View source for Star Trek project

{{Short description|Collaborative Apple Computer and Novell prototype operating system}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2015|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=January 2022}}
'''Star Trek''' is the [[code name]] that was given to a secret [[prototype]] project, running a port of [[System 7|Macintosh System 7]] and its applications on [[Intel]]-compatible [[x86]] [[personal computer]]s.  The project, starting in February 1992,<ref name="Caldera_1997_Full-Story"/> was conceived in collaboration between [[Apple Computer]], who provided the majority of engineers, and [[Novell]], who at the time was one of the leaders of [[Cross-platform software|cross-platform]] file-servers.  The plan was that Novell would market the resulting [[operating system|OS]] as a challenge to [[Microsoft Windows]], but the project was discontinued in 1993 and never released, although components were reused in other projects. The project was named after the ''[[Star Trek]]'' science fiction franchise with the slogan "[[Where no man has gone before|To boldly go where no Mac has gone before]]".<ref name="Mardesich_1997"/>

==History==
The impetus for the creation of the Star Trek project began out of Novell's desire to increase its competition against the monopoly of [[Microsoft]] and its [[DOS]]-based Windows products.<ref name="Hormby_2014"/> While Microsoft was eventually convicted many years later of illegal monopoly status, Novell had called Microsoft's presence "predatory" and the [[United States Department of Justice|US Department of Justice]] had called it "exclusionary" and "unlawful".<ref name="Caldera_1996"/> Novell's first idea to extend its desktop presence with a graphical computing environment was to adapt [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]] desktop environment, but Novell's legal department rejected this due to apprehension of a possible legal response from Apple, so the company went directly to Apple. With shared concerns in the anti-competitive marketplace, Intel's CEO [[Andy Grove]] supported the two companies in launching their joint project Star Trek on February 14, 1992 (Valentine's Day).<ref name="Hormby_2014"/>

Apple set a deadline of October 31, 1992 (Halloween Day), promising the engineering team members a performance bonus of a large cash award and a vacation in [[Cancun, Mexico]]. Of the project, team member Fred Monroe later reflected, "We worked like dogs. It was some of the most fun I've had working".<ref name="Linzmayer_1999"/>

Achieving their deadline goal and receiving their bonuses,<ref name="Linzmayer_1999"/> the developers eventually reached a point where they could boot an Intel [[80486|486]] PC (with very specific hardware) into System 7.1, and its on-screen appearance was indistinguishable from a Mac. However, every program would then need to be ported to the new x86 architecture to run.<ref name="Cortese_1993"/> It was to sit on top of a then upcoming release of [[DR DOS]] and it was noted that programs would have to be [[recompiled]].<ref name="MacWorld_1993"/>
The tagline for the project was "to boldly go where no Mac has gone before", which ''[[Computerworld]]'' mocked with the comment "the OS that boldly goes where everyone else has been".{{citation needed|reason=Previous citation, ComputerWorld, 2 November 1992, does not contain this reference (see "Computerworld 1992-11-02: Vol 26 Iss 44" at archive.org).|date=February 2021}}

However, the project was canceled in mid-1993 because of political infighting, personnel issues, and the questionable marketability<ref name="Cortese_1993"/> of such a project. Apple's side of the project had seen the exit of a supportive CEO, [[John Sculley]], in favor of a new CEO, [[Michael Spindler]]. Spindler was not interested in the project, instead reallocating most software engineering resources toward [[Power Macintosh]], the company's ongoiong migration to the competing [[PowerPC]] architecture. While Apple came close to releasing [[Rhapsody (operating system)|Rhapsody]] in 1998 on x86 systems, even going so far as to ship a developer release for Intel hardware,<ref name="WWPC"/><ref name="DR2_2007"/> no [[Macintosh operating system]]s launched natively on Intel hardware until the official transition of [[Mac OS X]] in 2006.<ref name="Hormby_2014"/>

{{quotation|All the MBAs in the world can't convince us it’s a good model.|Roger Heinen, Manager of Mac software architecture,<br />on the objectives of Star Trek in March 1992<ref name="Linzmayer_1999"/>{{rp|page=179}}}}

=={{anchor|DR DOS}}Architecture==
Star Trek was designed as a hybrid of Apple's [[classic Mac OS|Macintosh]] [[operating system]], made to run as an [[operating system shell|operating system GUI shell]] application upon Novell's next in-development version of the [[DR&nbsp;DOS]] operating system.<ref name="Cortese_1993"/> It was designed so that a user could think of it as a standalone application platform and general computing environment, in a concept similar to Microsoft's competing [[Windows 3.1x]], running on top of DOS. This was a radical and tedious departure both technologically and culturally, because at that time, the Macintosh system software had only ever officially run on Apple's own computers, which were all based on the [[Motorola 68000]] architecture.

The system was built on the successor of [[Digital Research]]'s DR&nbsp;DOS 6.0 ([[BDOS]] level 6.7 and 7.1) and NetWare [[PalmDOS]] 1.0 (code named "Merlin", BDOS level 7.0), Novell's DR&nbsp;DOS "Panther" as a fully PC&nbsp;DOS compatible [[16-bit]] disk operating system (with genuinely DOS compatible internal data structures) for [[Bootstrapping|bootstrap]]ping, media access, [[device driver]]s and [[file system]] support.  The system would utilize DR&nbsp;DOS's new "Vladivar" Extended&nbsp;DOS component with [[Flat memory model|flat memory]] support, which had been under development since 1991.<ref group="nb" name="NB_Panther"/> "Vladivar" (<code>DEVICE=KRNL386.SYS</code><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/> aka <code>DEVICE=EMM386.EXE /MULTI</code> + <code>TASKMGR</code>)<ref name="Caldera_1997_MULTI"/> was a dynamically loadable [[32-bit]]<ref name="Cortese_1993"/> [[protected mode]] system core for advanced [[memory management]], hardware [[virtualization]], [[scheduling (computing)|scheduling]] and domain management for [[preemption (computing)|pre-emptive]] [[Multithreading (software)|multithreading]] within applications as well as [[Computer multitasking|multitasking]] of independent applications running in different [[virtual DOS machine]]s (comparable to [[386 Enhanced Mode|Windows 386 Enhanced Mode]] but without a [[GUI]]).<ref name="Caldera_1997_MULTI"/>

Thereby, the previously loaded DOS environment including all its device drivers became part of the system domain under the multitasker.<ref name="Caldera_1997_MULTI"/> Unless specific protected mode [[VxD|virtual device driver]]s were loaded, hardware access got tunneled through this 16-bit sub-system by default.  For maximum speed at minimum resource footprint, the DR&nbsp;DOS [[BIOS]], BDOS [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]], device drivers, memory managers and the multitasker were written in pure x86 [[assembly language]].  Apple's port of [[System 7 (Macintosh)|System 7.1]] would run on top of this high-performance yet light-weight hybrid 32-bit/16-bit protected mode multitasking environment as a graphical system and shell in [[user space]]. Macintosh [[resource fork]]s and [[long filenames]] were [[File Allocation Table#ADS|mapped onto]] the [[FAT12]] and [[FAT16]] file systems.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

== Legacy ==
Though the joint effort had been canceled, Novell published the long-awaited [[DR-DOS|DR DOS 7.0]] as [[Novell DOS|Novell DOS 7]] (BDOS&nbsp;7.2) in 1994.  Besides many other additions in the areas of advanced memory and disk management and networking, Novell&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;7 provided all of Novell's underlying "STDOS" components of the DR&nbsp;DOS Panther and Vladivar projects except for the graphical Star Trek component itself, which had been jointly developed by Apple and Novell.  Instead, TASKMGR provides a text mode interface to the underlying multitasker in [[EMM386]], but the system also provides an [[API]] to allow third-party GUIs to take control.<!-- INT 2Fh/4Bh --><ref name="Caldera_1997_MULTI"/><ref name="Brown_2000_RBIL61"/><ref name="Paul_2002"/> [[Microsoft Windows]], [[ViewMAX 2]] and [[ViewMAX 3|3]], and [[PC/GEOS]] / [[NewDeal]] are known to utilize this interface, when run on Novell&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;7 (or its successors [[OpenDOS]] 7.01 or DR-DOS 7.02 and higher), and Star&nbsp;Trek would have been yet another one.<ref name="Paul_2002"/>  In fact, some additional hooks had been implemented specifically for the Star&nbsp;Trek GUI for [[frame buffer]] access.  These hooks have never been stripped out of EMM386 but just left undocumented.<ref name="Brown_2000_RBIL61"/>

Apple reused some of the platform abstraction technology developed for Star Trek, incorporating it into the concurrently developed [[System 7#Transition to PowerPC|migration]] to the [[PowerPC]] architecture. This abstraction technology includes the capability of loading the Macintosh [[read-only memory|ROM]] data from a file instead of from a ROM chip.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Loading the Mac OS ROM file was first used in the original iMac as a CHRP [[New World ROM]] system.

Former Star Trek team members Fred Monroe and Fred Huxham formed the company Fredlabs, Inc.  In January 1997, the company released VirtualMac, a Mac OS application compatibility virtual machine for [[BeOS]].<ref name="Linzmayer_1999"/>{{rp|page=180}}

In August 1994, Apple announced another partnership with Novell, this time to port its [[network operating system]] [[NetWare]] to run on [[Power Macintosh]] servers. However, the project did not exit the testing phase, and was quietly cancelled in October 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barb |first=Cole |date=1994-08-15 |title=Apple to power up NetWare for its PowerPC-based systems |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/215918822 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=[[Network World]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1995-10-23 |title=No NetWare For PowerPC -- Apple halts development |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/229095990?sourcetype=Trade%20Journals |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=InformationWeek |language=en}}</ref>

Sculley said in 2003 that not choosing Intel for Apple was "probably one of the biggest mistakes I've ever made".<ref name="forbes20031009">{{Cite magazine |date=2003-10-09 |title=Ex-Apple CEO Regrets Nixing Intel |url=https://www.forbes.com/2003/10/09/1009intelpinnacor.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |magazine=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

==Similar concepts==

===Within Apple===
Apple's first and quickly aborted concept of porting its flagship operating system to Intel systems was in 1985, following the exit of [[Steve Jobs]]. Apple did not reattempt this effort until Star Trek, and did not launch such a product until 2006.<ref name="Hormby_2014"/>

Apple has actually shipped products based upon the concept of hybridizing System 7 into a [[operating system shell|shell application]] platform.  It was accomplished in the form of the <code>[[A/UX#Features|startmac]]</code> process and other hybridized applications launched atop its UNIX-based [[A/UX]] system.  It was also accomplished in the form of the [[Macintosh Application Environment]] (MAE), which was the functional equivalent of Star Trek plus an embedded [[Motorola 68000|68k]] emulator (as was the case with System 7 for Power Macintosh), running as an application for Solaris and [[HP/UX]].  Apple also delivered its "DOS compatible" models of Macs, which is a hybridized Mac with a [[System 7#PC compatibility|concurrently functional]] Intel coprocessor card inside. System 7 and later have always had DOS filesystem compatibility.<ref name="DOSfilesystemtechnote"/>

Although a direct x86 port of the classic Mac&nbsp;OS was never released to the public, determined users could make Apple's retail OS run upon non-Mac computers through [[emulator|emulation]].  The development of these emulation environments was said to have been inspired by the initiative shown in the Star&nbsp;Trek project.{{citation needed|date=February 2007}} Two of the more popular 68k Macintosh emulators are [[vMac]] and [[Basilisk II]], and a PowerPC Macintosh emulator is [[SheepShaver]]; each are written by third parties.

Ten years after Project Star&nbsp;Trek, it became possible to natively run [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]], the [[Unix]]-based core of [[Mac OS X]], on the x86 platform by virtue of its [[NeXTstep]] foundation.<ref name="Caulfield_2010"/>  This port was widely available because Darwin was [[Open-source license|open source]] under the [[Apple Public Source License]].  However, the Mac&nbsp;OS&nbsp;X [[graphical user interface]], named [[Aqua (GUI)|Aqua]], was proprietary. It was not included with Darwin, which depended on other [[window managers]] running on [[X11]] for graphical interfaces, and thus most commercial Mac OS applications cannot run natively on Darwin alone.

Apple ran a similar project to Star&nbsp;Trek for Mac&nbsp;OS&nbsp;X, called [[Marklar project|Marklar]],<ref name="Rose_2012"/><ref name="Kim_2012"/><ref name="dePlume_2002"/><ref name="Covestor_2012"/><ref name="Orlowski_2012"/> later referred to by Steve Jobs as having been the "secret double life" of the publicly Power PC-only Mac OS.<ref name="Caulfield_2010"/> This project was to retain [[OPENSTEP]]'s x86 port, keeping Mac&nbsp;OS&nbsp;X and all supporting applications (including [[iLife]] and [[Xcode]]) running on the x86 architecture as well as that of the PowerPC. Marklar was publicly revealed by Apple's CEO [[Steve Jobs]] in June 2005 when he announced the Macintosh [[Mac transition to Intel processors|transition to Intel processors]] starting in 2006.<ref name="Orlowski_2005"/>

===Within IBM===
Comparing and contrasting with Apple's efforts, [[IBM]] had long since attempted a different strategy to provide the same essential goal of innovating a new software platform upon commodity hardware, while nondestructively preserving existing legacy installations of MS-DOS heritage. However, its strategy was based upon its [[OS/2]] operating system, which had long since achieved seamless [[backward compatibility]] with DOS applications.  In 1992, roughly coinciding with the timeframe of the Star Trek project, IBM devised a new and fundamentally integral subsystem for backward compatibility with [[Windows 3.0]] and [[Windows 3.1]] applications.  This new subsystem for OS/2, called [[Win-OS/2]], was integrated beginning with OS/2 2.0.  Although conceived through different legacy business requirements and cultures, Win-OS/2 was designed with similar software engineering objectives and virtualization techniques as was Star Trek.  Coincidentally, IBM had also code-named its OS/2 releases with ''Star Trek'' themes, and would eventually make such references integral to OS/2's public brand beginning with [[OS/2 Warp]].

Apple and IBM have attempted several proprietary cross-platform collaborations, including the unreleased port of [[QuickTime]] to OS/2, the significant traction of the [[OpenDoc]] [[software framework]], the [[Aim alliance|AIM alliance]], [[Kaleida Labs]], and [[Taligent]].  Both companies have utilized actual personnel from the Star Trek television and movie franchise for promotional purposes.
{{Further|OS/2#TheWarpYears{{!}}OS/2 § 1994–1996: The "Warp" years}}

===Others===
A corporation formerly known as ARDI developed a product called [[Executor (software)|Executor]], which can run a compatible selection of 68k Macintosh applications, and is hosted upon either the DOS or [[Linux]] operating systems on an [[i386|386]]-compatible CPU.  Executor is a [[cleanroom]] reimplementation of the [[Macintosh Toolbox]] and versions 6 and 7 of the operating system, and an integrated 68k CPU emulator called Syn68k.<ref name="Linzmayer_1999"/>{{rp|page=182}}<ref name="ardi.com"/> Liken from Andataco, for [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] and [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] [[workstation]]s, emulates the Macintosh hardware environment including the 68k CPU, upon which the user must install System 6.0.7. Quorum Software Systems made two apps targeting UNIX workstations: Equal provides [[binary compatibility]] by emulating the Mac APIs and 68k CPU, to put each precertified Mac app into its own X window, on Sun and [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] workstations; Latitude provides a [[source code]] porting layer with a Display Postscript driver.<ref name="Engst_1992"/><ref name="Hayes_1994"/>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Caldera OS]]
* [[Copland (operating system)]]
* [[Mac transition to Intel processors]]
* [[OpenDoc]]
* [[OpenStep]]
* [[OSx86]]
* [[Macintosh Application Environment]]
* [[Novell Corsair]]
* [[Rosetta (software)]]
* [[A/UX#Features|System 7 compatibility framework for A/UX]]
* [[Taligent]]
* [[QuickTime#QuickTime 2.x|QuickTime as a cross-platform framework]]
* [[Cocoa (API)#Cocoa history|Yellow Box]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist |group="nb" |refs=
<ref group="nb" name="NB_Panther">KRNL386.SYS of [[DR DOS "Panther"]] has copyright strings "1991,1992".</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-date=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=0-201-63287-X |id={{ISBN|978-0-201-63287-3}} |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]</ref>
<ref name="Brown_2000_RBIL61">{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html |title=The x86 Interrupt List |work=Ralf Brown's Interrupt List |edition=61 |date=2002-12-29 |access-date=2012-01-14 |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last=Brown |author-link=Ralf D. Brown}} See also: [[Ralf Brown's Interrupt List]]</ref>
<ref name="Caldera_1997_MULTI">{{cite book |author=Caldera, Inc. |author-link=Caldera, Inc. |title=OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series&nbsp;&mdash; Multitasking API&nbsp;&mdash; Programmer's Guide |location=UK |date=August 1997 |id=Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-004 |url=http://www.drdos.net/documentation/multtask/index.htm |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108123912/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/multtask/index.htm |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Caldera_1996">{{cite web |title=Caldera sues Microsoft for Antitrust practices alleges monopolistic acts shut its DR DOS operating system out of market |author=Caldera, Inc. |author-link=Caldera, Inc. |date=1996-07-24 |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |access-date=2015-11-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108123549/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Caldera_1997_Full-Story">{{cite web |title=Caldera's consolidated response to Microsoft's motions for partial summary judgement on plaintiff's claims of "predisclosure", "perceived incompatibilities," and "intentional incompatibilities" |type=court deposition |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/incomp.html |date=1999-04-19 |author=Caldera, Inc. |author-link=Caldera, Inc. |publication-date=1999-04-19 |at=paragraph 27 |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108123418/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/incomp.html |archive-date=2016-11-08 |quote=Caldera admits paragraph 27, excerpt as follows: Discussions with Apple regarding the "Star Trek" project began in February or March 1992. Deposition of Toby Corey ("Corey Dep.") at 44, Record Support, v.3 to Consolidated Statement of Facts.}}</ref>
<ref name="Hormby_2014">{{cite web |url=http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/0613.html |author-last=Hormby |author-first=Tom |date=2014-04-27<!-- 2005? --> |title=Star Trek: Apple's First Mac OS on Intel Project |access-date=2015-11-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108123154/http://lowendmac.com/2014/star-trek-apples-first-mac-os-on-intel-project/ |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Caulfield_2010">{{cite web |title=Steve Jobs' Frenemies |date=2010-01-26 |author-first=Brian |author-last=Caulfield |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/26/steve-jobs-microsoft-technology-business-intelligence-apple.html |access-date=2015-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921100116/https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/26/steve-jobs-microsoft-technology-business-intelligence-apple.html |archive-date=2017-09-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Rose_2012">{{cite web |title=How 'Marklar' OS X on Intel owes its start to a one-year-old boy |date=2012-06-10 |author-first=Michael |author-last=Rose |publisher=[[Engadget]] |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/10/how-marklar-os-x-on-intel-owes-its-start-to-a-one-year-old-boy/ |access-date=2015-11-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108130948/https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/10/how-marklar-os-x-on-intel-owes-its-start-to-a-one-year-old-boy/ |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Kim_2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.macrumors.com/2012/06/10/a-bit-of-history-behind-the-mac-os-x-on-intel-project-marklar/ |title=A Bit of History Behind the Mac OS X on Intel Project |date=2012-06-10 |author-first=Arnold |author-last=Kim |access-date=2015-11-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108131412/http://www.macrumors.com/2012/06/10/a-bit-of-history-behind-the-mac-os-x-on-intel-project-marklar/ |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="dePlume_2002">{{cite web |author-first=Nick |author-last=dePlume |date=2002-08-30 |url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Apple/Apple-Keeps-x86-Torch-Lit-with-Marklar |title=Apple Keeps x86 Torch Lit with Marklar |access-date=2015-11-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180827041256/http://www.eweek.com/apple/apple-keeps-x86-torch-lit-with-marklar |archive-date=2018-08-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Covestor_2012">{{cite web |url=http://investing.covestor.com/2012/06/the-amazing-origin-of-apple-on-intel |title=The amazing origin of Apple on Intel - Smarter Investing |date=2012-06-10 |author=Covestor |work=Smarter Investing |access-date=2015-11-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108132141/http://investing.covestor.com/2012/06/the-amazing-origin-of-apple-on-intel |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Orlowski_2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/06/11/apple_project_marklar_secrets/ |title=Insider cuts into Apple, peels off Intel Mac OS X port secrets - Project Marklar was a one-man skunkworks |publisher=[[The Register]] |access-date=2015-11-11 |date=2012-06-11 |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Orlowski |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133828/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/06/11/apple_project_marklar_secrets/ |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Orlowski_2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/06/06/apple_intel_migration/ |title=Apple to announce Intel 'Switch' - WSJ - WWDC to detail migration strategy |access-date=2015-11-11 |publisher=[[The Register]] |date=2005-06-06 |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Orlowski |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108134143/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/06/06/apple_intel_migration/ |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="DOSfilesystemtechnote">{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA29200?viewlocale=en_US |title=Macintosh: DOS, OS/2, and Windows Compatibility |date=March 1993 |access-date=2013-03-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108123922/https://support.apple.com/kb/TA29200?locale=de_DE&viewlocale=en_US |archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Linzmayer_1999">{{cite book |title=Apple Confidential |url=https://archive.org/details/appleconfidentia00linz |author-last=Linzmayer |author-first=Owen W. |location=San Francisco, CA, USA |publisher=[[No Starch Press]] |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-88641128-9 |oclc=245921029 |access-date=2013-03-31 |pages=179, 180, 182}} [http://www.cnet.com/news/new-life-for-the-old-star-trek-project/]</ref>
<ref name="ardi.com">{{cite web |title=ARDI.com |url=http://www.ardi.com/ |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815011957/http://www.ardi.com/ardi.php |archive-date=2013-08-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Cortese_1993">{{cite magazine |title=Apple, Novell unite on OS |author-first=Amy |author-last=Cortese |date=1993-05-03 |magazine=[[PC Week]] |url=http://millsoft.ca/billm/Newsletters/PC_Week_1993-05-03.txt |access-date=2017-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805163922/http://millsoft.ca/billm/Newsletters/PC_Week_1993-05-03.txt |archive-date=2017-08-05 |quote=Ultimately, Star Trek will sport a comprehensive list of features, such as compound document support and system wide scripting, that are part of a broader Apple strategy to create a common, multiplatform software environment called Companion. […] Star Trek will run DOS and recompiled Macintosh applications, according to sources familiar with the plans, but it is not clear whether it will run Windows applications in its first release.}}</ref>
<ref name="Hayes_1994">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |date=January 1994 |author-first=Frank |author-last=Hayes |title=Personality Plus |url=http://www.byte.com:80/art/9401/sec8/art8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510141709/http://www.byte.com/art/9401/sec8/art8.htm |archive-date=2006-05-10 |access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Engst_1992">{{cite news |title=Quorum |author-first=Adam C. |author-last=Engst |author-link=Adam C. Engst |date=1992-02-24 |newspaper=[[TidBITS]] |issn=1090-7017 |number=108 |publisher=[[TidBITS Publishing Inc.]] |url=https://tidbits.com/article/3210 |access-date=2017-09-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827040045/https://tidbits.com/1992/02/24/quorum/ |archive-date=2018-08-27}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220711171203/http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0tidbits--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-0-&a=d&c=tidbits&cl=CL1.12&d=HASH19570075e21a5219df15.5<!-- http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0tidbits--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-0-&a=d&c=tidbits&cl=CL1.12&d=HASH19570075e21a5219df15.5 -->]</ref>
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}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |title=Quest for the Operating System Star Trek |work=Kernelthread |url=http://www.kernelthread.com/publications/appleoshistory/6.html}}
* {{cite web |title=Mac:Star Trek |work=ClassicBeta |url=http://www.classicbeta.com/Mac:Star_Trek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901001634/http://www.classicbeta.com/Mac:Star_Trek |archive-date=2006-09-01}}
* {{cite web |title=Sculley explains how he missed the chance to trash Apple |author-first=John |author-last=Lettice |date=2003-10-10 |work=[[The Register]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/10/10/sculley_explains_how_he_missed/}}
* {{cite book |title=Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania, and Business Blunders |author-first=Jim |author-last=Carlton |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |date=1998 |edition=new revised |isbn=0-88730965-8 |id={{ISBN|978-0-88730965-6}} |pages=169–170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMz0LBSh-vEC&q=star+trek}}

{{Apple Inc. operating systems}}
{{Digital Research}}
{{Novell}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Star Trek Project}}
[[Category:Apple Inc. operating systems]]
[[Category:Classic Mac OS]]
[[Category:Star Trek fandom]]
[[Category:Microcomputer software]]
[[Category:Disk operating systems]]
[[Category:DOS variants]]
[[Category:Digital Research]]<!-- "associated" with Digital Research-->
[[Category:Novell]]<!-- "associated" with Novell -->
[[Category:Proprietary operating systems]]