View source for Spanish Colonial architecture

{{Short description|Architectural style present in regions colonized by Spain in the 14th-18th centuries}}
[[File:Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|230px|The colonial [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Cathedral of Mexico City]]]]
[[File:San Juan, calles 9.jpg|right|thumb|230px|Spanish styles in [[Old San Juan, Puerto Rico]]]]
[[File:Calle Crisologo, Vigan, Philippines - One of The New 7 Wonder Cities of The World.jpg|thumb|230px|Calle Crisologo of [[Vigan, Ilocos Sur]], Philippines]]
[[File:CUENCA (32941009965).jpg|right|thumb|230px|Historic center in [[Cuenca, Ecuador]]]]
[[File:Villa del Carbón (20).jpg|right|thumb|230px|Historic center in [[Villa del Carbón]], Mexico]]

'''Spanish colonial architecture''' represents [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial]] influence on the cities and towns of its former colonies, and is still seen in the [[architecture]] as well as in the [[Urban planning|city planning]] aspects of conserved present-day cities. These two visible aspects of the city are connected and complementary. The 16th-century [[Laws of the Indies]] included provisions for the layout of new colonial settlements in the [[Americas]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.phaidon.com/store/art/art-of-colonial-latin-america-9780714841571/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208143416/http://ca.phaidon.com/store/art/art-of-colonial-latin-america-9780714841571/ |archive-date=2013-02-08 |title=Art of Colonial Latin America {{!}} Art {{!}} Phaidon Store}}</ref>

To achieve the desired effect of inspiring awe among the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] as well as creating a legible and militarily manageable landscape, the early colonizers used and placed the new architecture within planned townscapes and [[:Category:Spanish missions in the Americas|mission]] compounds.

The new [[church (building)|churches]] and [[mission station]]s, for example, aimed for maximum effect in terms of their imposition and domination of the surrounding buildings or countryside. In order for that to be achievable, they had to be strategically located – at the center of a [[town square]] (plaza) or at a higher point in the landscape. These elements are common and can also be found in almost every city and town in Spain.

The Spanish colonial style of architecture dominated in the early Spanish colonies of North and South America, and were also somewhat visible in its other colonies. It is sometimes marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the [[Baroque]] ornamentation exported from Spain.

[[History of Mexico#Spanish_rule_(1521–1821)|Mexico]], as the center of [[New Spain]]—and the richest province of Spain's colonial empire—has some of the most renowned buildings built in this style. With twenty-nine sites, Mexico has more sites on the [[UNESCO World Heritage]] list than any other country in the [[Americas]], many of them boasting some of the richest Spanish colonial architecture. Some of the most famous cities in Mexico built in the Colonial style are [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], [[Zacatecas, Zacatecas|Zacatecas]], [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]], [[Guanajuato, Guanajuato|Guanajuato]], and [[Morelia]].

The historic center of [[Mexico City]] is a mixture of architectural styles from the 16th century to the present. The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] was built from 1563 to 1813 using a variety of styles including the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]], Baroque, and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]. The rich interior is mostly Baroque. Other examples are the [[National Palace (Mexico)|Palacio Nacional]], the restored 18th-century [[Palace of Iturbide|Palacio de Iturbide]], the 16th-century [[Casa de los Azulejos, Mexico City|Casa de los Azulejos]] – clad with 18th-century blue-and-white [[Talavera (pottery)|talavera]] tiles, and many more churches, cathedrals,  museums, and palaces of the elite.

Between the late 17th century and 1750, one of Mexico's most popular architectural styles was Mexican [[Churrigueresque]]. These buildings were built in an ultra-Baroque, with details fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic.

[[Antigua Guatemala]] in [[Guatemala]] is also known for its well-preserved Spanish colonial style architecture. The city of Antigua is famous for its well-preserved Spanish [[Mudéjar]]-influenced Baroque architecture as well as a number of spectacular ruins of colonial churches dating from the 16th century. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The [[Ciudad Colonial]] (Colonial City) of [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic]], founded in 1498, is the oldest European city in the New World and a prime example of this architectural style. The port of [[Cartagena, Colombia]], founded in 1533 and [[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Venezuela]], founded in 1527, are two more UNESCO World Heritage Sites preserving some of the best Spanish colonial architecture in the Caribbean." [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] was founded by the Spaniards in 1521, where Spanish colonial architecture can be found like the historic [[Hotel El Convento]].<ref name="Peter Haldeman">{{cite web|title=Hotel El Convento: Making Over a Nunnery|url=http://www.architecturaldigest.com/decor/archive/convento_article_052002|publisher=Architectural Digest|access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref> Also, [[Old San Juan]] with its walled city and buildings (ranging from 1521 to the early 20th century) are very good examples, and in excellent condition.

[[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], the first continuously European-occupied city in North America, was established in 1565. Beginning in 1598, quarried [[coquina]] from [[Anastasia Island]] contributed to a new colonial style of architecture in this city. Coquina is a limestone conglomerate, containing small shells of mollusks. It was used in the construction of residential homes, the City Gate, the [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine|Cathedral Basilica]], the [[Castillo de San Marcos]], and [[Fort Matanzas National Monument|Fort Matanzas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html|title=The Conservation and Preservation of Coquina: A Symposium on Historic Building Material in the Coastal Southeast|date=December 2000|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

According to UNESCO, [[Quito]], Ecuador, has the best-preserved, and least-altered historic centre (320 hectares) in Latin America, despite several earthquakes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Quito |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> The historic district of this city is the best preserved area of Spanish colonial architecture in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacGregor |first1=Sandra |date=2023-05-22 |title=This underrated capital city was the first to become a UNESCO site |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/quito-ecuador-underrated-capital-city/index.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== History of the city grid in the New World ==
The idea of laying out a city in a [[grid plan|grid pattern]] is not unique to the Spanish. In fact, it never started out with the Spanish colonizers but they implemented it in hundreds of cities in the Americas and Asia. It has been traced back to some ancient civilizations especially the ancient cities of the [[Aztec]] and [[Maya civilization|Maya]], and also [[Ancient Greek]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stanislawski|first=Dan|title=The Origin and Spread of the Grid-Pattern Town|journal=[[Geographical Review]]|date=Jan 1946|volume=36|issue=1|pages=105–120|jstor=211076|doi=10.2307/211076|bibcode=1946GeoRv..36..105S |quote=Author page (Dutch) at [[:nl:Dan Stanislawski|Dan Stanislawski]]}}</ref> The idea was spread by the Roman conquest of European empires and its ideas were adopted by other civilizations. It was popularized at different paces and in different levels throughout the Renaissance—the French took to building grid-like villages (ville-neuves) and the English under [[King Edward I]] did as well. Some{{who|date=April 2017}} argue, however, that Spain was not part of this movement to order towns as grids. Despite its clear military advantage, and despite the knowledge of city planning, the New World settlements of the Spanish actually grew amorphously for some three to four decades before they turned to grids and city plans as ways of organizing space.
In contrast to the orders given much later on how the city should be laid out, [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] did not give specific instructions for how to build the new settlements in the Caribbeans. To Nicolas De Ovando, he said the following in 1501:

<blockquote>As it is necessary in the island of Española to make settlements and from here it is not possible to give precise instructions, investigate the possible sites, and in conformity with the quality of the land and sites as well as with the present population outside present settlements establish settlements in the numbers and in the places that seem proper to you.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stanislawski|first=Dan|title=Early Spanish Town Planning in the New World|journal=[[Geographical Review]]|date=Jan 1947|volume=37|issue=1|pages=94–105|jstor=211364|doi=10.2307/211364|bibcode=1947GeoRv..37...94S |quote=Author page (Dutch) at [[:nl:Dan Stanislawski|Dan Stanislawski]]}}</ref></blockquote>

== City planning: a royal ordinance ==
[[File:Manila 1851.jpg|right|thumb|Map of the walled city of [[Intramuros]] in Manila with elements of colonial planning called [[Laws of the Indies]] present]]
In 1513 the monarchs wrote out a set of guidelines that ordained the conduct of Spaniards in the New World as well as that of the Indians that they found there. With regards to city planning, these ordinances had details on the preferred location of a new town and its location relative to the sea, mountains and rivers. It also detailed the shape and measurements of the central plaza taking into account the spacing for purposes of trade as well as the spacing for purposes of festivities or even military operations—occasions that involved horse-riding. In addition to specifying the location of the church, the orientation of roads that run into the main plaza as well as the width of the street with respect to climatic conditions, the guidelines also specified the order in which the city must be built.

<blockquote>The building lots and the structures erected thereon are to be so situated that in the living rooms one can enjoy air from the south and from the north, which are the best. All town homes are to be so planned that they can serve as a defense or fortress against those who might attempt to create disturbances or occupy the town. Each house is to be so constructed that horses and household animals can be kept therein, the courtyards and stockyards being as large as possible to insure health and cleanliness.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nuttall|first=Zelia|author-link=Zelia Nuttall|title=Royal Ordinances Concerning the Laying Out of New Towns|journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review|date=May 1922|volume=5|issue=2|pages=249–254|doi=10.2307/2506027|jstor=2506027}}</ref></blockquote>

== La Traza ==
[[File:Tlacotalpan.png|thumb|230px|Colonial layout of [[Tlacotalpan (municipality)|Tlacotalpan]], Mexico]]
The ''traza'' or layout was the pattern on which Spanish American cities were built beginning in the colonial era.  At the heart of Spanish colonial cities was a central plaza, with the main church, town council (''cabildo'') building, residences of the main civil and religious officials, and the residences of the most important residents (''vecinos'') of the town built there. The principal businesses were also located around this central plan.  Radiated from the main square were streets in at right angles, a grid that could extend as the settlement grew, impeded only by geography.<ref>[[James Lockhart (historian)|James Lockhart]] and [[Stuart B. Schwartz|Stuart Schwartz]], ''Early Latin America'', New York: Cambridge University Press, 66–68.</ref> About three decades into colonization of the New World, the conquistadores started to build and plan cities according to laws prescribed by the monarchs in the Laws of the Indies. In addition to describing other aspects of the interactions between the Spanish conquerors and the natives they encountered, these laws ordained the specific ways new settlements should be laid out. In addition to specifying the layout, the laws also required a pattern in settlement based on social standing, in which the people of higher social status lived closer to the center of the town, the center of political, ecclesiastical, and economic power. The 1790 census for Mexico City indicates that in the traza that there was indeed a higher concentration of Spaniards (''españoles''), but that there was no absolute racial or class segregation in the city, particularly since elite households usually had non-white servants.<ref>Dennis Nodin Valdés, "The Decline of the ''Sociedad de Castas'' in Mexico City." PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan 1978.</ref>

The grid was not limited to Spanish settlements; however, "Reducciones" [[Indian Reductions]] and "Congregaciones"  were created in a similar grid-like manner for Indians in order to organize these populations in more manageable units for purposes of taxation, military efficiency and in order to teach Indians the way of the Spanish.

Modern cities in Latin America have grown, and consequently erased or jumbled the previous standard spatial and social organization of the cityscape. Elites do not always live closer to the city center, and the point-space occupied by individuals is not necessarily determined by their social status. The central plaza, the wide streets and a grid pattern are still common elements in [[Mexico City]] and [[Puebla]] de Los Angeles. It is not uncommon in modern-founded towns, especially those in remote areas of Latin America, to have retained the "checkerboard layout" even to present day.

Mexico City is a good example of how these ordinances were followed in laying out a city. Previously the capital of the Aztec empire, [[Tenochtitlan]] was captured and placed under Spanish rule in 1521. After news of the conquest, the king sent instructions very similar to the aforementioned Ordinance of 1513. In some parts the instructions are almost verbatim to his previous ones. The instructions were meant to direct the conqueror—[[Hernán Cortés]]—on how to lay out the city and how to allocate land to the Spaniards. It is pointed out, however, that though the king might have sent many such orders and instructions to other conquistadores, Cortés was perhaps the first one to implement them. He insisted on carrying out the building of a new city where the Indian Empire had stood, and he incorporated features of the old plaza into the new grid. Much was accomplished since he was accompanied by men familiar with the grid system and the royal instructions. The point here is that Cortés accomplished the planning and was on his way to finish the building of Mexico City before the royal ordinances addressed specifically to him even arrived. Men like Cortés and [[Alonso García Bravo]] (who is also called "the good geometer"),{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} played a crucial role in creating a city scape of New World cities as we know them.

== Church and mission architecture ==
{{See also|Spanish missions in the Americas|Spanish Missions in California|Spanish missions in Mexico|Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl|Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro|Mendicant monasteries in Mexico}}
[[File:16 21 0440 carmel mission (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo]], [[California]], United States]]
[[File:Mission San Xavier del Bac AZ.jpg|thumb|[[Mission San Xavier del Bac]], [[Arizona]], United States]]
In places of dense indigenous settlement, such as in Central Mexico, the mendicant orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) built churches on the sites of pre-Hispanic temples. In the early period of the "spiritual conquest", there were so many indigenous neophytes who attended Mass that a large open-air atrium was built, walling off a space within the church complex to create an enlarged sacred space without great expense of building.<ref>John McAndrew, ''The Open Air Churches of Sixteenth-Century Mexico: Atrios, Posas, Open Chapels and other Studies'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1965.</ref> Indigenous labor was used in construction; since a communities sacred place was a symbol and embodiment of that community, laboring to create these structures was not necessarily an unwanted burden. Since Mexico experienced many sixteenth-century epidemics that drastically diminished the size of the central Mexican indigenous population, there were often elaborate churches with few Indians still living to attend them, such as the Augustinian church at Acolman, Mexico. The different mendicant orders had distinct styles of building. Franciscans built large churches to accommodate the new neophytes, Dominican churches were highly ornamented, while the Augustinian churches were characterized by their critics as opulent and sumptuous.<ref>[[Ida Altman]], Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, ''The Early History of Greater Mexico''. Pearson, 2003, p. 119.</ref>

Mission churches were often of simple design. As mendicants were pushed out of central Mexico and as Jesuits also evangelized Indians in northern Mexico, they built mission churches as part of a larger complex, with living quarters and workshops for resident Indians. Unlike central Mexico, where churches were built in existing indigenous towns, on the frontier where indigenous did not live in such settlements, the mission complex was created.<ref>[[Ida Altman|Altman]] et al., ''Early History of Greater Mexico'', pp. 130–31.</ref> In Central America, churches were built once a city was founded where an indigenous town already existed, as in the case of the city of [[Comayagua]] in Honduras, which is located in a valley that was densely populated by natives, similar to the case of the [[Valley of Mexico]]. The first churches to be built by the Franciscans to evangelize the populations were the Church of San Francisco and the Iglesia de la Merced, and later the cathedral. In the rest of America a similar pattern was followed by the authorities.

== Spanish East Indies ==
{{See also|Nipa hut|Bahay na Bato|Earthquake Baroque|label 1=}}
[[File:GRMondala Manila Cathedral.jpg|right|thumb|230px|The [[Manila Cathedral]] of the Philippines]]
The arrival of the Spaniards in 1571 brought in European colonial architecture to the Philippines. Specifically suited for the hot tropics of the new Far East territory, European architecture was transposed via Acapulco, Mexico into a uniquely Filipino style. The [[nipa hut]] or [[Nipa hut|''bahay kubo'']] of the Indigenous Filipinos gave way to the ''[[bahay na bato]]'' (stone house) and other Filipino houses collectively called ''[[Nipa hut#Bahay Na Bato|Bahay Filipino]]'' (Filipino houses) and became the typical houses of Filipinos in the past. ''Bahay na bato'' were also referred to as ''arquitectura mestiza'' ("mixed architecture") by the [[Jesuit]] priest Ignacio Alzina in 1668 due to it being composed of both wood and stone.<ref name="Rivera-Lutap">{{cite journal |last1=Rivera-Lutap |first1=Jocelyn A. |title=In Search of a Brand for a Higher Education Institution through Its Architecture: The Case of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines |journal=Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education |date=2021 |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=731-745}}</ref><ref name="Luengo">{{cite journal |last1=Luengo |first1=Pedro |title=Architectural Hybridity in Iberian Southeast Asia, 1580–1640 |journal=Itinerario |date=August 2017 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=353–374 |doi=10.1017/S0165115317000407}}</ref>
[[File:Heritage Houses-2, Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, Bataan.JPG|thumb|left|Typical examples of restored and relocated ''[[bahay na bato]]'' architecture in the [[Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar]]. The style combines elements of Spanish architecture with the  [[stilt house|raised]] ''[[bahay kubo]]'' designs of native [[Filipinos]]]]
The ''[[Ancestral houses of the Philippines|Bahay Filipino]]'' houses followed the nipa hut's arrangements, such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between Filipino houses would be the materials that were used to build them. The [[bahay na bato]] is a hybrid of native [[Austronesian architecture|Austronesian]] and Spanish architecture. Its most common appearance is like that of a stilt nipa hut standing on Spanish-style stone blocks or bricks as a foundation instead of just wood or bamboo stilts. It would usually have solid stone foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story/stories with balustrades, [[Ventanilla (Philippine architecture)|ventanillas]] and [[Capiz shell window|capiz-shell sliding sashes on windows]]. The roof was either a Spanish-style curving clay tile roof (''teja de curva'')<ref name="Martinez">{{cite web |last1=Martinez |first1=Glenn |title=Here's A Complete List Of The 46 Parts of A Filipino House |url=https://www.realliving.com.ph/lifestyle/arts-culture/here-s-a-complete-list-of-the-46-parts-of-a-filipino-house-a1618-20180821-lfrm?utm_source=Facebook-RealLiving&utm_medium=Ownshare&utm_campaign=20200524-fbnp-lifestyle-here-s-a-complete-list-of-the-46-parts-of-a-filipino-house-a1618-20180821-lfrm-fbprom&fbclid=IwAR2ae4ArZhIQrx-iCkvFT4KM_WRYM7-vNXAHQoaITl5eiIOqW81Z5PhwUfM |website=RealLiving |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> or a [[thatched]] [[Amakan#Pawid|nipa roof]]. The latter was largely replaced by galvanized iron roofs in the late 19th century. Today these houses are more commonly called [[Ancestral houses of the Philippines|ancestral houses]], due to most ancestral houses in the Philippines being bahay na bato.<ref>[https://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v2/v1.pdf#page=5 ''The Spanish Colonial Tradition''], Philippine Architecture, pp. 5-13.</ref>
[[File:Paoay Church front left (Marcos Avenue, Paoay, Ilocos Norte; 11-16-2022).jpg|thumb|[[Paoay Church]] in [[Ilocos Norte]], Philippines, an example of [[Earthquake Baroque]] architecture]]
[[Earthquake Baroque]] is a style of [[Baroque architecture]] found in the [[Philippines]], which suffered destructive [[earthquake]]s during the 17th century and 18th century, where large public buildings, such as [[Church (building)|churches]], were rebuilt in a [[Baroque]] style.<ref>[http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/05-06/antiguas-environs-antigua-guatemala.html "Antigua’s Environs – Antigua, Guatemala"]. BootsnAll Indie Travel Guide. Retrieved on 2011-07-06.</ref> In the Philippines, destruction of earlier churches from frequent earthquakes have made the church proportion lower and wider; side walls were made thicker and heavily [[buttress]]ed for stability during shaking.  The upper structures were made with lighter materials.<ref name="City">[http://www.aenet.org/manila-expo/page16.htm "The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries"]. Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on 2011-07-06.</ref>

Bell towers are usually lower and stouter compared to towers in less seismically active regions of the world.<ref>Finch, Ric. [http://www.rutahsa.com/antigua.html "Antigue Guatemala-- Monumental City of the Americas"]. Rutahsa Adventures. Retrieved on 2011-07-06.</ref>  Towers have thicker girth in the lower levels, progressively narrowing to the topmost level.<ref name="City" /> In some churches of the Philippines, aside from functioning as watchtowers against pirates, some bell towers are detached from the main church building to avoid damage in case of a falling bell tower due to an earthquake.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Museo de arte de qro..jpg|Monasterio de San Agustín, [[Querétaro City|Santiago de Querétaro]], Mexico
File:Catedral exterior.jpg|[[Havana Cathedral]], Cuba
File:Basílica Menor de Santa María SD RD 02 2017 1941.jpg|[[Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor|Basilica Cathedral of Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic
File:Iglesia de San Francisco, Quito 01.jpg|[[Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco, Quito]], Ecuador
File:Casa de la Moneda..JPG|[[National Mint of Bolivia|Mint of Potosí]], Bolivia
File:Fachada del Museo Regional de Guadalajara, Jal., Méx. 04.JPG|{{ill|Regional Museum of Guadalajara|es|Museo Regional de Guadalajara}}, [[Guadalajara]], Mexico
File:Catedral de Lima, Peru.jpg|[[Cathedral Basilica of Lima]], Peru
File:Government House - St. Augustine.jpg|[[Government House (St. Augustine)|Government House]], [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], United States
File:La Merced Church Antigua Guatemala 2.jpg|[[Iglesia de La Merced, Antigua Guatemala|Iglesia de La Merced]], [[Antigua Guatemala]]
File:Taal basilica 4.jpg|[[Taal Basilica]], Philippines
File:Santa Fe Palace of the Governors.JPG|[[Palace of the Governors]], [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], United States
File:Concepcion church.JPG|Church of the Missions, Concepción, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia
File:SAN GERONIMO CHURCH,MORONG RIZAL.jpg|[[Morong Church]], [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]], Philippines
File:Iglesia de Achao - fachada.JPG|[[Church of Santa María de Loreto, Achao]], [[Churches of Chiloé]], Colonial [[Chilotan architecture]], Chile
File:Vista de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas.JPG|[[Alhóndiga de Granaditas]], Guanajuato, Mexico
File:Xalpa Aqueduct in Tepotzotlan Mexico.jpg|Aqueduct of Xalpa, [[Tepotzotlán]], Mexico
File:Catedral Metropolitana de Panamá ,.jpg|[[Metropolitan Cathedral of Panama City]], Panama City, Panama
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Hispanic colonial architecture}}
* [[Andean Baroque]]
* [[Churrigueresque]]
* [[New Spanish Baroque]]
* [[Presidio]]
* [[Spanish Baroque architecture]] – evolved in Spain and its colonies
* [[Spanish architecture]]
* [[Bahay na bato]]
* [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture]]
* [[Spanish missions in the Americas]]
* [[Mission Revival Style architecture]]
* [[Mediterranean Revival architecture]]
* [[Ancestral houses of the Philippines]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Spanish Colonial architecture}}
{{Spanish Empire}}
{{Architecture in the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Spanish Colonial architecture| ]]
[[Category:Architectural styles]]
[[Category:Architecture in Spain]]