View source for Suzdal

{{Short description|Town in Vladimir Oblast, Russia}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Suzdal
|ru_name=Суздаль
|image_skyline=SuzdalPanoramaC 9345.jpg
|image_caption=
|coordinates = {{coord|56|25|N|40|27|E|display=inline,title}}
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Suzdal.png
|image_flag=Flag of Suzdal (Vladimir oblast).png
|holiday=2nd Saturday of August
|holiday_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citiesdays.ru/vladimir/suzdal |script-title=ru:Праздники в городе Суздаль |website=Information portal "Town Day" |language=ru |trans-title=Holidays in the Town of Suzdal |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
|federal_subject=[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="ustav"/>
|adm_data_as_of=September 2013
|adm_district_jur=[[Suzdalsky District]]
|adm_district_jur_ref=<ref name="ustav"/>
|adm_ctr_of=Suzdalsky District
|adm_ctr_of_ref=<ref name=ustav>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/documents/ustav2015dek.pdf |script-title=ru:Устав муниципального образования город Суздаль Владимирской области |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Charter of the Town of Suzdal of Vladimir Region |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
|inhabloc_cat=Town
|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="ustav"/>
|mun_data_as_of=August 2009
|mun_district_jur=Suzdalsky Municipal District
|mun_district_jur_ref=<ref name="ustav"/>
|urban_settlement_jur=Suzdal Urban Settlement
|urban_settlement_jur_ref=<ref name="ustav"/>
|mun_admctr_of1=Suzdalsky Municipal District
|mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="ustav"/>
|mun_admctr_of2=Suzdal Urban Settlement
|mun_admctr_of2_ref=<ref name="ustav"/>
|leader_title=Head of Town
|leader_title_ref=<ref name=glava/>
|leader_name=Larisa Majorova
|leader_name_ref=<ref name=glava>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/index.php/oms/glava-goroda |script-title=ru:Глава города Суздаля |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Head of the Town of Suzdal |access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref>
|representative_body=
|representative_body_ref=
|area_of_what=
|area_as_of=
|area_km2=15
|area_km2_ref=<ref name=gorod>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/index.php/suzdal/o-gorode/kharakteristika |script-title=ru:Характеристика города Суздаль |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Characteristic of the Town of Suzdal |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
|pop_2010census=10535
|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" />
|pop_latest=9978
|pop_latest_date=2015
|pop_latest_ref=<ref name=pop>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2015/bul_dr/mun_obr2015.rar |script-title=ru:Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2015 года |publisher=Official website of the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |language=ru |trans-title=Population of the Russian Federation in 2015  |format=rar}}</ref>
|time_zone_ref=<ref name="ragozin"/>
|established_date=1024
|established_date_ref=<ref name="gorod"/>
|current_cat_date=
|current_cat_date_ref=
|postal_codes=601291, 601293
|dialing_codes=49231
|dialing_codes_ref=<ref name="ragozin"/>
|website=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru
|date=January 2016
}}
{{Infobox
|bodystyle=width:23.5em;
|title=Suzdal population
|label1=[[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]]
|data1=9,286<ref name="2021Census" />
|label2=[[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]
|data2=10,535<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|label3=[[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]]
|data3=11,357<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref>
|label4=[[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]
|data4=12,063<ref name="1989Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}</ref>
|label5=[[Soviet Census (1979)|1979 Census]]
|data5=11,529<ref name="1979Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1979Census}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Christmas in Suzdal.jpg|thumb|Christmas in Suzdal]]

'''Suzdal''' ({{langx|ru|Суздаль}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈsuzdəlʲ|IPA}}) is a [[Types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] that serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Suzdalsky District]] in [[Vladimir Oblast]], [[Russia]], which is located along the Kamenka tributary of the [[Nerl (Klyazma)|Nerl River]], {{cvt|26|km}} north of the city of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]. As of the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]], its population was 9,286.<ref name="2021Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2021Census}}</ref>

In the 12th century, Suzdal became the capital of the principality. Currently, Suzdal is the smallest of the Russian [[Golden Ring of Russia|Golden Ring]] towns. It has several sites listed as [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref name="unesco" /><ref name="icomos" /><ref>{{cite web
 |author      = Kahn, D.
 |url         = https://www.rbth.com/travel/2013/02/09/back_in_time_24_hours_in_suzdal_22679.html
 |title       = A weekend in Suzdal
 |publisher   = Russia Beyond the Headlines
 |date        = 2013-02-09
 |access-date  = 2019-11-30
}}</ref><ref name="ragozin">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Suzdal |encyclopedia=Russia |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |last=Ragozin |first=Leonid |date=Mar 2015 |editor-last=Richmond |editor-first=Simon |edition=7 |isbn=978-1-74220-733-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |author      = Erkovich, V.
 |url         = https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/11/16/the_epicenter_of_legendary_history_20143.html
 |title       = The epicenter of "Legendary History"
 |publisher   = Russia Beyond the Headlines
 |date        = 2012-10-17
 |access-date  = 2019-11-30
}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Gorskii 04449u.jpg|thumb|Suzdal in 1912]]

The town's history dates back to 999 and 1024. In 1125 [[Yuri Dolgorukiy|Yury Dolgoruky]] made Suzdal the capital of the [[Vladimir-Suzdal#Rostov-Suzdal|Rostov-Suzdal principality]].<ref name="vorhees"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rusmania.com/central/vladimir-region/suzdal/history|title=History of Suzdal {{!}} Rusmania|website=rusmania.com|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref name="ragozin"/> In 1157, [[Andrey Bogolyubsky|Andrei Bogolyubsky]] moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir, from which time the principality was known as [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]. Suzdal was burned and plundered in 1237 during the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol-led invasions]]; however, it remained a trade center afterward due to its location in a fertile wheat-growing area.<ref>[https://www.suzdalonline.ru/history/varganov/chapter3/ Suzdal during the Tatar-Mongol yoke]</ref> In 1341, it [[Principality of Suzdal—Nizhny Novgorod|united]] with [[Nizhny Novgorod]] until both were [[Vasily I of Moscow#Reign|annexed by Moscow]] in 1392.<ref name="vorhees">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vorhees |first=Mara |editor-last=Richmond |editor-first=Simon |encyclopedia=Russia & Belarus |title=Suzdal |edition=4 |date=2006 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |isbn=1-74104-291-7}}</ref>
[[File:MapSuzdal-1788-1923.jpg|alt=Plan of Suzdal, 1788|thumb|Plan of Suzdal, 1788]]
After a decline in political significance, the town regained prominence as a religious center, with development projects funded by [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasily III]] and [[Ivan the Terrible]] in the 16th century. In the late 17th and 18th centuries, wealthy merchants funded the construction of 30 churches, many of which still stand today.<ref name="vorhees"/>

In 1864, local merchants failed to convince the government to build the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] through their town. Instead, it went through Vladimir, {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}} away.<ref name="ragozin"/> In 1967, Suzdal earned a [[Listed building|federally protected]] status, which officially limited development in the area.<ref name="vorhees"/>

In 1943, high-ranking [[Nazism|Nazi]] officers captured at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] were imprisoned within Suzdal's [[monastery]].<ref name="Joly">{{cite AV media
 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqOuwrMSdjw
 | access-date = 2020-04-05
 | title = Suzdal Camp 160: The fate of the German officers captured at Stalingrad
}}</ref>

Today, the town serves as a tourist center, containing many examples of old [[Russian architecture]]. Much of its rural infrastructure and partially unpaved streets have been preserved.<ref>{{cite news |last=Luxmoore |first=Matthew |title=Suzdal |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/suzdal.html |newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=2012-07-01 |access-date=2016-01-18}}</ref>

==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Suzdal serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Suzdalsky District]],<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|17 254}}</ref> to which it is directly subordinated.<ref name="VladimirO_admlist">Resolution #433</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] of Suzdal is incorporated within Suzdalsky Municipal District as '''Suzdal Urban Settlement'''.<ref name="VladimirOSuzdalskyD_mun">Law #190-OZ</ref>

==Tourism==
The primary industry of Suzdal is tourism. Suzdal avoided the [[industrialisation|industrialization]] of the Soviet era and thus 13th-19th [[architecture]] remained preserved. There are 305 monuments and [[listed building]]s in Suzdal, including 30 churches, 14 [[bell tower]]s, and 5 monasteries and [[convent]]s. 79 of them are federally protected buildings and 167 are regionally protected.<ref name="gorod"/>

In 1982, Suzdal became the first Russian town to receive [[Pomme d'Or|''La Pomme d'Or'']] ''(Golden Apple)'' - a prize for excellence in the tourism industry, awarded annually by the World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers (FIJET).<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Apple Award |url=http://www.fijet.net/fijet_golden_appel_dyn.php?langue=en |website=Official website of the World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers}}</ref>

In 1992, two of the monuments ([[Monastery of Saint Euthymius|Saviour Monastery of St Euthymius]] and [[Suzdal Kremlin|Kremlin]] with [[Cathedral of the Nativity, Suzdal|Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral]]) were included in the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage List]], together with six other [[White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal|White Monuments]] in the region.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/633/multiple=1|title=White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal|publisher=[[UNESCO]]/[[World Heritage Committee|World Heritage Convention]]}}</ref><ref name="icomos">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/633.pdf|title=World Heritage List No.633 Vladimir/Suzdal. ICOMOS Evaluation|date=October 1992|publisher=[[UNESCO]]/[[World Heritage Committee|World Heritage Convention]]}}</ref>
[[File:Suzdal asv2019-01 img39 Kremlin Cathedral.jpg|thumb|The Cathedral of Nativity]]

===Notable buildings===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}
*The [[Suzdal Kremlin|'''Kremlin''']] is the oldest part of Suzdal, dating from the 10th century. It is a predecessor of the [[Moscow Kremlin]]. In the 12th century, it was the base of Prince [[Yuri Dolgorukiy|Yury Dolgoruky]], who ruled the northeastern part of [[Kievan Rus']] and founded an outpost, which is now [[Moscow]].<ref name="ragozin" /> A ''[[posad]]'' (settlement) to the east became home to the secular population, such as shopkeepers and craftsmen, while the ''[[Kremlin (fortification)|Kremlin]]'' (fortress) proper was the home of the prince, the archbishop, and the high clergy. Within the Kremlin, the [[Archbishop]]’s Chambers house the ''Suzdal History Exhibition'', which includes a visit to the 18th-century Cross Hall, which was used for receptions. More exhibits are provided in the 1635 Kremlin bell tower (Russian: Звонница) in the yard.
*The {{convert|1.4|km|1|adj=mid|-long}} earth [[Rampart (fortification)|rampart]] of the Kremlin encloses a number of houses and churches, including the [[Cathedral of the Nativity, Suzdal|'''Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral''']]. The cathedral, characterized with gold and blue [[Dome#Russian domes|domes]], was constructed in 1222–1225 by [[Yuri II of Vladimir|Yury II]] on the site of an earlier church built around 1102 by [[Vladimir II Monomakh|Vladimir Monomakh]]. It was built of light [[tufa]] with [[limestone]]s for details. In 1445 the cathedral collapsed and was rebuilt in 1528–1530 with the upper structure and drums being constructed of new brick.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brumfield |first=William Craft |author-link=William Craft Brumfield |title=Landmarks of Russian Architect: A Photographic Survey |year=1997 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9056995367 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXex6iIh2y4C&q=Church+of+the+Nativity+of+the+Theotokos+1222&pg=PA60 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> The original 13th-century door from the cathedral is now on exhibition in the Archbishop's Chambers.
*[[Monastery of Saint Euthymius|'''Saviour Monastery of St Euthymius''']], was founded in 1352 to the north of the town centre on the high bank of the Kamenka river. It was built under the order of the Suzdal-Nizhniy Novgorod prince Konstantin. The monastery was planned as a fortress and was originally enclosed by a wooden wall, later destroyed by the [[Polish people|Poles]]. Today's reddish brick walls of the Suzdal monastery were erected over four years, from 1640 to 1644. The fortifications have 12 towers constructed to house artillery power. Later in 1766, with [[Catherine the Great]]'s orders, the monastery became a prison, which had a reputation for severe punishment of prisoners. In 1905 the prison closed; however, it later served as a prison again during the Soviet Era.
[[File:Souzdal Église Saint-Nicolas (Glotovo).JPG|thumb|Wooden Church of St. Nicholas (Souzdal)]]
*The Wooden Church of St. Nicholas, originally built in Glotovo in 1766 and made entirely of wood, was moved to Suzdal in 1960 to become part of the Museum of Wooden Architecture and Peasant Life. The church is elevated off the ground about a story high from when it was moved across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Vladimir and Suzdal Museum |url=https://en.vladmuseum.ru/suzdal/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=en.vladmuseum.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
*'''St John the Baptist Church''', built in 1720, at the same time as the Wooden Church of St. Nicholas. It was constructed with white plastered walls and wooden supports.
*'''St Alexander Convent''', built in 1240 by an unknown architect. The princesses of Suzdal, Mariya and Agrippina, were buried here in the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monastery of St. Alexander « Historic buildings « Suzdal « Old Russian Towns « Город Владимир / Виртуальный Владимир - полная информация по городу Владимир и Владимирской области |url=http://www.virtvladimir.ru/page/vladimirinfo/oldtouns/suzdal/buildings/alexander |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.virtvladimir.ru}}</ref>
*{{ill|Intercession Convent|lt=Intercession Convent|ru|Покровский монастырь (Суздаль)}}, founded in 1364. In its centre stands the Cathedral of the Intercession, an add-on built in 1518, financed by Moscow's King [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili III]]. The interior of the cathedral is plain white stone, with no paintings nor stained glass. The church houses the burial vaults of 20 nuns of noble birth. An art museum containing works created in the 16th and 17th centuries is connected to the cathedral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intercession (Pokrovsky) Monastery |url=https://www.tourism33.ru/en/guide/places/suzdal/pokrovsky-monastir/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.tourism33.ru |language=en}}</ref>

===Festivals===
*[[Open Russian Festival of Animated Film]], held annually in March since 2002, with the support of the [[Ministry of Culture (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Culture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suzdalfest.ru/index.php?id=2 |script-title=ru:Официальный веб-сайт Открытого Российского фестиваля анимационного кино |language=ru |trans-title=Official website of Open Russian Festival of Animated Film |date=February 27, 2024 }}</ref>
*''Cucumber Day Festival'' with folk music performances is celebrated by locals on the second Saturday of July, every year since 2001.<ref>{{cite news |title='Cucumber Day' Celebrated in Russia |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/video/cucumber-day-celebrated-in-russia-485336643696 |agency=[[NBC News]] |date=2015-07-16 |access-date=2016-01-15}}</ref>

==Film==
More than 60 movies were filmed in Suzdal and the vicinity.<ref name="film">{{cite book |last=Belov |first=Yury |date=2006 |publisher=Algoritm |isbn=5-9265-0281-0 |language=ru |script-title=ru:В главной роли Суздаль |trans-title=Starring Suzdal}}</ref> Among them are:
<!-- Movie titles are provided according to IMDB -->
*''[[Andrei Rublev (film)|Andrei Rublev]]'' (USSR, 1966)
*''[[The Brothers Karamazov (1969 film)|Bratya Karamazovy]]'' (USSR, 1969)
*''[[Finist, the brave Falcon]]'' (USSR, 1976)
*''[[A Hunting Accident|The Shooting Party]]'' (USSR, 1978)
*''[[The Theme|Tema]]'' (USSR, 1979)
*''[[The Youth of Peter the Great|Yunost Petra]]'' (USSR, 1980)
*''[[Charodei]]'' (USSR, 1982)
*''[[Dead Souls (1984 film)|Dead Souls]]'' (USSR, 1984)
*''[[Peter the Great (miniseries)|Peter the Great]]'' (USA, 1986)
*''[[Tsar (film)|Tsar]]'' (Russia, 2009)

==Twin towns==
Suzdal is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber]], [[Germany]], since 1988<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/Rotenburg.pdf |script-title=ru:Соглашение между городами Ротенбург об дер Таубер (ФРГ) и Суздаль (СССР) |date=1988-04-24 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Agreement between Rothenburg ob der Tauber (FRG) and Suzdal (USSR) }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Cles]], [[Italy]], since 1991<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/kles.pdf |script-title=ru:Соглашение между городами Клез (Италия) и Суздаль (Россия) |date=October 1991 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Agreement between Cles (Italy) and Suzdal (Russia) }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Oberlin, Ohio|Oberlin]], [[United States]], since 1991<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/OYTT/ch13.html |title=Oberlin's Connections Around the World |website=[[Oberlin, Ohio|Oberlin]]: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow |location=USA}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Windham, New Hampshire|Windham]], United States, since 1992<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.windhamnewhampshire.com/content/sister-city-suzdal-russia |title=Sister City - Suzdal, Russia |website=Official website of [[Windham, New Hampshire|Windham, NH]] |location=USA}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Évora]], [[Portugal]], since 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/Evora.pdf |script-title=ru:Соглашение о дружбе и сотрудничестве между г.Суздалем (Россия) и г.Эвора (Португалия) |date=2006-08-12 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Partnership agreement between Suzdal (Russia) and Évora (Portugal) }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Loches]], [[France]], since 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/Losh.pdf |title=Protocole d'accord de cooperation entre les municipalités de Souzdal et Loches |date=2011-12-15 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=fr |trans-title=Partnership agreement between Suzdal (Russia) and Loches (France) }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shangrao]], [[China]], since 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/Shanzao.pdf |script-title=ru:Соглашение о сотрудничестве между администрациями города Суздаля (РФ) и города Шанжао (КНР) |date=2012-09-10 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Partnership agreement between Suzdal (Russia) and Shangrao (China) }}</ref>

==Notable people==

*[[Solomonia Saburova]] (1490–1542), the first wife of [[Grand prince]] [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili III]] of [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]], canonized by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] as ''St Sofia of Suzdal''
*[[Dmitry Pozharsky]] (1577–1642), national hero, granted the title ''Saviour of the Motherland'' for routing the [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)|Polish invasion]]
*[[Eudoxia Lopukhina]] (1669–1698), [[Tsarina]], the first wife of [[Peter the Great]], banished to the Intercession Convent of Suzdal
*[[Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov|Dmitry Vinogradov]] (1720–1758), chemist, the founder of the [[Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg]]
*[[Aleksei Gastev]] (1882–1939), [[Revolution of 1905|revolutionary]], trade-union activist and a pioneer of [[scientific management]] in Russia
*[[S. M. Shirokogoroff|Sergei Shirokogorov]] (1887–1939), founder of Russian [[anthropology]]
*[[Vasily Blokhin]] (1895–1955), chief executioner of the [[NKVD]] (Soviet Secret Police) during the [[Great Purge]] and [[World War II]]
*[[Yuri Modin]] (1922–2007), KGB controller for the "[[Cambridge Five]]"

==See also==
* [[Kideksha Church|Church of Boris & Gleb]]—church in a nearby [[Kideksha]] village, UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], {{convert|4|km|1|abbr=on}} away.

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

== Sources ==
* Brumfield, William (2009). ''Suzdal: Architectural Heritage in Photographs''. Moscow: Tri Kvadrata. {{ISBN|978-5-94607-118-5}}.
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|vla|adm|list}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|vla|mun|list|suzdalsky}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/ Official website of Suzdal] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.airpano.com/files/Suzdal-Russia/2-2 Aerial panoramas of Suzdal]
* [https://wikiway.com/russia/suzdal/photo/ Suzdal photos]

{{Golden Ring}}
{{Vladimir Oblast}}
{{Gardariki}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Suzdal| ]]
[[Category:Suzdalsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Golden Ring of Russia]]