ''Tākitimu'' left Hawaiki after two brothers, Ruawharo and Tūpai, took the canoe from their enemies and escaped to New Zealand. The vessel landed on the [[Māhia Peninsula]] (Te Māhia) and the crew dispersed: Ruawharo stayed at Te Māhia, a man named Puhiariki went to [[Muriwhenua]] in present-day [[Northland Region|Northland]], while others moved to [[Tauranga]].

===Ngāti Kahungunu accounts===
A Ngāti Kahungunu account of the ''Tākitimu'' is given by J. H. Mitchell, according to whom the explorer [[Hoaki]] and his brother Taukata had travelled to New Zealand from Hawaiki in the ''Tutara-kauika'', searching for their sister Kanioro, who had been abducted and taken there by Pou-rangahau. They returned in the ''Te Ara-Tawhao'' seeking [[Sweet potato|kumara]] seeds and bearing the news that the islands were sparsely populated.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|pp=27-29}} This inspired Tamatea, the Arikinui ("great chieftain"), who led the tribes of Ngāti Hukumoana, Ngāti Hakuturi, and Ngāti Tutakahinahina, which lived in the villages of Whangara, Pakarae, and Rehuroa, to build a canoe and lead a migration to New Zealand.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}}

====Construction and launching====
[[File:Haunui waka.jpg|thumb|300px|''Te Haunui'', a modern reconstruction of a single-rigger sea-going [[waka (canoe)]].]]
Tamatea ordered the construction of ''Tākitimu''. It was made by three craftsmen, called Ruawharo, Tupai, and Te Rongo Putahi. The initial work was done on Titirangi hill, the later work at Tamatea's house in Whangara.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}} Four stones, Kohurau, Ka-ra, Anewa, and [[Pounamu]] were used to make five adzes, named Te Awhiorangi, Tewhironui, Rakuraku o Tawhaki, Matangirei, and Hui-te-rangiora. Te Awhiorangi, the most sacred of these adzes, was used by Tamatea to ceremonially cut through the waves, clearing the way for the canoe to travel over the sea.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=30}} The canoe was first roughly shaped at Titirangi hill and then taken to Tamatea's house at Whangara, where the carving was completed in an extremely sacred enclosure which was off limits to women and commoners.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}} The craftsmen and their tools had to be specially purified in water when their work was over; J. H. Mitchell records the [[karakia]] sung by the [[tohunga]] (high priest) during this work.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}} All the chips and sawdust from the canoe had to be ritually burnt, because it was too sacred to be used for any other purpose.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}}

Tamatea and Ruawharo consecrated the ''Tākitimu'' by singing a ''karakia'' which J. H. Mitchell records and pouring a calabash of water over the bow. Then four rollers, called Te Tahuri, Mounukuhia, Mouhapainga, and Manutawhiorangi were used to launch the canoe into the Pikopiki-i-whiti [[lagoon]].{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=32}} After this, it was taken in the night to Te-whetu-Matarau and the tohunga Ruawharo cast various protective spells for the boat, one of which J. H. Mitchell records.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|pp=32-33}} J. H. Mitchell forcefully denies stories that Ruawharo alone or with his brother Tupai stole the ''Tākitimu'' from the tribes of Te Tini-o-Pekerangi, Te Tini-o-Whakarauatupa, Te Tini-o-Makehukuhu, and Te Tini-o-Tutakahinahina.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|pp=45-47}}

=====Description and crew=====
The ''Takitimu'' was a large, single-rigger canoe.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=40}} It consisted of ''rauawa'' (boards attached above the hull), ''haumi'' (extensions to the front and back of the boat), ''taumanu'' ([[thwart]]s), a ''kāraho'' or ''rahoraho'' (deck), a ''tauihu'' ([[figurehead]]), ''rapa'' ([[sternpost]]), ''whitikotuku'' (frame for an awning), ''tira'' (masts), ''puhi'' (plumes of feathers), ''kārewa'' (buoys) and ''hoe'' (paddles). The canoe had six ceremonial paddles: Rapanga-i-te-atinuku, Rapanga-i-te-ati-rangi, Maninikura, Maniniaro, Tangiwiwini, and Tangi-wawana.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}} There were two [[Bailing (boats)|bailer]]s: Tipuahoronuku and Tipuahororangi.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}}

At the front of the canoe there was a space for the sacred objects in which the [[atua]] (gods) of the people resided.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}} These objects represented [[Ranginui]] (the sky) and [[Paptuanuku]] (the Earth).{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=34}} The objects also represented a number of spirits that protected the ''Takitimu'' on its voyage:{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=35}} 
* Two ''[[tipua]]'' Ruamano and Te Araiteuru, 
* Four ''pakake'' (whales): Hine-korito, Hine-kotea, Hine-makehu, and Hine-huruhuru
* Three [[taniwha]]: Te Wehenga kauika, Rua-riki and Maurea
* Tunui-e-te-Ika, Te Po-tuatini, Moko and other spirits.

The ''Takitimu'' was too sacred for women, commoners, children, or cooked food to be allowed onto it, so the crew consisted entirely of prestigious men:{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=30}} 
* [[Tamatea Arikinui]], the captain of the canoe until it reached [[Tauranga]], who had his seat at the stern and held the ceremonial paddles Rapanga-i-te-atinuku and Rapanga-i-te-ati-rangi.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=30}}
* Ruawharo, the main tohunga, who had his seat at the bow and held the ceremonial paddles Maninikura and Maniniaro.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}}
* Tupai, brother of Ruawharo, another tohunga, who held the ceremonial paddles Tangiwiwini and Tangi-wawana.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=31}} 
* [[Tahu Pōkai]], ancestor of [[Ngāi Tahu]], the captain of the canoe after it reached Tauranga.

====Journey to New Zealand====
{{OSM Location map 
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| mark-title2 = [[North Cape (New Zealand)|North Cape]]
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| mark-title3 = Te Manga-Tawa, [[Tauranga]]
| mark-coord4 = {{Coord|-37.917081|178.060056}}
| mark-title4 = [[Mount Hikurangi (Gisborne District)|Hikurangi]]
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| mark-title5 = [[Whāngārā]]
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| mark-title6 = [[Titirangi (hill)|Titirangi hill]]
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| mark-title7 = Te Papa, near Oraka on Nukutaurua
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| mark-title8 = [[Portland Island (New Zealand)|Waikawa]]
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| mark-title10 = [[Maungaharuru Range|Maungaharuru]]
| mark-coord11 = {{Coord|-42.666667|171.033333}}
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| caption = ''Tākitimu''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s journey, according to J. H. Mitchell.
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''Tākitimu'' travelled from Hawaiki to [[Rarotonga]] in three days. J. H. Mitchell follows [[Percy Smith (ethnologist)|Percy Smith]] in making the ship part of the [[Māori migration canoes|Great Fleet]], but says that because it was a single-rigger canoe, it proved faster than the rest of the canoes and left them behind. ''Tākitimu'' made the journey from Rarotonga to New Zealand in only eleven days. A shortage of food forced the crew to pray to [[Tangaroa]] and [[Tāne]], who provided them with raw fish and birds to eat.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=40}}

The ''Tākitimu'' arrived at [[Awanui]] at the base of the [[Aupōuri Peninsula]] in [[Northland Peninsula|Northland]]. Some members of the crew settled in this location, but Tamatea led most of the crew continued around [[North Cape (New Zealand)|North Cape]], and along the east coast of the [[North Island]] until they reached [[Tauranga]]. Here Tamatea left the ''Tākitimu'', entrusting the command to Tahu, whom he instructed to find a source of ''[[pounamu]]'' or greenstone (nephrite jade).{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|pp=41-42}}  
 
As ''Tākitimu'' travelled along the east coast, the crew stopped at various locations and gave them names. These included [[Mount Hikurangi (Gisborne District)|Hikurangi]], named after a mountain on Hawaiki, [[Whāngārā]], and the [[Pakarae River]].{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=42}} [[Titirangi (hill)|Titirangi hill]] in modern [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]] was named after the hill on which the ''Tākitimu'' had been built.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=42}} The tohunga on the ''Tākitimu'' conducted fire rituals that placed the ''[[Mauri (life force)|mauri]]'' (life force) of their traditional knowledge in the land at locations which later became the sites of ''[[whare wānanga]]'' (centres of traditional learning).{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|pp=42-43}}

When the ''Tākitimu'' reached Te Papa, near Oraka on Nukutaurua (the [[Māhia Peninsula]]), the tohunga Ruawharo left the canoe to settle. At the island of [[Portland Island (New Zealand)|Waikawa]] at the south end of the Māhia Peninsula, the crew established an important shrine, which was later the site of a ''whare wānanga'' called Ngaheru-mai-tawhiti, which J. H. Mitchell says became the chief source of ''mauri'' for the whole East Coast.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=43}}

At [[Wairoa]], the ''Tākitimu'' went up the [[Wairoa River (Hawke's Bay)|Wairoa River]] to Makeakea, now the site of ''Tākitimu'' [[marae]]. One of the canoe's rollers fell into the river and transformed into a taniwha. Later, part of this roller was recovered and used by a ''[[rangatira]]'' named Kopu Parapara to build a house at Te Hatepe, which inherited the ''tapu'' of the ''Tākitimu''. This house was relocated to [[Waihirere]], but it had become derelict by 1898 and was burnt down. In 1926 it was decided to build the ''Tākitimu'' [[marae]] on this site as a successor to this aspect of the ''Tākitimu'' canoe.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|pp=43-44, 197-200}}

As the ''Tākitimu'' passed the mouth of the [[Waikari River (Hawke's Bay)|Waikari River]], the tohunga Tupai saw a mountain inland. He lifted up a ''pāpāuma'' (a magical wooden carving representing birds), which transformed into a living bird and flew to the top of the mountain, causing it to make a rumbling sound. The mountain was named [[Maungaharuru Range|Maungaharuru]] ("rumbling mountain") as a result.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=44}}

When the canoe reached the [[Wairarapa]] region, Tupai left the canoe to settle.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=44}} Here he established a ''whare wānanga'', where he later educated [[Rongokako]], the son of Tamatea Arikinui.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=53}}

None of the remaining crew had the power to maintain the special ''tapu'' of the ''Tākitimu'', so it became a ''paraheahea'' (ordinary, non-sacred canoe). Despite this, Tahu Pōkai led the ''Tākitimu'' onward to the [[Arahura River]] on the west coast of the [[South Island]], where he found the source of pounamu which he had sought. The ''Tākitimu'' was deposited on a flat ledge in the river, where it turned to stone.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=44}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ngāti Kahungunu - Ancestors |first=Mere |last=Whaanga |url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngati-kahungunu/page-2 |encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |date=3 March 2017 |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> J. H. Mitchell reports a story that [[T. W. Ratana]] attempted to visit the site of the ''Tākitimu'' in the early twentieth century, but was thwarted by a supernatural fog.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|p=45}}

===Traditions of the Bay of Plenty===
The tribes of the Tauranga region refer to the canoe as ''Takitimu''. Some traditions say that the ''Takitimu'' was captained by Tamatea, father of Ranginui, and Kahungunu the founding ancestor of [[Ngāti Ranginui]]. Ngāti Kahungunu recognise this "Tamatea" as the grandson of Tamatea Arikinui, and refer to him as "Tamatea-pokaiwhenua-pokaimoana". However, accounts in Northland and Tauranga do not indicate the existence of more than one "Tamatea" from the ''Takitimu''.

===Traditions of the South Island===
South Island traditions indicate that Tamatea explored the western and southern coastlines of the South Island. The ''Tākitimu'' is said to have been turned to stone at [[Murihiku]]. From there, Tamatea is said to have built another canoe, the ''[[Kāraerae]]'', to return to the North Island.

==See also==
*[[List of Māori waka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite encyclopedia | last1= Black|first1=Te Awanuiārangi | title = Tauranga Moana | encyclopedia = Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand | url = https://teara.govt.nz/en/tauranga-moana/print | date = 2005-02-08 | access-date = 2024-02-01 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=J. H. |title=Takitimu: A History of Ngati Kahungunu |date=2014 |publisher=Libro International |isbn=978-1-877514-72-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vm_oAEACAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book| last1= Craig|first1=R.D. | title = Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = New York | year = 1989 | page = 255}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | last1= Taonui|first1=Rāwiri | title = Canoe traditions | encyclopedia = Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand | url = https://teara.govt.nz/en/canoe-traditions/print | date = 2005-02-08 | access-date = 2024-02-01 }}

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[[Category:Tākitimu| ]]
[[Category:Māori waka]]
[[Category:Māori mythology]]