View source for Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications

{{Short description|Iron Age hill fort in North Yorkshire, England}}
{{use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
[[Image:Wheeler's Wall.JPG|thumb|Wheeler's Wall]]
[[File:Stanwick Camp NW entrance.jpg|thumb|Stanwick Fortifications close to the main gate in the north west]]
[[File:Brit Mus 17sept 048-crop.jpg|thumb|The Stanwick Horse Mask ([[British Museum]])]]

The '''Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications''' (also known as 'Stanwick Camp'), a huge [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]], sometimes but not always considered an [[oppidum]], comprising over {{convert|9|km|mi}} of ditches and ramparts enclosing approximately {{convert|300|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of land,<ref>Haselgrove, C.C., Turbull, P. and Fitts, R.L., 'Stanwick, North Yorkshire, Part 1: Recent research and previous archaeological investigations', Archaeological Journal, No.147, 1990, pages 1–15, page 1 also John Wacher, in ''The Towns of Roman Britain'', states over 700 acres and 284 hectares.</ref> are situated in [[Richmondshire]], [[North Yorkshire]], England. Whether Stanwick was the stronghold of [[Venutius]] or [[Cartimandua]], or perhaps of them both for a brief time before their acrimonious split some time after 51&nbsp;AD, it is certain that this settlement was one of the most important in [[Brigantia (ancient region)|Brigantia]], the [[Brigantes]] kingdom during the early stages of the Roman occupation of Britain. The site is a scheduled monument.<ref>{{NHLE|grade=Scheduled monument|desc=Stanwick Late Iron Age oppidum, Iron Age and medieval settlement, early Christian church and sculpture and post-medieval emparkment|num= 1016199|date=1 June 1923 |accessdate=18 March 2021}}</ref>

==Location and etymology==
The fortifications are located {{convert|8|mi|km}} north of the town of [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]] and {{convert|10|mi|km}} south west of [[Darlington]], close to [[Scotch Corner]] and the remains of the Roman fort and bridge at [[Piercebridge]]. Rising to a height of almost {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=off}} in places, the ramparts completely surround the village of [[Stanwick St John]] and form one of the largest Iron Age settlements in Britain, in extent if not necessarily in population. The name 'Stanwick' is thought to be derived from the [[Old Norse]] word 'steinvegges', meaning stone walls; although an [[Anglo-Saxon]] [[etymology]], from ''stān'' "stone" and ''wic'' "settlement", is also plausible.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ekwall|first1=Eilert|title=The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names|date=1960|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-869103-3|page=439|edition=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=A H|title=The place-names of the North Riding of Yorkshire|date=1979|publisher=English Place Name society|oclc=19714705|pages=296–297|edition=2|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/epns/documents/north-riding-of-yorkshire.pdf}}</ref>

==Stanwick Hoard==
In 1845 a hoard of 140 metal artefacts known as the ''Stanwick Hoard'', which included four sets of horse harness for chariots and a bronze horse head 'bucket attachment', was found {{cvt|0.5|mi|m}} away at [[Melsonby]].<ref>Haselgrove, C: 'Stanwick' in ''Current Archaeology'' No. 119 (pp. 380–384), page 380</ref> The hoard is now held by the [[British Museum]], which also has the [[Meyrick Helmet]], which may have been part of the hoard or have been made at Stanwick.

==Mortimer Wheeler excavations==
Stanwick was the site of Sir [[Mortimer Wheeler]]'s last major archaeological excavation in Britain, which he carried out over the summers of 1951 and 1952. Wheeler argued that the vast site had been constructed in three separate 'phases' starting from a modest {{cvt|17|acre|ha|0|adj=on}} earthwork enclosure on a low hill known as 'The Tofts', dated to around 40&nbsp;AD (Phase I) then extended around 50–60&nbsp;AD with a new enclosure to the north of over {{cvt|130|acre|ha|0|adj=on}} (Phase II), and then finally, around 72&nbsp;AD, extended by a further {{convert|600|acre|ha}} to the south (Phase III).

During the course of his excavations, Wheeler cleared a {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} section of ditch that the [[Brigantes]] had cut from the underlying limestone rock. He partially reconstructed a {{convert|10|ft|m|0|adj=on}} length of dry-stone revetment wall from the fallen stones found in the ditch. This was constructed to an approximate height of {{convert|2|ft|cm|-1}} above the existing rampart, although Wheeler estimated that the original height of the wall above the rampart was probably closer to {{convert|15|ft|m|0}}.<ref>Wheeler, M: "Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London No.XVII: The Stanwick Fortifications, North Riding of Yorkshire", pages 9–10, Oxford University Press, 1954</ref> Known as 'Wheeler's Wall', this entire section remains preserved by [[English Heritage]] and provides the visitor to Stanwick with a clear impression of how awe-inspiring the fortifications would have been in Iron Age times.

Amongst Wheeler's most famous finds at Stanwick were an Iron Age sword, unusually still in its well-preserved ash wood scabbard, and the nearby skull of a severed head, showing considerable damage from wounds inflicted by an axe or a sword. These were found in an excavation of a ditch terminal next to the location of the main north western gate and Wheeler believed they may have been hanging from the gate structure itself as a trophy or warning to enemies.<ref>Wheeler, M: "Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London No.XVII: The Stanwick Fortifications, North Riding of Yorkshire", pages 45 and 53 Oxford University Press, 1954</ref> Wheeler concluded that Stanwick had been the rebel stronghold of [[Venutius]], who had been the husband of the pro-Roman Brigantian queen [[Cartimandua]], after he had split with her when she had taken his charioteer and armour-bearer [[Vellocatus]] as a lover and betrayed the rebel leader [[Caractacus]] to the Romans. Wheeler argued that Stanwick was where [[Venutius]] had rallied his anti-Roman tribesmen and allies for his revolt against the Roman invaders.

==Durham University excavations==
The next series of major archaeological excavations at Stanwick were carried out from 1981 to 1986 by a team from [[Durham University]] led by [[Percival Turnbull (archaeologist)|Percival Turnbull]] and Professor [[Colin Haselgrove]]. One of their most enigmatic finds was an adult male burial at the rear of a rampart in the fortifications where a horse's head had been carefully placed upon the body.<ref>Haselgrove, C. and Turnbull, P. with Fitts, M. and Van der Veen, M.: "Stanwick: Excavation and Research – Third Interim Report 1985-86", page 10, University of Durham, Department of Archaeology, Occasional Paper No.8, 1987 and Haselgrove, C: 'Stanwick' in "Current Archaeology" No. 119 (pp. 380–384), page 384</ref> Turnbull and Haselgrove argued that Stanwick's huge outer circuit of ditches and banks had probably been built first, during the mid-first century&nbsp;AD, and then the inner area sub-divided. They maintained that the {{convert|6|mi|0|spell=in}} fortification was too long to be easily defended and that its enormous size was intended instead to emphasise the power, prestige and wealth of its owner. They concluded that Stanwick had not been the fortress stronghold of [[Venutius]] but was rather the estate of his ex-wife, Queen [[Cartimandua]], and possibly even the original tribal capital of the [[Brigantes]].

==See also==
* [[List of hill forts in England]]
* [[List of hill forts in Scotland]]
* [[List of hill forts in Wales]]
* [[Melsonby Hoard]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications}}
* {{gbmapping|NZ1812}}
* [https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stanwick-iron-age-fortifications/ Page on English Heritage's website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050818200225/http://www.brigantesnation.com/SiteResearch/Iron%20Age/Stanwick/Stanwick.htm Brigantes Nation Stanwick Site Visit]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065939/http://stanwick-st-john.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7&Itemid=30 The Stanwick Fortifications]
* [http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/b/bronze_model_of_a_horses_head.aspx The Stanwick Horse Mask from the Stanwick hoard at the British Museum]
* [http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/h/horse_harness_from_the_stanwic.aspx Horse Harness from the Stanwick hoard at the British Museum]

{{coord|54.50300|N|1.72356|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NZ1812)|display=title}}<!-- Note: WGS84 lat/long, converted from OSGB36 grid ref -->
{{Iron Age hillforts in England}}

[[Category:English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Hill forts in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:History of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Iron Age sites in England]]