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{{Redirect|Stradioti|an island in Montenegro with the same name|Sveti Marko Island}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name     = Stratioti
| image        = Battle of Fornovo.jpg
| image_size   = 265
|caption       = French engraving of c. 1500 depicting stradioti of the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] Army at the [[Battle of Fornovo]]<ref name="NicolleMcBride1988">{{harvnb|Nicolle|McBride|1988|p=44}}.</ref>
|dates         = 15th to 18th centuries
|allegiance    =
|branch        =
|type=Mercenary unit
|role=Light cavalry
|size=
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=
}}

The '''Stratioti''' or '''Stradioti'''{{efn|{{langx|el|στρατιώτες, στρατιώται}} ''stratiotes'', ''stratiotai''; {{langx|sq|Stratiotë, Stratiotët, Stradiotë}};<ref name="IslamiFrashëri1969">{{cite book|author1=Selim Islami|author2=Kristo Frashëri|author3=Aleks Buda|title=Historia e popullit shqiptar: Përgatitur nga një kolektiv punonjësish shkencorë të sektorëve të historisë së kohës së lashtë dhe të kohës së mesme|year=1969|publisher=Enti i teksteve dhe i mjeteve mësimore i Krahinës Socialiste Autonome të Kosovës|page=150|quote=Stratiotët nuk mundën t'i shpëtonin varfërimit dhe me kohë filluan t'i shisnin tokat. Gjatë shek .X, perandorët bizantinë u përpoqën ta ndalonin shitjen e tokave stratiote që sillte dobësimin e fuqisë së tyre ushtarake. }}</ref> {{langx|it|stradioti, stradiotti, stratioti, strathiotto, strathioti}}; {{langx|fr|estradiots}}; {{langx|sh|stratioti, stradioti}}; {{langx|es|estradiotes}}{{sfn|Floristán|2020|p=232}}}} were mercenary units from the [[Balkans]] recruited mainly by states of [[Southern Europe]] and [[Central Europe]] from the 15th century until the middle of the 18th century.{{sfn|Tardivel|1991|p=134}} They were largely of [[Albanians|Albanian]] origin (about 80%), others were of [[Greeks|Greek]] (most of whom were captains) and [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] origin.<ref name=Birtachas/> They pioneered [[light cavalry]] [[cavalry tactics|tactics]] in European armies in the [[early modern era]].{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}}

== Name ==
[[File:Stradiots.jpg|left|thumb|190x190px|16th-century illustration of Stradiots]]
One hypothesis proposes that the term is the Italian rendering of [[Greek language|Greek]] στρατιώτες, ''stratiotes'' or στρατιώται, ''stratiotai'' (soldiers), which denoted cavalrymen who owned [[pronoia]] fiefs in the late Byzantine period.<ref name="Pappas" /><ref>Trecanni (ed.), ''Grande Enciclopedia Italiana'', "Stradioti": "dal basso greco στρατιώται"; {{harvnb|Societa Italiana di Studi Araldici|2005|p=3}}: "dal greco ''stratiòta''".</ref> It was also used in [[Ancient Greek]] as a general term for a soldier being part of an army.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Melville-Jones |first1=John R. |title=Venice and Thessalonica, 1423–1430: The Venetian documents |date=2002 |publisher=Unipress |isbn=978-88-8098-176-3 |page=xxiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XFoAAAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=Greek stratiotes , a general term for a soldier forming part of an army , at this period in the Venetian documents the word seems}}</ref> According to another hypothesis, it derives from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''strada'' ("street") which produced ''stradioti'' "wanderers" or "wayfarers", figuratively interpreted as errant cavalrymen.<ref name="Pappas">{{harvnb|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti'' : "Two versions of the name stradioti have been cited by sources, while scholars have debated which of these versions is accurate. According to some authorities, the terms stradiotto and stradioti (plural) are Italian variants of the Greek stratiotês or stratiotai which generally means soldier, but in later Byzantine times meant cavalry man who held a military fief (pronoia). Other authors assert that stradioti came from the Italian root strada (road) and that the term stradiotto meant a wanderer or wayfarer, thus denoting an errant cavalrymen or warrior (..) The bulk of primary sources in Italian, such as Coriolano Cippico, Marino Sanuto and Venetian state documents, use stradiotto/stradioti, adopted by this paper, or strathiotto/strathioti.[18] French sources, such as Philip de Comines, use the variation estradiot/estradiots.[19] Although arguments on the side of the wayfarer theory predominate, the fact that some of the older Latin sources from the early 15th century use a variation of the Greek stratiotes tends to make this writer favor the "soldier" theory".}}</ref> Italian variants are ''stradioti, stradiotti, stratioti, strathiotto, strathioti''. In [[Albanian Language|Albanian]] they are called ''stratiotë'' ([[definiteness|definite]]: ''stratiotët'')<ref name="IslamiFrashëri1969" /> in [[French language|French]] ''estradiots'', in [[Serbo-Croatian]]: ''stratioti, stradioti'', in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''estradiotes''.{{sfn|Floristán|2020|p=232}}

Since many stradioti wore a particular cap, in Venice the name ''cappelletti'' (sing. ''cappelletto'') was initially used as a synonym for ''stradiotti'' or ''albanesi''.<ref>[https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/cappelletto "cappellétto"] in ''treccani.it''.</ref>{{sfn|Gramaticopolo|2016|p=42}}<ref>{{harvnb|Folengo|Mullaney|2008|p=491}}.</ref>{{sfn|Minchella|2015|p=97}} In the 16th and 17th centuries the term ''cappelletti'' was mainly used for light cavalry recruited from Dalmatia.{{sfn|Gramaticopolo|2016|pp=8, 9, 56}} A feature that distinguished the ''cappelletti'' form the ''stradiotti'' was their increasing usage of [[firearms]].{{sfn|Gramaticopolo|2016|pp=56–57}} From the 17th century Venice recruited light cavalry no longer from the Morea, but mainly from Dalmatia and Albania,{{sfn|Gramaticopolo|2016|pp=8, 9, 56}} and the ''cappelletti'' gradually replaced the ''stradiotti''.{{sfn|Birtachas|2018|p=326|ps=: "the paper examines its recruitment firstly of the so-called stradiots (stradioti), mercenary light cavalry corps of Greek, Albanian, and Slav origin, as well as of the likewise mounted cappelletti, which are the development of the stradiots from the seventeenth century; and secondarily of the mercenary groups of ‘Greek’ infantry named compagnie or milizie greche."}} However they had not the same success as light cavalry was gradually abandoned.{{sfn|Gramaticopolo|2016|p=9}}

== History ==
[[File:Stradiot archer.jpg|thumb|Stradiot Archer|right|271x271px]]
The stradioti were recruited in [[Albania]], [[Greece]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Serbia]] and [[Cyprus]].<ref name="Nicolle, 1989">Nicolle, 1989.</ref><ref>B. N. Floria, "Vykhodtsy iz Balkanakh stran na russkoi sluzhbe," Balkanskia issledovaniia. 3. Osloboditel'nye dvizheniia na Balkanakh (Moscow, 1978), pp. 57-63.</ref><ref>Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568 by David Nicolle, Angus McBride: "John Comnenus [...] settled Serbs as ''stratioti'' around Izmir..."</ref><ref name=DonaldNicol>{{Cite book| first= Donald M. | last= Nicol | title= Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural relations  | page = 37 | publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge, New York | year= 1988}} "Young men recruited from among Greeks and [[Albanians]]. They were known as stradioti from the Greek word for soldier."</ref> Those units continued the military traditions of [[Byzantine battle tactics#Light Cavalry|Byzantine]] and Balkan cavalry warfare.<ref>Pappas, 1991, p. 7: "The stratioti continued the Byzantine and Balkan traditions of cavalry warfare, which emphasized ambushes, hit-and-run assaults, feigned retreats, counterattacks and other tactics little known to western armies of the time. Indeed, when the Venetians introduced stradioti into Italy in the late fifteenth century, they caused sensation among the condottieri and their warriors, principally because their tactics were so effective even against heavy cavalry. A number of military historians, including Paolo Iovio, Coriolano Cippico, Mario Sanudo, Erculi Riccoti, and Daniel E. Handy have described the activities of the stradioti in the West, and some military historians even attribute the reintroduction of light cavalry tactics in Western armies to the influence of the stradioti in Venetian armies."</ref> As such, they had previously served Byzantine and Albanian rulers, they then entered Venetian military service during the [[Ottoman-Venetian wars]] in the 15th century.{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}} It has been suggested that a ready pool of [[Albanians|Albanian]] stradioti was the product of the northern [[Albanian tribes|Albanian tribal system]] of feud ([[Gjakmarrja]]) and consequent emigration.<ref>{{harvnb|Galaty|Lafe|Lee|Tafilica|2013|p=12|ps=: "Historical documents record the exploits of the ''stradiots'', Albanian mercenaries who served throughout Western Europe (Millar 1976). We contend that the northern Albanian tribal system of feud and consequent emigration produced a ready pool of such mercenaries and was a flexible, adaptive strategy that encouraged resilience and long-term stability."}}</ref> The precise year when stratioti units began to be recruited in western armies is not known. However, under 1371 state decrees of the Venetian Republic those Greeks that lived in Venetian controlled territories were allowed to join the Venetian army.<ref>Kondylis, 2006, p. 152: "Δεν είναι γνωστό από πότε η Βενετία ενσωμάτωσε στο στρατό της αυτούς τους οπλοφόρους. Πάντως, ήδη από το 1371, διατάγματα επέτρεπαν τη στρατολόγηση Ελλήνων των κτήσεων στον τοπικό στρατό" [It is unknown when Venice incorporated these armed men into its army. However, as early as 1371, decrees allowed Greeks to join the local army.]</ref>
[[File:Stradiot & Haiduk.jpg|thumb|Stradiot and Haiduk]]
The precise definition of their ethnic identity was the subject of careful study, while modern scholarship concludes that they were Albanians and Greeks who mainly originated from the [[Peloponnese]].{{sfn|Birtachas|2018|p=327}} Studies on the origin of their names indicate that around 80% of the stradioti were of Albanian origin, and very few of Slav origin (''Crovati''). The remainder were Greek, most of whom were [[captain]]s.<ref name=Birtachas>{{harvnb|Birtachas|2018|pp=327–328|ps=: "From studies on the provenance of their names it is deduced that about 80% of the stradiots were of Albanian and very few of Slav origin (''Crovati''). The remainder were Greek and, for the most part, captains (capitani di stradioti)."}}</ref> Some of the officers' surnames who were of Greek origin are [[Palaiologos]], Spandounios, Laskaris, Rhalles, [[Komnenos]], Psendakis, Maniatis, Spyliotis, Alexopoulos, Psaris, Zacharopoulos, Klirakopoulos, and Kondomitis.{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}} A number of them, such as the Palaiologoi and Komnenoi, were members of Byzantine noble families.{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}}<ref>Nicolle, 2002: p. 16</ref> Others seemed to be of [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] origin, such as Soimiris, Vlastimiris, and Voicha.{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}} Some renowned Albanian stratioti were the Alambresi, Basta, [[Bua (tribe)|Bua]], [[Meksi family|Meksi]], Capuzzimadi, Crescia, and [[Renesi]].{{sfn|Floristán|2020|pp=10-15, 15-28, 28-43, 233–236, 236-245, 245-252}} The study on the names of the stradioti does not indicate that most of them came directly from Albania proper, rather from the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] holdings in southern and central Greece. The stradioti who moved with their families to Italy in the late 15th and early 16th centuries had been born in the Peloponnese, where their ancestors immigrated in the late 14th and early 15th century, after the request of the Byzantine [[Despotate of the Morea|Despots of the Morea]], [[Theodore I Palaiologos|Theodore I]] and [[Theodore II Palaiologos]], who invited the Albanians to serve as military colonists in the Peloponnese in the attempt to resist [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] expansion in the Balkans.{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}}

While the bulk of stratioti were of Albanian origin from Greece, by the middle of the 16th century there is evidence that many of them had been [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] and in some occasions even Italianized. Hellenization was possibly underway prior to service abroad, since stradioti of Albanian origin had settled in Greek lands for two generations before their emigration to Italy. Moreover, since many served under Greek commanders and together with the Greek stradioti, this process continued. Another factor in this assimilative process was the stradioti's and their families' active involvement and affiliation with the Greek Orthodox or Uniate Church communities in the places they lived in Italy.{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}} On the other hand the military service in Italy and other European countries slowed and in some cases reversed the process of Hellenization. Those [[Albanian communities in Greece|Albanians of Greece]] who migrated to Italy have been able to maintain their identity more easily than the [[Arvanites]] who remained in Greece, hence constituting a part of the [[Arbëreshë people]] of Italy.<ref>{{harvnb|Muhaj|2016b|pp=32–33}}</ref>

== Activity ==

=== Republic of Venice ===
With the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 and the breakup of the Despotate of the Morea through [[Morea revolt of 1453–1454|civil war]] between 1450 and 1460, Albanian and Greek stradioti increasingly found refuge and employment with the Venetians.{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}} The [[Republic of Venice]] first used stratioti in their campaigns against the [[Ottoman Empire]] and, from c. 1475, as frontier troops in [[Friuli]]. Starting from that period, they began to almost entirely replace the Venetian light cavalry in the army. Apart from the Albanian stradioti, Greek and Italian ones were also deployed in the League of Venice at the [[Battle of Fornovo]] (1495).<ref>{{harvnb|Setton|1976|p=494}}; {{harvnb|Nicolle|Rothero|1989|p=16}}.</ref> The mercenaries were recruited from the Balkans, mainly Christians but also some Muslims.<ref>{{harvnb|Detrez|Plas|2005|p=134}}.</ref> In 1511, a group of stratioti petitioned for the construction of the [[Greek community of Venice]]'s [[Eastern Orthodox]] church in [[Venice]], the [[San Giorgio dei Greci]],<ref>{{harvnb|Detrez|Plas|2005|p=134, Footnote #24}}.</ref> and the [[Scuola dei Greci]] (Confraternity of the Greeks), in a neighborhood where a Greek community still resides.<ref name=Oxford /> Impressed by the unorthodox tactics of the stratioti, other European powers quickly began to hire mercenaries from the same region.

Since the [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)|first Ottoman–Venetian war]] (1463–1479) and later [[Ottoman–Venetian wars]] of the 15th and 16th century Stratioti units, both Albanian and Greeks served the Venetian forces in the Morea. In addition the Venetian authorities allowed the settlement of Albanians in Napoli di Romagna ([[Nauplion]]) in the [[Argolis]] region, outside of the walls of the city.{{sfn|Pappas|ps=, ''Stradioti''.}}<ref>Kondylis, 2006, p. 171: "Οι Αλβανοί του Ναυπλίου ήταν εγκατεστημένοι έξω από την πόλη, ανάμεσα στο ανατολικό τείχος και στο λόφο του Παλαμηδίου, περιοχή που ονομαζόταν «teraglio et sasso»" [The Albanians of Nauplion settled outside of the city... "</ref>  Relations between the two groups and relations between Albanians, Greeks and the central Venetian administration varied. Some families intermarried with each other, while other times disputes erupted as in 1525 when both Greeks and Albanians asked to serve only under the leadership of their own commanders.<ref name=Kondylis156>Kondylis, 2006, p. 156</ref> In the reports of the Venetian commander of Nauplion, Bartolomeo Minio (1479–1483) stressed that the Albanian stratioti were unreliable contrary to the Greek units which he considered loyal. In other reports, attitudes towards Albanians are positive. As Venice lost territory to the Ottomans in the Morea, the numbers of Stratioti the administration employed lowered. By 1524, no more than 400-500 Stratioti remained in Venetian Argolis.<ref name=Kondylis156 />

By 1589, four Venetian Stratioti companies remained in Crete. Reports to the [[Provveditore generale di Candia]] warn him that the Stratioti should be "actual Albanians" (''veramene Albanesi'') unlike the Stratioti in Crete who were not "real Albanians but [[Cyprus|Cypriots]] and locals who have no military experience". Venetian sources described them more as "farmers than stradioti" who spoke Greek (''parlavano greco'').{{sfn|Korre|2018|p=498|ps=: iii. Η γλώσσα, ένα ισχυρό κριτήριο ενσωμάτωσης - Οι stradioti ήταν πολύγλωσσοι, ιδιότητα που ήταν συνέπεια της μετακίνησής τους στο χώρο και σε άλλα περιβάλλοντα: αρβανίτικα (αλβανικά και ελληνικά στοιχεία σε μια υβριδική γλώσσα), τουρκικά και ιταλικά, είναι οι γλώσσες που εντοπίζονται. Το ελληνικό όμως γλωσσικό όργανο φαίνεται πως επικρατεί, ακόμα και στον πυρήνα ομοιογενών compagnie. Η compagnia του Γιώργη Λυκούρεσση στα Χανιά ήταν κυρίως ελληνόγλωσση παρότι αποτελούνταν αποκλειστικά από αρβανίτες. Σύμφωνα με τις βενετικές πηγές, οι ιππείς εκείνοι, πολύ περισσότερο αγρότες παρά μισθοφόροι stradioti, parlavano in greco.}}

The presence of the Albanian stradioti in Venetian territories for many decades had a significant impact in the way Venetians perceived what it meant to be Albanian.{{sfn|Nadin|2008|p=59|ps=:Si tratta di un folto gruppo di mercenari che, per decenni e decenni presenti in suolo veneto, si distinsero per capacita e lealta e furono proprio loro ad imporre nell' immaginarion una identita "albanese"}} Although Stratioti units settled in western Europe and finally lost contact with their homelands, they were crucial in the spread of Greek-Orthodox and Uniate communities in Venice, as well as in other Italian and Dalmatian cities.<ref>Pappas, 1991, p. 34: "Although the stradioti who settled in the West gradually lost contact with the Levant , they were instrumental in founding and maintaining Greek Orthodox and Uniate communities in Venice and other Italian and Dalmatian cities.</ref>

=== France ===
[[File:Voyage de Genes-20v-detail.jpg|left|thumb|''The citizens of Genoa surrender.'' A detail of the French archers, Stradiots and Genoese to the right of the fortress.|190x190px]]
[[File:Estradiot engraving.JPG|thumb|right|331x331px|French estradiot and his arms. Notice the short double-pointed spear ("''arzegaye''"). Engraving, 1724 (G. Daniel).]]
France under Louis XII recruited some 2,000 stradioti in 1497, two years after the battle of Fornovo. Among the French they were known as ''estradiots'' and ''argoulets''. The term "argoulet" is believed to come either from the Greek city of Argos, where many of argoulets come  from (Pappas), or from the arcus (bow) and the arquebuse.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AYM-AAAAcAAJ&dq=argoulet+arcus&pg=PA83 Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise, vol. 1]</ref> For some authors argoulets and estradiots are synonymous but for others there are certain differences between them. G. Daniel, citing M. de Montgommeri, says that argoulets and estradiots have the same armoury except that the former wear a helmet.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9DUVAAAAQAAJ&dq=argoulets+estradiot&pg=PA173 Daniel R.P.G. (1724) Histoire de la milice francoise, et des changemens qui s'y sont ... ,  Amsterdam, vol. 1, pp. 166-171.]</ref> According to others "estradiots" were Albanian horsemen and "argoulets" were Greeks, while Croatians were called "Cravates".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0y_zQWVCWqsC&dq=argoulets+cavalerie+grec&pg=PA988 Virol M. (2007) ''Les oisivetes de monsieur de Vauban'', edition integrale, Champ Vallon, Seyssel,  p. 988, footnote 3.]</ref>

The argoulets were armed with a sword, a mace (metal club) and a short arquebuse. They continued to exist under Charles IX and are noted at the battle of Dreux (1562). They were disbanded around 1600.<ref>La Grand Encyclopedie, Eole-Fanucci, Paris (undated), vol. 16, article "''Argoulet''"</ref> The English chronicle writer [[Edward Hall]] described the "Stradiotes" at the [[battle of Guinegate (1513)|battle of the Spurs]] in 1513. They were equipped with short stirrups, small spears, beaver hats, and Turkish swords.<ref>Hall, Edward, ''Chronicle'' (1809), p. 543, 550</ref>

The term "''carabins''" was also used in France as well as in Spain denoting cavalry and infantry units similar to estradiots and argoulets (Daniel G.)(Bonaparte N.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/tudessurlepasse01napogoog/tudessurlepasse01napogoog_djvu.txt Bonaparte  N. ''Études sur le passé et l'avenir de l'artillerie'', Paris, 1846, vol. 1, p. 161]</ref>). Units of Carabins seem to exist at least till the early 18th century.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=R-g1AAAAMAAJ&dq=cornet+carabins+queen+Anne&pg=RA1-PA86 Boyer Abel (1710) The history of the reign of Queen Anne, year the eight, London,  p. 86.] A list of French captured by the British at the battle of Tasnieres (1709) includes an officer of the "Royal Carabins"</ref>

Corps of light infantry mercenaries were periodically recruited from the Balkans or Italy mainly during the 15th to 17th centuries. In 1587, the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] recruited 500 Albanian cavalrymen, while from 1588 to 1591 five Albanian light cavalry captains were also recruited.<ref>{{harvnb|Monter|2007|p=76}}.</ref>

=== Kingdom of Naples ===
The [[Kingdom of Naples]] hired Albanians, Greeks and Serbs into the Royal Macedonian Regiment ({{langx|it|Reggimento Real Macedone}}), a light infantry unit active in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alex N. Dragnich|title=Serbia's Historical Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OW5pAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-244-6|page=24}}</ref> Spain also recruited this unit.<ref>{{cite book|author=Modern Greek Studies Association|title=Hellenism and the first Greek war of liberation (1821–1830): continuity and change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWNoAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|page=72}}</ref>

=== Spain ===
[[File:Weisskunig 248 (detail).jpg|thumb|Early 16th century illustration of a Stradiot horseman]]
Stratioti were first employed by Spain in their Italian expedition (see [[Italian Wars]]). [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] ("Gran Capitan") was sent by King Ferdinand II of Aragon ("the Catholic") to support the kingdom of Naples against the French invasion in Calabria. Gonzalo had two hundred "''estradiotes Griegos, elite cavalry''".<ref>[http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/24/23/libro5.pdf Historia del Rey Don Fernando el Catolico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, book V,  p. 3.]</ref>

Units of estradiotes served also in the Guard of King Ferdinand and, along with the ''alabarderos'' ([[halberdiers]]), are considered the beginnings of the [[Spanish Royal Guard]].<ref>[http://www.curso-master-protocolo-etiqueta-eventos.com/2010_09_01_archive.html LA GUARDIA REAL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128063402/http://www.curso-master-protocolo-etiqueta-eventos.com/2010_09_01_archive.html |date=2010-11-28 }}</ref>

=== England ===
*In 1514, [[Henry VIII of England]], employed units of Albanian and Greek stradioti during the battles with the [[Kingdom of Scotland]].<ref name="Oxford">{{harvnb|English Historical Review|2000|p=192}}: "Western armies employed stradioti, Greek mercenary companies, as did Henry VIII against the Scots in 1514, where Harris might have further explored the testimony of Nicander Nucius and of PRO records."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Higham|1972|p=171}}: "The cost of hiring German pikemen, Spanish arquebusiers, Albanian horsemen and Italians led Henry VIII to ransack the monasteries to find money to pay them."</ref>
*In the 1540s, [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Duke Edward Seymour of Somerset]] used Albanian stradioti in his campaign against Scotland.<ref>{{harvnb|Hammer|2003|p=24}}: "In early September, the earl of Hertford simply marched into Scotland with 16,000 men, including 1000 heavily armoured knights and contingents of Albanian light cavalry and Spanish infantry."</ref>
*An account of the presence of stratioti in Britain is given by Nikandros Noukios of [[Corfu]]. In about 1545 Noukios followed as a non-combatant the English invasion of [[Scotland]] where the English forces included Greeks from [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] under the leadership of [[Thomas of Argos]] whose "Courage, and prudence, and experience of wars" was lauded by the Corfiot traveller.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/secondbookoftrav00nuciuoft#page/90/mode/2up Nicander Nucius, The second book of the travels of Nicander Nucius of Corcyra, ed. by Rev. J.A. Cramer, 1841, London, p.90]. See also Note 1.</ref>{{efn|Cramer's translation of A.Noukios' work stops exactly where the text starts referring to Thomas of Argos. A Greek historian, Andreas Moustoxydes, published the missing part of the original Greek text, based on a  manuscript kept in the Ambrosian Library (Milan).  After Cramer's asterisks (end of his translation) the text continues as follows:
[Hence, indeed, Thomas also, the general of the Argives from Peloponnesus, with those about him ***] spoke to them so:<br />
“Comrades, as you see we are in the extreme parts of the world, under the service of a  King and a nation in the farthest north. And nothing we brought here from our country other than our courage and bravery. Thus, bravely we stand against our enemies, …. Because we are children of the Greeks and we are not afraid of the barbarian flock. …. Therefore, courageous and in order let us march to the enemy, … , and the famous since olden times virtue of the Greeks let us prove with our action.“ <br />
(*) {{lang|el|Έλληνες}} in the original Greek text. This incident happened during the [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)]].}} Thomas was sent by Henry VIII to [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)|Boulogne]] in 1546, as commander of a battalion of 550 Greeks and was injured in the battle.<ref>[http://xantho.lis.upatras.gr/test2_pleias.php?art=37744 Moustoxydes Andreas (1856) Nikandros Noukios, in the periodical ''Pandora'', vol. 7, No. 154, 15 Augh. 1856, p. 222] In Greek language.<br />
Andreas Moustoxydes was a Greek historian and politician.</ref> The King expressed his appreciation to Thomas for his leadership in Boulogne and rewarded him with a good sum of money.

=== Holy Roman Empire ===
In the middle of the 18th century, Albanian stratioti were employed by Empress [[Maria Theresa]] during the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] against Prussian and French troops.<ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2009|p=77}}.</ref>

== Tactics ==
The ''stratioti'' were pioneers of [[Cavalry tactics|light cavalry tactics]] during this era. In the early 16th century [[light cavalry]] in the European armies was principally remodeled after Albanian stradioti of the Venetian army, Hungarian [[hussars]] and German mercenary cavalry units (''Schwarzreiter'').<ref>{{harvnb|Downing|1992|p=66}}.</ref>  They employed [[hit-and-run tactics]], [[ambush]]es, feigned retreats and other complex maneuvers. In some ways, these tactics echoed those of the Ottoman [[sipahi]]s and [[Akinji|akinci]]. They had some notable successes also against French [[heavy cavalry]] during the [[Italian Wars]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolle|Rothero|1989|p=36}}.</ref> Their features resembled more the [[akinji]]s than the sipahis, this occurred most probably as a result of the defensive character of 15th century Byzantine warfare.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicolle |first1=David |title=Cross and Crescent in the Balkans: The Ottoman Conquest of Southeastern Europe (14th – 15th Centuries) |date=2010 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |isbn=978-1-84415-954-3 |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjYqAQAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=The tactics of most stradioti, whether Balkan or Byzantine, seem... perhaps this was a result of the overwhelmingly defensive character of Byzantine warfare by the fifteenth century}}</ref>

== Practices ==
They were known for cutting off the heads of dead or captured enemies, and according to Commines they were paid by their leaders one ducat per head.<ref>DeCommines, Philippe, Lettres et Negotiations, with comments by Kervyn De Lettenhove,  ed. 1868, V. Devaux et Cie.  Bruxelles, vol. 2, [https://archive.org/details/lettresetngoci02comm p. 200, 220]: ''"quinze cents estradiotes grecs ou albanais, "vaillans hommes" qui  recevaient in ducat par tete d' ennemi qu'ils rapportaient a leurs chefs".''</ref>

== Equipment ==
The stradioti used [[javelins]], [[sword]]s, [[mace (bludgeon)|maces]], [[crossbow]]s, [[bow and arrow|bows]], and [[dagger]]s. They traditionally dressed in a mixture of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Europe]]an garb: the armor was initially a simple mail [[hauberk]], replaced by heavier armor in later eras. As mercenaries, the stradioti received wages only as long as their military services were needed.<ref>{{harvnb|Hoerder|2002|p=63}}: "Throughout Europe footmen replaced knights, that is, cavalry. They used new weapons and came with regionally varying skills: English archers and crossbowmen, Swiss pikemen, Flemish burgher forces, and, later, Italian gunfighters or exiled Albanian and Greek ''stradioti'' on light horse (from Italian ''strada'': street). Mercenaries hired on for pay under "military enterprisers" received wages only as long as work was available."</ref> They wore helmets which were known as "chaska", from the Spanicsh word "casco".<ref>Kondylis, 2006, p. 154: "οι stratioti φορούσαν στο κεφάλι περικεφαλαία 'casco'.</ref> From the end of the 15th century they also used gunpowder weapons.<ref>Kondylis, 2006, p. 154</ref>

The stradioti wore particular caps, which were very similar to those of the Albanian ethnographic region of [[Labëria]], with conical shape and a small extension,<ref name="Muhaj-a">{{harvnb|Muhaj|2016a|p=81|ps=: "Në Venecia quheshin edhe capelletti, për shkak të kësulave të vogla që mbanin. Në lidhje me formën e këtyre kësulave përshkrimet e autorëve përkojnë në atë që këto ishin shumë të ngjashme me kësulat e Labërisë shqiptare. Bëhet fjalë për kësulë në formë konike, me një zgjatje të vogël: “capelli aguzzi”."}}</ref> reinforced inside by several sheets of paper attached together, ensuring surprising resistance.{{sfn|Gramaticopolo|2016|p=43|ps=: "Questo berretto è da intendersi come un cappello a punta, rinforzato all'interno da più fogli di carta incollati assieme, il che garantiva una sorprendente resistenza".}} Those caps were called {{lang|fr|chapeau albanois}} (Albanian hat) in French.{{sfn|Minchella|2015|p=97}}

== Notable Stratioti ==
[[File:Lorenzo Lotto 047.jpg|thumb|[[Mercurio Bua]] by [[Lorenzo Lotto]]]]
[[File:Stratioti Theodor0s Paleologos.jpg|thumb|Theodoros Paleologos the Stradiot]]
*[[Thomas of Argos]], Greek captain of a battalion of 550 Greek stratioti who served in the English army in the era of Henry VIII. Thomas was injured in the [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)|Siege of Boulogne]] (1546) fighting victoriously against a unit of more than 1,000 French (Moustoxydes, 1856)
*[[Giorgio Basta]], Italian general, diplomat, and writer of Arbëreshë origin
*[[Peter Bua]], Albanian stratioti captain in the Morea<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zečević |first1=Nada |title=Restoration, Reconstruction and Union: memories of home in the stratiot poetry of Antonio Molino |journal= Radovi: Zavoda za Hrvatsku Povijest Filozofskoga Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu|date=2019 |volume=51 |issue=1 |doi=10.17234/RadoviZHP.51.8 |pages=164–65 |quote=  (...) the heroic poems of Tsanes Koronaios which glorify the famed Albanian commander of the Venetian army, Mercurio Bua (fl. late 15th − early 16th c.), the  cycles of the oral tradition of Albanian stratiots in Southern Italy and Slavic peasant-fighters from Venetian Dalmatia (uskoci) – but also plays by Italian comedy writers that utilised the stratiot tradition to win the interest of their popular Italian audiences(...) local accounts on the famous 15th century stratiot figures such as Pietro Bua, the father of the widely popular Mercurio (d. by the early 1560s).|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[Mercurio Bua]] (son of Peter Bua), stratioti captain who participated in the important phases of the [[Italian Wars]] between 1489 and 1559 serving the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Duke of Milan]] [[Ludovico Sforza]], the [[Kingdom of France]], the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] and then Venice again<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zorzi |first1=Renzo |last2=Cini." |first2=Fondazione "Giorgio |title=Le metamorfosi del ritratto |year=2002 |publisher=L.S. Olschki |isbn=978-88-222-5147-3 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBJIAQAAIAAJ |language=it |quote=as the greek condottiere Mercurio Bua who was resident in Treviso}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bugh |first1=Glenn Richard |title=Andrea Gritti and the Greek Stradiots of Venice in the Early 16th Century |journal=Thēsaurismata tou Hellēnikou Institoutou Vyzantinōn kai Metavyzantinōn Spoudōn |date=2002 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuTkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 April 2021 |quote=In any case, there is no evidence to disprove Barbarigo's testimony that Teodoro Paleologo, 54 perhaps the most famous Greek stradiot – captain ( outside of Mercurio Bua )}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Romano |first1=Roberto |title=a produzione letteraria di Jacopo Trivolis, nobile veneto-corfiota |url=https://www.porphyra.it/Porphyra11.pdf |publisher=Porphyra |access-date=19 April 2021 |page=81 |quote=al capitano greco-albanese Mercurio Bua}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vincent |first1=Alfred |title=Byzantium after Byzantium? Two Greek Writers in Seventeenth-Century Wallachia |journal=Byzantine Culture in Translation |date=1 January 2017 |page=230  |doi=10.1163/9789004349070_013 |isbn=9789004349070 |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004349070/B9789004349070_013.xml |language=en |quote=Merkourios Bouas (Bua), a Greek-Albanian from. Nafplio and commander of a force of stradiots, a light cavalry in Venetian service.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Theodore Bua]], Albanian stratioti captain
*[[Demetrio Capuzzimati]], Albanian stratioti captain in Flanders and Italy
*[[Teodoro Crescia]], Albanian stratioti captain in Italy, Flanders, Germany
*[[Panagiotis Doxaras]], Greek horseman by the Venetian army and painter (1662–1729)
*[[Mark Gjini]] Albanian stratioti captain serving under Venice
*[[Krokodeilos Kladas]], Stratioti captain and military leader
*[[Petros Lantzas]] (d. 1608), Greek stratioti captain
*[[Michael Tarchaniota Marullus]], Greek Renaissance scholar, poet and humanist
*[[Emmanuel Mormoris]], 16th century commander
*[[Graitzas Palaiologos]], Greek stratioti commander<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolle|Rothero|1989|p=16}}</ref>
*[[Giovanni Renesi I]] (active 1568–1590), Albanian stratioti, served in the Kingdom of Naples
*[[Giovanni Renesi II]] (1567–1624), Albanian stratioti in Dalmatia and Republic of Venice; active in anti-Ottoman espionage and military action
*[[Demetrio Reres]], Albanian Stratioti captain and nobleman

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Primary sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Bembi|first=Petri|title=Historiae Venetae|location=Venetiis: Apud Aldi Filios |year=1551}} [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/itali/autoren/bembo_itali.html Available online] in Latin.
*{{cite book|last=Bembo|first=Pietro|title=Storia Veneta|location=Venice|year=1780|language=it}}
*{{cite book|last=De Commines|first=Philip|title=Memoirs|year=1901|url=https://archive.org/details/classicmemoirs01commuoft}} first published in 1524.
**Battle of Fornovo: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XsI-AAAAYAAJ&q=de+commines+memoirs ''Memoirs'', 1856 edition, London, vol. 2, p. 201.]
{{Refend}}

=== Secondary sources ===
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Birtachas|first=Stathis|url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004362048/B9789004362048_017.xml|title=A Military History of the Mediterranean Sea – Aspects of War, Diplomacy, and Military Elites|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2018|isbn=978-90-04-36204-8|chapter=15 – Stradioti, Cappelletti, Compagnie or Milizie Greche: ‘Greek’ Mounted and Foot Mercenary Companies in the Venetian State (Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)}}
* {{cite book|last=Bugh|first=Glenn Richard|title=Andrea Gritti and the Greek stradiots of Venice in the early 16th century|volume=32|pages=81–94|publisher=Thesaurismata (Bulletin of the Istituto Ellenico di Studi Bizantini e Postbizantini di Venezia)|year=2002}}
* {{cite book|last1=Detrez|first1=Raymond|last2=Plas|first2=Pieter|title=Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs Divergence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2005|isbn=90-5201-297-0}}
* {{cite journal|last=English Historical Review|title=Shorter Notice. Greek Emigres in the West, 1400–1520. Jonathan Harris|journal=The English Historical Review|year=2000|volume=115|number=460|publisher=Oxford Journals|pages=192–193|doi=10.1093/ehr/115.460.192|url=http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/460/192.extract|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|last=Downing|first=Brian M.|title=The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpYnGxR5MuwC|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02475-8}}
* {{cite journal|last=Floria|first=B. N.|title=Vykhodtsy iz Balkanakh stran na russkoi sluzhbe|journal=Balkanskia Issledovaniia 3, Osloboditel'nye Dvizheniia Na Balkanakh|location=Moscow|year=1978|pages=57–63}}
* {{cite journal|last=Floristán|first=José M.|title=Stradioti albanesi al servizio degli Asburgo di Spagna (I): le famiglie albanesi Bua, Crescia e Renesi|journal=Shêjzat – Pleiades|year=2019|issue=1–2|pages=3–46}}
* {{cite journal|last=Floristán|first=José M.|title=Estradiotes albaneses al servicio de los Austrias españoles (II): familias Alambresi, Basta, Capuzzimadi|journal=Shêjzat – Pleiades|year=2020|issue=1–2|pages=232–260}}
* {{cite book|last1=Folengo|first1=Teofilo|last2=Mullaney|first2=Ann E.|title=Baldo, Books 13-15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdGP09oCspsC|year=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03124-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Galaty|first1=Michael|last2=Lafe|first2=Ols|last3=Lee|first3=Wayne|last4=Tafilica|first4=Zamir|title=Light and Shadow: Isolation and Interaction in the Shala Valley of Northern Albania|year=2013|publisher=The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press|isbn=978-1-931745-71-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2mRDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Gramaticopolo|first=Andrea|title=Stradioti: alba, fortuna e tramonto dei mercenari greco-albanesi al servizio della Serenissima|publisher=Soldiershop Publishing|year=2016|isbn=9788893270489|language=it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuavCwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Hammer|first=Paul E. J.|title=Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government, and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVbIdJfWiT0C|year=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-333-91942-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Higham|first=Robin D. S.|title=A Guide to the Sources of British Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7n09AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA171|year=1972|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|isbn=0-7100-7251-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Hoerder|first=Dirk|title=Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pp4lRax4WaEC|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8223-2834-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Howard|first=Michael|title=War in European History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr5faMwcxVMC&pg=PA77|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-954619-0}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Kondylis |first1=Athanaios |title=Το Ναύπλιο (1389–1540): μια ευρωπαϊκή πόλη στην ελληνο-βενετική Ανατολή |journal=Didaktorika.gr |date=2006 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10442/hedi/22368 |publisher=University of Athens|hdl=10442/hedi/22368 }}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Korre|first=Katerina|url=https://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/42539|title=Μισθοφόροι stradioti της Βενετίας: πολεμική και κοινωνική λειτουργία (15ος-16ος αιώνας)|publisher=[[Ionian University]]|year=2018|location=Greece|language=el}}
*{{cite book|last=Minchella|first=Giuseppina|title=Frontiere aperte: Musulmani, ebrei e cristiani nella Repubblica di Venezia (XVII secolo)|publisher=Viella|year=2015|isbn=978-88-6728-532-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGohEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Monter|first=E. William|title=A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and its Dukes, 1477–1736|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKVIJj7KH0wC&pg=PA76|year=2007|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-01165-5}}
*{{cite journal|last=Muhaj|first=Ardian|title=Roli dhe prania e luftëtarëve shqiptarë në Europën veriore në shek. XVI|trans-title=The Role and Presence of the Albanian Light Cavalry in Northern Europe in the 16th Century|journal=[[Studime Historike]]|number=1–2|pages=81–98|year=2016a|issn=0563-5799}}
*{{cite journal|last=Muhaj|first=Ardian|title=Le origini economiche e demografiche dell'insediamento degli arbëreshë in Italia. Dal medioevo alla prima età moderna|journal=Basiliskos|year=2016b|issn=2284-2047|isbn=978-88-98432-16-5|pages=21–34}}
* {{Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations}}
* {{The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250–1500}}
* {{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|title=The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnSmnmL984YC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-521-89409-3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nadin |first1=Lucia |title=Migrazioni e integrazione: il caso degli Albanesi a Venezia (1479–1552) |date=2008 |publisher=Bulzoni |isbn=978-8878703407 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akUiAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|title=The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100–1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Trustees for Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqdBAAAAIAAJ|year=1968}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nicolle|first1=David|last2=McBride|first2=Angus|title=Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmZmOkfkr9oC|year=1988|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=0-85045-833-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nicolle|first1=David|last2=Rothero|first2=Christopher|title=The Venetian Empire 1200–1670|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuwULNmr2_cC|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1989|isbn=0-85045-899-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pappas |first1=Nicholas Charles |title=Greeks in Russian Military Service in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries |date=1991 |publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAW5AAAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=The stratioti continued the Byzantine and Balkan traditions of cavalry warfare, which emphasized ambushes, hit-and-run assaults, feigned retreats, counterattacks and other tactics little known to western armies of the time. Indeed, when the Venetians introduced stradioti into Italy in the late fifteenth century, they caused sensation among the condottieri and their warriors , principally because their tactics were so effective even against heavy cavalry. A number of military historians, including Paolo Iovio, Coriolano Cippico, Mario Sanudo, Erculi Riccoti, and Daniel E. Handy have described the activities of the stradioti in the West, and some military historians even attribute the reintroduction of light cavalry tactics in Western armies to the influence of the stradioti in Venetian armies.}}
* {{cite web|last=Pappas|first=Nicholas C. J.|title=Stradioti: Balkan Mercenaries in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Italy|url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Stradioti.html|publisher=Sam Houston State University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101628/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Stradioti.html|archive-date=2015-09-24}}
* {{cite book|last=Sathas|first=Konstantinos|author-link=Constantine Sathas|title=Hellenika Anekdota (Volume 1)|year=1867|language=el}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu1AAAAAYAAJ Available online]
* {{The Papacy and the Levant | volume=1}}
* {{cite web|last=Societa Italiana di Studi Araldici|title=Sul Tutto: Periodico della Societa Italiana di Studi Araldici, No. 3|year=2005|url=http://www.socistara.it/notiziari/Sul%20Tutto%20N.%203%20dicembre%202005.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Tardivel|first=Louis|title=Répertoire des emprunts du français aux langues étrangères|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_p3_tVuRntkC|year=1991|publisher=Les éditions du Septentrion|location=Québec|language=fr|isbn=2-921114-51-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Wright|first=Diana Gilliland|title=Bartolomeo Minio: Venetian Administration in 15th-century Nauplion|publisher=The Catholic University of America|location=Washington D.C.|year=1999}}
{{Refend|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Katerina B. Korrè, Stradioti, mercenaries of Venice: military and social role (XV-XVI centuries), PhD Thesis, Ionian University 2018 [Available, in Greek, on https://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/42539] / Κορρέ Κατερίνα Β., Μισθοφόροι stradioti της Βενετίας: πολεμική και κοινωνική λειτουργία (15ος-16ος αιώνας), Διδακτορική Διατριβή, Ιόνιο Πανεπιστήμιο 2018 [https://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/42539]
*Lopez, R. ''Il principio della guerra veneto-turca nel 1463''. "Archivio Veneto", 5 serie, 15 (1934), pp.&nbsp;47–131.
*Μομφερράτου, Αντ. Γ. ''Σιγισμούνδος Πανδόλφος Μαλατέστας. Πόλεμος Ενετών και Τούρκων εν Πελοποννήσω κατά 1463-6''. Αθήνα, 1914.
*Sathas, K. N. ''Documents inédits relatifs à l' histoire de la Grèce au Moyen Âge, publiés sous les auspices de la Chambre des députés de Grèce''. Tom. VI: Jacomo Barbarigo, Dispacci della guerra di Peloponneso (1465-6), Paris, 1880–90, [http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?filename=/var/www/tkl-portal-neo//metadata/e/9/f/attached-metadata-438-0000090/242612_06.pdf&lang=en&pageno=1&pagestart=1&width=528.96%20pts&height=806.64%20pts&maxpage=342 pp. 1-116].
* Κορρέ Β. Κατερίνα,"Έλληνες στρατιώτες στο Bergamo. Οι πολιτικές προεκτάσεις ενός εκκλησιαστικού ζητήματος", Θησαυρίσματα 28 (2008), 289-336.
* Stathis Birtachas, «La memoria degli stradioti nella letteratura italiana del tardo Rinascimento», in Tempo, spazio e memoria nella letteratura italiana. Omaggio ad Antonio Tabucchi / Χρόνος, τόπος και μνήμη στην ιταλική λογοτεχνία. Τιμή στον Antonio Tabucchi, a cura di Z. Zografidou, Salonicco, Università Aristotele di Salonicco – Aracne – University Studio Press, 2012, pp.&nbsp;124–142. Online: https://www.academia.edu/2770159/La_memoria_degli_stradioti_nella_letteratura_italiana_del_tardo_Rinascimento
* "Stradioti, Cappelletti, Compagnie or Milizie Greche: ‘Greek’ Mounted and Foot Troops in the Venetian State (Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)", in A Military History of the Mediterranean Sea: Aspects of War, Diplomacy and Military Elites, eds. Georgios Theotokis and Aysel Yildiz, Leiden: Brill, 2018, pp.&nbsp;325–346.
{{Refend|2}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Stratioti| ]]
[[Category:Albanian diaspora]]
[[Category:Arvanites]]
[[Category:Greek diaspora]]
[[Category:Mercenary units and formations of the early modern period]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Republic of Venice]]
[[Category:Greek mercenaries]]