View source for Sudanese nomadic conflicts

{{Short description|Non-state conflicts between rival nomadic tribes}}
{{Copy edit|for=style|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Sudanese nomadic conflicts
| partof            = the [[Sudanese Civil War (disambiguation)|Sudanese Civil War]]s
| image             = South Sudan Sudan Locator-cropped.png
| image_size        = 200px
| caption           = Sudan (orange) and South Sudan (green)<br />shown within Africa
| place             = [[Darfur]], [[West Kordofan]] and [[South Sudan]]
| status            = Ongoing
| combatant1        = Non-Arab tribes (including [[Dinka]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], and [[Murle people|Murle]] tribes)
| combatant2        = [[Baggara Arabs]] (mainly [[Rizeigat tribe|Rizeigat ]] and [[Messiria tribe|Messiria ]] tribes)
| casualties4       = 2,000<ref name="aj10"/> – 2,500<ref name=reu10>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/idUKLDE6060ZB._CH_.2420|title=Timeline-Violence spirals in south Sudan|date=7 January 2010|publisher=Reuters|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726030414/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/01/07/idUKLDE6060ZB._CH_.2420|archive-date=26 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> killed from 2009 to January 2010<br />350,000 displaced<ref name=reu10/> by January 2010<br />3,000 killed from December to January 2012
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts}}{{Campaignbox Sudanese nomadic conflicts}}
| date              = 2008 – present
| casualties1       = Unknown
| casualties2       = Unknown
}}

'''Sudanese [[nomadic conflict]]s''' are non-state conflicts between rival nomadic tribes taking place in the territory of [[Sudan]] and, since 2011, [[South Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=145&regionSelect=1-Northern_Africa|title=UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia: Sudan: Non-state conflicts|publisher=Uppsala Conflict Data Program|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322121309/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=145&regionSelect=1-Northern_Africa|archive-date=22 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Conflict between nomadic tribes in Sudan is common, with fights breaking out over scarce resources, including grazing land, cattle and drinking water. Some of the tribes involved in these clashes have been the [[Messiria]], [[Maalia]], [[Rizeigat]] and Bani Hussein Arabic tribes inhabiting [[Darfur]] and [[West Kordofan]], and the [[Dinka]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]] and [[Murle people|Murle]] African ethnic groups inhabiting [[South Sudan]]. Conflicts have been fueled by other major wars taking place in the same regions, in particular the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]], the [[War in Darfur]] and the [[Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile]].

Over the years, clashes between rival ethnic militias have resulted in a large number of casualties and displaced hundreds of thousands of people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ucdp_non-state_conflict_dataset_/|title=UCDP Non-State Conflict Dataset|publisher=Uppsala Conflict Data Program|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122121335/http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ucdp_non-state_conflict_dataset_/|archive-date=22 January 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In recent years, particularly violent clashes broke out in 1993 between [[Jikany Nuer]] and [[Nuer people|Lou Nuer]] in [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]], in 2009{{Ndash}}2012 between Lou Nuer and Murle in [[Jonglei]] and in 2013{{Ndash}}2014 between Maalia, Rizeigat, Messiria, Salamat and Bani Hussein in Darfur and West Kordofan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inter-communal Conflict in Sudan|url=http://www.crisis.acleddata.com/inter-communal-conflict-in-sudan/|publisher=Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project|date=28 January 2015|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207152719/http://www.crisis.acleddata.com/inter-communal-conflict-in-sudan/|archive-date=7 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
=== 2008 ===
Fighting in 2008 between the [[Misseriya]] and the [[Rizeigat]] tribes claimed around 70 lives.<ref name="AP">{{cite news|title=Sudan: Almost 250 people killed in tribal clashes |agency=Associated Press |date=28 May 2009 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gTomvRk3sDL1Mcu8niHKSJmpC-PwD98G3QS00 |access-date=29 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604102310/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gTomvRk3sDL1Mcu8niHKSJmpC-PwD98G3QS00 |archive-date=4 June 2009}}</ref>

=== 2009 ===
==== May ====
Early 2009 saw several instances of fighting between nomadic tribes in Sudan which killed around 900 people, mainly women and children, in the south of the country.<ref name="AP"/><ref name="BBC">{{cite news| title=Scores die in Sudan horse battles| publisher=BBC| date=29 May 2009| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8073935.stm| access-date=29 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531083950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8073935.stm| archive-date=31 May 2009| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[[Richard Crockett]] 2010.Yale University Press Sudan Darfur and the Failure of an African State {{ISBN|9780300162738}}</ref> On 26 May 2008, a large-scale clash occurred between the [[Misseriya]] and the [[Rizeigat]] tribes when 2,000 Rizeigat men, [[war horse|mounted on horses]] and 35 vehicles, attacked a group of Misseriya near the village of [[Meiram]].<ref name="AP"/><ref name="Nation">{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title=3,000 raiders on horseback unleash terror in Kordofan |work=[[Daily Nation]] |issue=16172 |date=28 May 2009 |page=17 |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/-/1066/603752/-/13a1f07z/-/ |format=reprint |access-date=29 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128053959/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/-/1066/603752/-/13a1f07z/-/|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AFP"/> [[Law enforcement in Sudan|Sudanese police]] attempted to intervene and establish a buffer zone between the tribes but as they were doing so, they were attacked by about 3,000 Rizeigat horsemen.<ref name="BBC"/> The attack killed 75 police officers, 75 from the Rizeigat tribe and between 89 and 109 from the Misseriya.<ref name="AP"/>

The [[interior minister]], [[Ibrahim Mahmoud Hamad]], has pledged to bring those responsible for the fighting to justice and to take steps to disarm civilians.<ref name="BBC"/> The [[United Nations Mission in Sudan]], which earlier in May deployed 120 peacekeepers to [[Jonglei]] state to prevent tribal conflict, is also investigating.<ref name="AP"/><ref name="Sify">{{cite news|title=Hundreds killed in Sudan nomadic clashes|website=[[Sify]]|date=29 May 2009|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jf3vu0jfidf&title=Hundreds_killed_in_Sudan_nomadic_clashes|access-date=29 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128053959/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jf3vu0jfidf&title=Hundreds_killed_in_Sudan_nomadic_clashes|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the meantime Sudanese authorities have asked both tribes to move at least 5&nbsp;km from each other to avoid fresh outbreaks of fighting.<ref name="AFP">{{cite news|title=Tribal clashes in Sudan region kill 244: minister |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=28 May 2009 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hK6AsQjRU2OASU2bFFrQOG0XpmMw |access-date=29 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303093428/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hK6AsQjRU2OASU2bFFrQOG0XpmMw |archive-date=3 March 2011}}</ref> Whilst fighting in the area appears to have calmed down, the situation remains tense and there are concerns over security for the [[Sudanese general election, 2010|February national general election]].<ref name="BBC"/>

==== June ====
{{main|2009 Sobat River ambush}}
The 2009 Sobat River ambush was a battle between [[Jikany Nuer]] tribesmen and the [[Sudan]]ese [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|People's Liberation Army]] (SPLA) which was [[Military escort|escort]]ing a United Nations (UN) aid convoy on 12 June 2009.

==== August ====
Early morning on 2 August 2009, more than 180 members of the [[Lou Nuer]] community were killed, more than 30 others injured and further numbers were declared missing in a "well coordinated and planned" attack carried out whilst they were fishing for food, allegedly by [[Murle people|Murle]] fighters.<ref name="Scores dead in South Sudan clash"/><ref name="Women and children targeted in Sudan clash leaving 185 people dead"/> Eleven protective soldiers were also killed.<ref name="Scores dead in South Sudan clash"/> The dead were searching for food amidst severe shortages after barges which were shipping aid to them were [[2009 Sobat River ambush|attacked the previous June]].<ref name="Scores dead in South Sudan clash"/> People were pursued in the direction of a river, with some bodies becoming tangled in fishing nets.<ref name="Women and children targeted in Sudan clash leaving 185 people dead">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/04/sudan-murle-lou-nuer-attack|title=Women and children targeted in Sudan clash leaving 185 people dead|date=4 August 2009|access-date=5 August 2009|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Xan|last=Rice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907033217/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/04/sudan-murle-lou-nuer-attack|archive-date=7 September 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The majority of the dead were children and women,<ref name="More than 160 killed in South Sudan tribal raid"/> with entire families claimed to have been "wiped out".<ref name="Scores dead in South Sudan clash"/><ref name="Women and children targeted in Sudan clash leaving 185 people dead"/> The death toll was predicted to rise.<ref name="Scores dead in South Sudan clash">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8181969.stm|title=Scores dead in South Sudan clash|date=3 August 2009|access-date=5 August 2009|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805011915/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8181969.stm|archive-date=5 August 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="More than 160 killed in South Sudan tribal raid">{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-41505620090803|title=More than 160 killed in South Sudan tribal raid|date=3 August 2009|access-date=5 August 2009|publisher=[[Reuters|Reuters India]]|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012035749/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-41505620090803|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Deadly clashes in South Sudan">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/08/200983132130297575.html|title=Deadly clashes in South Sudan|date=4 August 2009|access-date=5 August 2009|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804193917/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/08/200983132130297575.html|archive-date=4 August 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2010 ===
==== January ====
At least 139 people were killed in tribal clashes following a cattle raid in southern Sudan which took place on 2 January 2010.<ref name=aj10>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/01/20101712175653198.html|title=Scores killed in Sudan tribal clash|date=7 January 2010|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108052548/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/01/20101712175653198.html|archive-date=8 January 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On '''11 January 2010''', Nuer attackers targeted a Dinka village, killing 45 civilians and injuring 102 civilians in a particularly brutal attack.<ref>[http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/100111/world/sudan_unrest_south]{{dead link|date=November 2015}}</ref>

==== April ====
{{Main|2010 South Darfur clash}}
At least 55 people were killed in an attack in [[South Darfur]] between the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|Sudan People's Liberation Army]] in [[South Sudan]] and another unidentified, disputed party, thought to be either the [[Rizeigat]] or [[Sudan People's Armed Forces]].

==== November ====
The UN received reports that [[Messiria tribe]] members clashed with members of the Sudanese armed forces in a mountainous territory to the west of [[Kas District|Kas]] in South Darfur, on 9 and 10 November 2010. The Sudanese army denied being involved in fighting in the area but a spokesman for the Arab [[United Revolutionary Force Front]] said that helicopters and jets had attacked their positions, killing seven civilians and two fighters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan forces clash with Arabs in Darfur: UN, rebels|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE6AA0J920101111?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|access-date=19 November 2010|newspaper=Reuters|date=11 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612161321/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE6AA0J920101111?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|archive-date=12 June 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== December ====
Men from the Messiria tribe stopped 150 cars in the state of [[South Kordofan]] and took almost 1,000 of the passengers hostage. The hostages were travelling from Khartoum to the south to take part in the 9 January 2011 [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|Southern Sudanese independence referendum]]. The Messiria say they will continue to hold the hostages until the South Sudan's [[Unity State]] pays the [[Blood money (restitution)|blood money]] it promised after three Messiria shepherds were killed by southern tribes earlier in the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan tribe stages mass abduction|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/12/20101216213444287165.html|access-date=2 January 2011|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=16 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219203105/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/12/20101216213444287165.html|archive-date=19 December 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2011 ===
{{See also|2011–2012 South Sudan tribal clashes}}
==== January ====
At least 76 people were killed in the [[Abyei]] region in clashes between the Messiria and Ngok Dinka that began on 7 January 2011. Casualties amounted to 50 from the Messiria killed and 26 Ngok Dinka and local police killed. The violence took place during the voting in the Southern Sudan independence referendum. Both Sudanese and Southern Sudanese governments accused the other of becoming involved in the fighting but observer, former US president, [[Jimmy Carter]] stated that he believed the "national forces in the north and the south have been very careful not to become involved in the conflict".<ref>{{cite news|last=Richmond|first=Matt|title=Sudan Death Toll in Abyei Region Rises to 76, South's Army Says|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-13/sudan-death-toll-in-abyei-region-rises-to-76-south-s-army-says.html|access-date=15 November 2011|newspaper=Business Week|date=13 January 2011}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==== February ====
At least 10 people were killed and others injured in a confrontation between the Misseriya and local police in [[Todach]], Abyei on 27 February 2011. The attack occurred within days of a meeting between the leaders of the Misseriya and Ngok Dinka to discuss compensation for the 12 Dinka Ngok killed in the January attacks. The meeting failed to reach a resolution. Leaders of the Abyei administration alleged that the tribesmen were aided by the pro-Sudan militias. The confrontation consisted of two separate attacks on the police post at Todach, at 4:00&nbsp;am and 11:30&nbsp;am local time. Local government officials alleged that the Sudanese government had ordered the attacks to apply pressure for upcoming talks on the future of Abyei province within Sudan or South Sudan. The Misseriya alleged that armed Dinka Ngok tribesmen were responsible and had disguised themselves as police to prevent the Misseriya from moving cattle from the area. The Misseriya alleged that the Dinka Ngok were supported by the South's [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|Sudan People's Liberation Army]]. The SPLA denied the allegations and stated that not a single SPLA soldier was based in the Abyei province.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan: Abyei Clashes Leave 10 Dead|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201102281048.html|access-date=16 November 2011|newspaper=Sudan tribune|date=27 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502042544/http://allafrica.com/stories/201102281048.html|archive-date=2 May 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== May ====
At the start of May 2011, at least 68 people were killed when members of the Nuer tribe launched several raids on water points used by the Murle tribe and stole 100,000 cattle.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan: Dozens Dead in Cattle Raid|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/africa/03briefs-ART-Sudan.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss|access-date=16 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 May 2011|archive-date=29 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729231138/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/africa/03briefs-ART-Sudan.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== June ====
The Misseriya tribe launched an attack on a train carrying members of South Sudan's army home just prior to independence from Sudan. The attack was made at [[Meiram]], 50&nbsp;km south of [[Muglad]], and was confirmed by UN officials. The Misseriya denied responsibility and instead blamed the attack on Darfur rebels.<ref>{{cite news|title=Militia attacks train carrying south Sudanese: UN|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/336605/1/militia-attacks-train-carrying-south-sudanese-un.html|access-date=16 November 2011|newspaper=Modern Ghana|date=26 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126183214/http://www.modernghana.com/news/336605/1/militia-attacks-train-carrying-south-sudanese-un.html|archive-date=26 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== September ====
[[File:Campamento de ganado de la tribu Mundari, Terekeka, Sudán del Sur, 2024-01-27, DD 27.jpg|thumb|Cattle-herders in South Sudan]]
Around 30 people were killed, 13 injured and 49 missing after a cattle raid on Mayiandit County in South Sudan's [[Unity State]]. Approximately 200 men armed with AK47s, rocket propelled grenades and machine guns took away 100,000 cattle from the local tribe. Police forces were able to recover around 600 of the cattle but were unable to pursue the attackers due to being outnumbered. The local community were angry as South Sudan's government had disarmed them as part of its scheme to reduce attacks but this had left them vulnerable to attacks by others. The attackers were alleged to be dressed in the uniform of the South Sudanese [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|Sudan People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kuich|first=Bonifacio Taban|title=Sudan: 30 Dead, 13 Injured in Cattle Raid On Mayiandit|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201109150525.html|access-date=16 November 2011|newspaper=Sudan Tribune|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007182140/http://allafrica.com/stories/201109150525.html|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== October ====
In late '''October 2011''', clashes occurred between the Awlad Surur and Awlad Heiban factions of the Messiria tribe. The fighting occurred in disputed grazing lands in the Fardus area of South Kordofan, which lies on the traditional migratory route of the tribe. Approximately 300 people were killed and at least 37 wounded with 140 of the dead from the Awlad Heiban and 60 from the Awlad Surur. A spokesman from the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|Sudan People's Liberation Movement]] condemned the violence blaming the [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] for arranging the violence and the police for failing to intervene.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bakir|first=Hussein|title=Misseriya Tribal Fighting Claims 200 Victims|url=http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?storyid=%7Bac7d84ba-f767-4753-a0bd-f3b80a387a7b%7D|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012035554/http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.aspx?storyid={ac7d84ba-f767-4753-a0bd-f3b80a387a7b}|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2017|access-date=16 November 2011|newspaper=Menafn.com|date=26 October 2011}}</ref>

==== November ====
'''November 2011''' saw the first elements of the Dinka Ngok tribe return to Abyei after violence broke out in the area in May. Guarded by Ethiopian peacekeeping forces the tribal leaders said that they had been among 150,000 people forced from the area by Sudanese army troops. The Dinka Nok stated their wish for a permanent Ethiopian presence in the area to ensure the safety of their people and for an end to the influx of Messiria tribesmen into the area. The UN World Food Programme provided assistance to 90,000 people in the area between May and August 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan: Dinka Nok Leaders Return to Abyei|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201111050145.html|access-date=16 December 2011|newspaper=Radio Dabanga|date=4 November 2011|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012041344/http://allafrica.com/stories/201111050145.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== December ====
At least 37 people were killed in the second week of December 2011, in a series of raids carried out by the [[Murle people|Murle]] on the [[Nuer people|Nuer]]. The next week came... they killed two of the cattle rearers, wounded one and took the cattle". The UN peacekeeping force warned that increasing levels of violence were threatening the nation of South Sudan and urged the resumption of peace talks.<ref>{{cite news|title=11 killed in S. Sudan's Jonglei: governor|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h5qCsqqH2tuZYx2uwX_NWp33oFOw?docId=CNG.cde72fdc7fdc86d7bc9c43e1147b39b4.421|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124183058/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h5qCsqqH2tuZYx2uwX_NWp33oFOw?docId=CNG.cde72fdc7fdc86d7bc9c43e1147b39b4.421|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2013|access-date=16 December 2011|agency=AFP|date=13 December 2011}}</ref>

Youths from the Lou Nuer tribe carried out a retaliatory attack against the Murle in [[Linkuangol]], [[Pibor]] county on 23 December 2011.<ref name="30st"/> Official reports place the toll at 24 killed and at least five wounded, though a member of vice-president [[Riek Machar]]'s staff placed the number at 40 killed and reporting seeing bodies lying in the streets of the town.<ref name="30st"/> There were also reports of buildings set on fire. Machar visited Linkuangol to urge the 9,000 Lou Nuer in the area to return home and cease their attacks.<ref name="30st"/> The Lou Nuer stated that they were acting because the government had failed to stop the violence and that they intended to capture the Murle's county headquarters at Pibor and disarm the tribe.<ref name="30st">{{cite news|title=South Sudan VP attempts to stop Jonglei violence |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-VP-attempts-to-stop,41125 |access-date=31 December 2011 |newspaper=Sudan Tribune |date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106201049/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-VP-attempts-to-stop,41125 |archive-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> Later hospital figures put the number of injured Murle tribesmen at 88 with Juba hospital's emergency wards at full capacity as a result.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jackson|first=Lagu Joseph|title=Sudan: Victims of Lou Nuer-Murle Tribal Fight Arrives Juba|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112300736.html|access-date=31 December 2011|newspaper=All Africa|date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119120130/http://allafrica.com/stories/201112300736.html|archive-date=19 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> More than 20,000 people fled Linkuangol due to the violence.<ref name="BBC30"/>

The Lou Nuer claimed the action was in retaliation for a Murle attack in August which left 700 Nuer dead in [[Uror]] county. The August action is thought to have caused the deaths of 861 people with 8,000 houses burnt and 38,000 cattle stolen. The Lou Nuer claim the intention of their December attacks is to find 180 Lou Nuer children they claim were abducted by the Murle in August.<ref name=stjan/>

{{Location map|South Sudan|lat=6.8|long=33.13|label=Pibor|caption=Location of Pibor in South Sudan}}
The [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (UNMISS) reacted by deploying a battalion of peacekeepers to Pibor where 6,000 armed youths were said to be headed to attack the Murle there.<ref name="UN30"/> UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] voiced deep concern over the hostilities and urged for an end to the violence.<ref name="UN30"/> The South Sudanese government also deployed a battalion of army personnel to Pibor where they have taken up positions on the outskirts of town to dissuade any attack.<ref name="UN30"/> The UN said it was hindered by poor infrastructure and that the only means of entering Pibor at present was by air.<ref name="UN30"/> It had taken a day and a half to transfer just two armoured personnel carriers to the town and a convoy of reinforcements sent by truck was forced to turn back due to poor road conditions.<ref name="UN30">{{cite news|title=South Sudan: UN blue helmets deploy to deter ethnic violence in key town|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40863&Cr=south+sudan&Cr1=|access-date=31 December 2011|newspaper=UN News Centre|date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103170159/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40863&Cr=south+sudan&Cr1=|archive-date=3 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The UN is hindered by having no military aircraft and being forced to rely on civilian helicopters.<ref name="BBC30"/>

Tens of thousands of Murle people have fled Pibor for fear of more violence.<ref name="BBC30"/> More than 1,000 people have been killed in inter-ethnic clashes in the area in the past few months, with most victims being women and children.<ref name="BBC30"/> The violence is seen as one of the biggest challenges to stability in South Sudan.<ref name="BBC30">{{cite news|title=South Sudan cattle clashes: UN moves troops to Pibor|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16364244|access-date=31 December 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231011957/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16364244|archive-date=31 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> By Friday 30 December, an advance group of 500 Lou Nuer had taken up positions on the outskirts of Pibor.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.N. deploys peacekeepers to protect South Sudan town facing attack|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/31/world/africa/south-sudan-violence/|access-date=31 December 2011|newspaper=CNN|date=31 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128053958/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/31/world/africa/south-sudan-violence/|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

At 3&nbsp;pm on 31 December 2011, between 3–6,000 Lou Nuer tribesmen attacked a part of Pibor not protected by the UN peacekeepers.<ref name=stjan>{{cite news|title=BREAKING NEWS: Lou-Nuer armed youth enter Pibor town |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/BREAKING-NEWS-Lou-Nuer-armed-youth,41143 |access-date=1 January 2012 |newspaper=Sudan Tribune |date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231170544/http://www.sudantribune.com/BREAKING-NEWS-Lou-Nuer-armed-youth,41143 |archive-date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kushkush|first=Isma'il|title=Report: Fighters attack South Sudan town despite presence of U.N. peacekeepers|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/01/world/africa/south-sudan-violence/?hpt=wo_c2|access-date=1 January 2012|newspaper=CNN|date=1 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309161830/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/01/world/africa/south-sudan-violence/?hpt=wo_c2|archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Houses were reported to have been set on fire and much of the town, including the airport and main hospital, were occupied.<ref name=stjan/> Scores of people are reported dead and 20,000 displaced.<ref name=stjan/> The Lou Nuer were said to be pursuing members of the Murle who have fled southwards.<ref name=bbcjan>{{cite news|title=South Sudan 'sends more troops' to strife-torn town Pibor|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16377824|access-date=1 January 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=1 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101175110/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16377824|archive-date=1 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> South Sudan has promised to send more army personnel and 2,000 police to the town to reinforce the 800 troops already there.<ref name=bbcjan/><ref>{{cite news|title=MSF fears for South Sudan staff caught in Pibor violence|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/africa/2012/0/52/MSF-fears-for-South-Sudan-staff-caught-Pibor-violence,b8ebc0aa-d586-430b-82cb-3761c85e3c0b.html|access-date=1 January 2012|newspaper=Angola Press|date=1 January 2012|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007114753/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/africa/2012/0/52/MSF-fears-for-South-Sudan-staff-caught-Pibor-violence,b8ebc0aa-d586-430b-82cb-3761c85e3c0b.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The healthcare charity [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF) says that it has lost contact with 130 of its staff who were forced to flee into the bush due to the attack.<ref name=bbcjan/> MSF said that a hospital and two outreach clinics had been overrun with some reports stating that the hospital had been set on fire.<ref name=telegraphjan>{{cite news|last=Squires|first=Nick|title=Fears for MSF staff after South Sudan tribal clashes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/south-sudan/8987065/Fears-for-MSF-staff-after-South-Sudan-tribal-clashes.html|access-date=2 January 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103044242/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/south-sudan/8987065/Fears-for-MSF-staff-after-South-Sudan-tribal-clashes.html|archive-date=3 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Looting was said to have taken place at MSF facilities.<ref name=telegraphjan/>

=== 2012 ===
==== January ====
By 2 January 2012,  the majority of the Lou Nuer force were said to have left Pibor and started to move to the South-East with a UN spokesman saying they were "almost certainly looking for cattle". The UN said that it had successfully held the main part of Pibor alongside South Sudanese army troops but that an MSF clinic had been overrun.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN warns South Sudanese to flee deadly ethnic vendetta|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16381579|access-date=2 January 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102085847/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16381579|archive-date=2 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The South Sudanese army said that it had regained full control of Pibor by 3 January.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan flashpoint town under government control|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gYLS6NorjHPUTvkatZVn40uAmNGQ?docId=CNG.632441e3ed926966f2e9767e3508010c.ad1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124184843/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gYLS6NorjHPUTvkatZVn40uAmNGQ?docId=CNG.632441e3ed926966f2e9767e3508010c.ad1|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2013|access-date=3 January 2012|newspaper=AFP|date=3 January 2012}}</ref>

On 3 January 2012, South Sudan's Peace and Reconciliation Commission said that at least 150 people had been killed in the attack on Pibor.<ref name=bbc3jan>{{cite news|title=South Sudanese 'massacred' after fleeing Pibor|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16394664|access-date=3 January 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103174356/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16394664|archive-date=3 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Representatives of the Murle people alleged that some of the people who fled Pibor had been hunted down and killed near [[River Kengen]], south-east of the town.<ref name=bbc3jan/> They said that women and children had been killed there and some drowned in the river as they tried to flee.<ref name=bbc3jan/> Also, on 3 January 2012, the UN and South Sudanese army received criticism for failing to protect civilians in Pibor, restricting their forces to protecting government buildings.<ref name=bbc3jan/>

On 5 January 2012, the South Sudan Council of Ministers, led by President [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], declared the state of [[Jonglei]] a [[Humanitarian crisis|humanitarian disaster zone]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wire Staff|first=CNN|title=South Sudan's Jonglei state a 'humanitarian disaster area'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/05/world/africa/south-sudan-jonglei-state/|access-date=6 January 2012|newspaper=Cable News Network|date=5 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307034808/http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/05/world/africa/south-sudan-jonglei-state|archive-date=7 March 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Staff Writer|first=RTT|title=South Sudan's Jonglei State Declared Disaster Zone After Ethnic Clashes|url=http://www.rttnews.com/Content/MarketSensitiveNews.aspx?Id=1792510&SM=1|access-date=6 January 2012|newspaper=RTT News – Global Financial Newswires|date=5 January 2012|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012035553/http://www.rttnews.com/Content/MarketSensitiveNews.aspx?Id=1792510&SM=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

A series of revenge attacks were carried out by Murle tribesmen which resulted in 24 people being killed in Akobo County on 8 January 2012; 8 people killed at [[Padoi]] on 10 January 2012 and 57 killed, 53 wounded and cattle stolen in attacks on three Lou Nuer villages in northern Jonglei, on 11 January 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=FACTBOX-South Sudan tribal conflict 2011–12 |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-south-sudan-tribal-conflict-2011-12 |access-date=14 April 2012 |newspaper=Thomson Reuters Alert Net |date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119033540/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-south-sudan-tribal-conflict-2011-12/ |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> By 22 January 2012, it was estimated that around 3,000 people had lost their lives in the fighting since December 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Security: South Sudan official blames tribal violence on cattle trade |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/security-south-sudan-official-blames-tribal-violence-on-cattle-trade-2012012231932.html |access-date=14 April 2012 |newspaper=Afrique en Ligne |date=22 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124162335/http://www.afriquejet.com/security-south-sudan-official-blames-tribal-violence-on-cattle-trade-2012012231932.html |archive-date=24 January 2012}}</ref>

==== March ====
On 1 March 2012, the South Sudanese government announced that it had regained full control of Pibor from tribal forces and ordered remaining [[Nuer people|Lou Nuer]] tribesmen to return to their homes.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan flashpoint town under government control|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/africa/2012/0/1/South-Sudan-flashpoint-town-under-government-control,1d95afe8-a1fe-4e75-b84b-71a335483d05.html|access-date=14 April 2012|newspaper=Angola Press|date=1 March 2012|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012035339/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/africa/2012/0/1/South-Sudan-flashpoint-town-under-government-control,1d95afe8-a1fe-4e75-b84b-71a335483d05.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 March 2012, it was alleged that Murle tribesmen had taken control of a number of [[Nuer people|Lou Nuer]] camps and villages in the Akobo County of Jonglei and wounded hundreds of people, in spite of a campaign by 12,000 SPLA troops to disarm civilians in the area.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan: Jonglei – Akobo Villages 'Besieged' By Raiders, Wounded Reach Hospital|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201203100161.html|access-date=14 April 2012|newspaper=All Africa|date=9 March 2012|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012041349/http://allafrica.com/stories/201203100161.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The fighting caused at least 200 deaths and occurred in an area inaccessible by road to South Sudan's security forces, the Murle accessing it through neighbouring Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news|title=More than 200 die in South Sudan tribal feud, official says|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/12/world/africa/south-sudan-violence/|access-date=14 April 2012|newspaper=CNN|date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128053958/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/12/world/africa/south-sudan-violence/|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
==== January ====
[[File:Locator map Sudan North Darfur.png|thumb|Location of North Darfur in Sudan]]
Fighting between tribes in Darfur erupted in January 2013 following the collapse of law and order caused by the rebelling of African rebels against the Arab-led government. Control of the Jebel Amer gold mine in [[El Sireaf]], [[North Darfur]] was a key aim of the rival Bani Hussein and Rizeigat tribes. Some of the tribesmen had formerly fought for the government and had been armed by them; some of the tribesmen remain on the government payroll.<ref name=reuters25feb>{{cite news|title=Fighting in Sudan's Darfur kills more than 500 – lawmaker|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-darfur-idUKBRE91O0T020130225|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103231741/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/02/25/uk-sudan-darfur-idUKBRE91O0T020130225|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The United Nations estimated more than 100 deaths and 100,000 people displaced.<ref name=reuters25feb/> A ceasefire agreement was reached by the end of the month.<ref name=aljazeera25feb>{{cite news|title=Dozens killed in Darfur clash over gold mine|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/02/201322515455318252.html|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227045106/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/02/201322515455318252.html|archive-date=27 February 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Figures released by a member of the ruling National Congress Party in late February placed casualties in the Jebel Amer fighting to be 510 killed and 865 wounded. There were known to have been 68 villages destroyed and 120 partially damaged along with 20,000 families displaced and confirmed cases of rape.<ref name=reuters25feb/>

==== February ====
On 8 February 2013, an attack by Murle tribesmen on a convoy of families from the rival [[Nuer people|Lou Nuer]] tribe left more than 103 dead, mainly women and children, in Jonglei state – many more women and children were listed as missing. This was the worst tribal violence in Jonglei since the 2011 clashes over cattle which left more than 900 dead. The attackers have been linked to Murle rebel leader [[David Yau Yau]]. Fourteen of the dead were South Sudanese soldiers who had been escorting the convoy. The International Committee of the Red Cross dispatched a medical team to help treat the wounded.<ref>{{cite news|last=Holland|first=Hereward|title=South Sudan attack leaves more than 100 dead|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/south-sudan-attack-leaves-more-than-100-dead/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416000543/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/south-sudan-attack-leaves-more-than-100-dead/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2013|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Reuters Alertnet|date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

Fresh violence at Jebel Amer in North Darfur erupted on 21 February 2013 when Rizeigat attacked men from the Bani Hussein, leaving 21 dead and 33 wounded in an eight-hour engagement.<ref name=reuters22feb>{{cite news|title=Fighting resumes in Sudan's Darfur after January outbreak|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-darfur-idUKBRE91L0PL20130222|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=22 February 2013|archive-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128053959/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-darfur-idUKBRE91L0PL20130222|url-status=dead}}</ref> Further fighting, on 23 February, was confirmed to have killed 60 people and left at least 62 wounded after camel-mounted tribesmen raided the El Sireaf area to target Bani Hussein tribesmen.<ref name=aljazeera25feb/><ref>{{cite news|title=Tribal fighting in Darfur leaves 60 dead|url=http://www.fox10tv.com/dpp/news/international/Tribal-fighting-in-Darfur-leaves-60-dead_08126267|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411001405/http://www.fox10tv.com/dpp/news/international/Tribal-fighting-in-Darfur-leaves-60-dead_08126267|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Fox 10 TV|date=25 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=51 die in fighting between Arab tribes over gold mine|url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/national_world/2013/02/25/51-die-in-fighting-between-arab-tribes-over-gold-mine.html|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Columbus Dispatch|date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128053958/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/national_world/2013/02/25/51-die-in-fighting-between-arab-tribes-over-gold-mine.html|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=afp24feb>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Abdelmoneim Abu Edris|title=Arab militia kills 50 in Sudan's Darfur: residents|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i-H-nCxRdLpqLbkhwFv04PyZdy1w?docId=CNG.7260e66c27091891b4dc6607ede17d2f.911|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411020700/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i-H-nCxRdLpqLbkhwFv04PyZdy1w?docId=CNG.7260e66c27091891b4dc6607ede17d2f.911|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Agence France Presse|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> The local governor claimed that the attacking tribesmen wore military uniforms and belonged to the Rizeigat tribe.<ref name=news2425feb>{{cite news|title=UN 'deeply concerned over Darfur'|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/UN-deeply-concerned-over-Darfur-20130224|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=News 24|date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517231739/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/UN-deeply-concerned-over-Darfur-20130224|archive-date=17 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The town's hospital was filled with wounded with some having to wait outside to be treated.<ref name=afp24feb/>

The fighting was said to have been the worst since the ceasefire was brokered. Shortly afterwards the Sudanese government claimed to have restored order and decried the actions of "criminals" on both sides.<ref name=aljazeera25feb/> A UN spokesman said that "We are deeply concerned by the violence ... it's affected our ability to run a humanitarian operation". The town of El Sireaf was said to be cut off completely from aid due to the fighting. The violence has caused the largest uprooting of civilians in Darfur in recent years.<ref name=news2425feb/>

==== March ====
On '''1 March 2013''', seven people died and four were injured in a fight between members of the Al-Gimir and Bani Halba tribes in South Darfur, Sudan. Six from the Al-Gimir were killed and two injured after armed elements of the Bani Halba attacked two villages in [[Katela]], one member of the Bani Halba died and two were injured. State government forces later arrived at Katela to contain the violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=7 killed, 4 injured in tribal clashes in Sudan's South Darfur State|url=http://en.apa.az/news_7_killed__4_injured_in_tribal_clashes_in_188821.html|access-date=16 March 2013|newspaper=APA|date=2 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305141950/http://en.apa.az/news_7_killed__4_injured_in_tribal_clashes_in_188821.html|archive-date=5 March 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Later in '''March 2013''', reconciliation meetings organised by state officials took place between rival tribes to bring to an end the conflict over the Jebel Amer gold mine. As part of the peace process the state was able to reopen the roads in the area for the first time since '''21 February 2013''' to assist with the supply of emergency aid. The UN agency ANAMID was establishing a temporary base in the area to help provide aid to the local populace.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN welcomes reconciliation progress between N. Darfur tribes|url=http://www.radiodabanga.org/node/44265|access-date=16 March 2013|newspaper=Radio Dabanga|date=6 March 2013|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928124928/https://www.dabangasudan.org/ar|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== April ====
Clashes between the Misseriya and Salamat tribes occurred from 3 April 2013 in central Darfur, near the border with [[Chad]].<ref name=apr2013/><ref name=bpn>{{cite news|title=At least 18 dead in Darfur tribal war|url=http://bigpondnews.com/articles/World/2013/04/10/At_least_18_dead_in_Darfur_tribal_war_862058.html|access-date=9 April 2013|newspaper=Big Pond News|date=9 April 2013|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928124921/https://www.skynews.com.au/|url-status=live}}</ref> They are believed to have started after a member of the Misseriya tried to rob a Salamat man before opening fire. Attempts at mediation failed and open fighting occurred from 4 April 2013 with the Misseriya burning a local government office in [[Abu Jaradil|Abugaratil]], south of [[Umm Dukhun]], before looting the village. Fighting resumed on 8 April 2013 at Gerlia, Umm Sauri and Abugaratil with civilians fleeing the area, some to Chad. At least 80 people were killed in fighting on 8 April 2013, with a total of 163 killed in this outbreak. As of 9 April 2013, there has been no apparent government response.<ref name=apr2013>{{cite news|last=Radio Dabanga|title=Sudan: 80 More Killed On 5th Day of Battles Between Central Darfur Tribes|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201304090084.html|access-date=9 April 2013|newspaper=All Africa|date=9 April 2013}}</ref> The UN and African Union mission to Darfur confirmed that it had received reports of the clash and that there had been a "number of victims".<ref name=bpn/> The violence caused at least 50,000 people to flee to Chad in the week to 12 April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan: Mending Ties With South Sudan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/13/world/africa/mending-ties-with-south-sudan.html?_r=0|access-date=13 April 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=12 April 2013|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731073559/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/13/world/africa/mending-ties-with-south-sudan.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

The weekend of 13/14 April 2013 saw the theft of 750 cattle in [[Eastern Equatoria]], [[South Sudan]]. A government force of wildlife officers, police and army personnel sought to apprehend the rustlers but were engaged in a firefight by the criminals. Nine of the security forces were killed along with five of the rustlers and two civilians. Thirteen soldiers were injured.<ref name=bbc20130420/> The cattle thieves then fled to the mountains. On 15 April 2013, a large government force was deployed to hunt down the thieves but was allegedly involved in atrocities, killing civilians, burning houses and businesses, opening fire on civilians and attacking a hospital.<ref name=bbc20130420/><ref name=abc20130420/> A member of the South Sudanese parliament stated that a doctor, two medical staff and a patient were shot at the hospital before it was burnt down.<ref name=abc20130420/> BBC News claimed that five people were killed at the hospital and described it as a revenge attack. The attack on the hospital was confirmed by local community leaders but denied by state governor, Louis Obong.<ref name=bbc20130420>{{cite news|title=South Sudan clashes: Army 'attacked Lorema hospital'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22215561|access-date=20 April 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=19 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420014040/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22215561|archive-date=20 April 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A [[Sudan People's Liberation Army|SPLA]] spokesman said that the army's officers would investigate the allegations.<ref name=abc20130420>{{cite news|last=Doki|first=Charlton|title=More Than 20 Killed in South Sudan Violence|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/20-killed-south-sudan-violence-18986934|access-date=20 April 2013|newspaper=ABC News|date=18 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127134106/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/20-killed-south-sudan-violence-18986934|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== May ====
On 4 May 2013, a clash between tribes in Abyei district left at least 20 people dead including up to two UN peacekeepers, an Ngok Dinka tribal chief and 17 members of the Misseriya tribe. The incident was apparently sparked by the failure of the Ngok Dinka tribe to inform the Misseriya that they would be in the area.<ref>{{cite news|title=At least 20 die in Sudan shootout in border area|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/at-least-20-die-in-sudan-shootout-in-border-area_846763.html|access-date=8 May 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210023/http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/at-least-20-die-in-sudan-shootout-in-border-area_846763.html|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

At the end of May 2013, clashes between the Al-Gimir and Bani Halba tribes in South Darfur left 64 people dead and dozens wounded from both sides.<ref>{{cite news|title=64 killed in fresh tribal clashes in Sudan's South Darfur state|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-05/30/c_132419782.htm|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=Xinhua|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802083159/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-05/30/c_132419782.htm|archive-date=2 August 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Bani Halba instigated an attack on Intakaina utilising 30 armed vehicles as well as a number of horses. The attack was believed to have been caused by a struggle over control of acacia trees used for the production of [[gum arabic]], a stabiliser used in soft drinks. The Al-Gimir claimed to have held the disputed land for the last 300 years and that the Bani Halba had been assisted by uniformed men equipped with government-issue weapons.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abdelaziz|first=Khalid|title=Darfur tribes' battle for gum arabic trade leads to 64 deaths|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/30/darfur-battle-gum-arabic-deaths|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128053958/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/30/darfur-battle-gum-arabic-deaths|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An Al-Gimir leader claimed that 94 people had died in the violence and that 1,200 homes had been burnt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tribal clashes 'leave 64 dead' in Sudan's Darfur|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/latest/a/-/article/17397316/tribal-clashes-leave-64-dead-in-sudans-darfur/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630181658/http://au.news.yahoo.com/latest/a/-/article/17397316/tribal-clashes-leave-64-dead-in-sudans-darfur/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=Agence France Presse|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> The United Nations stated that 6,500 people have fled the area of because of the recent violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan clashes over gum arabic in Darfur|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22728071|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610020556/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22728071|archive-date=10 June 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
==== November ====
At least 133 people were killed and 100 wounded, in the aftermath of clashes between Awlad Omran and Al-Ziyoud groups of the [[Messiria tribe]]. The clashes occurred in the Kwak area of the West Kordofan state, Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|title=At least 133 killed in tribal clashes in Sudan – tribe leader |url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2815620-at-least-133-killed-in-tribal-clashes-in-sudan-tribe-leader/ |access-date=28 November 2014 |date=28 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204193815/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2815620-at-least-133-killed-in-tribal-clashes-in-sudan-tribe-leader/ |archive-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
==== April ====
According to the government of [[Ethiopia]], the death toll from a cross-border raid carried out by attackers from South Sudan in the [[Gambela Region]] on '''15 April 2016''' rose to 208 from a figure of 140 a day earlier, with 108 children being kidnapped and over 2,000 livestock being stolen in the process. Ethiopian forces killed 60 of the attackers and said they would cross the border into South Sudan to pursue the assailants if necessary. Ethiopian officials blamed [[Murle people|Murle]] tribesmen inhabiting the [[Jonglei]] region close to the Ethiopian border for a series of attacks on Ethiopian villages to steal cattle and abduct children. The 15 April 2016 raid targeted the [[Nuer people|Nuer]] tribe, who live on both sides of the border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/ethiopia-attack-200-people-dead-100-children-missing-160418045025770.html|title=Ethiopia attack: 200 people dead, 100 children missing|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2016-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418185204/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/ethiopia-attack-200-people-dead-100-children-missing-160418045025770.html|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Death toll tops 200 in cross-border Ethiopia raid|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/death-toll-tops-200-cross-border-ethiopia-raid|work=Agence France-Presse|date=18 April 2016|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419122937/http://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/death-toll-tops-200-cross-border-ethiopia-raid|archive-date=19 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
==== March ====
An Ethiopian official says 28 people were killed and 43 children kidnapped by Murle tribe armed members between 10 and 12 March 2017 near the border between [[Gambela Region]] of Ethiopia and South Sudan. The official also said that over 1,000 [[Murle people|Murle]] tribespeople carried out the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ethiopia-south-sudanese-tribesmen-kill-border-46140788|title=Ethiopia: South Sudanese tribesmen kill many across border|publisher=ABC News|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315131131/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ethiopia-south-sudanese-tribesmen-kill-border-46140788|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2020 ===
{{Main|2020 Darfur attacks}}

=== 2022 ===
==== October ====
Violent tribal fighting in southern Sudan resulted in 220 deaths between October 19 to October 24.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Death toll in Sudan tribal clashes rises to at least 220 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/23/death-toll-in-sudan-tribal-clashes-rises-to-220 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527000522/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/23/death-toll-in-sudan-tribal-clashes-rises-to-220 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Official: Deaths from Southern Tribal Clashes at 220 |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3946556/sudan-official-deaths-southern-tribal-clashes-220 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Asharq Al-Awsat |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103202943/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3946556/sudan-official-deaths-southern-tribal-clashes-220 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Death tolls in southern Sudan tribal clashes reaches 220 |url=http://iranpress.com/content/67843/death-tolls-southern-sudan-tribal-clashes-reaches-220 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=iranpress.com |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401110102/https://iranpress.com/content/67843/death-tolls-southern-sudan-tribal-clashes-reaches-220 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Second Sudanese civil war]]
* [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan]]
* [[Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria]]
* [[Oromo–Somali clashes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Sudan topics}}
{{South Sudan topics}}
{{Post-Cold War African conflicts}}

[[Category:2009 in South Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2010 in South Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2011 in South Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2012 in South Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2013 in South Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2009 in Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2010 in Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2011 in Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2012 in Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:2013 in Sudan|Nomadic conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2008]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2009]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2010]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2011]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2012]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2013]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2014]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2016]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2017]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2022]]
[[Category:Civil wars in Sudan]]
[[Category:Civil wars in South Sudan]]
[[Category:2014 in Sudan]]
[[Category:2014 in South Sudan]]
[[Category:2016 in Sudan]]
[[Category:2016 in South Sudan]]
[[Category:2017 in South Sudan]]
[[Category:2018 in South Sudan]]