View source for Switha

{{Short description|Island in Orkney, Scotland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Scottish island
|Image='Hells Gate' and Switha - geograph.org.uk - 1532198.jpg
|ImageCaption=Cantick Sound, from [[South Walls]], with Switha beyond
|location_map=Scotland Orkney
|coordinates = {{coord|58.798|-3.098|display=inline}}
|GridReference=ND365905
|caption= Switha shown within Orkney
|celtic name=
|norse name=
|meaning of name=
|area= {{convert|41|ha|sqmi|2}}
|area rank=217=
|highest elevation= {{convert|28|m|ft|0}}
|Population=0<ref>{{NRS1C}}</ref>
|population rank=
|main settlement=
|island group=[[Mainland Orkney|Orkney]]
|local authority=[[Orkney|Orkney Islands]]
|references=<ref name=Smith>Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 339-41</ref><ref name=OS7>{{cite map|title=Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 7 ''Orkney (Southern Isles)''|ISBN=9780319228135|publisher=Ordnance Survey|date=2008}}</ref>
}}
'''Switha''' is an uninhabited [[island]] towards the south of [[Orkney]], [[Scotland]], approximately 41 hectares in area.

==Geography and geology==
Switha lies 2&nbsp;km to the south of the island of [[Flotta]] and 2&nbsp;km east of the South Walls area of [[Hoy, Orkney|Hoy]]. [[South Ronaldsay]] lies about 5&nbsp;km further east. The island is roughly rectangular in shape, about 1&nbsp;km by 0.5&nbsp;km in size and is aligned in a NE to SW direction. The maximum elevation is 28&nbsp;m, found on the small cliff on the south coast, to the west of which is the only appreciable beach at The Pool. Geologically, the island is wholly of [[Old Red Sandstone]], from the [[Devonian]] period, specifically Rousay Flagstones, dating from about 375&nbsp;[[MYA (unit)|MYA]], laid down by a cyclical series of lakes and containing many fish fossils.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/geology.htm | title=Geology of Orkney | accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref>

==Flora==
The island is predominantly maritime grassland with small areas of heath and bog.<ref name="Orkney government SSSI report">{{cite web | url=https://www.orkney.gov.uk/Service-Directory/S/Sites-of-Special-Scientific-Interest-SSSI.htm#switha | title=Orkney government SSSI report | accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref>

==Wildlife==
Switha is very important for wildlife and has been designated both as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ([[SSSI]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/1702 | title=SSSI details |publisher=[[Scottish Natural Heritage]] | accessdate=7 November 2018}}</ref> and an EU [[Special Protection Area]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1933 | title=JNCC SPA report on Switha. | accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/SPA/UK9002891.pdf | title=JNCC SPA standard data form for Switha | accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The primary reason for this is the wintering population of Greenland [[barnacle goose]]. About 1000 of the birds are thought to spend the winter months roosting on the island and feeding on nearby South Walls.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thesoc.myzen.co.uk/docs/scottish-birds/sb-vol29-no02.pdf#page=5 | title=Greenland Barnacle Geese in Scotland in 2008 | accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref> This population is not only the most northerly in the UK but also the third largest after [[Islay]] and [[North Uist]]. Common seabirds known to frequent the rocky coast line include [[black guillemot]], [[great black-backed gull]], [[Arctic skua]] and [[great skua]]. In addition, Haswell-Smith records that there are many [[European storm petrel]] burrows. However, several surveys since the late 1960s have only revealed a small number of pairs on the island, probably never more than 10.<ref name="JNCC report on European Storm Petrel distribution">{{cite web | url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/PDF/S2000_03_spet_tabs_and_figs_web.pdf | title=JNCC report on European Storm Petrel distribution | accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref> The burrows are probably more likely to belong to the [[puffin]], which are reported to be resident on the island in some numbers, with about 250 pairs.<ref>Harris, Mike, "The Puffin" in Harris, Mike (2011) p. 49</ref>

==History==

===Pre-history===

The presence of [[Neolithic]] [[standing stone]]s and a [[cairn]] show that the island was at least visited in [[prehistoric]] times. There are two standing stones, the larger, southerly stone is 147&nbsp;cm high, by 91&nbsp;cm wide and 30&nbsp;cm deep.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/9461/switha-south | title=Switha, South. Standing Stone (prehistoric) |publisher=[[Canmore (database)|CANMORE]] | accessdate=7 November 2018}}</ref> The northerly stone is 112&nbsp;cm high, 48&nbsp;cm wide and just 15&nbsp;cm deep and is thus somewhat smaller.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/9469/switha-north | title=Switha, North. Standing Stone (prehistoric) |publisher=CANMORE| accessdate=7 November 2018}}</ref> Further evidence of pre-historic use is provided by the presence of a 9&nbsp;m diameter by 0.5&nbsp;m high turf covered cairn, near The Ool at the southern tip of the island. When excavated the cairn contained a cist-like structure.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/9472/switha-the-ool | title=Switha, The Ool. Cairn |publisher=CANMORE| accessdate=7 November 2018}}</ref>

Haswell-Smith (2004) maintains there is no written record of any post-Neolithic habitation,<ref name=Smith/> and there are 3 further sources that would support that assertion, at least for the past 350 years. The [[Joan Blaeu|Blaeu]] ''[[Atlas Maior|Atlas of Scotland]]'' (1654) stated that the island was "neither inhabited nor cultivated".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://maps.nls.uk/atlas/blaeu/browse/page/141 | title=Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 1654 |publisher=[[National Library of Scotland]] | accessdate=7 November 2018}}</ref> The ''Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland'', published in 1848, stated that the island was uninhabited.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettscv1wils#page/662/mode/2up/search/switha | title=Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland, p. 663 | accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> Finally, the Ordnance Survey map of 1882 doesn't indicate any significant building or habitation, although the enclosure mentioned below would seem to be present.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/74427968 | title=1882 six-inch to the mile Ordnance survey map CXXIII | accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> Whether the island was uninhabited prior to 1654 is less certain since the ''Descriptions of Orkney'', written in 1529, states that the entire population of an island, "Southay" presumed to refer to Switha, is said to have died while sailing to a Christmas celebration on a neighboring island, and the island had never been populated since.<ref>Jo Ben (1529) [http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/joben/southay.htm " Jo Ben's 1529 "Descriptions of Orkney: Southay"]. Orkneyjar. Retrieved 16 September 2013.</ref> In addition, there are archeological remains that could represent old dwellings, for instance a stone closure at the southern end of the island.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/9465/switha | title=Site record for possible enclosure |publisher=CANMORE |accessdate=7 November 2018}}</ref>

===Agricultural use===

The island would seem to have had a long history of use for agriculture, at least for keeping stock. In current times the island is wholly used for sheep grazing.<ref>Haswell-Smith (2004).</ref> Older texts support the island's use for other livestock however, for instance it is recorded that in 1747–48, 11 oxen were kept on Switha, part of the [[Burray]] inventory.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland | author=Fenton, Alexander | pages=318 | isbn=1862320586}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Scottish islands}}
* [[List of islands of Scotland]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Haswell-Smith}}
*Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) ''The Orkney Book''. Edinburgh. Birlinn. {{ISBN|1-84158-254-9}}
*Harris, Mike P and Wanless, Sarah (2011) "The Puffin". Poyser Monographs. {{ISBN|1-40816-056-0}}
{{Commons category|Switha}}
{{South West Orkney}}
{{Orkney Islands}}
{{coord|58.79734|N|3.10054|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(ND365905)|display=title}}<!-- Note: WGS84 lat/long, converted from OSGB36 grid ref -->

[[Category:Special Protection Areas in Scotland]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Orkney]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Orkney]]