View source for Stepan Makarov

{{distinguish|Konstantin Makarov}}
{{Short description|Russian admiral and scientist (1849–1904)}}
{{family name hatnote|Osipovich|[[Makarov (surname)|Makarov]]|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Stepan Osipovich Makarov
| birth_date    = {{OldStyleDateDY|8 January|1849|27 December 1848}}
| death_date    = {{OldStyleDate|13 April|1904|31 March}} (aged 55)
| birth_place   = [[Mykolaiv|Nikolaev]], [[Kherson Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (present-day Mykolaiv, [[Mykolaiv Oblast]], [[Ukraine]])
| death_place   = near [[Lüshunkou|Port Arthur]], [[Qing Dynasty|China]]
| native_name   = Осипов Степан Макарович
| native_name_lang = ru
| image         = No-nb bldsa 1c030 Stepan Osipovitsj Makarov (cropped).jpg
| caption       = Admiral Stepan Makarov, in the [[National Library of Norway]]
| nickname      = 
| allegiance    = {{flag|Russian Empire}}
| branch        = {{navy|Russian Empire}}
| serviceyears  = 1863–1904
| rank          = [[Vice Admiral]]
| commands      = [[Russian Pacific Fleet]]
| battles       = [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]<br/>[[Russo-Japanese War]]{{KIA}}
| awards        = [[Order of St. George]]
| laterwork     = 
}}

'''Stepan Osipovich Makarov''' ({{langx|ru|Степан Осипович Макаров}}, {{langx|uk|Степан Осипович Макаров}}; {{OldStyleDateDY|8 January|1849|27 December 1848}} – {{OldStyleDate|13 April|1904|31 March}}) was a [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] [[vice-admiral]], commander in the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], [[oceanographer]], member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], and author of several books. He was a pioneer of [[insubmersibility]] theory (the concept of counter-flooding to stabilise a damaged ship), and developer of a [[Cyrillic]]-based [[semaphore alphabet]]. A proponent of [[icebreaker]] use, he supervised the first [[Yermak (1898 icebreaker)|polar icebreaker]] construction. Makarov also designed several ships.

Makarov saw service in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]] as a captain, and ordered the first successful attack with a self propelled torpedo. He served again in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] as vice-admiral and was assigned to the defense of [[Port Arthur, China|Port Arthur]], where he was hailed as a competent and aggressive commander. On 13 April 1904 Makarov led his flotilla to the aid of a destroyer that had been ambushed by the Japanese. Makarov was killed in the subsequent battle when his flagship [[Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1894)|''Petropavlovsk'']] struck a naval mine and the ship's [[Magazine (artillery)|magazine]] detonated. Japanese divers found Makarov's body after the war and gave him a burial at sea, and as a mark of good will Japanese officers led Makarov's funeral in Port Arthur. In 1946, after the [[Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin]], the village of Shiritoru on that island was forcibly depopulated of its Japanese inhabitants and renamed [[Makarov, Russia|Makarov]] in his honor.

==Early life==
[[File:Makarov house.JPG|thumb|left|250px| Makarov's birthplace in Mykolaiv]]

Stepan Makarov was born in Nikolaev (present-day [[Mykolayiv]], [[Ukraine]]) into a family of fleet ''[[praporshchik]]'' (прапорщик по Адмиралтейству, an auxiliary officer). His family moved to [[Nikolayevsk-on-Amur|Nikolayevsk na Amure]] on the Pacific coast of Russia in 1858, and Makarov attended school there. In 1863 he joined the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], where he served as a [[Officer cadet|cadet]] aboard a [[Clipper ship|clipper]] of the [[Russian Pacific Fleet]]. In 1866 he took part in the voyage of the [[corvette]] {{ill|corvette Askold|lt=''Askold''|ru|Аскольд (корвет)}} from [[Vladivostok]] to [[Kronstadt]] ''via'' the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Between 1867 and 1876 Makarov served with the [[Baltic Fleet#Age of iron|Baltic Fleet]] as [[flag captain]] under Admiral [[Andrei Alexandrovich Popov|Andrei Popov]]. He transferred to the [[Black Sea Fleet#Imperial Russian Navy|Black Sea Fleet]] in 1876.

In 1870 Makarov invented a design for a collision mat to seal holes in a ship's [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]]. The invention was displayed at the [[Weltausstellung 1873 Wien|1873 Vienna World's Fair]], which Makarov attended.

==Russo-Turkish War==
Makarov was highly decorated for his service as a [[Captain (naval)|captain]] of the Russian torpedo boat [[Ship's tender|tender]] {{ship|Russian tender|Velikiy Knyaz Konstantin||2}} in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]]. He was one of the first to adopt the idea of using [[flotilla]]s of [[torpedo boat]]s and had combat experience as a torpedo boat commander. On 14 January 1878 he launched [[torpedo]]es from a boat (which itself was launched from a tender) sinking the [[Ottoman Navy#Decline (1827–1908)|Ottoman Navy]] vessel ''Intibakh'' at [[Batumi]] in the world's first successful attack using the self-propelled [[Whitehead torpedo]].<ref>"The following January[1878], Makarov acquired automotive Whitehead torpedoes, and on the 14th of the same month he destroyed the Turkish despatch boat INTIBAKH by two of these torpedoes launched at a distance of 230 feet (70 m) by the torpedo launches CHESME and SINOPE, the first successful operational use of this weapon." -p8. Norman Polmar and Jurrien Noot (1991). ''Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718-1990''. Naval Institute Press. {{ISBN|9780870215704}}.</ref>

From 1879 to 1880, Makarov was part of the maritime contingent during the [[Battle of Geok Tepe|Russian conquest of Central Asia]]. He was promoted to captain, 1st rank, on 1 January 1881.

==Naval innovator==
[[File:Yermak icebreaker.jpg|thumb|The icebreaker ''Yermak'']]
Over the next two decades, Makarov specialized in naval research, publishing over fifty papers on oceanography and naval tactics.<ref name= Kowner>Kowner, '' Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War'', p. 217.</ref> As captain of the corvette ''Vityaz'', Makarov directed a round-the-world oceanographic expedition from 1886 to 1889. Makarov was promoted to [[rear admiral]] in 1890, the youngest person in the history of the Russian Navy to attain such a position.<ref name= Kowner/> From 1890 to 1894, Makarov served as Chief Inspector of Naval Ordinance, during which time he invented the "Makarov cap", an armor-piercing projectile whose design was soon copied by all navies. From 1894 to 1895, Makarov was commander of the Mediterranean Squadron.<ref name= Kowner/> From 1895 to 1896, Makarov was in charge of naval training. He became a [[vice admiral]] in 1896, and began to concentrate on a design for new warships, especially [[icebreaker]]s needed to establish a northern sea route between Europe and East Asia.<ref name= Kowner/> Makarov led an expedition to survey the mouths of the [[Ob River|Ob]] and the [[Yenisei River]]s in 1897. As part of his research on icebreaking methods, Makarov visited the [[Great Lakes]] of North America in 1898 to study methods in use by [[Train ferry|railroad ferries]] in winter.<ref>''Port Huron (MI) Daily Times'', April 14, 1904. p. 1</ref> He proposed the world's first polar icebreaker, {{ship||Yermak|1898 icebreaker|2}}, oversaw her construction, and commanded her on her maiden voyage in 1899. In 1899, Makarov was also appointed commander and military governor of Kronstadt in January 1900.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence |date=17 January 1900 |page=9 |issue=36041}}</ref> In 1901, Makarov commanded ''Yermak'' on an Arctic expedition to survey the coasts of [[Novaya Zemlya]] and [[Franz Josef Land]].

==Lake Baikal icebreakers==
[[File:SS Baikal.jpg|thumb|SS ''Baikal'' in service on Lake Baikal]]
Makarov also designed two icebreaking steamships to connect the [[Trans-Siberian Railway#Construction|Trans-Siberian Railway]] across [[Lake Baikal]]: the train ferry {{SS|Baikal}} built in 1897 and passenger and package freight steamer {{SS|Angara}} built in about 1900,<ref name=BaikalTravel>{{cite web |url=http://www.lakebaikaltravel.com/baikal-travel-guide/landmarks-baikal/83-irkutsk-ice-breaker-angara.html |title=Irkutsk: Ice-Breaker "Angara" |work=Lake Baikal Travel Company |access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=BaikalHomepage>{{cite web |url=http://www.irkutsk.org/baikal/railway.htm |title=Circumbaikal Railway |last=Babanine |first=Fedor |year=2003 |work=Lake Baikal Homepage |publisher=Fedor Babanine |access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref> based upon his study of similar vessels on the North American Great Lakes.

[[Armstrong Whitworth]] in [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], England, built the ships in kit form and sent them to [[Listvyanka, Irkutsky District, Irkutsk Oblast|Listvyanka]] on Lake Baikal for reassembly. Their boilers, engines and some other components were built in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name=BaikalHomepage/> ''Baikal'' had 15 boilers, four funnels, was {{convert|64|m}} long and could carry 24 railway coaches and one locomotive on her middle deck.<ref name=BaikalTravel/><ref name=BaikalHomepage/> ''Angara'' is smaller, with two funnels.<ref name=BaikalTravel/><ref name=BaikalHomepage/>

''Baikal'' was burnt out and destroyed in the [[Russian Civil War]].<ref name=BaikalTravel/><ref name=BaikalHomepage/> ''Angara'' survives, has been restored and is permanently moored at Irkutsk where she serves as offices and a museum.<ref name=BaikalTravel/>

==Russo-Japanese War==
After the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'s surprise attack at [[Port Arthur naval base|Port Arthur]] on 9 February 1904, Admiral Makarov was sent to command the [[Imperial Russian Navy]]'s battle fleet stationed there on 24 February, establishing the [[battleship]] {{ship|Russian battleship|Petropavlovsk|1894|2}} as his flagship. His leadership differed greatly from any other Russian naval officer during this war, offering diversity, aggression, and an ability to ''"inspire confidence in his subordinates"''.<ref>Grant, p. 131</ref>

Upon his assumption of command in early 1904, Makarov greatly increased the activity in the Russian [[Squadron (naval)|squadrons]], as well as the general defense of Port Arthur.<ref name="Grant, p. 93">Grant, p. 93</ref> Until then the Russian fleet had generally done nothing<ref>Grant, p. 121</ref> but exist, as a [[fleet in being]].<ref>Mahan, p. 456</ref> Under Makarov's leadership, ''"Russian squadrons put to sea nearly every day, constantly on the move, and ensuring that it was never taken by surprise outside the protection of Port Arthur's"'' shore batteries.<ref>Grant, p. 120</ref>

Unlike his predecessors, Makarov sought engagements with the Japanese,<ref>Grant, p. 126</ref> and kept his vessels in an [[order of battle]] in the roadstead of Port Arthur.<ref>Grant, p. 115</ref> When Japanese [[cruiser]]s bombarded Port Arthur from the [[Yellow Sea]] in March, his cruisers returned fire with such intensity that the Japanese ships were forced to withdraw.<ref name="Grant, p. 93"/> That same month the Japanese Navy tried to seal the port's entrance by sinking a number of old steamships as [[blockship]]s in the harbor's channel. Russian cruisers assigned to protect the entrance pursued the escorting Japanese warships and quickly put them to flight.<ref>Grant, p. 116</ref>

On 13 April 1904 the Russian [[destroyer]] ''Strasny'' returning from patrol, tried to re-enter the mouth of the Port Arthur but was intercepted by Japanese destroyers.<ref>Grant, p. 125</ref> An engagement began between the opposing destroyers, and when observed by Makarov he immediately sent the cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Bayan|1900|2}} to assist ''Strasny'', while he led three battleships, four cruisers, and a group of destroyers into the Yellow Sea to seek battle with the surrounding enemy warships led by Japanese Admiral [[Tōgō Heihachirō]].<ref>Grant p. 126</ref> While rushing out of the harbour, Makarov failed to check for mines, but ordered that the area be swept for mines before his return.<ref>Warner p. 255</ref>

The Japanese warships withdrew with Makarov in pursuit. As Makarov caught up to the Japanese fleet, the thick fog that blanketed the sea lifted to reveal the Japanese trap: Admiral Togo was waiting with his capital ship and five additional battleships, plus six additional first-class cruisers bringing up the rear. Makarov quickly turned his force around and fled back to the safety of Port Arthur's harbour.<ref>Warner, p.257</ref> As ''Petropavlovsk'' moved closer to the harbour's entrance, she detonated a Japanese [[Naval mine|mine]] that his men had failed to clear as he had instructed.<ref>Watts, p. 20</ref> Secondary explosions followed quickly in succession and ''Petropavlovsk'' sank, taking Admiral Makarov with her.<ref>Grant, p. 127, 128</ref><ref>Spector, p. 2</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=War Lasted 18 Months, Biggest Battle Known |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/08/30/101366336.pdf |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=August 30, 1905 |access-date=September 15, 2011}}</ref>

The admiral's remains and those of five of his officers were recovered from the wreck of ''Petropavlovsk'' by Japanese salvage teams, and in 1913, as a gesture of good will, the officers and crew of the Japanese cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Akitsushima||2}} presided over the funeral for the admiral in the military cemetery of Port Arthur.{{sfn|Taras|p=27}}

==Monuments==
[[File:Monument to Admiral Makarov in Kronstadt 01.jpg|thumb|Monument to Stepan Makarov in the City of Kronstadt ]]
There are monuments to Makarov in his native Mykolayiv, Ukraine, and in [[Vladivostok]] and [[Kronstadt]], Russia. A number of ships have been named ''[[Admiral Makarov (disambiguation)#Ships|Admiral Makarov]]''. An island in the Tsivolk group of the [[Nordenskiöld Archipelago]] was named after him. [[Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding|National University of Shipbuilding]] in [[Mykolaiv]] and [[Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy|State Maritime Academy]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] are named after him.

Three icebreakers have been named after Makarov. The first was a steam-powered icebreaker built in 1941 as ''V. Molotov'' that was renamed ''Admiral Makarov'' in 1956. The second [[Admiral Makarov (icebreaker)|''Admiral Makarov'']] was built in 1975 and remains in service {{asof|2015|lc=y}}. The third one, ''Stepan Makarov'', is an icebreaking standby vessel that was completed in 2016.

There were two streets named after Makarov in the [[central Ukraine|central Ukrainian]] city [[Dnipro]]. On 22 February 2023 the city council of Dnipro renamed these streets.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stas Rudenko|title=Marshal Malinovsky remains: 26 streets were renamed in Dnipro|url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/marshala-malinovskogo-zalishayetsya-u-dnipri-pereymenuvali-26-vulic|website=Informator|date=22 February 2023|access-date=22 February 2023|lang=Ukrainian}}</ref>
[[File:1989 CPA 6162.jpg|thumb|Stepan Makarov on a Soviet postage stamp]]
Makaroff, [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]] is named after Admiral Makarov. Five miles west in [[Saskatchewan]] is the community of [[Togo, Saskatchewan|Togo]], which is named after the Japanese Admiral [[Tōgō Heihachirō]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Captain R. |title=Before Port Arthur in a Destroyer: The Personal Diary of a Japanese Naval Officer |year=1907 |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Mahan |first=Captain Alfred Thayer |author-link=Alfred Thayer Mahan |title=Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the Japan Sea (Tsushima) |journal=[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]] |volume=XXXVI |issue=2 |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |date=June 1906}}
* {{cite book|last=Kowner|first=Rotem|author-link=Rotem Kowner|year=2006|title=Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War|publisher = Scarecrow|isbn= 0-8108-4927-5}}
*{{Cite book |last=Spector |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald H. Spector |title=At War, at Sea: Sailors and Naval Warfare in the Twentieth Century |year=2001 |location=New York |publisher=[[Viking Press]] |isbn=978-0-670-86085-2 |oclc=123102596 |url=https://archive.org/details/atwaratseasailor00spec |url-access=registration }}
*{{Cite book | last = Taras | first = Alexander | year = 2000 | title = Корабли Российского императорского флота 1892–1917 гг. |trans-title=Ships of the Imperial Russian Navy 1892–1917 | location = Minsk | publisher = Kharvest | series = Library of Military History | language = ru | isbn = 978-985-433-888-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Taras}} }}
*{{Cite book |last=Watts |first=Anthony J. |title=The Imperial Russian Navy |year=1990 |location=London |publisher=Arms and Armour Press |isbn=0-85368-912-1}}
*[[MPHK Catalogue of collectible silver coins 2012-13]] p.&nbsp;37., p.&nbsp;81 http://asia-business.ru/netcat_files/Image/COINS/Catalog%202012-2013%20MPHK.pdf
*{{Cite book |last=Warner |first=Denis |title=The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War: 1904-1905 |year=1974 |location=New York |publisher=[[Charter House (publishing house)|Charter House]]}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Stepan Makarov}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030919073942/http://hronos.km.ru/biograf/makarov.html Admiral Makarov] {{lang in|ru}}
*[http://www.peoples.ru/military/admiral/makarov/ Biography at peoples.ru]  {{lang in|ru}}

{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makarov, Stepan}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Russian polar explorers]]
[[Category:Explorers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Inventors from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel killed in the Russo-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Ukrainian polar explorers]]
[[Category:Ukrainian explorers]]
[[Category:Ukrainian inventors]]
[[Category:Marine engineers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mykolaiv]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)]]
[[Category:Captains who went down with the ship]]
[[Category:Military writers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Writers from Mykolaiv]]
[[Category:Russian scientists]]