View source for Stephen Johnson Field

{{Short description|US Supreme Court justice from 1863 to 1897}}
{{redirect|Justice Field}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Stephen Johnson Field, photo half length seated, 1875.jpg
| office              = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
| nominator           = [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| term_start          = May 20, 1863
| term_end            = December 1, 1897
| predecessor         = ''Seat established''
| successor           = [[Joseph McKenna]]
| order1              = 5th
| office1             = Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California
| nominator1          = [[John B. Weller]]
| term_start1         = September 12, 1859
| term_end1           = May 20, 1863
| predecessor1        = [[David S. Terry]]
| successor1          = [[Warner Cope]]
| office2             = Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of California]]
| nominator2          = [[J. Neely Johnson]]
| term_start2         = October 13, 1857
| term_end2           = September 12, 1859
| predecessor2        = [[Hugh Murray (judge)|Hugh Murray]]
| successor2          = [[Edwin B. Crocker]]
| state_assembly3     = California
| district3           = [[California's 14th State Assembly district|14th]]
| term_start3         = 1851
| term_end3           = 1852
| predecessor3        = ''Constituency established''
| successor3          = A. G. Caldwell
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1816|11|4}}
| birth_place         = [[Haddam, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1899|4|9|1816|11|4}}
| death_place         = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Rock Creek Cemetery]]<br />Washington, D.C., U.S.
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Sue Virginia Swearingen|1859}}
| education           = [[Williams College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| signature           = Signature of Stephen Johnson Field (1816–1899).png
}}
'''Stephen Johnson Field''' (November 4, 1816 – April 9, 1899) was an American [[jurist]]. He was an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] of the [[United States Supreme Court]] from May 20, 1863, to December 1, 1897, the [[List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office|second longest]] tenure of any justice. Prior to this appointment, he was the fifth [[Chief Justice of California]].

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Haddam, Connecticut]], he was the sixth of the nine children of [[David Dudley Field I]], a [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] minister, and his wife Submit Dickinson, a teacher. His family produced three other children of major prominence in 19th century America: [[David Dudley Field II]] the prominent attorney, [[Cyrus Field]], the millionaire investor and creator of the [[Atlantic Cable]], and Rev. [[Henry Martyn Field (minister)|Henry Martyn Field]], a prominent clergyman and travel writer. He grew up in [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts]], and went to [[Turkey]] at thirteen with his sister Emilia and her missionary husband, Rev. [[Josiah Brewer]]. He received a B.A. from [[Williams College]], Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1837. While attending Williams College he was one of the original Founders of [[Delta Upsilon]] fraternity. After [[reading law]] in [[Albany, New York|Albany]] with [[Harmanus Bleecker]] and New York City with his brother David, Stephen was admitted to the bar. He practiced law with David until 1848, when he went to California during the [[California Gold Rush|Gold Rush]].<ref>{{cite book |first = Robert Green |last = McCloskey |title = American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise, 1865-1910 |year = 1951 |publisher =  Harper & Row |pages = 86–92 }}</ref>

Field was an uncle of future Associate Justice [[David Josiah Brewer]]. Other notable relatives include Paul Stephen Field and legal scholar Anne Field.

==Career in California politics and law==
In California, Field's legal practice boomed and he was elected [[alcalde]], a form of mayor and [[justice of the peace]] under the old Mexican rule of law, of [[Marysville, California|Marysville]] (curiously, he was elected Alcalde just three days after his arrival in Marysville).<ref>{{cite journal |first = Adrian M. |last = Tocklin |title = ''Pennoyer v. Neff'': The Hidden Agenda of Stephen J. Field |journal = Seton Hall Law Review |year = 1997 |page = 104 }}</ref> Because the Gold Rush city could not afford a jail, and it cost too much to transport prisoners to San Francisco, Field implemented{{clarify|date=July 2013}} the whipping post, believing that without such a brutal implement many in the rough and tumble city would be hanged for minor crimes. The voters sent him to the [[California State Assembly]] in 1850 to represent [[Yuba County, California|Yuba County]], but he lost a race the next year for the [[California State Senate|State Senate]]. His successful legal practice led to his election to the [[Supreme Court of California|California Supreme Court]] in 1857, serving six years.<ref>{{harvp|McCloskey|1951|pp= 96-97}}.</ref>

Field was determined and vengeful when others disagreed with him, and he easily made enemies. An  opponent of his wrote that  Field's life would be "found to be one series of little-mindedness, meanlinesses, of braggadocio, pusillanimity, and contemptible vanity."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_field.html |title=Stephen Johnson Field |access-date=March 3, 2020 |archive-date=March 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303171524/https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_field.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

While serving on the California Supreme Court, Field had a special coat made with pockets large enough to hold two pistols so that he could fire the weapons inside the pockets.<ref>{{harvp|Tocklin|1997|p= 102}}.</ref> In 1858 he was challenged to a duel by a fellow Judge (William T. Barbour) but at the dueling ground, neither man fired his gun.<ref>{{harvp|Tocklin|1997|p= 105}}.</ref>

In 1859 Field replaced the former chief justice of the California Supreme Court, [[David S. Terry]], because Judge Terry killed a United States Senator from California ([[David Colbreth Broderick]]) in a duel and left the state.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=J. Edward|title=History of the California Supreme Court: The Justices 1850–1900 |volume= 1|date=1963|publisher=Bender Moss Co|location=San Francisco|pages=65–72|url=http://library.courtinfo.ca.gov/included/docs/SCJC_Vol_1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124828/http://library.courtinfo.ca.gov/included/docs/SCJC_Vol_1.pdf|archive-date=August 17, 2018|access-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> Field and Terry's paths crossed again 30 years later when Field, acting in his capacity as a circuit judge of the 9th [[United States circuit court|Federal Circuit Court]], ruled against Terry in a convoluted divorce case (and had him sent to jail for contempt of court as well). Seeking revenge, Terry attempted to kill Field in 1889 near [[Stockton, California]], but was instead shot dead by Field's bodyguard, U.S. Marshal [[David Neagle|David B. Neagle]]. Legal issues arising from the killing of Terry came before the Supreme Court in the 1890 [[habeas corpus]] case of ''[[In re Neagle]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=George C. |last=Gorham|title=The Story of the Attempted Assassination of Justice Field by a Former Associate on the Supreme Bench of California|magazine=Journal of the Supreme Court Historical Society|volume=30|issue=2|year=2005|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5818.2005.00102.x|pages=105–194}}</ref> The Court ruled the [[United States Attorney General]] had authority to appoint U.S. Marshals as bodyguards to Supreme Court justices and Marshal Neagle had acted within the scope of his authority in shooting Terry. Field [[recuse]]d himself from the case.<ref>{{cite web|title=In the Matter of David Neagle |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/neagle/neagle5.htm|website=U.S. Marshals Service |access-date=10 March 2017|ref=2|archive-date=February 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213065039/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/neagle/neagle5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==U.S. Supreme Court justice==
[[Image:STField-SCjustice.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.740|Stephen Johnson Field]]
The number of seats on the [[United States Supreme Court]] was expanded from nine to ten in March 1863, as a result of the [[Tenth Circuit Act of 1863|Tenth Circuit Act]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.fjc.gov/history/legislation/landmark-legislation-tenth-circuit| title=Landmark Legislation: Tenth Circuit| publisher=Federal Judicial Center| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=February 18, 2022}}</ref> This gave President [[Abraham Lincoln]] an opportunity to [[Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States|nominate]] a new [[Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|associate justice]], which he did on March 6, 1863.<ref name=RL33225>{{cite report| last=McMillion| first=Barry J.| date= January 28, 2022| title=Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President| url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf| publisher=Congressional Research Service| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=February 18, 2022}}</ref> Seeking to effect both a regional and political balance on the Court, Lincoln selected Field, a [[Western United States|westerner]] and [[War Democrat|Unionist Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web| first=Timothy| last=Sandefur| title=Happy birthday, Stephen J. Field!| date=November 4, 2010| url=https://pacificlegal.org/happy-birthday-stephen-j-field/| publisher=Pacific Legal Foundation| location=Sacramento, California| access-date=February 18, 2022}}</ref> Field was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on March 10, 1863,<ref name=RL33225/> and took the [[Oath of office#Federal judiciary oaths|judicial oath of office]] on May 20, 1863.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx| title= Justices 1789 to Present| publisher=Supreme Court of the United States| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>

Field insisted on breaking [[John Marshall]]'s record of 34 years on the court, even when he was no longer able to handle the workload. His colleagues asked him to resign due to him being intermittently [[senile]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Era of Mellville Weston Fuller |first=Jeffrey B. |last=Morris |year=1981 |journal=Supreme Court Historical Society 1981 Yearbook |publisher=[[Supreme Court Historical Society]] |url=http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c03_f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002223057/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c03_f.html |archive-date=October 2, 2006 }}</ref> but he refused; at one point [[John Marshall Harlan]] urged Field to retire, reminding Field that he had been part of a committee to urge Justice [[Robert Cooper Grier|Robert Grier]] to retire. Finding Field dozing in the robing room, Harlan later related what happened next: “The old man listened, gradually became alert, and finally, with his eyes blazing with the fire of youth, he burst out, ‘Yes, and a dirtier day’s work I never did in my life.'”<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Cover-Ups To Secret Plots: The Murky History Of Supreme Justices' Health |url=https://wamu.org/story/19/01/23/from-cover-ups-to-secret-plots-the-murky-history-of-supreme-justices-health/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=WAMU |language=en}}</ref>

In March 1896, he wrote what would be his final opinion on behalf of the Court, but remained on the bench for another twenty months, finally retiring on December 1, 1897.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Garrowt| first=David J.| title=Mental Decrepitude on the U.S. Supreme Court: The Historical Case for a 28th Amendment| date=Autumn 2000| volume=67| issue=4| journal=The University of Chicago Law Review| page=1009| url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5893&context=uclrev| access-date=February 18, 2022}}</ref> Field would become the last veteran of both the [[Taney Court]] and the [[Chase Court]] to remain on the bench. He would remain the [[List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office|longest serving]] member of the Court until his record was surpassed by [[William O. Douglas]], who served from 1939 to 1975.

He died in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 1899, and was buried there in the [[Rock Creek Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Stephen J. Field: Craftsman of the Law| last=Swisher| first=Carl Brent| page=449| url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010252149&view=1up&seq=492| publisher=The Brookings Institution| location=Washington, D.C.| year=1930| access-date=February 18, 2022| via=HathiTrust}}</ref>

===Jurisprudence===
Field wrote 544 opinions, more than any other justice save for [[Samuel Freeman Miller|Samuel Miller]], [[John Paul Stevens|John P. Stevens]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1128989/a-look-back-at-justice-stevens-most-important-opinions|title=A Look Back at Justice Stevens' Most Important Opinions - Law360|access-date=May 7, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507155857/https://www.law360.com/articles/1128989/a-look-back-at-justice-stevens-most-important-opinions|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Clarence Thomas]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Clarence_Thomas_%28Supreme_Court%29 |title=Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court) - Ballotpedia<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415080144/https://ballotpedia.org/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court) |url-status=live }}</ref> (by comparison, Chief Justice Marshall wrote 508 opinions in his 34 years on the court).<ref>{{harvp|Tocklin|1997|loc = n. 174}}.</ref> According to journalist [[Brian Doherty (journalist)|Brian Doherty]], "Field was one of the pioneers of the concept (beloved by many [[Libertarian theories of law|libertarian legal thinkers]]) of [[substantive due process]] – the notion that the due process protected by the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] applied not merely to procedures but to the substance of laws as well."<ref>{{cite book |author-link = Brian Doherty (journalist) |last = Doherty |first = Brian |title = [[Radicals for Capitalism|Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement]] |page = 28 |year = 2007 }}</ref> Field's vocal advocacy of [[substantive due process]] was illustrated in his dissents to the ''[[Slaughter-House Cases]]'' and ''[[Munn v. Illinois]]''. In the ''Slaughter-House Cases'', Justice Field's dissent focused on the Privileges or Immunities clause, not the Due Process clause (which was important in the dissent of Justice Bradley as well as the dissent of Justice Swayne). In both ''Munn v. Illinois'' and ''[[Mugler v. Kansas]]'', Justice Field based his dissent on the protection of property interests by the Due Process clause. One of Field's most notable opinions was his majority opinion in ''[[Pennoyer v. Neff]]'', which set the standard on [[personal jurisdiction]] for the next 100 years. His views on due process were eventually adopted by the court's majority after he left the Supreme Court. In other cases he helped end the [[income tax]] (''[[Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company]]''), limited [[United States antitrust law|antitrust law]] (''[[United States v. E.C. Knight Company]]''), and limited the power of the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]]. He also joined the majority in ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' that upheld [[racial segregation]]. Field dissented in the landmark case ''[[Strauder v. West Virginia]]'', where the majority opinion held that the exclusion of African-Americans from juries violated the Fourteenth Amendment's [[Equal Protection Clause]].

[[File:Justice Field.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Field's gravesite]]
Early in his career, Field wrote opinions against California's laws discriminating against the Chinese immigrants to that state.<ref>{{harvp|McCloskey|1951|pp= 109-111}}.</ref> Serving as an individual jurist in district court, he notably struck down the so-called '[[Pigtail Ordinance]]' in 1879, which was regarded as discriminating against Chinese, making him unpopular with the Californian public. In his 1884 district court ruling, ''In re [[Look Tin Eli|Look Tin Sing]]'', he declared that children born in U.S. jurisdictions are U.S. citizens regardless of ancestry.<ref name="looktinsing ruling">{{cite web |title=In re Look Tin Sing (Ruling) |url=http://libraryweb.uchastings.edu/library/research/special-collections/wong-kim-ark/21%20F.%20905.pdf |website=libraryweb.uchastings.edu |publisher=Federal Reporter 21 F. 905, Circuit Court, D. California, September 29, 1884 |access-date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004060216/http://libraryweb.uchastings.edu/library/research/special-collections/wong-kim-ark/21%20F.%20905.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, as a member of the U.S. Supreme Court, he penned opinions infused with racist anti-Chinese-American rhetoric, most notably in his majority opinion in ''The Chinese Exclusion Case, [[Chae Chan Ping v. United States]],'' 130 U.S. 581 (1889), and in his dissent in ''Chew Heong v. United States'', 112 U.S. 536 (1884).

===Academic work===
In November 1885, Field served as an original trustee of [[Stanford University|Leland Stanford Junior University]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Leland Stanford Jr. University|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SD18851128.2.2&srpos=146&e=-------en--20--141--txt-txIN-%22t.+b.+mcfarland%22-------1|access-date=August 15, 2017|work=Sonoma Democrat|via=California Digital Newspaper Collection|date=November 28, 1885|page=1|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816063649/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SD18851128.2.2&srpos=146&e=-------en--20--141--txt-txIN-%22t.+b.+mcfarland%22-------1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Juristic person]] (Corporate personhood)
*[[Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
*[[List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court]]
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court]]
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court]]
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court]]
*[[List of justices of the Supreme Court of California]]
* [[List of United States federal judges by longevity of service]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Abraham |first=Henry J. |title=Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court |url=https://archive.org/details/justicespresiden0000abra |url-access=registration |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |location=New York |isbn=0-19-506557-3 }}
*{{cite book |last = Beatty |first = Jack |title = Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America 1865–1900 |publisher = Knopf |year = 2007 }}
*{{cite book |last=Cushman |first=Clare |title=The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 |edition=2nd |publisher=([[Supreme Court Historical Society]], Congressional Quarterly Books) |year=2001 |isbn=1-56802-126-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Frank |first=John P. |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Leon |editor2-last=Israel |editor2-first=Fred L. |title=The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |year=1995 |isbn=0-7910-1377-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Kermit L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992 |location=New York |isbn=0-19-505835-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall }}
*{{cite book |last=Kens |first=Paul |title=Justice Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from the Gold Rush to the Gilded Age |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7006-0817-1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Fenton S. |author2=Goehlert, Robert U. |title=The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Books |year=1990 |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-87187-554-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart }}
*{{cite book |last=Urofsky |first=Melvin I. |title=The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Garland Publishing |year=1994 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590 590] |isbn=0-8153-1176-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Field, Stephen Johnson}}
*[[Oyez.org|Oyez Project]], [https://www.oyez.org/justices/stephen_j_field/ Official Supreme Court media, Stephen Johnson Field.]
*[https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_field.html Stephen Johnson Field] at [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020508033753/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/033.html Stephen J. Field at] [[Supreme Court Historical Society]].
* {{Gutenberg author |id=6254| name=Stephen Johnson Field}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Stephen Johnson Field}}
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8q2nb3dh/?query=Stephen%2520J.%2520Field Guide to the Stephen Johnson Field Letters Addressed to Him, 1862-1896.] at [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [http://www.courts.ca.gov/12523.htm Past & Present Justices]. California State Courts.

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{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[California State Assembly]]<br />from the [[California's 14th State Assembly district|14th]] district|years=1851–1852}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Justice of California]]|years=1859–1863}}
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{{s-new|seat}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]|years=1863–1897}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph McKenna]]}}
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{{Election Commission}}
{{SCOTUS Justices}}
{{Taney Court}}
{{United States presidential election, 1868}}
{{United States presidential election, 1880}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Field, Stephen Johnson}}
[[Category:1816 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:Episcopalians from California]]
[[Category:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery]]
[[Category:Chief justices of California]]
[[Category:Field family]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Haddam, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Marysville, California]]
[[Category:People of California in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:United States federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1880 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
[[Category:Williams College alumni]]
[[Category:United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law]]
[[Category:Stanford University trustees]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of California]]
[[Category:19th-century members of the California State Legislature]]
[[Category:Delta Upsilon members]]