View source for Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization

{{Short description|Independent auxiliary defence organization in Sweden}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization
|native_name= Svenska Lottakåren<br>{{big|S·L·K}}<br>''Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer''
|image= Svenska Lottakåren (SLK) emblem.png
|image_size= 140px
|caption= Coat of arms of the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization
|start_date= {{start date and age|1924}}
|dates=1924-Present
|country= {{flag|Sweden}}
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|size= 5,000
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|garrison= [[Stockholm]]
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The '''Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization'''{{efn|Official English name according to their own website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.svenskalottakaren.se/svenska-lottakaren-english |publisher=Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization |title=Svenska Lottakåren in English |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>}} ({{langx|sv|'''Svenska Lottakåren'''}} ('''''SLK''''') communicatively, {{literally|The Swedish Lotta Corps}}, and '''''Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer''''' juridically, {{literally|national federation of Sweden's lotta corps}}{{efn|Also translated as the National Federation of Swedish Women’s Auxiliary Defence.<ref>{{harvnb|Gullberg|1977|p=741}}</ref>}})<ref name="Grafisk identitet (2008), p. 1">{{harvnb|''Grafisk identitet''|2008|p=1}}</ref> is an independent auxiliary defence organization in Sweden. The organisation is part of the Swedish [[Total Defence (Sweden)|Total Defence]] (''Totalförsvaret''), the national defence strategy of Sweden.

The organisation was created in 1924 as a Swedish version of the Finnish equivalent organisation [[Lotta Svärd]] (created in 1918),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sundevall |first=Fia |date=2017 |title=Money, Gender and Military Training: Women as Economic Agents in Military Affairs (Sweden 1924–1942) |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?dswid=3387&faces-redirect=true&language=en&searchType=SIMPLE&query=&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&pid=diva2%3A1247982&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all |journal=Militärhistorisk tidskrift [Swedish journal of military history]}}</ref> which subsequently inspired other [[Scandinavia]]n and the [[Baltic states]] to create their own organisations based on the same principles. These are collectively called "Lotta movements" as the majority of these organisations have adopted the name Lotta as the general designation for organisation members.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PDF about Estonia's Lotta movement history.|url=https://www.naiskodukaitse.ee/s2/270_19215_235_NKK_Saaremaa_ringkonna_liikmeskond_1925-1940.pdf|access-date=2021-01-05|website=naiskodukaitse.ee}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Taasloomine|url=https://www.naiskodukaitse.ee/taasloomine_3391|access-date=2021-01-05|website=naiskodukaitse.ee}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=NORGES LOTTEFORBUND|url=https://lottene.no/om-nlf/historie/|access-date=2021-01-05|website=lottene.no}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2001|title=FOV Nyhedsbrev nr.12, 2001|url=http://www.fov.dk/arkiv/nyhedsbrev/2001/12/fakta_om_kvinder_i_fsv.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716155817/http://www.fov.dk/arkiv/nyhedsbrev/2001/12/fakta_om_kvinder_i_fsv.htm|archive-date=2007-07-16|access-date=2021-01-05|website=fov.dk}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
[[File:Lottastugan.jpg|thumb|One of several "Lotta club houses", {{langx|sv|Lottastugor}} ({{langx|en|Lotta Cottages}}), in Sweden. The Lotta Cottage in the picture is located in the community park of [[Varberg]] Sweden. Notice the SLK emblem across the door.]]
The organization currently consists of approximately 5,000 women of all ages throughout Sweden. Svenska Lottakåren's purpose is to recruit and educate women for tasks in the Swedish total defence, and to conduct comprehensive defence training. Svenska Lottakåren works in both the Armed Forces and in Civilian Emergency Preparedness. The organization is politically neutral, and is one of the country's largest female networks.

Members are called ''lotta'' (singular) or ''lottor'' (plural).

== History ==
=== Origin ===
[[File:Tyra Wadner SPA.jpg|thumb|upright|Founder of the SLK, [[Tyra Wadner]].]]
Svenska Lottakåren was created in 1924 with the [[Finland|Finnish]] women's auxiliary organization, [[Lotta Svärd]] (founded in 1920), as a direct role model. The name Lotta comes from a poem by [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]], about a fictional woman named [[Lotta Svärd (poem)|Lotta Svärd]], who took care of wounded soldiers during the [[Finnish War]].

The organisation was founded by a Swedish woman named [[Tyra Wadner]], whom also became the organization's first chairperson, and was originally an auxiliary aid unit for the Swedish ''[[landstorm]]'' militia, then named ''Sveriges Landstormskvinnor'' (Sweden's Landstorm Women).<ref name=":0" />

The organisation's original mission was non-militant and primarily aimed at collecting money for the ''landstorm'' militia. However, by the late 1930s it became apparent that the organisation was needed for militant missions during wartime, however not of combatant nature. In 1936 rules were laid down that regulated the organisation's activities in peacetime and wartime.

In peacetime, the activities would be concentrated in four areas:
*Collection of funds for the ''landstorm'' militia
*Provide service at ''landstorm'' militia exercises
*Training of their own members
*Information work to "raise the motherland and homeland patriotism feeling and strengthen the nation's defence".

During the war, Svenska Lottakåren instead had to undertake various forms of assistance for defence in the homeland, especially during mobilization.<ref name="Sundevall (2011), pp. 53-54">{{harvnb|Sundevall|2011|pp=53–54}}</ref> Members were divided into army, navy and airfields.

=== World War II ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 400
| perrow = 3
| image1 = Luftbevakningslotta i luftbevakningstorn 1942 (1) (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Finnish war children 1944.jpg
| image3 = Lotta Svea livgarde 1944.png
| footer = {{ubl|'''Left:''' Lotta performing air surveillance in 1942.|'''Center:''' SLK with [[Finnish war children]] during [[World War II]], 1944.|'''Right:''' Lotta receiving self-defence weapon training at the [[Svea Life Guards]], 1944.}}
}}
During [[World War II]], the organization received many new duties. Due to limited manpower it was decided to let organisation members perform service duties of non-combat nature in Sweden's army, navy and air force branches. It was during this period that members of the organisation started being called lottor, as their original name "Landstormskvinnor" did not fit their new roles. This soon became official as the Swedish ''[[landstorm]]'' militia was scrapped and replaced with the [[Home Guard (Sweden)|Swedish home guard]] in 1942, turning the organisation independent. The new organisation name became ''Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer'' ("The national federation of Sweden's Lotta corps").<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer (SLK)'s archive|url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?postid=Arkis+56921e0d-c5ce-45d0-b73f-40c768cb1606&flik=1&s=Balder|access-date=2021-01-05|website=sok.riksarkivet.se}}</ref>

The war also rapidly increased the number of organisation members and by the end of the war the organization had more than 110,000 members, which meant that about five percent of Sweden's women over 15 years were part of the organisation.<ref>{{harvnb|Sundevall|2011|p=58}}</ref>

=== Postwar ===
[[File:Lottakaren1970.JPG|thumb|Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization museum exhibition depicting a "Cooking-Lotta" in 1970's uniform.]]
[[File:Lottakåren paraderar i Jönköping år 1984 MILIF.005104.jpg|thumb|The corps parades in [[Jönköping]] in 1984.]]
Post World War II, SLK continued to perform many [[non-combatant]] roles tasks and roles in the [[Swedish Armed Forces]]-organization.

In 1989 the Swedish military started allowing women into all positions within the Swedish armed forces. This meant that the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization was no longer the only true option for women to get an active role in the defence of Sweden. An equivalent change in Denmark the same year had led to the dissolution of their "Lotta movement" ''Lottekorps''.<ref name=":1" /> However in Sweden the organisation would remain as they still held important roles in the Swedish defence, as well as their cultural value.

In 2008 the organisation updated their graphical profile and changed their communicative name into ''Svenska Lottakåren'' ("The Swedish Lotta Corps").<ref name="Grafisk identitet (2008), p. 1"/> The old name "Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer" was however kept as the official juridical name.<ref name="Grafisk identitet (2008), p. 1"/>

== Awards and decorations ==
Members and non-members of the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization which have benefited the organization can be awarded different awards and decorations, for example the [[Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization Royal Medal of Merit]] in gold and silver (awarded since 1943) and the [[Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization Medal of Merit]] in gold (awarded since 1967) and silver (awarded since 1944).<ref>{{harvnb|''Bestämmelser''|2019|pp=1–5}}</ref>

== Heads ==
*1924–1931: [[Tyra Wadner]]
*1931–1945: Maja Schmidt
*1945–1959: Märta Stenbeck
*1959–1966: Ingrid Norlander
*1966–1974: Louise Ulfhielm
*1974–1978: [[Alice Trolle-Wachtmeister]]
*1978–1986: Christine Malmström Barke
*1986–1994: Marianne af Malmborg
*1994–2002: Nini Engstrand
*2002–2008: Elisabeth Falkemo
*2008–2014: Annette Rihagen
*2014–2018: Barbro Isaksson
*2018–2022: Heléne Rådemar
*2022-    : Eva Nolsäter

== Other Lotta movements ==
*{{Flag|Finland}}: [[Lotta Svärd]] (1918–1944){{Efn|See the article [[Lotta Svärd]].}}
*{{Flag|Estonia}}:[[Naiskodukaitse]] "NKK" (1924–present)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
*{{Flag|Norway}}: [[Norges Lotteforbund]] "NFL" (1928–present)<ref name=":4" />
*{{Flag|Denmark}}: [[Lottekorps]] (1946–1989)<ref name=":1" />
*{{Flag|Latvia}}: Aizsardzes, the female section of the [[Aizsargi]] (1926–1940)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Augusta mēneša krājuma priekšmets - Aizsardzes formas tērpa nozīmīte |trans-title=Artefact of the month in August - uniform badge of the Aizsardzes |url=https://www.aluksnespils.lv/lv/collection/36/augusta-menesa-krajuma-prieksmets |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Alūksne Castle |language=lv}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Print===
*{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/svenfack/0761.html |last=Gullberg |first=Ingvar E. |title=Svensk-engelsk fackordbok för näringsliv, förvaltning, undervisning och forskning |trans-title=A Swedish-English dictionary of technical terms used in business, industry, administration, education and research |edition=2nd |year=1977 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-1-775052-0 |id={{SELIBR|8345587}}}}
*{{cite book |last=Sundevall |first=Fia |title=Det sista manliga yrkesmonopolet: genus och militärt arbete i Sverige 1865-1989 |trans-title=The last male occupational monopoly: gender and military work in Sweden 1865-1989 |year=2011 |publisher=Makadam |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=9789170610905
|id={{SELIBR|12071314}}}}

===Web===
*{{cite web |url=https://www.svenskalottakaren.se/system/files/content/paragraphs/attached_files/bestammelser_slks_utmarkelser_rev._2019_0.pdf?file=1&type=paragraphs_item&id=390&force=1 |publisher=Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization |title=BESTÄMMELSER FÖR SVENSKA LOTTAKÅRENS UTMÄRKELSETECKEN OCH ÅRSNÅLAR |date=2019-01-09 |access-date=28 January 2021 |language=sv |ref={{harvid|''Bestämmelser''|2019}}}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.svenskalottakaren.se/system/files/content/paragraphs/attached_files/svelk_grafisk_manual_08.pdf?file=1&type=paragraphs_item&id=310&force=1 |publisher=Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization |title=Svenska Lottakåren: Grafisk identitet |page=1 |date=2008 |access-date=29 January 2021 |language=sv |ref={{harvid|''Grafisk identitet''|2008}}}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.lottorna.se/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military of Sweden]]
[[Category:All-female military units and formations]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1924]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in Sweden]]