View source for Stylophorum diphyllum

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in poppy family}}
{{italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| name              = Woodland poppy
| image             = Stylophorum diphyllum - woodland poppy - desc-flower open.jpg
| status            = G5
| status_system     = TNC
| display_parents   = 2
| genus             = Stylophorum
| species           = diphyllum
| authority         = ([[André Michaux|Michx.]]) [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]
}}

'''''Stylophorum diphyllum''''', commonly called the '''celandine poppy'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=STDI3|taxon=Stylophorum diphyllum|accessdate=30 January 2018}}</ref> or '''wood poppy''',<ref>C. Colston Burrell, ed. ''Wildflower Gardens: 60 Spectacular Plants and How to Grow Them in Your Garden.'' Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2007. [https://books.google.com/books?id=E1d1aKyE_R0C&pg=PA56 p. 56.] {{ISBN|9781889538310}}</ref> is an [[herbaceous plant]] in the poppy family ([[Papaveraceae]]). It is native to [[North America]], where it is found in the eastern [[United States]] and [[Ontario]].<ref>{{BONAP|ref|genus=Stylophorum |species=diphyllum|accessdate=30 January 2018}}</ref> Its typical natural habitat is moist forests over calcareous rock, particularly in ravines.<ref name=Weakley>{{cite web |url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |title= Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States |first=Alan |last=Weakley |date= 2015}}</ref><ref name="illinois">{{Illinois Wildflowers|woodland/plants/cel_poppy|Celandine Poppy}}</ref>

It is occasionally cultivated for its bright yellow flowers. The common name is derived from greater celandine (''[[Chelidonium majus]]''), a closely related European plant with similar flowers and leaves.

==Description==
''Stylophorum diphyllum'' is an herbaceous [[perennial]]. It grows to about {{convert|1.5|feet}} tall, from underground [[rhizome]]s. [[Leaves]] are [[pinnate leaf|pinnately]] cut and [[lobed leaf|lobed]]. They grow from the base of the plant, and in a pair at the top of the flowering stems. Apart from its normal [[plant sap|sap]], ''Stylophorum diphyllum'' produces a yellow orange [[latex]] which can cause stains.

In spring, the deep yellow flowers of the celandine poppy appear as a brilliant display on the forest floor. The [[flower]]s have 4 yellow [[petal]]s, two soon falling [[sepal]]s, many yellow orange [[stamen]]s, and a single knobby [[stigma (botany)|stigma]]. They appear singly or in [[umbel]]s of two to four flowers from early spring to early summer. The flowers issue from between a pair of leaves at the top of the flowering stems. They produce [[pollen]], but no [[nectar]].<ref name="illinois"/>

After fertilization, a bristly blue green [[capsule (fruit)|pod]] hangs below the leaves. [[Seed]]s with white [[elaiosome]]s ripen in midsummer and the pod [[dehiscence (botany)|opens]] by four flaps.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" caption="Life stages">
Stylophorum diphyllum 1.jpg|Flowerbud
Stylophorum diphyllum durham.jpg|A blooming plant in North Carolina
Stylophorum diphyllum (side view), 2020.jpg|A flower and its reproductive parts
Celandine Poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum) - Flickr - Jay Sturner (1).jpg|A patch of blooming plants at the [[Morton Arboretum]] in Illinois
Celandine Poppy Stylophorum diphyllum Leaf 2475px.jpg|Leaf and immature pods
Stylophorum diphyllum pods.jpg|Pods closer to maturity, hanging below leaves
Pods2.jpg|Maturing pods in a wild patch in Ellicott City, Maryland
Stylophorum diphyllum-seed-in-pod.png|alt=Stylophorum diphyllum seed pod showing elaisomes attached to seed|Stylophorum diphyllum seed pod showing elaisomes attached to seed
</gallery>

==Propagation==
Propagation is done by seed or by dividing established clumps in spring. It grows best in moist, high-[[humus]] soil, and prefers to be in the shade.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Stylophorum diphyllum'' |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=m450 |website=Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden}}</ref> Division should be done early in the morning, preferably on a cloudy and mild day.

Plants are relatively long lived and readily self-seed under garden conditions.

==Conservation==
''Stylophorum diphyllum''  is a conservative species and is somewhat uncommon throughout its range. Forest clearance is responsible for the loss of some stands of this species. As the wood poppy requires semi-shaded conditions, even selective logging can have negative effects by creating large openings that allow too much sun to reach the forest floor.

Due to its limited distribution in Canada, it is listed under Ontario's Endangered Species Act, 2007, which protects the species and its habitat.<ref>{{NPIN|STDI3|Stylophorum diphyllum}}</ref> One Ontario population of the wood poppy is in a conservation area.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* {{Missouri Plants |color=Yellow |leaf=opp |genus=Stylophorum |species=diphyllum |link=1}}
* [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/stdi3.htm Bioimages]
* {{CalPhotos|Stylophorum|diphyllum}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7629712}}

[[Category:Papaveroideae]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of Ontario]]
[[Category:Flora of the North-Central United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]