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{{Short description|Period of Spanish history from 408 to 1492}}
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'''Spain in the Middle Ages''' is a period in the [[history of Spain]] that began in the 5th century following the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] and ended with the beginning of the [[early modern period]] in 1492.

The history of Spain is marked by waves of conquerors who brought their distinct cultures to the peninsula.  After the migration of the [[Vandal#In Hispania|Vandals]] and [[Alans]] down the Mediterranean coast of [[Hispania]] from 408, the history of medieval Spain begins with the Iberian kingdom of the [[Arianism|Arian]]ist [[Visigoth]]s (507–711), who were [[Christianization|converted to Catholicism]] along with their king [[Reccared I|Reccared]] in 587. Visigothic culture in Spain can be seen as a phenomenon of [[Late Antiquity]] as much as part of the [[Age of Migrations]].
 
From Northern Africa in 711, the Muslim [[Umayyad Caliphate]] crossed into Spain, at the invitation of a Visigothic clan to assist it in rising against King [[Roderic]]. Over the period 711–788, the Umayyads conquered most of the lands of the Visigothic kingdom of Hispania and established the territory known as [[Al-Andalus]]. A revolt during the conquest established the Christian [[Kingdom of Asturias]] in the north of Spain.

Much of the period is marked by conflict between the Muslim and Christian states of Spain, referred to as the [[Reconquista]], or the Reconquest (i.e., The Christians "reconquering" their lands as a religious crusade). The border between Muslim and Christian lands wavered southward through 700 years of war, which marked the peninsula as a militarily contested space. The medieval centuries also witnessed episodes of warfare between Spain's Christian states and between the Muslim [[taifa]]s, successor states of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Caliphate of Cordoba]]. Wars between the [[Crown of Aragon]] and the [[Crown of Castile]] were sparked by dynastic rivalries or disagreements over tracts of land conquered or to be conquered from the Muslim south.

The Middle Ages in Spain are often said to end in 1492 with the [[Granada War|final acts of the Reconquista]] in the capitulation of the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] [[Emirate of Granada]] and the [[Alhambra decree]] ordering the [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|expulsion of the Jews]]. [[Early modern]] Spain was first united as an institution in the reign of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] as Charles I of Spain.

==Early medieval Spain==
{{see also|History of Spain#Gothic Hispania (5th–8th centuries)}}
{{Further|Visigothic Kingdom|Suebic Kingdom of Galicia|Spania}}

When the [[Germanic tribes]] invaded the provinces of the Roman Empire, the hordes, urged forward by the pressure of the [[Huns]] in their rear, hurled themselves for the first time upon the Pyrenean Peninsula – the [[Alans|Alani]], a people of Scythian, or Tatar, race; the [[Vandals]] and [[Suebians]], Germanic races. The Alani were, for the most part, quickly brought into subjection. The Vandals, after establishing themselves in [[Baetica]], to which they gave the name of Vandalusia (Andalusia), passed on into Africa, while the [[Visigoths]] hemmed in the Suebi in Galicia until the latter were completely brought under control. These Visigoths, or Western Goths, after [[Sack of Rome (410)|sacking Rome]] under the leadership of [[Alaric I|Alaric]] (410), turned towards the [[Iberian Peninsula]], with [[Athaulf]] for their leader, and occupied the northeastern portion. [[Wallia]] extended his rule over most of the peninsula, keeping the Suebians shut up in Galicia. [[Theodoric I]] took part, with the Romans and Franks, in the [[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains]], where [[Attila]] was routed.<ref name=Spain>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Spain}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

[[Euric]] (466), who put an end to the last remnants of Roman power in the peninsula, may be considered the first monarch of Spain, though the Suebians still maintained their independence in Galicia. Euric was also the first king to give written laws to the Visigoths. In the following reigns the Catholic kings of France assumed the role of protectors of the Hispano-Roman [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] against the [[Arianism]] of the Visigoths, and in the [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|wars]] which ensued [[Alaric II]] and [[Amalaric]] lost their lives.<ref name=Spain/>

[[Image:STA. COMBA DE BANDE - Vista exterior.jpg|thumb|Visigothic church of Santa Comba de Bande, Ourense. Galicia, Spain.]]
[[Athanagild]], having risen against King [[Agila I|Agila]], called in the Byzantine Greeks and, in payment for the succour they gave him, ceded to them the maritime places of the southeast (554). [[Liuvigild]] restored the political unity of the peninsula, subduing the Suebians, but the religious divisions of the country, reaching even the royal family, brought on a civil war. [[St. Hermengild]], the king's son, putting himself at the head of the Catholics, was defeated and taken prisoner, and suffered martyrdom for rejecting communion with the Arians. [[Reccared]], son of Liuvigild and brother of St. Hermengild, added religious unity to the political unity achieved by his father, accepting the Catholic faith in the [[Third Council of Toledo]] (589).<ref name=Spain/>

[[Sisebut]] and [[Suintila]] completed the expulsion of the Byzantines from Spain. [[Chindasuinth]] and [[Recceswinth]] laboured for legislative unity, and legalized marriages, hitherto prohibited, between Goths and Latins. In 711, North African [[Berber people|Berber]] soldiers with some [[Arab|Arabs]] commanded by [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]] crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], engaging a Visigothic force led by King [[Roderic]] at the [[Battle of Guadalete]] in a moment of serious in-fighting and division across the [[Visigothic Kingdom]].

==Medieval Islamic Spain==
Islam in Spain began in 711 when Arab and Berber troops made their way into Spain via the Strait of Gibraltar and swiftly took control. The Muslims even made their way up into France but were defeated at the Battle of Tours.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain ; [Exhibition Al-Andalus - The Art of Islamic Spain, held at the Alhambra, Granada, (March 18 - June 7, 1992), and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (July 1 - September 27, 1992)] |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-87099-636-8 |editor-last=Dodds |editor-first=Jerrilynn D. |editor-last2=Metropolitan Museum of Art |editor-last3=Museo de la Alhambra}}</ref> This commenced a three-hundred-year period of cultural and economic flourishing on the Iberian peninsula. Spain was comparable to cities such as Baghdad and Constantinople regarding commerce and valuable products.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200 |date=1993 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Distributed by H.N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-87099-685-6 |editor-last=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) |location=New York}}</ref> Much wealth was created during this time due to the slave trade. Under Muslim rule, the Iberian peninsula became a center of knowledge, unlike the prior Visigoths. They revolutionized the political world of Spain by bringing in ambassadors from Egypt, Tunisia, Saxony, and Byzantium.<ref name=":1" /> The mosque became the hub of learning during this period. Muslims also introduced such innovations as the water wheel and complex irrigation systems.<ref name=":1" /> With many ethnicities and religions, people debated about God and moral issues. Muslims were tolerant of other groups which contrasts with the Christian’s approach. Furthermore, there was little evidence of Arab women traveling to Spain, strengthening the argument for cultural diversity. Now Christian and Jewish women were intermarrying with Muslims. 

The Muslims started to lose control of the peninsula after the defeat at Toledo in 1085. Christians began making their way into Spain until they captured Grenada in 1492 ending Muslim rule of Spain. Some Muslims stayed in Spain but were driven out in 1610 by Phillip III.<ref name=":0" />

== Medieval Judaic Spain ==
Although historical evidence of a Jewish presence in medieval Spain is limited, there is still much to be said. In the early Middle Ages, under Visigothic rule, Jews faced heavy prosecution.<ref name=":0" /> This took a turn when Spain was conquered by the Muslims in 711. Although Muslims were not perfect in their treatment of Jews they gave them the freedom that was originally absent. The cities of Grenada and Seville hosted the largest Jewish communities of approximately four thousand.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Jonathan |title=Jewish life in medieval Spain: a new history |date=2023 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-2384-4 |series=Jewish culture & contexts (JCX) |location=Philadelphia}}</ref> This period is labeled as the “Golden Age” for Jews. Many Jews were employed as merchants, physicians, and courtiers. However, this was not the majority. Many Jews were subject to lowly jobs such as executioners, jailors, and peddlers.<ref name=":2" /> As stated above many Muslims hired educated Jews for their court. Furthermore, each group constantly interacted with each other creating many business relationships. Nonetheless, Muslims still expressed a strong disdain for Jews labeling them as traitors and snakes for their rejection of Islam.<ref name=":2" />

Jewish women are sort of a mystery to historians. Making up half of the Jewish population in Spain at the time very little is known about them. It seems that Jewish women were responsible for all household responsibilities. They also carried out many religious ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuente |first=María Jesús |date=2009 |title=Christian, Muslim and Jewish Women in Late Medieval Iberia |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/15/2-4/article-p319_10.xml |journal=Medieval Encounters |volume=15 |issue=2-4 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.1163/157006709X458873 |issn=1380-7854|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  

Things started to go deteriorate for the Jews once Muslims started losing control of the peninsula. The success of Jews depended on whether Muslims had power. Once Christians took majority control in Spain many Jews either converted or fled concluding this chapter of Jewish prospering in Spain.

==Medieval Christian Spain==
The Romans initially brought Christianity to Spain. There is evidence of martyrs in the third century. By the fourth century, church councils were held throughout Spain. The Romans would then fall to the Visigoths in 409. The Visigoths were not Christian initially, but by the sixth century, King Recared held councils regarding Christianity in Toledo.<ref name=":1" /> The Visigothic rule would end in 711 when the Arabs conquered the peninsula. Muslims remained in control for the next three centuries. However, Christianity was still tolerated under this Muslim governance, and much of northern Spain remained Christian. Most Christians at this time were poor and lived in rural areas. By the start of the eleventh century, the Muslim caliphate had split into Taifas. The Christians took notice of the Muslim's declining power and started attacking from the North. The most important battle in the Christians's reclaiming of Spain was Alfonso VI’s victory at Toledo in 1085.<ref name=":0" /> Spain found new success under Christian control. The church of Santiago di Compostela brought many pilgrims into the region. Along with religion spreading many political and economic ideas were being communicated by this influx of outsiders entering Spain.<ref name=":1" /> Christians began the Middle Ages with control over the peninsula and would then lose it and reclaim it again. 

===The Reconquista===
{{mainarticle|Reconquista}}
The fugitive Goths found a retreat in those mountains where the Romans had never been able to effectively establish their authority; only a few years after the [[Battle of Guadalete]] (711), they gained a victory over [[Alqama (8th century)|Alqama]] in the [[Battle of Covadonga]] (718 or 722). [[Don Pelayo]], or Pelagius, the Gothic chieftain who was victor at Covadonga, was acclaimed king, and took up his residence at [[Cangas de Onís]]. His son [[Favila]] was killed while hunting, torn to pieces by a bear, and was succeeded by [[Alfonso I of Asturias|Alfonso I]], son-in-law of Don Pelayo, who expanded his kingdom as far as [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Tierra de Campos]] (the "Gothic Fields" or Campos Góticos).<ref name="Spain" />

[[Fruela I]] (757 – came to power) founded [[Oviedo]]. He was assassinated, and was succeeded by several  kings ([[Aurelius of Asturias|Aurelius]], [[Silo of Asturias|Silo]], [[Mauregato]], and [[Bermudo I of Asturias|Bermudo I, the Deacon]]) and at last [[Alfonso II of Asturias|Alfonso II, the Chaste]], who set up his court at Oviedo, recommenced the great expeditions against the Muslims, and seems to have invited [[Charlemagne]] to come to Asturias, thus occasioning the Frankish monarch's expedition which ended in the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass|disaster of Roncevaux]]. The Vikings invaded Galicia in 844 but were expelled by [[Ramiro I of Asturias|Ramiro I]] from [[A Coruña]]; 70 Viking ships were captured and burned.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haywood |first1=John |title=Northmen |date= 2015 |isbn=9781781855225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGmoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT189}}</ref> Vikings returned to Galicia in 859, during the reign of [[Ordoño I]]. They were faced with an army led by Don Pedro who dispersed them and destroyed 38 of their ships. [[Alfonso III of Asturias|Alfonso III, the Great]], continued the forays as far as the Sierra Morena, and founded Burgos, the future capital of Castile. His sons rebelled against him, and he abdicated the crown, dividing his dominions among them. With him ended the Kingdom of Asturias, the territory of which soon became subject to León.<ref name="Spain" />

Another rallying-point of the Reconquest was Aragón; the other two, Navarre and Catalonia, were placed by the circumstances of their origin in peculiar relations with France. The Basques on either side of the Western Pyrenees dissatisfied with Frankish rule, rebelled on several occasions. At Roncevaux they annihilated the forces of Charlemagne, and in 824 another victory secured the independence of the Basques of Pamplona. The names and dates of their kings, or chieftains, are very uncertain until we come to [[Sancho II of Pamplona|Sancho II, Abarca]]. He abdicated in favour of his son, [[García Sánchez II of Pamplona|García II, the Trembler]], in whose time the Leónese and Navarrese together were [[Battle of Valdejunquera|routed at Valdejunquera]].<ref name="Spain" /> [[Sancho III of Pamplona|Sancho III, the Great]], was one of the monarchs who most influenced Spanish history; he was eventually King of Navarre, Castile, Aragón, and Sobrarbe. At his death (1035) he divided his kingdoms, giving Navarre to his eldest son García, Castile, with the title of King, to Fernando, Aragón to Ramiro, and Sobrarbe to Gonzálo.

===Unification of Spain===
Several difficulties stood in the way to the union of the various states formed in Spain by the Reconquest. Navarre and Catalonia were in particularly close contact with France, and the marriage of Ramón Berenguer the Great with Dulcia, heiress of Provence, made the relations between the peoples of the ''langue d'oc'' so close that the subsequent development of [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]] was connected rather with that of the South of France. In Navarre, when the dynasty of Sancho the Elder became extinct, the Crown passed in succession to the houses of [[House of Blois|Blois]] (1234) of France, and of [[House of Évreux|Évreux]] (1349–1441), with the result that Navarre, until the 15th century, lived in much closer relations with the French monarchy than with the Spanish states. On the other hand, the feudal system introduced in the western kingdoms by the House of Navarre brought about repeated partitions of states. [[Ferdinand I of León|Ferdinand I]] divided his kingdom into five parts, Castile, León, Galicia, Zamora, and Toro, though his son [[Sancho II of Castile and León|Sancho the Strong]] despoiled his brothers and restored the kingdom to unity. But [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile|Alfonso VII]] separated Castile and León, leaving the former to his son [[Sancho III of Castile|Sancho]], and the latter to Ferdinand I.<ref name=Spain/>

Another result of feudal customs being introduced by the Burgundian princes was the separation of Portugal. For [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] gave his daughters [[Urraca of León|Urraca]] and [[Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal|Teresa]] in marriage to [[Raymond of Burgundy]] and [[Henry, Count of Portugal|Henry of Burgundy]] respectively who founded two dynasties: that of Portugal, and that of Castile and León, which began with [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile|Alfonso VII]]. The Kingdoms of Asturias, Galicia, León, and Castile were united under [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]], heir of León through his father [[Alfonso IX]], and of Castile through his mother [[Berengaria of Castile|Berengaria]]. In the same way Catalonia and Aragon entered into a personal union by the marriage of [[Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer IV]] with [[Petronilla of Aragon|Doña Petronila]], daughter of Ramiro the Monk, of Aragón.<ref name=Spain/>

[[File:Castello di reggio calabria, esterno 01.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Aragonese Castle (Reggio Calabria)|Aragonese Castle]] in Reggio Calabria, Italy]]The monarchy formed by the [[Crown of Aragon|dynastic union of Aragon and Catalonia]] was the first to complete the Reconquest in their regional area, they then directed their strength eastward. [[Peter II of Aragon|Peter II the Catholic]], sovereign of Aragon and Catalonia, went to Rome to seek the annulment of his marriage with [[Maria of Montpellier]] and to have himself crowned by the pope. The former purpose he failed to accomplish; the latter occasioned him a great deal of trouble, as the Aragónese nobles refused to recognize the position of vassalage to the [[Holy See]] in which Peter had placed his kingdom. These nobles then forced for the first time the  union, which was the cause of such serious disturbances until [[Peter IV of Aragon|Peter IV]] with his dagger cut in pieces the document which recorded it. Peter II the Catholic, fell in the [[Battle of Muret]] (1213), defending his Albigensian kinsmen against [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], whom [[Innocent III]] had sent against them. His son, [[James I of Aragon|James I, the Conqueror]], completed the Catalan-Aragonese conquest, winning Majorca (1228) and Valencia (1238) besides helping his son-in-law, [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]], to complete the [[Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)|conquest of Murcia]]. His son and successor gave new direction to Catalan-Aragónese policy by enforcing the rights of his wife, [[Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon|Constance]], to the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]]. Profiting by the [[War of the Sicilian Vespers|rising of the Sicilian Vespers]] against the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevins]] (1282), he gained Sicily and attacked Naples.<ref name=Spain/>

This conquest, however, placed the kings of Aragon in a position of antagonism with the popes, who defended the rights of the House of Anjou. [[Martin IV]], having excommunicated [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]], led the Aragónese nobles to take advantage in extending their privileges at the expense of royal power. The demands of the nobles increased in the reign of [[Alfonso III of Aragon|Alfonso III]], who was forced to confirm to them the famous Privilegio de la Union. [[James II of Aragon|James II]] became reconciled with the Holy See, accepting Corsica and Sardinia in lieu of Sicily. Peter IV, the Ceremonious, defeated the nobles at Epila (1348) and used his dagger to cut in pieces the charter they had extorted from his predecessors. In the meantime, the Catalans and Aragónese who were left in Sicily offered themselves to Emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]] to [[Catalan campaign in Asia Minor|fight the Turks]]. Having conquered them, they turned their arms against the Greeks, who treacherously slew their leaders; but for this treachery the Spaniards, under Bernard of Rocafort and Berenguer of Entenca, exacted the terrible penalty which is celebrated in history as "The Catalan Vengeance" and moreover seized the Duchies of [[Duchy of Athens|Athens]] and [[Duchy of Neopatras|Neopatras]] (1313). The royal line of Barcelona-Aragon became extinct with [[Martin the Humane]], and the [[Compromise of Caspe]] (1412) gave the Crown to the dynasty of Castile, thus facilitating a future dynastic union. [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V, the Magnanimous]], once more turned Aragonese policy to the direction of Italy, where he possessed the Kingdom of Sicily and acquired that of Naples by having himself made adoptive son of Queen Joanna. With these events began the [[Italian wars]] which were not to end until the 18th century.<ref name=Spain/>

[[File:Spanish kingdoms 1360.jpg|thumb|260px|The Spanish kingdoms in 1360]]
Meanwhile, the Reconquest languished in Castile; at first, because of the candidacy of Alfonso X for the crown of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], in which candidacy he had secured a majority of the electoral princes. This was followed by a disputed succession to the throne, the rival claimants being the Cerda heirs (sons of [[Ferdinand de la Cerda|Fernando]], the eldest son of Alfonso X) and the second son of [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho IV]]. Later, [[Ferdinand IV of Castile|Ferdinand IV]] succeeded to the throne at the age of nine, being under the tutelage of his mother [[María de Molina]]. Alfonso XI was little more than one year old when his father died (1312); and though his reign was in many respects glorious, and he overcame the [[Marinid dynasty|Marinids]] in the [[Battle of Río Salado]] (1340), still his relationship with [[Eleanor de Guzmán]], by whom he had several children, resulted in the wars of the following reign, that of Pedro the Cruel, who was at last slain by his bastard brother, Henry of Trastámara, and succeeded on the throne as [[Henry II of Castile|Henry II]]. [[John I of Castile|John I]], who married [[Beatrice of Portugal]] (1383), sought to unite the two kingdoms on the death of [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand]], the last King of Portugal of the Burgundian line. The Portuguese, however, defeated John of Castile at the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] (1385), and the Portuguese Crown went to the Master of Aviz, who became [[John I of Portugal]]. [[Henry III of Castile|Henry III]], who married [[Catherine of Lancaster]], was the first to take the title of [[Prince of Asturias]] as heir to the Crown, which he inherited during his minority, as did his son, [[John II of Castile|John II]].<ref name=Spain/>

==Culture==
In the post-Roman period before 711, the [[history of the Spanish language]] began with [[Old Spanish language|Old Spanish]]; the other Latin-derived Hispanic languages with a considerable body of literature are [[Catalan language|Catalan]] (which had a relevant golden age of [[Valencian language|Valencian]]), and to a lesser degree [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]. [[Asturian Medieval Spanish]], [[Galician language|Galician]] and [[Basque language|Basque]] were primarily oral.

Alfonso X commissioned a translation of an Arabic work on chess, dice and [[Tables games|tables]] games called the ''[[Libro de los juegos|Libro de los Juegos]]'' in 1283.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Burns|1990}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Musser Golladay|2007|p=31}}. Although Musser Golladay is not the first to assert that 1283 is the finish date of the ''Libro de Juegos'', the ''a quo'' information compiled in her dissertation consolidates the range of research concerning the initiation and completion dates of the ''Libro de Juegos''.</ref> The work contains information on the playing of [[chess]], with over 100 [[Chess problem|chess problems]] and [[Chess variant|chess variants]].<ref>Wollesen, Jens T. "Sub specie ludi...: Text and Images in Alfonso El Sabio's Libro de Acedrex, Dados e Tablas", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 53:3, 1990. pp. 277–308.</ref> The king also co-authored several works of music such as the ''Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer'' and the ''[[Cantigas de Santa Maria]]'' in [[Galician-Portuguese]]. The latter contains more than 400 poems alongside musical notation, and currently forms one of the largest collections of songs to have survived from the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keller |first=John E. |title=Daily life depicted in the Cantigas de Santa Maria |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |others=Cash, Annette Grant, 1943– |year=2015 |isbn=9780813159096 |location=Lexington |pages=31 |oclc=900344519}}</ref>

==Main cities==
Medieval Spain was as much as a network of cities as it was interconnected provinces. Cities were cultural and administrative centers, the seats of bishops and sometimes kings, with markets and housing expanding from a central fortified stronghold. Medieval Spanish history can easily be followed through these major cities:

{{Div col|colwidth=25em|content=* [[Barcelona]]
* [[Bilbao]]
* [[Burgos]]
* [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]
* [[Granada]]
* [[León, Spain|León]]
* [[Málaga]]
* [[Murcia]]
* [[Oviedo]]
* [[Salamanca]]
* [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
* [[Santiago de Compostela]]
* [[Seville]]
* [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
* [[Valencia]]
* [[Valladolid]]
* [[Zaragoza]]}}

==See also==
*[[Spanish chivalry]]
*[[Medieval Spanish literature]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain]]

{{Commons category|Medieval Iberia}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | title= ''The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1993 | isbn=0870996851 | url=http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/111171}}
* {{cite book|author1-link=Peter Linehan |author=Linehan, Peter |title=History and the Historians of Medieval Spain |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1993 |isbn= 9780198219453}}
*{{cite book |author= O'Callaghan, Joseph F. | title= A History of Medieval Spain | location= Ithaca, NY | publisher= Cornell University Press | year= 1975 | isbn= 9780801492648}}
* {{cite book |last= Kennedy|first= Hugh|author-link= Hugh N. Kennedy |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus|url= |location=London |publisher=Longman |year= 1996| isbn= 0582495156}}
* {{cite book|last=Hillgarth |first=Jocelyn N. |title=The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516 (2 vols.) |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1976–1978|isbn= 0198225318}}

{{Spain topics}}
{{Middle Ages by region|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Middle Ages|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spain In The Middle Ages}}
[[Category:Medieval history of Spain| ]]

[[de:Geschichte Spaniens#Mittelalter]]