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The '''Springfield Presbytery''' was an independent [[Presbytery (church polity)|presbytery]] that became one of the earliest expressions of the [[Restoration Movement|Stone-Campbell Movement]].  It was composed of [[Presbyterian minister]]s who withdrew from the jurisdiction of the [[Kentucky Synod]] of the [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]] on September 10, 1803.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8028-3898-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3898-8}}, 854 pages, entry on ''Springfield Presbytery''</ref>{{rp|696}}  It dissolved itself on June 28, 1804, with the publication of a document titled the ''Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery'', marking the birth of the [[Christians (Stone Movement)|Christian Church]] of the West.

==History==
The immediate cause of withdrawal by the ministers was that the Synod of Kentucky had censured the Washington Presbytery for the following: 
*appointing [[Richard McNemar]], after having previously examined his doctrine and condemning it as "dangerous to the souls of men, and hostile to the interests of all religion;" 
*refusing a petition to examine the doctrine of a second minister, John Thompson; and 
*refusing to reexamine the doctrine of McNemar.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|696}}Both ministers had expressed views at odds with the Westminster Confession. These two ministers and three others (Robert Marshall, John Dunlavy, and [[Barton W. Stone]]) protested the proceedings of the Synod and withdrew from its jurisdiction.  Their signed protest was dated September 10, 1803.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|696}}

They gave the following reasons for withdrawing from the jurisdiction of the Synod:<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|696}}
*belief that the resolution condemning McNemar's teachings (which they all shared) gave "a distorted and false representation of Mr. McNemar's sentiments" and was "calculated to prevent the influence of truth of the most interesting nature";<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|696}}
*assertion of the privilege of interpreting [[scripture]] independently of the [[Westminster Confession of Faith|Presbyterian Confession of Faith]], appealing to the section in that confession that says, "the Supreme Judge, by which all controversies of religion are to be determined, and all decrees of councils, opinions of ancient writers, doctrines of men and private spirits, are to be examined, and in whose sentence we are to rest, can be no other than the [[Holy Spirit]] speaking in the [[Scriptures]]";<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|696}}
*argued that some of the doctrines of grace were "in a measure darkened by some expressions in the Confession of Faith [regarding the doctrine of predestination], which are used as a means of strengthening sinners in their unbelief, and subjecting many of the pious to a spirit of bondage," and said that when they tried to address those difficulties, they were accused of departing from the faith.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|696,697}}

Based on those reasons, the ministers said that they chose to withdraw from the jurisdiction of the Kentucky Synod rather than be prosecuted under the authority of the Confession of Faith, which they could not acknowledge.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|696}} But, they said they did not desire to break from communion with the members of the Synod.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}}

They formed the Springfield Presbytery two days later.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}} The Springfield Presbytery was a loose association of the dissenting ministers and their congregations.  The Presbytery ordained a sixth minister, [[David Purviance]], who joined it after the West Lexington Presbytery of Kentucky had refused to ordain him.

On January 31, 1804, the several ministers published a 141-page defense of their actions, in which they opposed the use of creeds to determine who is a Christian.  The defense was entitled ''An Apology for Renouncing the Jurisdiction of the Synod of Kentucky.  To Which Is Added a Compendious View of the Gospel and a Few Remarks on the Confession of Faith.''<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}}  The ''Apology'' was written by Robert Marshall.  It argued that the examination of McNemar in 1802 had been conducted without due process, which would have justified an appeal of the decision to the General Assembly.  It went on to argue that they had no reasonable hope of redress within the Presbyterian church as long as "human opinions", rather than scripture, were the standard of orthodoxy.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}}

Stone wrote the ''Compendious View of the Scripture.'' Systematically laying out the doctrines which the Washington Presbytry had condemned, he wrote the first theological statement of the [[Restoration Movement]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}}

Thompson wrote the ''Remarks on the Confession'', arguing that, since creeds served to divide the church, even if a perfect creed could be found, it should be rejected as the standard for Christian fellowship.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}} The unstated implication was that unity was preferable to orthodoxy.

By 1804 the Springfield Presbytery had attracted 15 congregations in Ohio and Kentucky.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}}  The leaders of this newer presbytery became concerned by its growth, as they did not want to create a new denomination or "party".<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}}  Ultimately convinced that their newer Springfield Presbytery was sectarian, the six ministers dissolved it on June 28, 1804.  To publicize the dissolution, they signed a document entitled ''The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery.''<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}}  This tract willed that "this body die, be dissolved, and sink into union with the Body of Christ at large."  It expressed the desire for Christian union and identified the Bible as the only standard of Christian faith and practice.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}}

In addition to signing the ''Last Will and Testament'', the ministers agreed to take "no other name than "''Christians,''" on the basis that it was "the name first given by divine authority to the disciples of Christ."<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Springfield Presbytery"/>{{rp|697}} Soon, they adopted the name "Christian" to identify their group. Thus, former congregations from the Springfield Presbytery eventually became known as the [[Christians (Stone Movement)|Christian Church]].<ref name="McAlister & Tucker 1975">McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), ''Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)'', St. Louis, Chalice Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8272-1703-4}}</ref>{{rp|80}} It is estimated that the Christian Church numbered about 12,000{{clarify|date=December 2015}}<!-- twelve thousand members, or twelve thousand churches? --> by 1830.<ref name="McAlister & Tucker 1975"/>{{rp|82}}

==The ''Last Will and Testament''==
[[File:Medallion - Signing of The Last WIll and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery P6200021.JPG|thumb|Medaillon - Signing of the ''[[:s:Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery|Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery]]'' at [[Cane Ridge Meeting House]], [[Paris, Kentucky]].]]

The ''[[Wikisource:Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery|Last Will and Testament]]'' became a founding document of the [[Restoration Movement]].  The dissolution of the Springfield Presbytery was in part a symbolic act, based on the principle that gave priority to individual autonomy for local congregations.  Such Congregational ideals are still fundamental to the [[Disciples of Christ]] and the [[Churches of Christ]], due in no small part to this document.  The document titled ''Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery'' was signed by Robert Marshall, John Dunlavy, and Richard McNemar on June 28, 1804, in the presence of B. W. Stone, John Thompson, and David Purviance, who served as witnesses.

==See also==
* [[Barton W. Stone]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Garrett, Leroy. ''The Stone-Campbell Movement: An Anecdotal History of Three Churches'', Joplin, Missouri: College Press Publishing Company, 1981. 
* Garrison, Winfred Earnest and DeGroot, Alfred T. (1948). ''The Disciples of Christ, A History'', St Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press
* Marshall, Robert; Dunlavy, John; M'nemar, Richard; Stone, B. W.; Thompson, John; and Purviance, David (1804). ''[[Wikisource:Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery|Last Will and Testament]]''
* McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), ''Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)'', St. Louis, Chalice Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8272-1703-4}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery}}
* [https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/bstone/APOLOGY.HTM Text of the ''Apology, for Renouncing the Jurisdiction of the Synod of Kentucky'']

{{Restoration Movement}}
{{Presbyterian Church in the United States of America}}
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1803]]
[[Category:Presbyteries and classes]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in Kentucky]]
[[Category:1804 disestablishments in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1804]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Christians (Stone Movement)]]
[[Category:Restoration Movement predecessors (pre-1832)]]