View source for Standard J

{{short description|Biplane trainer aircraft produced 1916-1918}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->

{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name = Standard J
| image = Standard J-1 USAF.jpg
| caption = 
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type = Trainer
| national origin = United States
| manufacturer = [[Standard Aircraft Corporation]]
| designer = [[Charles Healy Day]]
| first flight = 1916
| introduced = 
| retired = 
| status = 
| primary user = 
| unit cost = $6,000
| number built = 1,600+
| developed from = Sloan H series
| variants with their own articles = 
}}
|}

The '''Standard J''' is a two-seat basic trainer [[Bracing (aeronautics)#Bays|two-bay]] biplane produced in the United States from 1916 to 1918, powered by a four-cylinder inline [[Hall-Scott A-7]]a engine. It was constructed from wood with wire bracing and fabric covering. The J-1 was built as a stopgap to supplement the [[Curtiss JN-4]] in production.

==Development==
Charles Healy Day had designed the preceding [[Standard H-2|Sloan H]] series of aircraft, and continued the line under the Standard Aero Corporation (later [[Standard Aircraft Corporation]]). Four companies, Standard, Dayton-Wright, Fisher Body, and Wright-Martin, delivered 1,601 J-1s between June 1917 and June 1918. The Standard J-1 can be differentiated from the Curtiss JN series by its slightly swept-back wing planform, triangular [[king post]]s above the upper wings, and the front legs of the landing gear which were mounted behind the lower wing's leading edge, just about where the forward [[Spar (aeronautics)|wing spar]] of the lower wing panel attaches to the fuselage.

==Operational history==
[[File:04-00075 Carrying passengers at Rockwell Field. (5684424286).jpg|thumb|Standard J-1 providing joyrides.]]
Although produced in large numbers, its four-cylinder [[Hall-Scott A-7a]] engine was unreliable and vibrated badly. While JN-4 production outnumbered J-1s by about two to one in June 1918, fatalities in JN-4s versus J-1s numbered about seven to one due to the limited use of the J-1s. Few later production J-1s left their delivery crates.

In June 1918, all Standard J-1s were grounded, although training remained intensive. Sufficient JN-4s were available to meet training needs, and at $2,000 per aircraft it was not cost-effective to convert them to use [[Curtiss OX-5]] engines. Contracts for 2,600+ JS-1s were canceled, and those not used for ground instruction by the US Army were sold as surplus or scrapped. [[Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company|Curtiss]], which produced its competitor (the Curtiss JN) bought surplus J-1s which they modified with different powerplants, for resale.

Many J-1s were flown by civilian flying schools, and for joy-riding and barnstorming operations, until they were worn out, or were forced into retirement by new air transport legislation in 1927 which banned passenger aircraft with wood structures due to a number of high-profile accidents.

==Variants==
[[File:Ryan Standard.jpg|thumb|Standard J, modified with an enclosed cabin by [[T. Claude Ryan]], in flight over [[San Diego]]<ref name="Ryan">{{cite web|last1=Radecki|first1=Alan|title=The First Airline in America|url=http://vintageairphotos.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/first-airline-in-america.html|website=Vintage Air|access-date=12 November 2015|date=2012}}</ref>]]
* '''Sloan H''' series: trainers and reconnaissance aircraft from 1913
* '''Standard H''' series: production by Standard of Sloan H-series
* '''Standard J''': first Standard-designed variant
* '''Standard J-1''': trainer for U.S. Army
* '''Standard SJ-1''': J-1 with additional pair of forward wheels to prevent noseovers
* '''Standard JR-1''': advanced trainer for US Army
* '''Standard JR-1B''': mail carrier for US Post Office, modification of JR-1
* '''Standard E-4''': redesignated JR-1B mailcarrier

===War-surplus conversions===
[[File:Nicholas-Beazley_Standard_Aero_Digest_September_1926.jpg|thumb|Nicholas-Beazley Standard photo from Aero Digest September 1926]]

*'''[[Aerial Engineering Corporation Standard 6W-3]]''': Modification for a pilot and four passengers. Also known as the Mercury Standard 6<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6568276c/f2.image|title=Les Ailes : journal hebdomadaire de la locomotion aérienne / directeur, rédacteur en chef, Georges Houard|date=1926-02-18|website=Gallica|language=EN|access-date=2018-08-17}}</ref>
*'''Curtiss Night Mail''': 1922 mailplane conversion of J-1 by [[Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company|Curtiss]] with new wings (about 6 converted)
* '''[[Lincoln Standard L.S.5]]''': J-1 modified with an open cockpit for four passengers
*'''Nicholas-Beazley-Standard''': J-1 aircraft modified by [[Nicholas-Beazley]]
* '''Ryan Standard''': J-1 with a 180&nbsp;hp [[Hispano Suiza]] engine<ref name="Ryan" /> and an enclosed cabin for four passengers fitted by the [[Ryan Airline Company|Ryan Flying Company]]<ref name="IEA 2835">{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft |publisher=Aerospace Publishing|location=London|page=2835}}</ref> (9 converted)<ref name="JEA 774">{{cite book |last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London|page=774}}</ref>
* '''Sikorsky Standard''': civil trainer with [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky]]-[[Eugene Michael Gluhareff|Gluhareff]] [[Parasol wing]] (also known as Standard SJ)

==Operators==
; {{USA}}
* [[United States Army Air Service]]
* [[United States Navy]]
* [[United States Post Office Department]]
* The San Diego—Los Angeles Airlines<ref name="Ryan" />

==Surviving aircraft==
[[File:Standard J-1 belowL Early Years NMUSAF 25Sep09 (14413259688).jpg|thumb|Standard J-1 at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force|USAF Museum]], showing the wing sweepback]]
[[File:17 14 023 museum.jpg|thumb|Standard J-1 (fabric covering removed) at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force|USAF Museum]]]]

Over a dozen J-1s are on display or being restored. Others projects are incomplete and awaiting restoration.

* 214 – J-1 on static display at the [[Yanks Air Museum]] in [[Chino, California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard J-1|url=http://yanksair.org/collection/standard-j-1|website=Yanks Air Museum|publisher=Yanks Air Museum|access-date=10 May 2017|date=2017-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier&nbsp;— StandardH / J / SJ / JR / E-4, c/n 214, c/r N214J|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=93198|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* 581 – J-1 airworthy at the Owls Head Transportation Museum in [[Owls Head, Maine]]. It has a [[Hispano-Suiza]] V-8 engine installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=1918 STANDARD J-1|url=http://owlshead.org/collections/detail/1918-standard-j-1|website=Owls Head Transportation Museum|publisher=Owls Head Transportation Museum|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N22581]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=22581|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* 1000 – J-1 airworthy with James F. Hammond of [[Yellow Springs, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N7063X]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=7063X|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* 1141 – J-1 on static display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]]. It is displayed without a right wing or fabric covering, has a [[Hall-Scott]] A-4A engine installed, and was donated by Robert Greiger in December 1962.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard J-1 (Fabric Removed)|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197398/standard-j-1-fabric-removed/|website=National Museum of the US Air Force|access-date=10 May 2017|date=7 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier&nbsp;— Standard J-1, c/n 1141|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=174259|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* 1582 – J-1 in storage at the [[Fantasy of Flight]] in [[Polk City, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1917 Standard J-1|url=http://www.fantasyofflight.com/collection/aircraft/currently-not-showing-in-museum/wwi/1917-standard-j-1|website=Fantasy of Flight|publisher=Fantasy of Flight|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N2825D]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=2825D|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref> It is composite of two airframes.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
* 1598 – J-1 on static display at the [[San Diego Aerospace Museum]] in [[San Diego, California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier&nbsp;— Standard J-1, c/n 1598, c/r NX2826D|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=11310|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N2826D]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=2826D|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* 1956 – J-1 airworthy at the [[EAA Aviation Museum]] in [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin]]. It has a Hispano-Suiza Model A engine installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=EAA's Standard J-1 Makes First Post-Restorative Flight|url=http://www.eaa.org/en/eaa/eaa-news-and-aviation-news/eaa/2014-10-02-eaas_standard_j-1_makes_first_post-restorative_flight|website=EAA|publisher=EAA|access-date=10 May 2017|date=2 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier&nbsp;— Standard H / J / SJ / JR / E-4, c/r N6948|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=8733|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N6948]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=6948|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* 2434 – J-1 on display at the [[Fargo Air Museum]] in [[Fargo, North Dakota]]. It is on loan from [[Bonanzaville, U.S.A.]] It has an [[Curtiss OXX|OXX-6]] engine installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aircraft N9477 Data|url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N9477.html|website=Airport-Data.com|publisher=Airport-Data.com|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N9477]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=N9477|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2017}}
* 2969 – J-1 airworthy with Walter C. Bowe of [[Sonoma, California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N5264]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=5264|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref> It is assembled from original components as a period kit.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
* 41236 – J-1 on static display at the [[Glenn H. Curtiss Museum]] in [[Hammondsport, New York]]. It is on loan from the [[Henry Ford Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aircraft|url=http://www.glennhcurtissmuseum.org/aircraft.php|website=Glenn H. Curtiss Museum|publisher=Glenn H. Curtiss Museum|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N823H]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=N823H|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* T-4595 – J-1 at the [[Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum]] in [[Creve Coeur, Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum Hangar 4|url=http://www.historicaircraftrestorationmuseum.org/museumhangar4.html|website=Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA Registry [N62505]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=N62505|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* T-4598 – J-1 airworthy with the Freeman Heritage Collection in [[Kingsbury, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N598EF]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=598EF|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* T-4732 – J-1 airworthy with C C Air Corp of [[Port Hueneme, California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N4732W]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=4732W|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* J-1 on static display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]]. It has an [[Curtiss OXX|OXX-6]] engine installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard J-1|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/198093/standard-j-1/|website=National Museum of the US Air Force|access-date=10 May 2017|date=7 April 2015}}</ref>
*J-1 on display at the [[National Aviation Museum of Korea]]

==Specifications (SJ)==
[[File:Standard J-1 with Hispano-Suiza engine.jpg|thumb|Standard J-1 with [[Hispano-Suiza]] engine]]
{{Aircraft specs
| ref=The Standard Aero Corporation Model J Training Tractor<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Standard Aero Corporation Model J Training Tractor|magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology|Aviation]]|date=April 1, 1917|volume=II|issue=5|pages=216–217|url=http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/19170401/#!&pid=216|url-access=registration }}</ref>
| prime units?=imp
<!-- 
 General characteristics
-->

| crew=2
| capacity=
| length m=
| length ft=26
| length in=7
| length note=
| upper span m=
| upper span ft=43
| upper span in=11
| upper span note=
| lower span m=
| lower span ft=32
| lower span in=
| lower span note=
| height m=
| height ft=10
| height in=10
| height note=
| wing area sqm=
| wing area sqft=429
| wing area note=
| aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
| airfoil=R.A.F No 3
| empty weight kg=
| empty weight lb=1350
| empty weight note=
| gross weight kg=
| gross weight lb=1950
| gross weight note=
| fuel capacity={{convert|31|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}}
| more general=
<!-- 
 Powerplant
-->
| eng1 number=1 
| eng1 name=[[Hall-Scott A-7]]
| eng1 type= water-cooled [[straight-4]] engine
| eng1 kw=
| eng1 hp=100
| eng1 note=
| prop blade number=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
| prop name=
| prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
| prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
| prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
| prop dia note=

<!-- 
 Performance
-->
| perfhide=

| max speed kmh=
| max speed mph=68
| max speed kts=
| max speed note=
| max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
| cruise speed kmh=
| cruise speed mph=
| cruise speed kts=
| cruise speed note=
| stall speed kmh=
| stall speed mph=37
| stall speed kts=
| stall speed note=
| never exceed speed kmh=
| never exceed speed mph=
| never exceed speed kts=
| never exceed speed note=
| range km=
| range miles=350
| range nmi=
| range note=
| combat range km=
| combat range miles=
| combat range nmi=
| combat range note=
| ferry range km=
| ferry range miles=
| ferry range nmi=
| ferry range note=
| endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
| ceiling m=
| ceiling ft=
| ceiling note=
| g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
| roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
| glide ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
| climb rate ms=
| climb rate ftmin=
| climb rate note=
| time to altitude=10 minutes to {{convert|2600|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| lift to drag=
| wing loading kg/m2=
| wing loading lb/sqft=
| wing loading note=
| power/mass=
| thrust/weight=

| more performance=

}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{Aircontent
<!-- include as many lines are appropriate. additional lines/entries with carriage return. -->
| see also=
| related=<!-- related developments -->
| similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
*[[Airco DH.4]]
*[[Airco DH.6]]
*[[Albatros C.III]]<!-- used in large numbers as a trainer later in the war --> 
*[[Avro 504]]
*[[Caudron G.III]]
*[[Martin T|Martin TT]]
*[[Nieuport 83]]<!-- purpose built trainer version of Nieuport 10 -->
| lists=<!-- related lists -->
* [[List of military aircraft of the United States]]
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor-last= Donald |editor-first= David |title=''Encyclopedia of World Aircraft''|year=1997 |publisher=Prospero Books|location=Ontario |pages=854}}
* {{cite web |title=Standard, Standard-Caproni, Standard-DH,Standard-Handley-Page, Gates-Day Standard |work=Aerofiles|url=http://aerofiles.com/_st.html |access-date=2008-10-28}}
* {{cite book |title=United States Air Force Museum |year=1975 |publisher=Air Force Museum Foundation |location=Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Standard J}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150526072157/http://owlshead.org/collections/detail/1918-standard-j-1 The Owl's Head Transportation Museum's Standard J-1 page]

{{Standard Aircraft Corporation}}
{{Ryan aircraft}}
{{Robertson aircraft}}

[[Category:1910s United States military trainer aircraft]]
[[Category:Standard Aircraft Corporation aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1916]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear]]