View source for Storm (Marvel Comics)

{{short description|Fictional comic book character}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox comics character <!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics-->
| character_name = Storm
| image = Storm (Ororo Munroe).png
| converted = y
| caption = Character template for ''Storm'' ongoing series (2024) Art by Lucas Werneck
| publisher      = [[Marvel Comics]]
| debut = ''[[Giant-Size X-Men]]'' #1<br>(May 1975)
| creators = {{Plainlist|
* [[Len Wein]]
* [[Dave Cockrum]]
}}
| species = [[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|Human mutant]] 
| alliances = [[X-Men]]<br>[[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]]<br>[[Fantastic Four]]<br>[[X of Swords|Swordbearers of Krakoa]]<br>[[Great Ring of Arakko]]<br/>Brotherhood of Arakko
| aliases = Weather Witch<br>White King<br>Windrider
| powers = *[[Weather modification|Atmokinesis]]
*[[Flight]]
*Ecological empathy
*Temperature and pressure resistance
| cat = super
| subcat = Marvel Comics
| hero = y
| villain =
| sortkey = Storm (Marvel Comics)
|homeworld=[[New York City]]
|alter_ego=Ororo Munroe}}

'''Storm''' is a [[superhero]] appearing in [[American comic books]] published by [[Marvel Comics]]. Created by writer [[Len Wein]] and artist [[Dave Cockrum]], the character first appeared in ''[[Giant-Size X-Men]]'' #1 (May 1975). Descended from a long line of African witch-priestesses, Storm is a member of a fictional subspecies of humans born with [[Superpower (ability)|superhuman abilities]] known as [[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|mutants]]. She is able to control the weather and atmosphere and is considered to be one of the most powerful mutants on the planet. Storm is a member of the [[X-Men]], a group of mutant heroes fighting for peace and equal rights between mutants and humans. She was one of the most prominently featured X-Men characters in the 1980s, at which time it was the best-selling comic book in America. During this decade, she also acted as the acknowledged leader of the team.

Born '''Ororo Munroe''' to a tribal princess of [[Kenya]] and an African-American photojournalist father, Storm was raised in [[Harlem]], New York City and [[Cairo]], Egypt. She was made an orphan after her parents were killed when a plane crashed into their house. An incident at this time also traumatized Ororo, leaving her with [[claustrophobia]] that she would struggle with for decades. Under the tutelage of a master thief, an adolescent Ororo became a skilled [[Pickpocketing|pickpocket]]. By coincidence, she meets the powerful mutant [[Professor X]]. Professor X later convinces Ororo to join the X-Men and use her abilities for a greater cause and purpose. Possessing natural leadership skills and formidable powers of her own, Storm has been a member of teams such as the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] and the [[Fantastic Four]], as well as the X-Men. Storm is also a part of a highly promoted romantic relationship with [[Black Panther (character)|Black Panther]]. While she was married to him, she was also made [[queen consort]] of the fictional African nation of [[Wakanda]]. While she lost the title when the marriage was annulled, she has maintained her relationship with Black Panther in many subsequent stories.

Storm is the first Black leader of a Marvel superhero team, as well as the first female leader of a Marvel superhero team. She is the second Black female superhero for Marvel, after [[Misty Knight]], who was created two months earlier. Storm is one of Marvel's most notable, powerful, and popular female heroes.

One of the most prominent characters in the ''X-Men'' franchise, Storm has appeared in various X-Men-related media, including animation, video games, and films. [[Alison Sealy-Smith]] voiced Storm in ''[[X-Men: The Animated Series]]'' (1992-1997) and reprises the role in its [[Revival (television)|revival]] ''[[X-Men '97]]'' (2024–present). [[Halle Berry]] and [[Alexandra Shipp]] portrayed the adult and young versions of Storm, respectively, in [[20th Century Fox]]'s live-action [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' film series]] (2000-2019).

==Publication history==
{{main|List of Storm titles}}

===Creation===
Storm was created to appear as part of an ensemble: The "all-new, all-different X-Men", a re-invention of the traditional X-Men team of the 1960s that had fallen out of popularity. This new team replaced the previous members with the exception of [[Cyclops (Marvel Comics)|Cyclops]], who remained. This team differed greatly from the original. Unlike in the early issues of the original series, the new team was not made up of teenagers and they also had a more diverse background. Marvel's corporate owners, [[Cadence Industries]], had suggested the new team should be international, feeling it needed characters with "foreign appeal".<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wCSfBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22based+on+a+suggestion+from+Marvel%27s+corporate+owners+%E2%80%93+now+named+Cadence+Industries%22&pg=PT87| title = A Brief History of Superheroes: From Superman to the Avengers, the Evolution of Comic Book Legends| isbn = 9781472110701| last1 = Robb| first1 = Brian J.| date = May 15, 2014| publisher = Little, Brown Book}}</ref> So each character was from a different country with varying cultural and philosophical beliefs, and all were already well-versed in using their mutant powers.

In addition to Storm, from [[Kenya]], the new X-Men included Cyclops (United States) alongside the newly created [[Colossus (character)|Colossus]] (from the Soviet Union/Russia), [[Nightcrawler (character)|Nightcrawler]] (from West Germany/Germany), and [[Thunderbird (John Proudstar)|Thunderbird]] (a Native American of [[Apache]] descent), and three previously introduced characters: [[Banshee (character)|Banshee]] (from Ireland), [[Sunfire (character)|Sunfire]] (from Japan), and [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]] (from Canada).<ref>''Giant-Size X-Men'' #1</ref>

Storm was an amalgam of two characters Cockrum created: The Black Cat and Typhoon.<ref name="TyphoonDave">{{cite news | last = Meth | first= Clifford | date = August 1993 | title = How a Typhoon Blew in Success | work = [[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]]: X-Men Turn Thirty | pages = 50–52}}</ref> The Black Cat had Storm's costume, minus the cape, and was submitted for the new X-Men's original lineup. However, during a hiatus in the new X-Men project, other female cat characters like [[Tigra]] were introduced, making the Black Cat redundant.<ref name="MarvelDays"/>

Since the creative team did not want the X-Men to have an all-male lineup, editor [[Roy Thomas]] suggested that Cockrum make his character Typhoon, designed as a male, into the woman of the group.<ref name="TyphoonDave"/> Cockrum liked the idea and outfitted Typhoon with The Black Cat's costume, a cape, and a new haircut with white hair. His collaborators feared that Storm's white hair would make her look like a grandmother, but Cockrum, confident that he could consistently draw the character so that she would appear young, insisted on this aspect of her appearance.<ref name="TyphoonDave"/><ref name="MarvelDays">{{cite web| last = Cooke| first = John B.| title = The Marvel Days of the Co-Creator of the New X-Men| url = http://twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/06cockrum.html| access-date = December 1, 2006| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024205417/http://twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/06cockrum.html| archive-date = October 24, 2012}}</ref>

===1975–1979: Origin and early stories===
[[Image:giantsize1.jpg|175px|right|thumb|''Giant-Size X-Men'' #1 (1975) is Storm's first appearance. Art by [[Gil Kane]] and [[Dave Cockrum]].]]
Storm first appeared in 1975 in the comic book ''[[Giant-Size X-Men]]'' #1, written by Len Wein and pencilled by Dave Cockrum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harn |first=Darby |date=2021-09-20 |title=10 Things Only Comic Book Fans Know About Storm |url=https://screenrant.com/hidden-facts-trivia-about-storm-only-comic-book-fans-know/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Screen Rant |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnone |first=Chris M. |date=2022-04-14 |title=12 Essential Storm Comics |url=https://bookriot.com/essential-storm-comics/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=BOOK RIOT |language=en-US}}</ref> In this comic, Wein portrays a battle against the living island [[Krakoa]] that results in the replacement of first-generation X-Men of the 1960s by new X-Men.<ref name="giantsizexmen1">''Giant Size X-Men'' #1 (1975). Marvel Comics.</ref>

[[Chris Claremont]] followed up Wein as the writer of ''The X-Men'' in 1975.<ref>Deman 2023, p. 1.</ref> The title of the series was changed to ''The Uncanny X-Men'' three years later. Storm was initially written having trouble adjusting to [[Western culture]], e.g. calling the obligation to wear clothing in public "absurd."<ref name="uncannyxmen109">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #109 (February 1978). Marvel Comics</ref> Claremont remained the main writer of ''X-Men'' for the next 16 years, and consequently wrote most of the publications containing Storm. Following "[[The Dark Phoenix Saga]]", Storm becomes the most prominent character in the X-Men during Claremont's tenure. She is often a viewpoint character whose thought processes guide the narrative.<ref>Deman, p. 19.</ref> She is the character who is most frequently represented in the Claremont era, appearing in 4,155 panels, and the most frequently pictured on issue covers, appearing on 97 of the 182 total issues in Claremont's run.<ref>Deman, p. 36-37.</ref>

===1980s: Punk look and loss of powers===
By the early 1980s, ''X-Men'' was Marvel's top-selling comic title. Its sales were such that distributors and retailers began using an "X-Men index", rating each comic book publication by how many orders it garnered compared to that month's issue of ''X-Men''.<ref name="RightChord">{{cite news | last = O'Neill | first= Patrick Daniel | date = August 1993 | title = Hitting the Right Chord | work = [[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]]: X-Men Turn Thirty | pages = 84–85}}</ref> In this period, Claremont portrayed Storm as a serene, independent character. In ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #139 (November 1980), Claremont established her as the leader of the X-Men after Cyclops takes a leave of absence.<ref name="uncannyxmen139">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #139 (November 1980). Marvel Comics</ref> Claremont also established a maternal relationship between Storm and her 13-year-old teammate, [[Kitty Pryde]]. A short story by Claremont set during Storm's childhood in Kenya that ran in ''[[Marvel Team-Up]]'' #100 (December 1980), establishes that when she was 12 years old, Storm saved a young [[Black Panther (character)|Black Panther]] from racist thugs.<ref name="marvelteamup100">"Cry--Vengeance!," ''[[Marvel Team-Up]]'' #100 (December 1980). Marvel Comics.</ref> This story would later become the basis for later writers to establish a deeper relationship between both characters.<ref name="cbrmarriage">{{cite web| last = Weiland| first = Jonah| title = Hudlin & Dickey talk Black Panther/Storm Wedding| url = http://www.cbr.com/hudlin-dickey-talk-black-pantherstorm-wedding/| publisher = [[CBR.com]]| date = January 26, 2006| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043327/http://www.cbr.com/hudlin-dickey-talk-black-pantherstorm-wedding/| archive-date = April 4, 2017}}</ref>

In the early 1980s, adventures of Storm written by Claremont included a [[space opera]] arc, in which the X-Men fight parasitic beings called the [[Brood (comics)|Brood]]. Storm is infected with a Brood egg and contemplates suicide, but is saved at the last minute by the benign whale-like [[Acanti]] aliens.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #162-#166 (September 1982 – February 1983). Marvel Comics.</ref> Subsequently, Storm's fellow X-Man [[Warren Worthington III|Angel]] is abducted by a rogue [[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|mutant]] group called the [[Morlocks (comics)|Morlocks]]. The Morlocks are "subterranean mutant refugees ... living in the tunnels of the New York City sewer system," and constitute an underclass of outcasts.<ref>Deman, p. 46-47.</ref> The X-Men are outnumbered, and Storm is rendered sick by the Morlock called Plague. To save Kitty's life, Storm challenges the Morlocks' leader [[Callisto (comics)|Callisto]], in a duel to the death for the leadership of the Morlocks. Callisto is presented as a complex character who rebels against her position of low social status. Despite Storm's illness, she defeats Callisto by stabbing her with a knife. Callisto is saved through the efforts of the Morlock [[Healer (comics)|Healer]], and Storm offers the Morlocks refuge at the Xavier Mansion, though they decline.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #169–170 (May – June 1983). Marvel Comics.</ref> Storm is then made leader of the Morlocks. This fight with Callisto has strong effects on Storm's character, who becomes more defiantly non-conformist.<ref>Deman, p. 47.</ref> Following this incident, Storm has an encounter with [[Yukio (comics)|Yukio]], a [[ninja]] companion of Wolverine's. Storm has a close and intimate bond with her.<ref>Deman, p. 48-49.</ref> While the characters' relationship was conceived of as romantic,<ref name="auto">{{citation|last=Mangels|first=Andy|title=In and Out: A Brief History of Marvel's 2006 Gay Policies|url=http://prismcomics.org/display.php?id=1304|publisher=[[Prism Comics]]|year=2006|access-date=2009-03-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316054502/http://prismcomics.org/display.php?id=1304|archive-date=2010-03-16}}</ref> it was relegated to [[subtext]] after [[Marvel Comics]]' editor-in-chief [[Jim Shooter]] mandated that no same-gender couples could be depicted at Marvel.<ref name="Cronin">{{cite web|url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/02/23/mistakes-of-a-past-history-2/|title= Things That Turned Out Bad – Bruce Banner Has a Rough Visit to the Y|first=Brian|last=Cronin|work= Comics Should Be Good @ CBR|date=February 23, 2010|publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150509143838/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/02/23/mistakes-of-a-past-history-2/|archive-date= May 9, 2015|url-status= live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Gross 2002 https://archive.org/details/upfrominvisibili0000gros/page/213 213">{{cite book|last= Gross|first=Larry|title=Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|date=2002|location=New York, New York|page= [https://archive.org/details/upfrominvisibili0000gros/page/213 213]|url=https://archive.org/details/upfrominvisibili0000gros|url-access= registration|quote= Bruce Banner shower rape.|isbn= 978-0231119528}}</ref><ref name="McFarland & Company">{{cite book|last1= Leogrande|first1=Cathy|editor-last=Darowski|editor-first= Joseph J.|chapter=Live and Let Die: Jim Wilson, the Hulk and AIDS in the 1980s and 1990s|title=The Ages of the Incredible Hulk: Essays on the Green Goliath in Changing Times|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|date=2015|location= Jefferson, North Carolina|pages= 170–171|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SagHCwAAQBAJ&q=Bruce+Banner+shower+rape&pg=PA170|isbn= 978-0786497331}}</ref> These experiences lead Storm to drastically change her appearance.

[[Image:Storm22.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Storm's punk look by [[Paul Smith (comics)|Paul Smith]], who called it "a bad joke that got way out of hand."<ref name="celeb20"/>]]
In ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #173 (October 1983), Claremont and artist [[Paul Smith (comics)|Paul Smith]] created a new look for Storm, replacing her old costume with a [[punk fashion]] aesthetic: A black leather top and pants with spikes and a [[Mohawk hairstyle|mohawk]].<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #173 (October 1983). Marvel Comics.</ref> The change in appearance was inspired by the decision of colleague [[Walt Simonson]] to shave off his beard and mustache while on vacation with his wife, ''X-Men'' editor [[Louise Simonson]]. Upon their return, Simonson's daughter, Julie, upset at her father's new appearance, ran from the room.<ref name="CBR3.3.17">{{cite web|last=Cronin|first=Brian |date=March 3, 2017|url=http://www.cbr.com/storm-x-men-mohawk-walter-simonson-louise-paul-smith-chris-claremont/ |title=Comic Legends: How a Shaved Simonson Gave Us Mohawk Storm!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081409/http://www.cbr.com/storm-x-men-mohawk-walter-simonson-louise-paul-smith-chris-claremont/ |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |website=CBR.com}}</ref> When the editors decided to change Storm's appearance, Smith submitted a number of designs to them, explaining in a 2008 interview:

<blockquote>I did a number of portraits, all quite lovely and feminine. As a joke, I included a shot of her as Mr. T. You know, the kind of shot where they HAVE to go the other way. Weezie [''X-Men'' editor [[Louise Simonson]]]'s response? 'They're going to hang us whichever way we go. Let's commit the murder.' I argued it was a joke and a monstrously bad idea but, given my departure following 175 was set prior to beginning my run, my vote didn't count. So I did what I could with what I had left... So we went with the Mohawk&nbsp;...But once you get into the whole leather and stud thing it was a bad joke that got way out of hand.<ref name="celeb20">''Marvel Spotlight: Uncanny X-Men 500 Issues Celebration'' (2008), Marvel Comics. p. 20</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cronin|first=Brian |date=October 28, 2011|url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2011/10/28/comic-book-legends-revealed-338/ |title=Comic Book Legends Revealed #338|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828015319/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2011/10/28/comic-book-legends-revealed-338/ |archive-date=28 August 2015 |website=Comic Book Resources}}</ref></blockquote>

Julie Simonson's reaction to her father's new appearance would be mirrored in X-Man [[Kitty Pryde]]'s heartbroken rejection of Storm's new look.<ref name="CBR3.3.17"/> These changes alienate her from Kitty for a time. Comics scholar andre m. carrington views this incident as a challenge to the stereotype of Black women as universal caregivers, demonstrating unconscious expectations of race and gender.<ref>Deman, p. 49-50.</ref>

A year later, Claremont wrote an arc in which fellow mutant [[Forge (character)|Forge]] develops a mutant power neutralizing gun. The intended target is another X-Man, [[Rogue (Marvel Comics)|Rogue]], but Storm is hit instead, taking away her powers. Forge takes her back to his home in [[Dallas]], Texas to recover. They fall in love, but when she learns that Forge built the weapon that took her powers, she is heartbroken and leaves him.<ref name="uncannyxmen185186">Claremont, Chris (w), ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #185–186 (1984) Marvel Comics</ref>

By 1986, the question arises of whether the X-Men should be led by Storm or by [[Cyclops (Marvel Comics)|Cyclops]], who was now married to [[Madelyne Pryor]] and an expectant husband. The two settle the matter in a duel in the [[Danger Room]] that saw Storm victorious.<ref name="uncannyxmen201">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #201 (1986) Marvel Comics</ref> J. Andrew Deman describes other instances in which Storm establishes her power and authority by commanding or overruling "highly masculinized white characters," such as Wolverine.<ref>Deman, p. 42-43.</ref>

[[Marc Silvestri]] became the primary artist of ''Uncanny X-Men'' in the late 1980s. Regarding Storm, he said that "She has a certain attitude that's tough to capture without dropping into clichés and certain poses. ... You have to have an unusual energy level the day you have to draw Storm."<ref>Deman, p. 35.</ref>

During the 1988 "[[Fall of the Mutants]]" storyline, Storm is trapped in another dimension with Forge, who restores her elemental powers. Following her rejoining the X-Men, they fight a demonic enemy called the [[Adversary (comics)|Adversary]]. While they defeat the Adversary, the battle creates the public appearance that the X-Men have all died. In fact, they have survived with the help of a celestial being known as [[Roma (comics)|Roma]]. Roma casts a spell on them to be invisible to electronic equipment.<ref name="uncannyxmen225227">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #225–227 (January – March 1988) Marvel Comics</ref> The X-Men set up new headquarters in a small frontier village in the [[Australian Outback]], after expelling a group of mutant-hunting cyborgs called [[Reavers (comics)|Reavers]] who had been living there. Storm is captured by [[Nanny and Orphan-Maker]].<ref name="uncannyxmen248">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #248 (September 1989). Marvel Comics.</ref> Although believed slain in that encounter, she resurfaces alive but bodily regressed to childhood by Nanny, with accompanying amnesia. She is hunted by the evil telepath [[Shadow King]] and framed for murder,<ref name="uncannyxmen253257">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #253–257 (November 1989 – January 1990) Marvel Comics</ref> and finally returns to thieving. While she slowly starts to regain her memories, she meets with a new character, the [[Cajun]] mutant [[Gambit (Marvel Comics)|Gambit]], and they return to the X-Men together.<ref name="uncannyxmen265267">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #265–267 (August – September 1990) Marvel Comics</ref><ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' Annual #14. Marvel Comics.</ref>

In the following arc, "[[X-Men: X-Tinction Agenda|The X-Tinction Agenda]]", she is kidnapped by the mutant-exploiting nation of [[Genosha]] and is temporarily transformed into a brainwashed slave. In the end, however, she is restored physically and mentally to her adult prime.<ref name="uncannyxmen270271">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #270–271 (1991) Marvel Comics</ref>

===1990s: Leadership of Gold team===
[[File:Storm (Marvel Comics - 1990s).png|thumb|upright|left|Storm, during the 1990s. Art by [[Jim Lee]].]]
In October 1991, the ''X-Men'' franchise was re-launched, centering on the new eponymous ''[[X-Men (vol. 2)|X-Men]]'' comic. The team was split in two; ''X-Men'' depicts the Blue team led by her colleague [[Cyclops (Marvel Comics)|Cyclops]] and the continuing legacy series ''Uncanny X-Men'' portrays the Gold team. Led by Storm, the Gold team also comprises [[Colossus (character)|Colossus]], [[Warren Worthington III]], [[Iceman (Marvel Comics)|Iceman]], and [[Jean Grey]]. In early issues of this run, Storm and the Gold Team confront the [[Hellfire Club (comics)|Hellfire Club]] and meet [[Bishop (Marvel Comics)|Bishop]], a traveler from a possible future. The writing for this period of ''Uncanny X-Men'' was originally a collaboration between [[Whilce Portacio]] and [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]].<ref>Uncanny X-Men #281, 282.</ref>

In later issues of ''Uncanny X-Men'', now written by [[Scott Lobdell]], Storm's relationship with Forge continues and culminates in Forge's proposal of marriage in 1992. Forge misinterprets Storm's slight hesitation, and he then rescinds his offer before it can be accepted.<ref name="uncannyxmen289290">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #289–290 (June 1992) Marvel Comics</ref> Lobdell waited until November 1993 before he wrote a reconciliation between the deeply pained Storm and Forge.<ref name="uncannyxmen306">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #306 (November 1993) Marvel Comics</ref> [[John Romita Jr.]] provided most of the drawing for the series in 1993.<ref>''Uncanny X-Men'' #301, June 1993, ''Uncanny X-Men'' #302, July 1993.</ref> There were multiple crossovers among the various X-Men comic series in this period that featured Storm as one character among others, such as [[X-Cutioner's Song]], [[Fatal Attractions (comics)|Fatal Attractions]], and [[Phalanx Covenant]]. In 1994, [[Joe Madureira]] took over as the main penciler of ''Uncanny X-Men''.<ref>Uncanny X-Men #312, 313, etc.</ref>

In 1995, all of the X-Men titles were temporarily replaced by an alternate reality storyline called [[Age of Apocalypse]]. Storm was a relatively minor character in this new reality. When the original series were restored, Lobdell continued an arc again pitting the X-Men against the Morlocks. As Claremont did with Callisto in 1983, Lobdell has Storm ending the battle by wounding her opponent in the heart. Here, Storm rips out one heart of the two-hearted Morlock girl [[Marrow (character)|Marrow]], which has a bomb affixed to it.<ref name="uncannyxmen325">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #325 (October 1995) Marvel Comics</ref> In February 1996, Storm appeared in her first miniseries, the eponymous ''Storm.'' [[Warren Ellis]] wrote this series, in which Storm is sucked into an [[parallel universe (fiction)|alternate dimension]] and pitted against villain [[Mikhail Rasputin]].<ref name="storm14">''Storm'' #1–4 (February – May 1996) Marvel Comics</ref>

===2000s: ''X-Treme X-Men'' and marriage to Black Panther===
Sales for X-Men titles declined in the late 1990s, and at the turn of the century there were various efforts to revive them.

One of these was the Ultimate Marvel imprint, a new collection of titles featuring reimagined versions of Marvel's characters. An alternate Storm appeared in February 2001 with ''[[Ultimate X-Men]]'', written by [[Mark Millar]]. In this version, Storm is a teenager from [[Morocco]].<ref>''Ultimate X-Men: The Tomorrow People'', Marvel, 2001.</ref>

Marvel also renewed the relationship between Storm and Black Panther. Written by [[Christopher Priest (comic book writer)|Christopher Priest]], ''Black Panther'' #25-27 (December 2000-February 2001) reintroduces Storm as a major character in Black Panther's world. Storm immediately says, "I have been away from Africa far too long."<ref>''Black Panther'' #26, January 2001.</ref> Storm is called to Wakanda to protect a child from aliens. The dispute eventually involves [[Doctor Doom]] and [[Namor]]. In their renewed interactions, Storm compares Black Panther's sense of commitment and certainty to that of [[Magneto (Marvel Comics)|Magneto]]. The issue establishes that Storm continues to believe that someday she and T'Challa may have a permanent marriage, but this must be deferred because of T'Challa's exclusive commitment to his nation.<ref>''Black Panther'' #27, February 2001.</ref> Priest later said that he believed the two characters had a profound love affair, but that in his view they could never have a permanent relationship, precisely because "Storm is the only human being on the planet Panther cannot B.S. She sees right through him, knows him far too intimately."<ref name="Burroughs, p. 202">Burroughs, p. 202</ref>

Chris Claremont returned to the character in his title ''[[X-Treme X-Men]],'' beginning in July 2001. Storm was written as the leader of this team, and the central character of the book, until its end in issue #46 (June 2004). [[Salvador Larocca]] was the primary artist. Alongside Storm, other members included [[Rogue (Marvel Comics)|Rogue]], [[Gambit (Marvel Comics)|Gambit]], and Bishop. During this time, Storm enjoys a brief flirtation with younger fellow X-Man [[Slipstream (character)|Slipstream]] and is kidnapped by the intergalactic warlord [[Khan (comics)|Khan]]. In the series, Storm also becomes the leader of the [[X-Treme Sanctions Executive]], a special police task force of mutants policing mutants given worldwide authority.<ref name="xtremexmen146">''X-Treme X-Men'' #1–46 (July 2001 – June 2004) Marvel Comics</ref>

During the 2005 ''[[House of M]]'' storyline, an alternate reality is created by [[Scarlet Witch]] in which mutants are dominant and humans are oppressed. In this reality, Africa is a united independent power ruled by Storm alongside Black Panther. Storm is critical of Magneto's mutant-supremacist ideas and practices. This is the first time that Storm and Black Panther are depicted as a royal couple, although their relationship in this reality is strained and they are not married.<ref>Black Panther (2005) #7, October 2005.</ref> In the subsequent "[[Decimation (comics)|Decimation]]" storyline, the previous timeline is restored by 90% of mutants lose their powers. Storm is among the [[List of the 198|198]] mutants who retain their powers.<ref name="houseofm">"[[House of M]]" (2005) Marvel Comics</ref> Also that year, the miniseries ''Ororo: Before the Storm'' by writer Mark Sumerak retold her backstory in greater detail, concentrating on her relationship with surrogate father figure Achmed el-Gibar during her childhood.<ref name="OroroBeforeStorm">Sumerak, Mark (w). ''Ororo: Before the Storm'' #1–4 (August – November 2005). Marvel Comics.</ref> In late 2005, there was a crossover storyline between ''[[X-Men: Legacy|X-Men]]'' vol. 2 and ''Black Panther'' in which Storm and Black Panther rekindled their relationship in the mainstream shared universe.<ref>''Black Panther'' (2005) #7-9, ''X-Men'' (1991) #175-176, collected in ''Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin'' vol. 1.</ref>

The following year, Marvel Comics announced that Storm would marry fellow African super hero [[Black Panther (character)|Black Panther]]. Collaborating writer [[Eric Jerome Dickey]] explained that it was a move to explicitly target the female and African American audience.<ref>{{cite news|work=Newsarama| title = Black Panther/Storm wedding conference| url=http://www.newsarama.com/marvelnew/Panther/wedding/press.htm| access-date = December 1, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061123000627/http://www.newsarama.com/marvelnew/Panther/wedding/press.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = November 23, 2006}}</ref> Storm's history with Black Panther, including the initial meeting of the characters, was [[retroactive continuity|retcon]]ned by Marvel during the lead up to their marriage. Initially, in ''Marvel Team-Up'' #100 (1980), Storm is seen at age twelve rescuing Black Panther from a white racist called Andreas de Ruyter,<ref name="marvelteamup100"/> but in Dickey's miniseries, T'Challa saves Ororo (who is still twelve) from de Ruyter and his brother. A ''Black Panther'' #24 (2006) flashback is ambiguous when it comes to the physical aspect of their first meeting, while the miniseries depicts Ororo giving her [[virginity]] to T'Challa a few days after they meet.<ref name="blackpanther24">''Black Panther'' #24 (December 2006) Marvel Comics</ref> Collaborating writer [[Axel Alonso]], editor of ''Black Panther'', has stated: "Eric's story, for all intents and purposes (...) is Ororo's origin story."<ref name="cbrmarriage"/>

The relationship led to the marriage of the two most prominent black African Marvel Comics heroes in ''Black Panther'' #18 by writer [[Reginald Hudlin]], July 2006, as a tie-in to the "[[Civil War (comics)|Civil War]]" storyline.<ref name="BlackPantherV5#18"/> Marvel Comics editor-in-chief [[Joe Quesada]] was highly supportive of this marriage, stating it was the Marvel Comics equivalent of the marriage of "[[Diana, Princess of Wales|Lady Diana]] and [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]]", and he expected both characters to emerge strengthened.<ref>{{cite news | last = Quesada | first = Joe |work=[[Newsarama]]| title = Joe's Friday 31, a weekly Q&A with Joe Quesada|url=http://www.newsarama.com/JoeFridays/JoeFridays31.html|date=December 2006 | access-date = December 1, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061123005441/http://www.newsarama.com/JoeFridays/JoeFridays31.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = November 23, 2006}}</ref> Shawn Dudley, the [[Emmy]]-Award Winning Costume Designer for TV's ''[[Guiding Light]]'' designed Storm's wedding dress, which was revealed in the April 17 issue of ''[[TV Guide]]'', though the design was greatly altered for the comic event.<ref>{{cite web|first=Keith |last=Dallas |date=April 16, 2006|url=http://www.comicsbulletin.com/news/114520461779989.htm |title=Storm's Wedding Dress Unveiled in TV Guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127213305/http://www.comicsbulletin.com/news/114520461779989.htm |archive-date=November 27, 2008 |website=Comics Bulletin}}</ref> The series establishes that Black Panther and Storm are both well-known and respected political leaders and celebrities worldwide; real-life figures such as [[George W. Bush]], [[Fidel Castro]], [[Nelson Mandela]], and [[Oprah Winfrey]] are depicted as attending the wedding, as well as many Marvel superheroes.<ref>Black Panther (2005) #18, #22.</ref> Some critics and fans felt that the marriage was "forced" or "rushed" rather than developing organically. Hudlin, the writer, responded that the event was set up by earlier storylines and that some of the criticisms may have been motivated by the desire to see Storm in a relationship with a character of long-standing popularity, such as [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]].<ref name="Burroughs, p. 202"/>

Subsequent to the marriage, Storm has many adventures with Black Panther, and she temporarily leaves the X-Men. She is a featured character throughout the remainder of Reginald Hudlin's run, from 2006 to 2009.<ref>''Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin: The Complete Collection'', vol. 2 and 3.</ref> In 2007, when [[Mister Fantastic]] and the [[Invisible Woman]] take time off from the Fantastic Four to work on their marriage in the aftermath of the "Civil War" storyline, Storm and Black Panther become temporary members of the [[Fantastic Four]].<ref>{{cite comic|writer=Dwayne McDuffie|penciller=Paul Pelletier|title=[[Fantastic Four]]|issue=#544|date=March 2007|publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref> Written by a Black author, Storm's stories with Black Panther delve more deeply into African-American culture than her previous portrayals. For example, in one story Storm and Black Panther visit an alien planet and meet alternate versions of [[Martin Luther King]] and [[Malcolm X]], and the cover of one issue depicts Storm as resembling [[Angela Davis]] and accompanied by members of the [[Black Panther Party]].<ref>Black Panther (2005), #32, #33, #34, collected in ''Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin: The Complete Collection'', vol. 2.</ref>

In 2008, Storm re-joins the X-Men in ''[[Astonishing X-Men]]'' #25, written by [[Warren Ellis]]. She explains that Wakanda supports an organization called Mutantes Sans Frontières (inspired by [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]) that now funds the X-Men, and that she should return to the team to research its current methods; she also says that she instigated the idea, because she "never knew that guilt-free shopping and constant lovemaking could get so boring."<ref>''Astonishing X-Men vol. 5: Ghost Box'', Marvel, 2009.</ref> Subsequently, Storm is the featured protagonist of the four-issue ''X-Men: Worlds Apart'' miniseries, written by [[Christopher Yost]]. In this story, the reemergence of the [[Shadow King]] forces Storm to choose between her role as queen and her role as an X-Man. Confronting the Panther God [[Bast (Marvel Comics)|Bast]], Storm asserts that she is not limited to being one or the other, and that she is unafraid to do whatever is necessary to fulfill those responsibilities. Regaining Bast's favor, the two defeat the Shadow King and Storm decides that she will remain Queen of Wakanda as well as a member of the X-Men, refusing to choose between them.<ref>''X-Men: Worlds Apart'' 1–4, Marvel Comics. 2008.</ref> For a period, Storm is active in both of these roles. She is also a prominent supporting character in ''Doomwar'', in which she helps Black Panther to recover from injuries sustained in battle.<ref>''Black Panther: Doomwar'', Marvel, 2017.</ref>

===2010s: End of marriage and conflicts with Avengers and Inhumans===
In 2010, Storm featured in ''X-Women'', a one-shot story written by the veteran ''X-Men'' author [[Chris Claremont]] and illustrated by [[Milo Manara]].<ref>''X-Women'', Marvel, 2013.</ref>

In 2011, Black Panther leaves Wakanda and takes a new role as the guardian of Hell's Kitchen, replacing [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)|Daredevil]].<ref>Black Panther: The Man without Fear vol. 1: Urban Jungle.</ref> Storm maintains a relationship with him and supports his decision, but they become increasingly estranged.<ref>Black Panther: The Man without Fear vol. 2.</ref> She visits him once against his wishes, to rescue him and help him fight [[Kraven the Hunter]].<ref>''Black Panther: The Man without Fear'' #520, June 2011.</ref>

After the [[X-Men: Regenesis|2011 revamp of the X-Men related comic books]] Storm appears as the leader of a defensive, reconnaissance-based team of X-Men in the ongoing ''[[X-Men (vol. 3)|X-Men]]'' title. In November that year, Storm joined the Avengers in ''The Avengers'' vol. 4 #19.<ref>{{cite web|title=Storm Joins the Avengers|date=October 15, 2011 |url=http://www.comicvine.com/articles/storm-joins-the-avengers/1100-143723/|publisher=Comic Vine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409033003/http://www.comicvine.com/articles/storm-joins-the-avengers/1100-143723/|archive-date=April 9, 2013}}</ref> However, in the following year she leaves the team to fight alongside the X-Men during the "[[Avengers vs. X-Men]]" storyline. This leads to a rift with Black Panther, when he sides with the Avengers.<ref>''Avengers vs. X-Men'' #2 Marvel Comics</ref> After a Phoenix-empowered [[Namor]] destroys Wakanda,<ref>''Avengers vs X-Men'' #8 Marvel Comics</ref> Storm realizes the mutants have become irrationally destructive, and returns to help the Avengers. However, she is stunned when T'Challa tells her he has annulled their marriage.<ref>''Avengers vs X-Men'' #9, Marvel Comics.</ref>

In April 2013, Marvel debuted a new all-female series simply named ''X-Men''. Written by Brian Wood with art by Olivier Coipel, ''X-Men'' features a roster of Storm, [[Jubilee (character)|Jubilee]], Rogue, Kitty Pryde, [[Rachel Summers|Rachel Grey]], and Psylocke.<ref>{{cite web|last=Esposito|first=Joey|title=Marvel Debuts All-Female X-Men|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2013/01/14/marvel-debuts-all-female-x-men|website=IGN|date=January 14, 2013 }}</ref>

In late 2013, Marvel debuted ''[[Amazing X-Men]]'' by writer [[Jason Aaron]], which featured Storm as a member of the team.<ref>''Amazing X-Men'' #1 Marvel Comics</ref>

July 2014 saw the debut of a ''Storm'' solo series written by [[Greg Pak]] with art by Victor Inanez.<ref>{{cite web|last=Phegley|first=Kiel|title=C2E2: Wolverine's 'Three Months To Die,' 'Storm' Ongoing & New 'Axis' Event Arrive|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=52448|website=Comic Book Resources|date=April 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429194113/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=52448|archive-date=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

In the aftermath of "Secret Wars" storyline, Storm became the leader of the ''[[Extraordinary X-Men]]''.<ref>''Extraordinary X-Men'' #1, Marvel Comics</ref> The aim of the team was to provide a safe haven for mutants following the release of the [[Terrigen Mist]], which is toxic to mutants. To protects the mutants, Storm relocated the team to [[Limbo (Marvel Comics)|Limbo]]. During [[Civil War II]], Storm sided with [[Carol Danvers|Captain Marvel]] and was pitted against [[Magneto (Marvel Comics)|Magneto]]. Despite the tension between mutants and the [[Inhumans]], Storm attempted to build an alliance with [[Medusa (comics)|Medusa]].<ref>''Civil War II: X-Men'' #3 Marvel Comics</ref> When Magneto's X-Men attacked [[Attilan|New Attilan]], Storm's team clashed with the former villain.<ref>''Civil War II: X-Men'' #4 Marvel Comics</ref> Storm reluctantly led the X-Men into a [[Inhumans vs. X-Men|war with the Inhumans]].<ref>''Extraordinary X-Men'' 17 Marvel Comics.</ref>

Following the war with the Inhumans, Storm steps down as leader of the X-Men and is replaced by [[Kitty Pryde]].<ref>''X-Men Prime'' #1 Marvel Comics.</ref> However, she continues to be a team member in [[X-Men Gold|X-Men: Gold]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://uk.ign.com/articles/2016/11/28/x-men-gold-and-blue-rosters-and-creative-teams-revealed | title = X-Men Gold and Blue Rosters and Creative Teams Revealed | last= Yehl | first = Joshua| date = November 26, 2016| website = IGN |access-date = August 26, 2018}}</ref> Storm's magical hammer, known as Stormcaster, briefly returned to her.<ref>''X-Men: Gold '' #25 Marvel Comics.</ref> Later, Ororo joins the ''[[X-Men: Red]]'' roster, led by the newly resurrected [[Jean Grey]].<ref>''X-Men: Red'' #4 Marvel Comics.</ref> During the [[Hunt for Wolverine]], Storm helps the X-Men search for Logan in [[Madripoor]].<ref>''Hunt for Wolverine: Mystery in Madripoor'' #1 Marvel Comics.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bleedingcool.com/2018/05/26/hunt-wolverine-mystery-madripoor-1-review|last= Davison|first=Joshua|title= Hunt for Wolverine: Mystery in Madripoor #1 Review – A Character-Focused Non-Gimmick| date = May 26, 2018| website = Bleeding Cool | access-date = August 26, 2018}}</ref> The mission results in a confrontation between the X-Men and the [[Femme Fatales (comics)|Femme Fatales]], led by [[Viper (Madame Hydra)|Viper]].<ref>''Hunt for Wolverine: Mystery in Madripoor'' #3 Marvel Comics.</ref>

In 2016, Storm re-appears a supporting character for Black Panther in the series written by well-known journalist and public intellectual [[Ta-Nehisi Coates]], A Nation Under Our Feet. The following year, Storm appears as a member of a six-issue series examining Black superheroes also written by Coates, ''Black Panther and The Crew''.<ref>''Black Panther and The Crew'' #1 Marvel Comics.</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/books/2017/05/15/marvel-cancels-ta-nehisi-coates-police-brutality-comic/|title=Marvel Cancels Ta-Nehisi Coates' Police Brutality Comic|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref> In the series, Storm, Black Panther, [[Misty Knight]], [[Luke Cage]], and [[Eden Fesi]] discuss gentrification, racism, and police brutality.<ref>''Black Panther and the Crew: We Are the Streets'', 2017.</ref> In the course of the Coates storyline, Storm re-kindles her relationship with Black Panther, although she remains independent of the Wakandan monarchy.

2019 begins a new era for the X-Men. Beginning in [[House of X and Powers of X]], by [[Jonathan Hickman]], the mutants found a new nation on the living island of [[Krakoa]], where they are capable of regularly resurrecting mutants after their death. Storm gives a rousing speech of mutant unity on the island, affirming their shared community and identity.<ref>''House of X/Powers of X'', 2020.</ref> Storm features in the ensuing [[Marauders (comic book)|Marauders]] series written by [[Gerry Duggan (writer)|Gerry Duggan]], along with [[Kitty Pryde]], [[Nightcrawler (character)|Nightcrawler]], [[Iceman (Marvel Comics)|Iceman]], [[Emma Frost]], [[Bishop (Marvel Comics)|Bishop]], and [[Pyro (Marvel Comics)|Pyro]]. The new Marauders team attempt to locate mutants whose freedom of movement is restricted and to help them to emigrate to Krakoa.<ref>Marauders by Gerry Duggan vol. 1.</ref>

===2020s===
The Krakoa era continues in the first years of the 2020s. As one component of this story arc, Storm appears in ''Giant-Size Storm'' (2020).<ref>X-Men by Jonathan Hickman Omnibus.</ref>

[[Ann Nocenti]] wrote a new ''Storm'' mini-series in 2023. This takes place in the 1980s period, when Storm led the X-Men and shaved her hair into a mohawk.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/comics/storm-1-2023-ann-nocenti-inverview-breakdown | title='Storm' Writer Ann Nocenti Unleashes Ororo's Rebellious Side }}</ref>

With the end of the Krakoa era after [[Fall of X]], Storm becomes a member of the main [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] team in ''[[The Avengers (comic book)|Avengers]]'' #17 (August 2024), written by Jed MacKay and drawn by Valerio Schiti.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbr.com/marvel-avengers-first-look-storm-mission-hyperion/ | title=EXCLUSIVE: Marvel Reveals a First Look at Storm's First Avengers Mission | date=August 16, 2024 }}</ref> Storm also appears in a solo series by [[Murewa Ayodele]] and Lucas Werneck, as part of the "[[X-Men: From the Ashes]]" relaunch. The first issue was released in October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/comics/storm-1-comic-solo-series-trailer | title=Storm is Earth's Mightiest Mutant in New 'Storm' #1 Comic Trailer }}</ref>

==Characterization==
Richard Reynolds, in his book ''Superheroes'' (1992), describes Storm's character as withdrawn and cerebral, despite her elemental power, and sexually remote, despite her fetishistic costume.<ref>Cited in Deman, p. 39</ref> He argues that she has a quasi-maternal role with many of X-Men and often acts to resolve their various contradictions and disputes. Carol Cooper points out that Storm is often noted by other prominent characters for her magnetic attractiveness and sex appeal, but that this is always made secondary to her other qualities and capacities.<ref>Quoted in Deman, p. 45.</ref> Margaret Galvan sees [[Jean Grey]] as Phoenix as a character [[foil (fiction)|foil]] to Storm, because Grey loses control of her enormous powers and lapses into narcissism, while Storm avoids this pitfall. Galvan argues that this is an allegory for the transformation of [[liberal feminism]] from the 1970s to the 1980s.<ref>Quoted in Deman, p. 46.</ref> Ramzi Fawaz argues that Storm is defined by a capacity to "balance collective intimacies with her need for personal autonomy" and that this mirrors her superpowers' connection to the unpredictability of the natural world.<ref>Fawaz, p. 150-151.</ref> Fawaz argues that Storm's claustrophobia also links her awareness of the natural environment with human politics and history.<ref>Fawaz, p. 151.</ref>

===Fictional character biography===<!--STRICT adherence to WP:WAF!!-->
In ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #102 (December 1976), Claremont established Storm's backstory. Storm's mother, N'Dare, was the princess of a tribe in [[Kenya]] and descended from a long line of African witch-priestesses with white hair, blue eyes, and a natural gift for [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]]. N'Dare falls in love with and marries American photojournalist, David Munroe. They move to [[Harlem]] in uptown New York City, where Ororo is born.<ref name="uncannyxmen102" /> They later moved to [[Egypt]] and lived there until they die during an [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] in a botched aircraft attack, leaving six-year-old Ororo as an orphan.<ref>Cebulski 2024, p. 411.</ref> <!--Although the original version of this story stated that the bomb was dropped by a jet of the [[Israeli Air Force]] during the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, later stories such as in ''Classic X-Men'' have revised the bombing first to an event of the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967 and then to an unnamed military conflict.--> Her violent [[claustrophobia]] is established as a result of being buried under tons of rubble after that attack. She becomes a skilled thief in [[Cairo]] under the benign Achmed el-Gibar and wanders into the [[Serengeti]] as a young woman. She is worshipped as a goddess when her powers appear before being recruited by [[Professor X]] for the X-Men.<ref name="uncannyxmen102">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #102 (December 1976) Marvel Comics</ref>

Claremont fleshed out Storm's backstory in ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #117 (January 1979). He retroactively added that Professor X had met Storm as a child in Cairo, prior to his formation of the X-Men. While Ororo was a child thief, she stole from Charles Francis Xavier, later known as Professor X. He is able to use his mental powers to temporarily prevent her escape and recognizes the potential in her. However, when Xavier is attacked mentally by Amahl Farouk, the [[Shadow King]], the two men are preoccupied with their battle, allowing the girl to escape. Both Xavier and the Shadow King recognize Storm as the young girl later.<ref name="UncannyXMen117">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #117 January 1979. Marvel Comics.</ref> Ever since her inception in 1975, Storm's biography has largely stayed the same. Some reinterpretations were made in 2005 and 2006, when writers Mark Sumerak and Eric Jerome Dickey, respectively, rewrote part of her early history in the miniseries ''Ororo: Before the Storm''<ref name="OroroBeforeStorm" /> and ''Storm'' vol. 2.<ref name="StormV2">''Storm'' vol. 2 #1–6 miniseries (April – November 2006). Marvel Comics.</ref>

In established Marvel canon, Ororo Munroe is born in New York City as the child of Kenyan tribal princess N'Dare and American photographer David Munroe. According to Reginald Hudlin's ''Black Panther'' series, David Munroe's mother, Harriet, was an aide to [[Malcolm X]] who accompanied him on his journey throughout African nations, one of which was [[Wakanda]]. Munroe's childhood experience of Africa led him to pursue his degree at the fictional University of Kenya, where he ultimately met N'Dare.<ref>Reginald Hudlin, Black Panther (2005) #14.</ref>

When Ororo is six months old, she and her parents move to the Egyptian capital of [[Cairo]]. Five years later, during the [[Suez Crisis]], a fighter jet crashes into her parents' house, killing them. Buried under tons of rubble, Ororo survives but is [[orphan]]ed and left with intense [[claustrophobia]]. Her fear was once so intense that she was known to curl into a fetal position and approach a [[catatonic state]].<ref name="uncannyxmen102" /> In late 2000s storylines, however, writers like [[Ed Brubaker]] and [[Christopher Yost]] have indicated that Storm had largely conquered her claustrophobia,<ref>"I may not like confined spaces, but it's been a long time since a wooden box could hold me, so all you've done is made me mad." ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #491. Marvel Comics.</ref> and can freely move in tight spaces, even over long periods of time.<ref>''X-Men: Worlds Apart'' #1 (October 2008). Marvel Comics.</ref> After the death of her parents, Ororo wanders Cairo's back-alleys for a few weeks, until she is picked up by the benign street lord Achmed el-Gibar and becomes a prolific thief;<ref name="OroroBeforeStorm" /> among her victims is her future mentor [[Professor X]] who is there to meet the [[Shadow King]].<ref name="UncannyXMen117" /> Following an inner urge, she wanders into the [[Serengeti]] as a teenager and meets [[Black Panther (character)|T'Challa]], who would become her future husband. Despite strong mutual feelings, the two part ways.<ref name="marvelteamup100" /><ref name="StormV2" />

In the [[Serengeti]], Ororo first displays her mutant ability to control the weather. Sometime after this, she met the witch-priestess, Ainet, who took her in and became her surrogate mother. Once, when their village was going through a terrible drought, Storm commanded rain for days just to help them. By doing this, she threw off the natural order of nature, and droughts were formed over numerous villages, and hundreds of animals were killed. Sensing the damage she had done, Ainet told Storm that her kind but poorly considered gesture had unintended consequences. Ainet took this opportunity to explain to Ororo how her powers worked with nature, and how she could fix the problem by properly distributing rain.<ref>''X-Men'' #77. Marvel Comics.</ref>

For a time, she is worshiped as a rain goddess to an African tribe, practicing [[nudity|nudism]] and tribal [[spirituality]], before being recruited by Professor X into the X-Men. Ororo receives the code name "Storm" and is established as a strong, serene character.<ref name="giantsizexmen1" /> In her early career with the X-Men, she suffers a major claustrophobic attack, which prompts a revelation of her origin to her teammates.<ref name="uncannyxmen102" /> [[Jean Grey]] becomes a close friend as Ororo acclimatizes to the team and the United States, the two supporting each other as the only female X-Men.<ref name="classicxmen2">''Classic X-Men'' #2</ref><ref name="uncannyxmen100">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #100</ref> When [[Magneto (Marvel Comics)|Magneto]] captures the team, Storm frees the X-Men from captivity.<ref name="UncannyXMen113">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #113. Marvel Comics.</ref> Storm is later captured by the [[Emma Frost|White Queen]],<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #129. Marvel Comics.</ref> leading up to the X-Men's clash with [[Phoenix Force|Dark Phoenix]].<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #135–137. Marvel Comics.</ref> She becomes deputy leader of the X-Men,<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #138. Marvel Comics.</ref> and supplants her colleague [[Cyclops (Marvel Comics)|Cyclops]] as leader of the X-Men,<ref name="uncannyxmen139" /> a role she fills out during most of her time as a superhero. She briefly became "Rogue Storm",<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #147. Marvel Comics.</ref> and even switched bodies with the White Queen.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #151. Marvel Comics.</ref> She is attacked by [[Dracula (Marvel Comics)|Dracula]],<ref name="uxmv1no159">''The Uncanny X-Men'' #159. Marvel Comics.</ref> and defeats [[Callisto (comics)|Callisto]], becoming the new leader of the [[Morlocks (comics)|Morlocks]].<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #170. Marvel Comics.</ref> Following her leadership of the Morlocks through combat with Callisto, Storm begins to develop a darker side. Eventually, the X-Men are invited to Japan for Wolverine's wedding to [[Mariko Yashida]]. It is here that she meets Wolverine's old friend [[Yukio (comics)|Yukio]], and the two become fast friends. Storm is inspired by Yukio, who encourages Storm to embrace her emerging darker side. This leads Storm to drastically change her outward appearance to match her inner self and thus don her iconic punk drab.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #173. Marvel Comics.</ref>

In a storyline that began in 1984, Storm is deprived of her superhuman powers by an energy weapon fired by [[Henry Peter Gyrich]]; unknown to her, this device was designed by the mutant inventor [[Forge (character)|Forge]].<ref>"Public Enemy!", ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #185 (September 1984). Marvel Comics.</ref> The depowered Ororo subsequently meets and falls in love with Forge, but leaves him when she discovers that he is the inventor of the weapon behind her power loss.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #186. Marvel Comics.</ref> She helps Forge battle [[Dire Wraith]]s,<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #187–188. Marvel Comics.</ref> before leaving him to rejoin the X-Men. She aids the [[New Mutants]] against the [[Shadow King]] Amahl Farouk.<ref>''The New Mutants'' #32–34. Marvel Comics.</ref> She next journeys to [[Asgard (comics)|Asgard]] with the X-Men, where she is briefly enslaved by [[Loki (Marvel Comics)|Loki]].<ref>''The New Mutants Special Edition'' #1; ''The Uncanny X-Men'' Annual #9. Marvel Comics.</ref> She is nearly killed in a confrontation with [[Andreas von Strucker]].<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #196. Marvel Comics.</ref> She defeats Cyclops in a competition to become the X-Men's leader.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #201. Marvel Comics.</ref> During the "Fall of the Mutants" storyline, she is reunited with Forge,<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #224. Marvel Comics.</ref> regains her superhuman powers,<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #225. Marvel Comics.</ref> and dies with the X-Men in giving her life force to defeat the [[Adversary (comics)|Adversary]]; she is resurrected by [[Roma (comics)|Roma]].<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #227. Marvel Comics.</ref> She is reverted to childhood by the mutant Nanny,<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #253. Marvel Comics.</ref> meets [[Gambit (Marvel Comics)|Gambit]],<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #267. Marvel Comics.</ref> and is finally returned to adulthood – however, she is enslaved by the [[Genosha]]ns, but regains her free will and escapes captivity.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #270–272. Marvel Comics.</ref> Concerning her personal life, she is for a long time romantically involved with fellow X-Man Forge, and even considers marrying him before their relationship dissolves.<ref name="uncannyxmen289290" />

After [[Decimation (comics)|90% of the mutants of the world lose their powers]], Storm leaves the X-Men to go to Africa. She rekindles her relationship with T'Challa, now a superhero known as Black Panther, marries him, and becomes the queen of the kingdom of [[Wakanda]].<ref name="BlackPantherV5#18">''Black Panther'' vol. 5 #18 (July 2006). Marvel Comics.</ref> She joins the new Fantastic Four alongside her husband when Reed and Sue take a vacation.<ref>''Fantastic Four'' #543. Marvel Comics.</ref> On a mission in space, the [[Uatu|Watcher]] tells Black Panther and Storm that their children will have a special destiny.<ref name="FF544">{{Cite comic| writer = [[Dwayne McDuffie]]| penciller = [[Paul Pelletier]]| inker = [[Rick Magyar]]| story = Reconstruction: Chapter One| title = [[Fantastic Four]]| volume = | issue = #544| date = March 28, 2007| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> Upon Reed's and Sue's return to the Fantastic Four, Storm and the Black Panther leave, with Storm returning to the [[X-Men|Uncanny X-Men]] to help out with events in ''[[X-Men: Messiah Complex|Messiah Complex]]''. After joining with the X-Men again, Storm is confronted by Cyclops over her position as an X-Man and a Queen. Cyclops reminds her that she made him choose between family and duty before, and she needs to make the same decision. Storm reacts by returning to Wakanda to face a despondent Black Panther, with the two seemingly falling out with each other, although it is later revealed that the Black Panther had been possessed by the Shadow King. After incapacitating the possessed T'Challa, Storm battles Cyclops, who had been mentally enthralled by the Shadow King to kill the other X-Men. After being forced to drive him out by striking Cyclops through the chest with a massive lightning bolt, the Shadow King then takes control of Storm, only to be devoured in vengeance by Bast, the Panther God, who had agreed to hide inside of Storm's mind to take revenge on the Shadow King for possessing T'Challa.<ref name="xmenworldsapart1-4">''X-Men: Worlds Apart'' #1–4 (October 2008 – January 2009). Marvel Comics.</ref>

Around the early 2010s, Storm assumes a leadership position in a team operating from the island of Utopia, near San Francisco, after the [[X-Men: Schism]].<ref>''X-Men'' vol. 3 #20–23</ref> She took Cyclops's side in the Schism and thus becomes a member of his new X-Tinction Team.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' vol. 2 #1–3.</ref> After [[Avengers vs. X-Men]], when T'Challa officially annuls their marriage, Storm returns to Wolverine's side and they both begin a relationship.<ref>''Wolverine and the X-Men'' #24.</ref> During ''[[Marvel NOW!]]'' (early- to mid-2010s), she also goes back to a punk mohawk look with a new costume, and becomes a member of the [[Uncanny X-Force#Volume 2|Uncanny X-Force]] (with Psylocke, [[Spiral (character)|Spiral]], [[Puck (Marvel Comics)|Puck]] and a female [[Fantomex]])<ref>''Uncanny X-Force'' vol. 2 #1–17. Marvel Comics.</ref> and of an all-female incarnation of X-Men (with Jubilee, Rachel Grey, Rogue, Psylocke, Omega Sentinel and Monet/M).<ref>''X-Men'' vol. 4 1-9. Marvel Comics.</ref> She also stars in her own short-lived solo title.<ref>''Storm'' vol. 3 #1-11.</ref>

After the Marvel Universe reboot in the ''[[Secret Wars (2015 comic book)|Secret Wars]]'' crossover (2015), Storm returns to the fold in ''Extraordinay X-Men'', trying to deal with a new plague called M-Pox.<ref>''Extraordinary X-Men'' (2016–2017) #1-20.</ref> The M-Pox is based on the dispersal on the atmosphere of the Terrigen Mists, and this situation rises the tensions between mutants and Inhumans, culminating in the crossover ''[[Inhumans vs. X-Men]]''.

When Kitty Pryde returns from space to lead the X-Men, Storm joins her and a few familiar faces in the new ''[[X-Men Gold]]'' title.<ref>''X-Men Gold'' #1-36.</ref> During the same period, she also rekindles her friendship with a resurrected Jean Grey and joins her [[X-Men Red|Red team]].<ref>''X-Men Red'' #1-11.</ref>

In the new status quo for mutants post ''[[House of X and Powers of X]]'', Professor X and Magneto invite all mutants to live on Krakoa and welcome even former enemies into their fold.<ref name="House of X #5. Marvel Comics">''House of X'' #5. Marvel Comics.</ref> Storm takes part in a quasi-religious ceremony to welcome their newly resurrected comrades, after an attack on an [[Orchis (comics)|Orchis]]-made [[Master Mold]] base in space.<ref name="House of X #5. Marvel Comics" />

Storm is seen attacking the last compound of Orchis on Earth with Magneto, Polaris and Cyclops.<ref>''X-Men'' vol. 5 #1. Marvel Comics.</ref> She also is part of the [[Marauders (comic book)|Marauders]] crew with White Queen, Captain Kitty Pryde, Iceman, Pyro and Bishop.<ref>''Marauders'' #1-. Marvel Comics.</ref>

Another parallel storyline involves her attempts to find a cure for a technorganic infection.<ref>''[[Giant-Size X-Men#Dawn of X|Giant-Size X-Men]]: Jean Grey and Emma Frost'', and ''Giant-Size X-Men: Storm''.</ref> Later, after the [[Hellfire Gala]] and the [[terraforming]] of planet Mars, Storm leaves the Marauders and becomes the regent of [[Arakko]] and Voice of the Sol System.<ref>''Marauders'' #20. Marvel Comics.</ref><ref>''S.W.O.R.D.'' (Vol. 2) #8, 9. Marvel Comics.</ref>

==Powers and abilities==
===Weather control===
[[File:Storm portrait.png|thumb|Storm wielding her Stormcaster in ''X-Men: Gold'' #25. Art by Paulo Siqueira.]]
Storm is one of the most powerful [[Mutant (Marvel Comics)|mutants]] on Earth and has demonstrated a plethora of abilities, most of which are facets of her power to [[Weather manipulation|manipulate the weather]].<ref name="officalmarvelpage">{{cite web  |last = marvel.com  |title = Storm: Marvel Universe  |url = http://www.marvel.com/universe/Storm  |access-date = December 1, 2006 |url-status = live  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061127173541/http://www.marvel.com/universe/Storm  |archive-date = November 27, 2006 }}</ref> Storm possesses the [[Psionics|psionic]] ability to control all forms of weather over vast areas. She has been able to control both terrestrial and extraterrestrial ecosystems. She can modify the temperature of the environment, control all forms of precipitation, humidity, and moisture (at a molecular level), generate lightning and other electromagnetic atmospheric phenomena, and has demonstrated control over [[atmospheric pressure]]. She can incite all forms of meteorological tempests, such as [[tornado]]es, [[thunderstorm]]s, [[blizzard]]s, and [[hurricane]]s, as well as [[mist]].<ref>She is able to "summon the softest breeze or the most torrential hurricane." Syd Barney-Hawke's ''Marvel Encyclopedia Volume 2: X-Men''. Marvel Comics. (April 1, 2003). {{ISBN|0-7851-1199-9}}.</ref> She can dissipate such weather to form clear skies as well.

Her precise control over the atmosphere allows her to create special weather effects. She can create precipitation at higher or lower altitudes than normal, make whirlwinds travel pointing lengthwise in any direction, channel ambient [[electromagnetism]] through her body to generate electric blasts, [[Flash freezing|flash freeze]] objects and people, coalesce atmospheric pollutants into [[acid rain]] or toxic fog, and summon wind currents strong enough to support her weight to elevate herself (or others) to fly at high altitudes and speeds. Her control is so great that she can even manipulate the air in a person's lungs. She can also control the pressure inside the human inner ear, an ability she uses to cause intense pain. She can bend light using moisture in the air and her manipulation of mist and fog to appear partially transparent, and in later comics, nearly invisible.

Storm has also demonstrated the ability to control natural forces that include [[Space weather|cosmic storms]], [[solar wind]], [[ocean current]]s, and the [[electromagnetic field]].<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[Dave Cockrum]]
| story = Deathstar, Rising!
| title = [[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]
| volume = 
| issue = #99
| date = June 1976
| publisher = Marvel Comics
}}</ref> She has demonstrated the ability to separate water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen via [[electrolysis]], allowing her to breathe underwater.<ref>{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Chris Claremont]]
| penciller = [[Salvador Larroca]]
| story = Blindside
| title = [[X-Treme X-Men]]
| volume = 
| issue = #2
| date = August 2001
| publisher = Marvel Comics
}}</ref> While in outer space, she is able to affect and manipulate the interstellar and intergalactic media. Storm can alter her visual perceptions so as to see the universe in terms of energy patterns, detecting the flow of kinetic, thermal and electromagnetic energy behind weather phenomena and can bend this energy to her will.

Storm has been shown to be sensitive to the dynamics of the natural world, and her psionic powers over the weather are affected by her emotions. One consequence of this connection to nature is that she often suppresses extreme feelings to prevent her emotional state from resulting in violent weather. Storm can view the Earth as weather patterns, and is able to precisely recognize her geographic position through interpretations of these patterns.<ref>''Astonishing X-Men'' vol. 3 #34. Marvel Comics.</ref> Storm's mutant abilities are limited by her willpower and the strength of her body.

===Magical potential===
Storm's ancestry supports the use of magic and [[witchcraft]].<ref name="Tarot">''The Marvel Tarot'' Direct Edition One Shot, June 2007. Marvel Comics.</ref> Many of her ancestors were sorceresses and priestesses. Storm's matrilineal powers have even been linked to the ''real-world'' [[Rain Queen]]s of Balobedu, the region from which her Sorceress Supreme ancestor from the [[Hyborian Age]], Ayosha, hails.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayosha (Sorcerer Supreme; Rain Queen of Boludebu)|url=http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix7/ayesha-sorcereress_supreme.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.marvunapp.com}}</ref> The [[Mystic Arcana]] series deals with Storm's ancestor Ashake, who worships the Egyptian goddess [[Ma'at]], also known as Oshtur – the mother of Agamotto.<ref>''Mystic Arcana'' #1. Marvel Comics.</ref> For some unknown reason, since the dawn of Atlantis, this line of African women has been given distinguishing features of white hair, blue eyes, and powerful magic potential.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=December 2010}} Although Storm has not developed her magical potential, it has been hinted at.<ref name="Tarot"/> The Mystic Arcana series lists the characters with magic potential according to the Marvel Tarot deck. The Tarot asserts Storm as being "High Priestess", the First Tarot's choice one-third of the time. The other draws were the [[Scarlet Witch]] and [[Agatha Harkness]]. These three characters split the High Priestess card equally. A timeline-divergent Storm became the sorceress who taught sorcery to [[Magik]] and some of Storm's alternate universe selves possess considerable magical talent.<ref>{{cite comic| writer=[[Chris Claremont]]| penciller=[[John Buscema]]| inker=[[Tom Palmer (comics)|Tom Palmer]]| story=Little Girl Lost| title=[[Magik (Illyana and Storm)|Magik]]|issue=#1|date=December 1983| publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]}}</ref> On a separate note, it has been stated that Storm's spirit is so strong that she was able to host the consciousness of an [[Incarnation|avatar]] (or "manifestation body"<ref name="M-bodies">[[Gruenwald, Mark]] (w). ''Quasar'' #38. Marvel Comics.</ref>) of [[Eternity (Marvel Comics)|Eternity]]; in a gathering consisting of herself, [[Doctor Strange]], Black Panther, Silver Surfer and the [[Fantastic Four]], she and Doctor Strange were the only viable candidates.<ref>''Fantastic Four'' #550. Marvel Comics.</ref> In Wakanda, Storm is called Hadari-Yao ("Walker of Clouds" in ancient Alkamite), a goddess who preserves the balance of natural things.<ref>{{cite comic|writer=Coates, Ta-Nehisi|penciller=Sprouse. Chris|inker=Vines. Dexter|story=Avengers of the New World: Part 5|title=Black Panther Vol. 6|issue=#17|date=October 2017|Coinkers=Story. Karl}}</ref>

===Combat and thievery===
Storm's willpower is strong enough to defy Dracula's commands after he bites her.{{r|uxmv1no159}} She is an expert thief, and a skilled, cunning and gifted hand-to-hand fighter, trained by Achmed el-Gibar, Professor X, [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]] and [[Black Panther (character)|Black Panther]]. By strategy, Storm has overcome physically stronger foes like [[Callisto (comics)|Callisto]] and the [[Crimson Commando]] in hand-to-hand combat. Storm is an excellent marksman with handguns, and is proficient in the use of knives. Storm is also fluent in Russian, Arabic, and Swahili. As part of her paraphernalia, Storm carries a set of lock-picks (with which she has an extraordinary ability at picking locks, including her teeth while her physical coordination was reduced to the level of an infant<ref name="UncannyXMen113"/>) and her ancestral ruby, which allows inter-dimensional transportation with the help of her lightning.<ref name="officalmarvelpage"/>

===Physical abilities and traits===
Storm's weather powers allow her body to compensate for climate extremes; on one occasion as she was trying to control an unnatural storm she becomes overwhelmed as her body temperature rises too high.<ref>{{Cite comic| writer = [[Scott Lobdell]]| artist = [[Chris Bachalo]]| title = [[X-Men Unlimited]]| volume = | issue = #1| date = June 1993| publisher = Marvel Comics}}</ref> In ''The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe'' – X-Men (2004), it is stated that her powers enable her to breathe while moving at any speed and protect her from air friction, while granting her protection from temperature extremes of heat and cold. The ''All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Update'' #1 (2007) states that Storm's body changes temperature to adapt to her environment.

Her body compensates for rapid decreases or increases in atmospheric pressure.<ref>''X-Treme X-Men'' #32. Marvel Comics.</ref> She can see in near-complete darkness and has superb dexterity.<ref name="UncannyXMen113"/><ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #151–152. Marvel Comics.</ref> Storm has one of the strongest wills among the X-Men, making her highly resistant to psychic attacks especially in tandem with electrical fields she creates around herself. Telepaths have found it difficult to track her down and probe her thoughts. Several of these traits are independent of her mutant status and are a result of her ancestry. Also, when using her powers, Storm's eyes turn solid white.<ref name="officalmarvelpage"/>

Her full potential has not yet been realized, and on one occasion the Super Giant stated that Storm was an "Omega-Level Mutate", grouping and targeting her with Omega-Level mutants such as Iceman and Rachel Grey.<ref>''New Avengers'' vol. 3 #9. Marvel Comics.</ref> Her Omega-Level status was eventually confirmed.<ref name="House of X #1">''House of X'' #1</ref><ref>''Origins of Marvel Comics: X-Men'' #1. Marvel Comics.</ref><ref>''Black Panther'' vol. 4 #21. Marvel Comics.</ref>

==Themes and motifs==
Storm is among the most famous Black female superheroes, and as a result has been widely viewed as an icon of [[third wave feminism]] and [[intersectionality]], conceptual innovations that address the intertwining of race and gender.<ref>Deman, p. 37</ref> Gladys L. Knight, author of ''Female Action Heroes: A Guide to Women in Comics, Video games, Film, and Television'' (2010) wrote that "two defining aspects of her persona are her racial identity and her social status as a mutant."<ref name="FAH"/> The X-Men have symbolically represented marginalized minorities and the debut of the ''X-Men'' series coincided with the [[Civil Rights Movement]], in which their plight as mutants mirrored that of African Americans.<ref name="FAH"/> Storm's creation in particular "was during the heyday of [[blaxploitation]] films."<ref name="FAH"/>

J. Andrew Deman argues that her early appearances are somewhat stereotypical and demonstrate sexual exoticism, catering to the [[male gaze]].<ref>Deman, p. 37-38.</ref> Carol Cooper also views the early appearances of the character as emblematic of "the mythic earth-mother/matriarch figure critiqued by many [[black feminist]]s as both unrealistic and racist in its glib projection of inhuman perfection."<ref name="Deman, p. 38">Deman, p. 38.</ref> While Storm has always been presented as a Black woman, she is also often drawn with more European features and canonically has blue eyes; some have criticized these choices as concessions to aesthetic standards of white Americans.<ref>Deman, p. 55.</ref>

However, Ramzi Fawaz writes, "Ororo is a character with few, if any, genuine antecedents in American superhero comic books: a superpowered black woman, who grew up a vagabond."<ref name="Fawaz, p. 150">Fawaz, p. 150.</ref> Many scholars, such as Deborah Whaley, have argued that in subsequent appearances she overcomes these stereotypical origins to become "a visionary social subject that propels social change."<ref name="Deman, p. 38"/> Storm's leadership of the X-Men has been read as a utopian vision of overcoming racism and sexism. Fawaz argues that Storm "represents a new affective relation between the teammates that derails the heterosexual order that had prevailed in the original team."<ref>Fawaz, p. 150</ref> Fawaz interprets Storm as embodying the "black female [[disco]] diva" that dominated gay and African American visual culture" by means of her costume and "hyperbolic performance of an 'African goddess' persona."<ref name="Fawaz, p. 150"/> Fawaz is particularly interested in Storm's bond with [[Jean Grey]] in the mid-1970s, which he sees as a representation of "radical political attempts to articulate cross-racial alliances and mutual recognition between women."<ref>Fawaz, p. 159-160.</ref>

Storm also unites African-American and continental African notions of Black identity, particularly in the storyline which she takes a leave of absence of the X-Men in order to return to her homeland for a year, titled ''Lifedeath II''.<ref name="Deman, p. 41">Deman, p. 41.</ref> While Deman writes that some of the depictions of Africa are stereotypical, the illustration of a diasporic identity and its links to ancestry are potentially progressive for readers.<ref>Deman, p. 41-42.</ref> Since then, Storm has become a notable fictional example of a contemporary African woman. In 2014, Karen Attiah of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' asserted, "African women are having a bit of a moment in American pop culture. From Nigerian author [[Chimamanda Adichie]] to Ghanaian-Nigerian author Taiye Selasie, to Kenyan star [[Lupita Nyong’o]], African immigrant women are finding that their stories and performances resonate with American audiences. Now, a fictional woman is joining their ranks: Ororo Munroe, known as Storm, a member of Marvel's X-Men team. [...] Even as a supporting character or member of an ensemble, Storm's done it all. She's been an African queen, a street thief, an X-Men team leader and the headmistress of the Jean Grey School of Higher Learning. In the world of comic book fantasy where black characters are scarce, the fact that Storm was one of the most powerful mutants in the X-Men universe was a point of pride growing up."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marvel Comics' Storm and the rise of African women in American pop culture |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2014/07/31/marvel-comics-storm-and-the-rise-of-african-women-in-american-pop-culture/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==Supporting characters==
===Allies===
Storm has notable bonds with all of the main X-Men. In the first period that she led the team, its line-up comprised [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]], [[Nightcrawler (character)|Nightcrawler]], [[Colossus (character)|Colossus]], [[Rogue (Marvel Comics)|Rogue]], and [[Kitty Pryde]].<ref>Uncanny X-Men 202, February 1986.</ref> In particular, she has a maternal connection to Pryde. Particularly in stories of the 1970s, she has a close friendship with [[Jean Grey]].<ref>Fawaz, p. 152-153.</ref> Ramzi Fawaz views this friendship as an allegory for bonds between the liberation projects of Black women and white women.<ref>Fawaz, p. 155.</ref> In stories of the 2010s, she works together with [[The Crew (comics)|The Crew]], an all-Black superhero team that also includes her former husband Black Panther, [[Luke Cage]] and [[Misty Knight]]. Her friendship with Cage and Knight had been previously established in the 1970s.<ref name="Deman, p. 41"/>

===Romantic relationships and sexuality===
Storm had a long-standing relationship with [[Forge (character)|Forge]] that culminated in his proposal of marriage, which he later withdrew as a result of misinterpreting her hesitation. Storm's longest and most prominent relationship is with [[Black Panther (character)|Black Panther]]. In 2006, during [[Reginald Hudlin]]'s authorship of ''Black Panther'', Storm marries Black Panther, and she appeared as a prominent supporting character in many subsequent storylines. Readers and critics compared the wedding to the relationship of [[Jay-Z]] and [[Beyoncé]], although they did not marry until two years later.<ref>Bukatman, p. 110</ref> The marriage was later annulled during the events of ''[[Avengers vs. X-Men]]''. However, Storm has resumed the relationship in later storylines. Storm also had a significant romantic relationship with [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]].

In the Claremont period, Storm's [[bisexuality]] is implied. She has a close relationship with [[Yukio (comics)|Yukio]], a partner of Wolverine's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seriejournalen.dk/tegneserie_indhold.asp?art=&ID=32|title=Tegneserier: An interview with Chris Claremont|work=Serie Journalen|last1=Sørensen|first1=Tue|last2=Kristiansen|first2=Ulrik|date=May 1, 2010|access-date=October 30, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223175441/http://www.seriejournalen.dk/tegneserie_indhold.asp?art=&ID=32|archive-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> While the characters' relationship was conceived of as romantic,<ref name="auto"/> it was relegated to [[subtext]] after [[Marvel Comics]]' editor-in-chief [[Jim Shooter]] mandated that no same-gender couples could be depicted in comic books.<ref name="Cronin"/><ref name="Gross 2002 https://archive.org/details/upfrominvisibili0000gros/page/213 213"/><ref name="McFarland & Company"/> Because of this relationship, some secondary sources identify Storm as bisexual.<ref>Deman, p. 4.</ref> Generally speaking, later storylines do not explore this aspect of Storm's character. In 1994, ''Uncanny X-Men'' #312 revisited the relationship between Storm and Yukio; the narrator of the story describes them as "More than friends ... Less than sisters ... these two are kindred spirits."<ref>Uncanny X-Men #312, May 1994, written by Scott Lobdell, penciled by Joe Madureira. Collected in X-Men Milestones: Phalanx Covenant, p. 53.</ref>

== Cultural impact and legacy ==
{{See also|African characters in comics}}
Storm was one of the first Black superheroes in mainstream comic books, and the second Black female superhero in Marvel Comics, after [[Misty Knight]], who debuted in March 1975.<ref name="FAH">{{citation|author=Gladys L. Knight|title=Female Action Heroes: A Guide to Women in Comics, Video games, Film, and Television|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2010|pages=278, 282|isbn=978-0-313-37612-2}}</ref> She was the third Black female superhero in mainstream comics; DC had previously introduced [[Nubia (DC Comics)|Nubia]], a supporting character for [[Wonder Woman]], in 1973.<ref name="Murray">{{cite web |last1=Murray |first1=Jared Mason |title=What Happened To Nubia, Wonder Woman's Black Sister? |url=https://screenrant.com/nubia-wonder-woman-black-sister/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=2 June 2021 |date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

In Marvel Comics, other preceding Black characters with superpowers were [[Black Panther (character)|Black Panther]] (1966), [[Prowler (Marvel Comics)|Hobie Brown (the Prowler)]] and [[Falcon (comics)|The Falcon]] (1969), [[Luke Cage]] (1972), [[Blade (character)|Blade]] (1973), and [[Abe Brown (Marvel Comics)|Abe Brown]] (1974). In DC Comics, she was also preceded by [[Teen Titans]] member [[Mal Duncan]] who debuted in 1970, ''[[Green Lantern]]'' wielder [[John Stewart (character)|John Stewart]] (1971), and [[Mister Miracle]] protégé [[Mister Miracle (Shilo Norman)|Shilo Norman]] (1973).

Since her creation, Storm has remained one of the most successful and recognizable Black superheroes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dalton, Deron|url=http://madamenoire.com/426882/storm-15-underrated-black-super-heroines-brought-big-screen/|title=Bring Them to the Big Screen: Storm and 15 More Underrated Black Super Heroines|work=[[MadameNoire]]|date=May 23, 2014|access-date=May 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009041809/http://madamenoire.com/426882/storm-15-underrated-black-super-heroines-brought-big-screen/|archive-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref> Storm is the first Black leader of a Marvel superhero team, as well as the first female leader of a Marvel superhero team.<ref>Deman, p. 37.</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Andrew Wheeler of ''[[ComicsAlliance]]'' described Storm as "the first major black female superhero," stating, "Storm was designed to stand out from previous super-women, and not only by dint of her race. She also had long white hair and strange oval irises, and arguably the most formidable power set in the new team. From the start, her weather-control powers allowed her to summon raging winds and lightning strikes. She was a heavyweight who had been worshiped as a goddess, and there was never any question of her using her powers only to defend or evade. She wasn't introduced as a damsel, and she wasn't introduced as a love interest."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Andrew |title=Mutant Women of Earth: How Chris Claremont Reinvented the Female Superhero |url=https://comicsalliance.com/chris-claremont-x-men-strong-female-characters-storm-rogue-jean-grey/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=ComicsAlliance |date=February 19, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Alex Abad-Santos of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' called Storm "one of Marvel's most iconic characters," saying, "Marvel, for the past couple of years, has built up a notably diverse cast of heroes, and started to get serious about featuring its female leads. But arguably the most iconic non-white character the company has introduced to date is Storm, aka Ororo Munroe, who was first introduced in 1975. Clocking in at 5'11" with white hair, black skin, and the power to control the weather, Storm was startling, beautiful, and something readers had never seen before. She's a big reason writer Greg Pak picked up comic books."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abad-Santos |first=Alex |date=2014-05-19 |title=Why Storm getting her own comic book is a big deal |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/5/19/5729712/marvel-most-important-superhero |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> Ashanti El of ''[[Screen Rant]]'' referred to Storm as a "veteran X-Men hero and weather goddess," writing, "Storm's fame in media stems from her unmatched representation as a black woman. In a time when the majority of superheroes were only white men in capes, Ororo broke the mold and proved that diversity in comics was possible and lucrative with the X-Men starring in several pop-culture landmarks, including the popular '90s animated series. A trailblazer among trailblazers, Storm's roles in comics helped to usher in a new wave of comic book heroes like Riri Williams, Lunella Lafayette, and Shuri. Cosplayers and fans also marvel at the mutant's stylish costumes including the iconic self-empowering '80s mohawk look."<ref>{{Cite web |last=El |first=Ashanti |date=2022-04-08 |title=Storm Fan Art Honors Mutant Goddesses' Role in Pop Culture |url=https://screenrant.com/storm-legacy-mutant-goddess-fan-art-marvel-xmen/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Screen Rant |language=en-US}}</ref> Danielle Broadway of ''[[The Mary Sue]]'' stated, "The Marvel character Storm is not only a staple of the X-Men franchise, but also a notorious fan favorite. From her epic weather control powers to her unique style, Storm has stolen the hearts of many. Created by writer Len Wein and artist Dave Cockrum, she's one of the first and only Black woman superheroes in Marvel comics. [...] She illustrates what it means to be a Black woman as she fights to oppose stereotypes, violence, and commodification."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-31 |title=Why X-Men's Storm Is the Rightful Ruler of Wakanda |url=https://www.themarysue.com/storm-x-men-ruler-of-wakanda/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Mary Sue |language=en}}</ref>

Sara Century of ''[[Syfy]]'' said, "It's no secret that Ororo Munroe is a [[FANGRRLS]] favorite. This is a woman that has been around the world and even a pretty fair amount of the galaxy yet she remains perhaps the most emotionally grounded X-Man. She's an omega level mutant and finds herself regularly seated at tables of Marvel's most powerful players. She has done everything from pickpocket to queen. She is kind of the best."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-28 |title=The strange loves of Storm |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/the-strange-loves-of-storm |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=SYFY Official Site |language=en-US}}</ref> David Harth of ''[[CBR.com]]'' wrote, "Storm has been on a long strange trip throughout her life in comics, one that's always seen her on an upward trajectory. From a thief on the streets of Cairo to a goddess on the African plains to a superhero and leader of the highest caliber, Ororo Munroe has proven nothing can hold her back. Storm remained one of the most beloved X-Men and an irreplaceable part of the team's mythos. Debuting on a stacked X-Men team, she was still able to stand out. Marvel and the creators who worked on Storm did their best to make her a better character, creating a superhero unlike any other."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harth |first=David |date=2022-07-01 |title=10 Ways Marvel Has Made Storm Better Over The Years |url=https://www.cbr.com/ways-marvel-made-storm-better/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=CBR |language=en-US}}</ref> Chris Arrant of ''[[Newsarama]]'' wrote, "While her mutant ability to control the weather is a pivotal part of her, thanks to the writers and artists that have added layers to her character, it's Storm the woman and her often dueling qualities of tenacity, anger, forgiveness, and compassion that have forged her into a titan of modern fiction and cemented her into the bedrock foundation of Marvel Comics most important characters."<ref name="published">{{Cite web |author1=Chris Arrant Contributions from Michael Doran |date=2022-08-25 |title=The best Marvel characters of all time ranked |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/marvel-characters/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=gamesradar |language=en}}</ref> ''[[IGN]]'' stated, "Storm's ability to manipulate and harness the weather makes her one of the most powerful mutants on Earth. But power like that comes at a great cost. Storm lives every day in a state of carefully maintained composure. Too much stress could be deadly for everyone around her. Fans have seen Storm as a thief, an X-Man, a fighter, and even a queen. Through it all, she remains one of the most relatable mutant heroes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-08 |title=Storm - #42 Top Comic Book Heroes - IGN |url=http://www.ign.com/top/comic-book-heroes/42 |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508005850/http://www.ign.com/top/comic-book-heroes/42 |archive-date=May 8, 2011 }}</ref>

==In other media==
{{Main|Storm in other media}}

[[File:HalleBerryHSFeb07.jpg|thumb|Actress [[Halle Berry]] played Storm in the [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' film series]].]]
Storm has made numerous appearances in other media. She appeared in seven [[X-Men (film series)|live-action ''X-Men'' films]] produced by [[20th Century Fox]] from 2000 to 2019. She is portrayed by actress [[Halle Berry]] in ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'' (2000), ''[[X2 (film)|X2]]'' (2003), ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'' (2006), and ''[[X-Men: Days of Future Past]]'' (2014). A younger version of the character is portrayed by [[Alexandra Shipp]] in ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' (2016), ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' (2018), and ''[[X-Men: Dark Phoenix]]'' (2019). In animation, she is voiced by [[Alison Sealy-Smith]] in ''[[X-Men: The Animated Series]]'', ''[[X-Men '97]]'', and ''[[What If...? (TV series)|What If ...?]]'' [[What If...? season 3|season 3]]. Other actresses voice the character in ''[[X-Men: Evolution]]'' and ''[[Wolverine and the X-Men (TV series)|Wolverine and the X-Men]]''.

She has also been in a large number of video games: a guest appearance in ''[[Spider-Man: Web of Shadows]]'' and a playable character in every game in the ''[[X-Men Legends]]''/''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]''/''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2]]'' series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Millar|first=Greg |date=October 24, 2008|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/24/spider-man-web-of-shadows-amazing-allies-edition-review |title=Spider-Man: Web of Shadows – Amazing Allies Edition Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126070004/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/24/spider-man-web-of-shadows-amazing-allies-edition-review |archive-date=November 26, 2013 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Corey |last=Cohen|url=http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/m-r/marvel-ultimate-alliance-ii-fusion |title=Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228171803/http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/m-r/marvel-ultimate-alliance-ii-fusion |archive-date=February 28, 2009 |magazine=[[Official Xbox Magazine|OXM]]|date=October 3, 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* Bukatman, Scott (2022). ''Black Panther''. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-2535-3.
* Cebulski, C.B., ed (2024). ''Marvel Encyclopedia: New Edition''. DK. ISBN 978-0-5938-4611-7.
* Deman, J. Andrew (2023). ''The Claremont Run: Subverting Gender in the X-Men''. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-3075-3.
* Fawaz, Ramzi (2016). The New Mutants. New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-2308-6.

==External links==
* {{Marvelwiki|storm|Storm}}
* {{Marvelwiki|storm-age-of-apocalypse|Storm (Age of Apocalypse)}}
* {{Marvelwiki|storm-ultimate|Storm (Ultimate)}}

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