View source for Soviet dissidents

{{Short description|People who disagreed with certain features in the Marxist–Leninist state ideology}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Meiman dissidents.gif|thumb|260x260px|Soviet dissidents in the upper row: [[Naum Meiman]], [[Sofiya Kallistratova]], [[Petro Grigorenko]], his wife Zinaida Grigorenko, [[Tatyana Velikanova]]'s mother, priest Father Sergei Zheludkov and [[Andrei Sakharov]]; in the lower row: Genrikh Altunyan and [[Alexander Podrabinek]]. Photo taken on 16 October 1977<ref>{{cite book|author=Подрабинек, Александр|script-title=ru:Диссиденты|trans-title=Dissidents|date=2014|publisher=АСТ|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-17-082401-4|language=ru}}</ref>{{ffdc|1=Meiman dissidents.gif|log=2022 April 15}}]] -->

'''Soviet dissidents''' were people who disagreed with certain features of [[Soviet ideology]] or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Carlisle, Rodney |author2=Golson, Geoffrey |title=The Reagan era from the Iran crisis to Kosovo|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-885-9|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMrEP4Y6whwC&pg=PA88}}</ref> The term ''dissident'' was used in the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) in the period from the mid-1960s until the [[Fall of Communism]].<ref name="D">[http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/ Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316074723/http://memo.ru/history/diss/ |date=2011-03-16 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> It was used to refer to small groups of [[marginalized]] intellectuals whose challenges, from modest to radical to the Soviet regime, met protection and encouragement from correspondents,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OBMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|title=The Oxford handbook of the history of communism|date=2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-960205-6|page=379|author=Smith, Stephen}}</ref> and typically criminal prosecution or other forms of silencing by the authorities. Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsnKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|title=The road to disillusion: from critical Marxism to post-communism in Eastern Europe|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45479-3|edition=2|page=62|orig-year=1992|editor=Taras, Raymond}}</ref> As dissenters began self-identifying as ''dissidents'', the term came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.<ref name="u">[https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html Universal Declaration of Human Rights] General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), [[United Nations]], 10 December 1948</ref><ref name="de">[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/l2ptichr.htm Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968)], [[United Nations]],  May 1968</ref><ref name="act">[http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4044_en.pdf.html CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531135656/http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4044_en.pdf.html |date=2011-05-31 }}</ref> The most influential subset of the dissidents is known as the Soviet human rights movement.

Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible, and apart from rare exceptions, it had little consequence,<ref>{{cite journal|date=October 1997|title=Opposition in Russia|journal=[[Government and Opposition]]|volume=32|issue=4|pages=598–613|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00448.x|author=Barber, John|s2cid=145793949 }}</ref> primarily because it was instantly crushed with brute force. Instead, an important element of dissident activity in the Soviet Union was informing society (both inside the USSR and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights and organizing in defense of those rights. Over time, the dissident movement created vivid awareness of [[Soviet Communist]] abuses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1734&dat=19890602&id=XjseAAAAIBAJ&pg=6872,3869003&hl=com|title=Soviet dissenters used to die for speaking out|date=2 June 1989|work=[[The Dispatch (Lexington)|The Dispatch]]|page=5|author=Rosenthal, Abe}}</ref>

Soviet dissidents who criticized the state in most cases faced legal sanctions under the Soviet Criminal Code<ref>{{cite book|author=Stone, Alan|title=Law, psychiatry, and morality: essays and analysis|date=1985|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=978-0-88048-209-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawpsychiatrymor0000ston/page/5 5]|url=https://archive.org/details/lawpsychiatrymor0000ston|url-access=registration}}</ref> and the choice between [[exile]] abroad (with revocation of their Soviet citizenship), the [[psikhushka|mental hospital]], or the [[labor camp]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Singer, Daniel|title=Socialism and the Soviet Bloc|journal=[[The Nation]]|date=2 January 1998|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/socialism-and-soviet-bloc/|access-date=26 November 2015|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927130215/https://www.thenation.com/article/socialism-and-soviet-bloc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Anti-Soviet]] political behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, writing books critical of the USSR were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g. violation of Articles 70 or {{not a typo|190-1}}), a symptom (e.g. "delusion of reformism"), and a diagnosis (e.g. "[[sluggish schizophrenia]]").<ref name="Report">{{cite journal|title=Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry|journal=[[Schizophrenia Bulletin]]|year=1989|volume=15|issue=4 Suppl|pages=1–219|pmid=2638045|doi=10.1093/schbul/15.suppl_1.1|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== 1950s–1960s ==
In the 1950s, Soviet dissidents started leaking criticism to the West by sending documents and statements to foreign diplomatic missions in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shirk, Susan|title=Human rights: what about China?|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=Winter 1977–1978|issue=29|pages=109–127|doi=10.2307/1148534|jstor=1148534}}</ref> In the 1960s, Soviet dissidents frequently declared that the rights the government of the Soviet Union denied them were universal rights, possessed by everyone regardless of race, religion and nationality.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bergman, Jay|title=Soviet dissidents on the Holocaust, Hitler and Nazism: a study of the preservation of historical memory|journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]|date=July 1992|volume=70|issue=3|pages=477–504|jstor=4211013}}</ref> In August 1969, for instance, the [[Initiating Group for Defense of Civil Rights in the USSR]] appealed to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights to defend the human rights being trampled on by Soviet authorities in a number of trials.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Yakobson, Anatoly |author2=Yakir, Pyotr |author3=Khodorovich, Tatyana |author4=Podyapolskiy, Gregory |author5=Maltsev, Yuri |title=An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 August 1969|volume=13 |issue=3 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1969/aug/21/an-appeal-to-the-un-committee-for-human-rights/|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Some of the major milestones of the dissident movement of the 1960s included:

* Public readings of poetry at the Mayakovsky Square in downtown Moscow, where some of the underground writings critical of the system were often circulated; some of these public readings were dispersed by the police;
* The trial of poet Iosif Brodsky (later known as [[Joseph Brodsky]], the future winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature) who was charged with 'parasitism' for not being officially employed and sentenced in 1963 to internal exile; he gained widespread sympathy and support in dissident and semi-dissident circles, mostly through the notes from his trial compiled by Frida Vigdorova
* The trial and sentencing of writers [[Andrei Sinyavsky]] and [[Yuli Daniel]] who were arrested in 1965 for publishing their co-authored work abroad under pennames and sentenced to labor camp and internal exile; opposition to this trial led to a campaign of petitions for their release that was signed by thousands of people, many of whom went on to participate more actively in the dissident movement
* Silent demonstrations on Moscow's Pushkin Square initiated by [[Alexander Esenin-Volpin|Alexander Yesenin-Volpin]] on the Soviet Constitution Day of Dec. 5, 1965, with posters urging the authorities to observe their own Constitution
* Petitioning campaigns against the downplaying of Stalin's terror after the removal of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and the resurgence of the cult of Stalin's personality in parts of the Soviet government bureaucracy
* The launch, in April 1968, of the underground periodical, '[[Chronicle of Current Events]]', documenting violations of human rights and protest activities across the Soviet Union
* The publication in the West of [[Andrei Sakharov]]'s first political essay 'Reflections on Progress and Intellectual Freedom' in the spring and summer of 1968
* The rally of protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress '[[Prague Spring|the Prague Spring]]'; was held on August 25, 1968, on Moscow's Red Square by eight dissidents including [[Viktor Fainberg]], [[Natalya Gorbanevskaya]], [[Pavel Litvinov]], Vladimir Dremlyuga, and others
* The founding of the Initiative on Human Rights in 1969

== 1970s ==
[[File:Soviet dissidents in Munich.jpg|thumb|260x260px|[[Moscow Helsinki Group]] members Yuliya Vishnevskya, [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]], [[Dina Kaminskaya]], [[Kronid Lyubarsky]] in [[Munich]], 1978]]
<blockquote>Our history shows that most of the people can be fooled for a very long time. But now all this idiocy is coming into clear contradiction with the fact that we have some level of openness. ([[Vladimir Voinovich]])<ref>{{cite journal|author=Vasilyev, Yuri|title=The post-Soviet optimistic pessimism of Vladimir Voinovich|journal=[[The Atlantic]]|date=27 September 2012|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/the-post-soviet-optimistic-pessimism-of-vladimir-voinovich/262924/}}</ref></blockquote>

The heyday of the dissenters as a presence in the Western public life was the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Horvath, Robert|title="The Solzhenitsyn effect": East European dissidents and the demise of the revolutionary privilege|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2007-11_29_4/page/879|journal=[[Human Rights Quarterly]]|date=November 2007|volume=29|issue=4|pages=879–907|doi=10.1353/hrq.2007.0041|s2cid=144778599}}</ref> The [[Helsinki Accords]] inspired dissidents in the Soviet Union, [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungary]], and [[Poland]] to openly protest human rights failures by their own governments.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Fox, Karen |author2=Skorobogatykh, Irina |author3=Saginova, Olga |title=The Soviet evolution of marketing thought, 1961–1991: from Marx to marketing|journal=[[Marketing Theory]]|date=September 2005|volume=5|issue=3|pages=283–307|doi=10.1177/1470593105054899|s2cid=154474714 }}</ref> The Soviet dissidents demanded that the Soviet authorities implement their own commitments proceeding from the Helsinki Agreement with the same zeal and in the same way as formerly the outspoken legalists expected the Soviet authorities to adhere strictly to the letter of their constitution.<ref>{{cite book|author=Glazov, Yuri|title=The Russian mind since Stalin's death|date=1985|publisher=D. Reidel Publishing Company|isbn=978-9027719690|page=105}}</ref> Dissident Russian and East European intellectuals who urged compliance with the Helsinki accords have been subjected to official repression.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Binder, David|title=The quiet dissident: East Germany's Reiner Kunze|journal=[[The Wilson Quarterly]]|date=Summer 1977|volume=1|issue=4|pages=158–160|jstor=40255268}}</ref> According to Soviet dissident [[Leonid Plyushch]], Moscow has taken advantage of the Helsinki security pact to improve its economy while increasing the suppression of political dissenters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Helsinki pact said abused|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19761128&id=RvVLAAAAIBAJ&pg=6597,5189233|work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|date=28 November 1976|page=A11}}</ref> 50 members of Soviet Helsinki Groups were imprisoned.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Хельсинкский аккорд|trans-title=Helsinki Accord|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/27163159.html|publisher=[[Radio Liberty]]|language=ru|date=1 August 2015 |newspaper=Радио Свобода |last1=Поляковская |first1=Елена |last2=Олейников |first2=Антон |last3=Гаврилов |first3=Андрей }}</ref> Cases of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience in the Soviet Union were divulged by [[Amnesty International]] in 1975<ref>{{cite book|title=Prisoners of conscience in the USSR: Their treatment and conditions|date=1975|publisher=Amnesty International Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-900058-13-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/prisonersofconsc0000unse/page/118 118]|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonersofconsc0000unse/page/118|format=PDF, immediate download}}</ref> and by The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners in 1975<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Prisoners in the U.S.S.R.|date=1975|publisher=The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOG2HAAACAAJ}}</ref> and 1976.<ref>{{cite book|title=Inside Soviet prisons. Documents of the struggle for human and national rights in the USSR|date=1976|publisher=The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners|location=New York|url=http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/11273/file.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105204002/http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/11273/file.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2015|url-status=live|oclc=3514696}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The abuse of psychiatry in the USSR: Soviet dissenters in psychiatric prisons|date=1976|publisher=The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-9PHQAACAAJ|asin=B00CRZ0EAC}}</ref>

US President [[Jimmy Carter]] in his inaugural address on 20 January 1977 announced that human rights would be central to foreign policy during his administration.<ref name=Howell>{{cite journal|author=Howell, John|title=The Carter human rights policy as applied to the Soviet Union|journal=[[Presidential Studies Quarterly]]|date=Spring 1983|volume=13|issue=2|pages=286–295|jstor=27547926}}</ref> In February, Carter sent [[Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov]] a letter expressing his support for the latter's stance on human rights.<ref name=Howell /><ref>{{cite news|author=Mydans, Seth|title=Sakharov gets personal letter from Carter|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19770216&id=5XwhAAAAIBAJ&pg=6038,3827533&hl=com|work=[[Schenectady Gazette]]|issue=121|volume=LXXXIV|date=18 February 1977}}</ref> In the wake of Carter's letter to Sakharov, the USSR cautioned against attempts "to interfere' in its affairs under "a thought-up pretext of 'defending human rights.'"<ref>{{cite news|author=Marder, Murrey|title=Carter firm as Soviets assail support of dissidents|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/02/19/carter-firm-as-soviets-assail-support-of-dissidents/63a99c2e-e38e-4d09-b447-ff96c253e122/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=19 February 1977}}</ref> Because of Carter's open show of support for Soviet dissidents, the [[KGB]] was able to link dissent with [[American imperialism]] through suggesting that such protest is a cover for [[American espionage in the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dean, Richard|title=Contacts with the West: the dissidents' view of Western support for the human rights movement in the Soviet Union|journal=Universal Human Rights|date=January–March 1980|volume=2|issue=1|pages=47–65|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hurq2&div=7&id=&page=|doi=10.2307/761802|jstor=761802|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[KGB]] head [[Yuri Andropov]] determined, "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of [[Yuri Orlov|Orlov]], fellow Helsinki monitor [[Alexander Ginzburg|Ginzburg]] and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."<ref>{{cite book|author=Snyder, Sarah|title=Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49892-0|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4XiMGNyY9IC&pg=PA73}}</ref> According to [[Dmitri Volkogonov]] and [[Harold Shukman]], it was Andropov who approved the numerous trials of human rights activists such as [[Andrei Amalrik]], [[Vladimir Bukovsky]], [[Vyacheslav Chornovil]], [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], [[Alexander Ginzburg]], [[Natalya Gorbanevskaya]], [[Pyotr Grigorenko]], [[Anatoly Shcharansky]], and others:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Volkogonov, Dmitri |author2=Shukman, Harold |title=Autopsy for an empire: the seven leaders who built the Soviet regime|date=1998|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-83420-7|page=342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5XlHA_75YwC&pg=PA342}}</ref>

<blockquote>If we accept human rights violations as just "their way" of doing things, then we are ''all'' guilty. <small>([[Andrei Sakharov]])<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yankelevich, Tatyana|title=Silence is the crime|journal=Human Rights|volume=13|date=1985|issue=13|pages=40|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/huri13&div=43}}</ref></small></blockquote>

[[File:The Chronicle of the Current Events.jpg|thumb|''A [[Chronicle of Current Events]]'' No 11,<br />
31 December 1968 (front cover)]]
Voluntary and involuntary emigration allowed the authorities to rid themselves of many political active intellectuals including writers [[Valentin Turchin]], [[Georgi Vladimov]], [[Vladimir Voinovich]], [[Lev Kopelev]], Vladimir Maximov, [[Naum Korzhavin]], [[Vasily Aksyonov]], psychiatrist [[Marina Voikhanskaya]] and others.<ref name=Shlapentokh />{{rp|194}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharlet|first=Robert|date=1978|title=Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40201689.pdf|journal=International Journal|volume=33, n.4|issue=4|pages=766|doi=10.2307/40201689 |jstor=40201689}}</ref> ''[[A Chronicle of Current Events]]'' covered 424 political trials, in which 753 people were convicted, and no one of the accused was acquitted; in addition, 164 people were declared insane and sent to compulsory treatment in a psychiatric hospital.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ерошок, Зоя|script-title=ru:Людмила Алексеева: "Я — человек, склонный быть счастливым"|trans-title=Lyudmila Alexeyeva, "I am a man prone to be happy"|url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/67247.html|work=[[Novaya Gazeta]]|issue=15|date=13 February 2015|language=ru}}</ref>

According to Soviet dissidents and Western critics, the KGB had routinely sent dissenters to psychiatrists for diagnosing to avoid embarrassing public trials and to discredit dissidence as the product of ill minds.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Murray, Thomas|title=Genetic screening in the workplace: ethical issues|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-occupational-and-environmental-medicine_1983-06_25_6/page/451|journal=[[Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine]]|date=June 1983|volume=25|issue=6|pages=451–454|pmid=6886846|doi=10.1097/00043764-198306000-00009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Reich, Walter|title=Diagnosing Soviet dissidents. Courage becomes madness, and deviance disease|journal=[[Harper's Magazine]]|date=August 1978|volume=257|issue=1539|pages=31–37|pmid=11662503|url=http://harpers.org/archive/1978/08/diagnosing-soviet-dissidents/}}</ref> On the grounds that political dissenters in the Soviet Union were psychotic and deluded, they were locked away in psychiatric hospitals and treated with [[neuroleptics]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bowers, Leonard|title=The social nature of mental illness|date=2003|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juSAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-58727-8}}</ref> Confinement of political dissenters in psychiatric institutions had become a common practice.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shapiro, Leon|title=Soviet Union|journal=[[American Jewish Year Book]]|volume=72|date=1971|issue=72|pages=400–410|jstor=23605325}}</ref> That technique could be called the "medicalization" of dissidence or psychiatric terror, the now familiar form of repression applied in the [[Soviet Union]] to [[Leonid Plyushch]], [[Pyotr Grigorenko]], and many others.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sharlet, Robert|title=Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal_autumn-1978_33_4/page/763|journal=[[International Journal]]|date=Autumn 1978|volume=33|issue=4|pages=763–795|doi=10.2307/40201689|jstor=40201689}}</ref> Finally, many persons at that time tended to believe that dissidents were abnormal people whose commitment to mental hospitals was quite justified.<ref name=Shlapentokh>{{cite book|author=Shlapentokh, Vladimir|title=Soviet intellectuals and political power: the post-Stalin era|date=1990|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-284-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VFqqE5995UC&pg=PA96}}</ref>{{rp|96}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shlapentokh, Vladimir|title=The justification of political conformism: the mythology of Soviet intellectuals|journal=Studies in Soviet Thought|date=March 1990|volume=39|issue=2|pages=111–135|doi=10.1007/BF00838027|jstor=20100501|s2cid=143908122}}</ref> In the opinion of the [[Moscow Helsinki Group]] chairwoman [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]], the attribution of a mental illness to a prominent figure who came out with a political declaration or action is the most significant factor in the assessment of psychiatry during the 1960–1980s.<ref>{{cite journal|script-title=ru:Выступления П.Д. Тищенко, Б.Г. Юдина, А.И. Антонова, А.Г. Гофмана, В.Н. Краснова, Б.А. Воскресенского|trans-title=Speeches by P.D. Tishchenko, B.G. Yudin, A.I. Antonov, A.G. Gofman, V.N. Krasnov, B.A. Voskresensky|journal=Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal [The Independent Psychiatric Journal]|year=2004|issue=2|issn=1028-8554|url=http://npar.ru/journal/2004/2/speeches.htm|access-date=14 January 2012|language=ru}}</ref> At that time Soviet dissident [[Vladimir Bukovsky]] wrote ''A New Mental Illness in the USSR: The Opposition'' published in French,{{sfn|Boukovsky|1971}} German,{{sfn|Bukowski|1971}} Italian,{{sfn|Bukovskij|1972}} Spanish{{sfn|Bukovsky|1972}} and (coauthored with [[Semyon Gluzman]]) ''A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents'' published in Russian,{{sfn|Bukovsky|Gluzman|1975a}} English,<ref>{{harvs|txt|author1=Bukovsky|author2=Gluzman|year1=1975b|year2=1975c|year3=1975d}}</ref> French,{{sfn|Boukovsky|Glouzmann|1975}} Italian,{{sfn|Bukovskij|Gluzman|Leva|1979}} German,{{sfn|Bukowski|Gluzman|1976}} Danish.{{sfn|Bukovskiĭ|Gluzman|1975e}}

=== Repression of the Helsinki Watch Groups ===

{{Main|Moscow Helsinki Group|Ukrainian Helsinki Group|Lithuanian Helsinki Group}}In 1977–1979 and again in 1980–1982, the KGB reacted to the Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow, Kiev, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Erevan by launching large-scale arrests and sentencing its members to in prison, labor camp, internal exile and psychiatric imprisonment.

From the members of the [[Moscow Helsinki Group]], 1978 saw its members [[Yuri Orlov]], [[Vladimir Slepak]] and [[Anatoly Shcharansky]] sentenced to lengthy labor camp terms and internal exile for "[[anti-Soviet agitation]] and propaganda" and treason. Another wave of arrests followed in the early 1980s: Malva Landa, [[Viktor Nekipelov]], Leonard Ternovsky, Feliks Serebrov, Tatiana Osipova, [[Anatoly Marchenko]], and Ivan Kovalev.<ref name="Implementation">{{cite book|title=Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki. Report submitted to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. November 1982|date=1982|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|chapter-url=http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=436|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222203813/http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=436|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|chapter-format=PDF, immediate download|chapter=Appendix B. Imprisoned members of the Helsinki monitoring groups in the USSR and Lithuania}}</ref>{{rp|249}} Soviet authorities offered some activists the "opportunity" to emigrate. [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]] emigrated in 1977. The Moscow Helsinki Group founding members Mikhail Bernshtam, Alexander Korchak, Vitaly Rubin also emigrated, and [[Pyotr Grigorenko]] was stripped of his Soviet citizenship while seeking medical treatment abroad.<ref name="snyder">{{cite book|author=Snyder, Sarah|title=Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightsactiv00snyd|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|series=Human rights in history|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightsactiv00snyd/page/75 75]|isbn=978-1-107-64510-3}}</ref>

The [[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]] suffered severe repressions throughout 1977–1982, with at times multiple labor camp sentences handed out to [[Mykola Rudenko]], Oleksy Tykhy, [[Myroslav Marynovych]], Mykola Matusevych, [[Levko Lukyanenko]], [[Oles Berdnyk]], [[Mykola Horbal]], Zinovy Krasivsky, Vitaly Kalynychenko, [[Vyacheslav Chornovil]], Olha Heyko, [[Vasyl Stus]], Oksana Meshko, Ivan Sokulsky, [[Ivan Kandyba]], Petro Rozumny, Vasyl Striltsiv, [[Yaroslav Lesiv]], Vasyl Sichko, Yuri Lytvyn, Petro Sichko.<ref name="Implementation" />{{rp|250–251}} By 1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were living in Ukraine, 1 ([[Mykhailo Melnyk]]) committed suicide.<ref name="Zinkevych">{{cite book|author=Zinkevych, Osyp|chapter=Ukrainian Helsinki Group|editor1=Kubiĭovych, Volodymyr |editor2=Struk, Danylo |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|date=1993|volume=5|pages=387–388|isbn=978-0-8020-3010-8|chapter-url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianHelsinkiGroup.htm}}</ref>

The [[Lithuanian Helsinki Group]] saw its members subjected to two waves of imprisonment for anti-Soviet activities and "organization of religious processions": [[Viktoras Petkus]] was sentenced in 1978; others followed in 1980–1981: Algirdas Statkevičius, Vytautas Skuodys, Mečislovas Jurevičius, and Vytautas Vaičiūnas.<ref name="Implementation" />{{rp|251–252}}

== Currents of dissidence ==

=== Civil and human rights movement ===
[[File:BonnerSacharov1989.jpg|thumb|260x260px|[[Yelena Bonner]] and [[Andrei Sakharov]] after their arrival for the conferment of the honorary doctorate in law from the [[University of Groningen]], 15 June 1989]]
{{Main|Human rights movement in the Soviet Union}}Starting in the 1960s, the early years of the [[Era of Stagnation|Brezhnev stagnation]], dissidents in the Soviet Union increasingly turned their attention towards civil and eventually human rights concerns. The fight for civil and human rights focused on issues of [[Censorship in the Soviet Union|freedom of expression]], [[Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|freedom of conscience]], [[Refusenik|freedom to emigrate]], [[Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union|punitive psychiatry]], and the plight of [[Political repression in the Soviet Union|political prisoners]]. It was characterized by a new openness of dissent, a concern for legality, the rejection of any 'underground' and violent struggle.<ref name="daniel-istoki2">{{cite journal|author=Daniel, Alexander|script-title=ru:Истоки и корни диссидентской активности в СССР|trans-title=Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR|journal=Неприкосновенный запас [Emergency Ration]|date=2002|volume=1|issue=21|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2002/21/dan.html|language=ru}}</ref>

Throughout the 1960s-1980s, those active in the civil and human rights movement engaged in a variety of activities: The documentation of political repression and rights violations in [[samizdat]] (unsanctioned press); individual and collective protest letters and petitions; unsanctioned demonstrations; mutual aid for prisoners of conscience; and, most prominently, civic watch groups appealing to the international community. Repercussions for these activities ranged from dismissal from work and studies to many years of imprisonment in [[labor camp]]s and being subjected to [[Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union|punitive psychiatry]].

Dissidents active in the movement in the 1960s introduced a "legalist" approach of avoiding moral and political commentary in favor of close attention to legal and procedural issues. Following several landmark political trials, coverage of arrests and trials in samizdat became more common. This activity eventually led to the founding of the ''[[Chronicle of Current Events]]'' in April 1968. The unofficial newsletter reported violations of civil rights and judicial procedure by the Soviet government and responses to those violations by citizens across the USSR.<ref name="horvath-legacy">{{cite book|author=Horvath, Robert|title=The legacy of Soviet dissent: dissidents, democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=London & New York|isbn=978-0-415-33320-7|pages=70–129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HONoAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

During the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, the rights-based strategy of dissent incorporated human rights ideas and rhetoric. The movement included figures such as [[Valery Chalidze]], [[Yuri Orlov]], and [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]]. Special groups were founded such as the [[Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR]] (1969) and the [[Committee on Human Rights in the USSR]] (1970). The signing of the [[Helsinki Accords]] (1975) containing human rights clauses provided rights campaigners with a new hope to use international instruments. This led to the creation of dedicated [[Helsinki Watch Group]]s in Moscow ([[Moscow Helsinki Group]]), Kiev ([[Ukrainian Helsinki Group]]), Vilnius ([[Lithuanian Helsinki Group]]), Tbilisi, and Erevan (1976–77).<ref name="thomas-helsinki">{{cite book|author=Thomas, Daniel|title=The Helsinki effect: international norms, human rights, and the demise of communism|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2001|isbn=978-0-691-04858-1|location=Princeton, N.J}}</ref>{{rp|159–194}}

The civil and human rights initiatives played a significant role in providing a common language for Soviet dissidents with varying concerns, and became a common cause for social groups in the dissident milieu ranging from activists in the youth subculture to academics such as [[Andrei Sakharov]]. Due to the contacts with Western journalists as well as the political focus during détente ([[Helsinki Accords]]), those active in the human rights movement were among those most visible in the West (next to [[refusenik]]s).

=== Movements of deported nations ===
{{quote box|right|width = 35%|quote =
In 1944 THE WHOLE OF OUR PEOPLE was slanderously accused of betraying the Soviet Мotherland and was forcibly deported from the Crimea. [...] [O]n 5 September 1967, there appeared a Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet which cleared us of the charge of treason but described us not as Crimean Tatars but as "citizens of Tatar nationality formerly resident in the Crimea", thus legitimizing our banishment from our home country and liquidating us as a nation.{{hidden begin}} We did not grasp the significance of the decree immediately. After it was published, several thousand people traveled to the Crimea but were once again forcibly expelled. The protest which our people sent to the party Central Committee was left unanswered, as were also the protests of representatives of the Soviet public who supported us.

The authorities replied to us only with persecution and court cases. {{hidden end}}Since 1959 more than two hundred of the most active and courageous representatives have been sentenced to terms of up to seven years although they had always acted within the limits of the Soviet Constitution.
|source = – Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion, Chronicle of Current Events Issue No 2 (30 June 1968)<ref>[https://chronicle6883.wordpress.com/2013/09/28/2-4-appeal-by-crimean-tatars-to-world-public-opinion/ ''A Chronicle of Current Events'', No 2 (30 June 1968) – 2.4 Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion]</ref>}}

{{See also|Population transfer in the Soviet Union}}Several national or ethnic groups who had been [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported under Stalin]] formed movements to return to their homelands. In particular, the [[Crimean Tatars]] aimed to return to [[Crimea]], the [[Meskhetian Turks]] to South [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and ethnic [[Volga Germans|Germans]] aimed to resettle along the [[Volga River]] near [[Saratov]].

The Crimean Tatar movement takes a prominent place among the movement of deported nations. The Tatars had been refused the right to return to the Crimea, even though the laws justifying their deportation had been overturned. Their first collective letter calling for the restoration dates to 1957.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Двадцать четвертая серия. История крымских татар|trans-title=Part twenty four. History of the Crimean Tatars|url=http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/media/video/parallels-24-episode-/2541577.html?z=0&zp=1|author=Natella Boltyanskaya|publisher=[[Parallels, Events, People]]|website=[[Voice of America]]|date=30 December 2013|language=ru|author-link=Natella Boltyanskaya|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302181625/http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/media/video/parallels-24-episode-/2541577.html?z=0&zp=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the early 1960s, the Crimean Tatars had begun to establish initiative groups in the places where they had been forcibly resettled. Led by [[Mustafa Dzhemilev]], they founded their own democratic and decentralized organization, considered unique in the history of independent movements in the Soviet Union.<ref name=gerlant-law>{{cite book|author=Gerlant, Uta|chapter="The law is our only language": Soviet dissidents and human rights|title=Human rights and history: a challenge for education|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightshisto0000unse|date=2010|publisher=Stiftung "Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft"|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-9810631-9-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightshisto0000unse/page/130 130]–141}}</ref>{{rp|131}}<ref name=alexeyeva-dissent />{{rp|7}}

=== Emigration movements ===
{{Further|Refusenik}}The emigration movements in the Soviet Union included the movement of [[Soviet Jews]] to emigrate to Israel and of the [[Volga Germans]] to emigrate to West Germany.

[[Soviet Jews]] were routinely [[Exit visa|denied permission to emigrate]] by the authorities of the former [[Soviet Union]] and other countries of the [[Eastern bloc]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Mark Azbel|Azbel', Mark]] |author2=Forbes, Grace |title=Refusenik, trapped in the Soviet Union|date=1981|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-395-30226-2|url=https://archive.org/details/refuseniktrapped00azbe_0|url-access=registration }}</ref> A movement for the right to emigrate formed in the 1960s, which also gave rise to a revival of interest in Jewish culture. The refusenik cause gathered considerable attention in the West.

Citizens of German origin who lived in the [[Baltic states]] prior to their annexation in 1940 and descendants of the
eighteenth-century Volga German settlers also formed a movement to leave the Soviet Union.<ref name=gerlant-law />{{rp|132}}<ref name=rubenstein-dissent>{{Cite book| isbn = 978-0-226-22628-6| pages = 64–75| last1 = Cracraft| first1 = James| last2 = Rubenstein| first2 = Joshua| title = The Soviet Union Today: An Interpretive Guide| chapter = Dissent| date = 1988| publisher = University of Chicago Press| chapter-url = http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/933059}}</ref>{{rp|67}} In 1972, the West German government entered an agreement with the Soviet authorities which permitted between 6,000 and 8,000 people to emigrate to West Germany every year for the rest of the decade. As a result, almost 70,000 ethnic Germans had left the Soviet Union by the mid-1980s.<ref name=rubenstein-dissent />{{rp|67}}

Similarly, [[Armenians]] achieved a small emigration. By the mid-1980s, over 15,000 Armenians had emigrated.<ref name=rubenstein-dissent />{{rp|68}}

Russia has changed in the recent years largely in the social, economic, and political spheres. Migrations from Russian have become less forceful and primarily a result of free will that is expressed by the individual.<ref>Ivakhnyuk, Irina. "Russians and Migrant Workers Want to Leave Russia to Work and

&nbsp; &nbsp; Live in the West." ''Russia'', edited by Viqi Wagner, Detroit, MI, Greenhaven

&nbsp; &nbsp; Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. ''Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints'',

&nbsp; &nbsp; link-gale-com.lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/EJ3010232247/

&nbsp; &nbsp; OVIC?u=live10669&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=e561da75. Accessed 27 Sept. 2021.

&nbsp; &nbsp; Originally published in ''International Symposium on International Migration''

&nbsp; &nbsp; ''and Development, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social''</ref>

=== Religious movements ===
{{Broader|Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union}}The religious movements in the USSR included [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] movements. They focused on the freedom to practice their faith and resistance to interference by the state in their internal affairs.<ref name=alexeyeva-dissent />{{rp|8}}

The Russian Orthodox movement remained relatively small. The Catholic movement in Lithuania was part of the larger Lithuanian national movement. Protestant groups which opposed the anti-religious state directives included the [[Baptists]], the [[Seventh-day Adventist]]s, and the [[Pentecostals]]. Similar to the Jewish and German dissident movements, many in the independent Pentecostal movement pursued emigration.

=== National movements{{Anchor|National movements}} ===
The national movements included the Russian national dissidents as well as dissident movements from Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, and Armenia.

Among the nations that lived in their own territories with the status of republics within the Soviet Union, the first movement to emerge in the 1960s was the Ukrainian movement. Its aspiration was to resist the [[Russification of Ukraine]] and to insist on equal rights and democratization for the republic.<ref name=alexeyeva-dissent />{{rp|7}}

In Lithuania, the national movement of the 1970s was closely linked to the Catholic movement.<ref name=alexeyeva-dissent />{{rp|7}}

=== Literary and cultural ===
Several landmark examples of dissenting writers played a significant role for the wider dissident movement. These include the persecutions of [[Osip Mandelstam|Osip Mandelshtam]], [[Boris Pasternak]], [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], and [[Joseph Brodsky]], as well as the publication of ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]'' by [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]].

In literary world, there were dozens of literati who participated in dissident movement, including [[Vasily Aksyonov]], Yury Aikhenvald, [[Arkadiy Belinkov]], [[Leonid Borodin]], [[Joseph Brodsky]], [[Yuli Daniel]], David Dar, [[Alexander Galich (writer)|Aleksandr Galich]], [[Anatoly Gladilin]], [[Yuliy Kim]], [[Lev Kopelev]], [[Naum Korzhavin]], [[Konstantin Kuzminsky]], [[Vladimir Maksimov (writer)|Vladimir Maksimov]], [[Viktor Nekrasov]], [[Varlam Shalamov]], [[Andrei Sinyavsky]], [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], Kari Unksova, [[Georgi Vladimov]], [[Vladimir Voinovich]], [[Venedikt Yerofeyev]], and [[Alexander Zinoviev]].<ref>{{cite journal|script-title=ru:Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (начало)|journal = Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review]|date = 2004|issue = 66|url = http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2004/66/pisat29.html|trans-title = Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (beginning)|language = ru}}</ref><ref name="Kahn">{{cite book |surname=Kahn |given=Andrew |surname2=Lipovetsky |given2=Mark |authorlink2=Mark Lipovetsky |surname3=Reyfman |given3=Irina |surname4=Sandler |given4=Stephanie |title=A History of Russian Literature |year=2018 |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |url={{Google books|id=7qZTDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |pages=554–557 |isbn=9780199663941}}</ref>

In the early Soviet Union, non-conforming academics were exiled via so-called [[Philosophers' ships]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gregory, Paul|title=The ship of philosophers: how the early USSR dealt with dissident intellectuals|journal=[[The Independent Review]]|date=Spring 2009|volume=13|issue=4|pages=485–492|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/2984587a66b51328b71eeaa8416662fc/1}}</ref> Later, figures such as cultural theorist [[Grigory Pomerants|Grigori Pomerants]] were among active dissidents.<ref name="alexeyeva-dissent" />{{Rp|327}}

Other intersections of cultural and literary nonconformism with dissidents include the underground poetry<ref name="Kahn" /><ref>[https://smokestack-books.co.uk/book.php?book=189 ''Accursed Poets: Dissident Poetry from Soviet Russia 1960–80'']. Ed. and trans. by [[Anatoly Kudryavitsky]]. Thirsk, UK: Smokestack Books, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-9161-3929-9}}</ref> and the wide field of [[Soviet Nonconformist Art]], such as the painters of the underground Lianozovo group, and artists active in the "Second Culture".<ref>{{cite book |year=1995 |editor-surname=Rosenfeld |editor-given=Alla |editor2-surname=Dodge |editor2-given=Norton T. |title=Nonconformist Art: The Soviet Experience 1956–1986 |place=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=0-500-23709-3}}</ref>

=== Other groups ===
Other groups included the Socialists, the movements for socioeconomic rights (especially the independent unions), as well as women's, environmental, and peace movements.<ref name=gerlant-law />{{rp|132}}<ref name=alexeyeva-dissent />{{rp|3–18}}

== Dissidents and the Cold War ==
{{multiple image
| footer    = In 1977, [[Jimmy Carter]] received prominent dissident [[Vladimir Bukovsky]] at the [[White House]].
| width1    = 165
| image1    = JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg
| alt1      = Jimmy Carter
| width2    = 135
| image2    = Boekovski1987.jpg
| alt2      = Vladimir Bukovsky
}}

Responding to the issue of [[refusenik]]s in the Soviet Union, the United States Congress passed the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]] in 1974. The provision in [[United States federal law]] intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries of the [[Communist state|Communist bloc]] that restrict freedom of [[emigration]] and other [[human rights]].

The eight member countries of the [[Warsaw Pact]] signed the [[Helsinki Final Act]] in August 1975. The "third basket" of the Act included extensive human rights clauses.<ref name="thomas-effect">{{cite book|author=Thomas, Daniel|title=The Helsinki effect: international norms, human rights, and the demise of Communism|date=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N. J.|isbn=978-0-691-04859-8}}</ref>{{rp|99–100}}

When [[Jimmy Carter]] entered office in 1976, he broadened his advisory circle to include critics of US–Soviet [[détente]]. He voiced support for the Czech dissident movement known as [[Charter 77]], and publicly expressed concern about the Soviet treatment of dissidents [[Alexander Ginzburg|Aleksandr Ginzburg]] and [[Andrei Sakharov]]. In 1977, Carter received prominent dissident [[Vladimir Bukovsky]] in the White House, asserting that he did not intend "to be timid" in his support of human rights.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-83721-7| pages = 66–88|editor1= Melvyn P. Leffler |editor2=Odd Arne Westad | last = Mitchell| first = Nancy| title = Volume III: Endings| chapter = The Cold War and Jimmy Carter| location = Cambridge| series = The Cambridge History of the Cold War| date = 2011}}</ref>{{rp|73}}

In 1979, the [[Helsinki Watch|US Helsinki Watch Committee]] was established, funded by the [[Ford Foundation]]. Founded after the example of the [[Moscow Helsinki Group]] and similar watch groups in the Soviet bloc, it also aimed to monitor compliance with the human rights provisions of the [[Helsinki Accords]] and to provide moral support for those struggling for that objective inside the Soviet bloc. It acted as a conduit for information on repression in the Soviet Union, and lobbied policy-makers in the United States to continue to press the issue with Soviet leaders.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-83721-7| pages = 445–465|editor1= Melvyn P. Leffler |editor2=Odd Arne Westad | last = Foot| first = Rosemary| title = Volume III: Endings| chapter = The Cold War and human rights| location = Cambridge| series = The Cambridge History of the Cold War| date = 2011}}</ref>{{rp|460}}

{{multiple image
| footer    = In 1988, [[Ronald Reagan]] held a meeting with [[Andrei Sakharov]] at the [[White House]]
| width1    = 147
| image1    = Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg
| alt1      = Ronald Reaga
| width2    = 155
| image2    = RIAN archive 25981 Academician Sakharov.jpg
| alt2      = Andrei Sakharov
}}
US President [[Ronald Reagan]] attributed to the view that the "brutal treatment of Soviet dissidents was due to bureaucratic inertia."<ref>{{cite book|author=Altshuler, Stuart|title=From exodus to freedom: a history of the Soviet Jewry movement|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-4936-4|pages=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2uJfgAyVG0C&pg=PA61}}</ref> On 14 November 1988, he held a meeting with [[Andrei Sakharov]] at the [[White House]] and said that Soviet human rights abuses are impeding progress and would continue to do so until the problem is "completely eliminated."<ref>{{cite news|author=Lee, Gary|title=President receives Sakharov|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 November 1988|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/11/15/president-receives-sakharov/2cb81c98-cc99-4769-abbc-136af36a4e55/}}</ref> Whether talking to about one hundred dissidents in a broadcast to the Soviet people or at the U.S. Embassy, Reagan's agenda was one of freedom to travel, freedom of speech and freedom of religion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edwards, Lee|title=The essential Ronald Reagan: a profile in courage, justice, and wisdom|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-4375-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/essentialronaldr0000edwa/page/136 136]|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialronaldr0000edwa|url-access=registration}}</ref>

== Dissidents about their dissent ==
Andrei Sakharov said, "Everyone wants to have a job, be married, have children, be happy, but dissidents must be prepared to see their lives destroyed and those dear to them hurt. When I look at my situation and my family's situation and that of my country, I realize that things are getting steadily worse."<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Hadden, Briton |author2=Luce, Henry |title=The World|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1977|issue=109|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zj8nAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]], a fellow dissident and one of the founders of the [[Moscow Helsinki Group]], wrote:

{{blockquote|What would happen if citizens acted on the assumption that they have rights? If one person did it, he would become a martyr; if two people did it, they would be labeled an enemy organization; if thousands of people did it, the state would have to become less oppressive.<ref name=alexeyeva-dissent>{{cite book|author=Alexeyeva, Ludmilla|title=Soviet dissent: contemporary movements for national, religious, and human rights|year=1987|location=[[Middletown, Connecticut]]|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|page=275|isbn=978-0-8195-6176-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5foGHAAACAAJ}}</ref>{{rp|275}}}}

According to Soviet dissident Victor Davydoff, totalitarian systems lack mechanisms to change the behavior of the ruling group internally.<ref name="Galperovich">{{cite web |author=Гальперович, Данила |date=21 October 2015 |title=Golos-ameriki |script-title=ru:Для выхода "Хроники текущих событий" в России опять пришло время |trans-title=Time is ripe again for issuing A Chronicle of Current Events in Russia |url=http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/hronika-davidov-interview/3017425.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024013005/http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/hronika-davidov-interview/3017425.html |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=11 March 2024 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |language=ru}}</ref> Attempts from within are suppressed through repression, necessitating international human rights organizations and foreign governments to exert external pressure for change.<ref name=Galperovich />

== See also ==
* ''[[A Chronicle of Current Events]]''
* [[Anarchism in Russia]]
* [[Anti-Leninism]]
* [[Anti-Stalinist left]]
* [[Aleksandr Skobov]]
* ''[[Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania]]''
* [[Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland]]
* [[Dubravlag]]
* [[Human rights movement in the Soviet Union]]
* [[Left communism]]
* [[Perm-36]]
* ''[[Parallels, Events, People]]'' (36 parts) – 2013 documentary by [[Natella Boltyanskaya]]
* ''[[Refusenik (film)|Refusenik]]'' – 2007 documentary by [[Laura Bialis]]
* [[Samizdat]]
* ''[[They Chose Freedom]]'' (4 parts) – 2005 documentary by [[Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr.]]
{{Commons category|Dissidents from the Soviet Union}}
{{Portal bar|Soviet Union|Russia|Society|Politics|Freedom of speech}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{ctop|Very long list}}

=== Outsiders' works ===
* {{cite news|title=Chomsky signs statement hitting Soviet repression|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1973/10/31/chomsky-signs-statement-hitting-soviet-repression/|work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|date=31 October 1973}}
* {{cite book|title=Civil dissent in the USSR: the Ford and Carter administrations' treatment of human rights during the era of the Moscow Helsinki Group|date=2012|publisher=University of Scranton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEo_mwEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=De la dissidence à la démocratie: passé, présent, avenir de la Russie: actes du colloque consacré à la mémoire de Vladimir Maximov|url=https://archive.org/details/deladissidenceal0000unse|trans-title=From dissent to democracy: past, present and future of Russia: proceedings of a symposium dedicated to commemoration of Vladimir Maximov|date=1996|publisher=Éditions du Rocher|location=Paris|isbn=978-2268024301|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=Dissenso cristiano in URSS|trans-title=Christian dissent in the USSR|date=1974|publisher=Editrice Missionaria Italiana|location=Bologna|oclc=64387170|language=it}}
* {{cite book|title=Dissent, ethnonationalism, and the politics of coercion in the USSR|date=1990|publisher=Carleton University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdKgSgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|title=Dissent, psychiatry, and the Soviet Union|journal=[[The Lancet]]|date=9 March 1974|volume=1|issue=7854|pages=419–420|pmid=11643587|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(74)93195-x}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Human rights: the dissidents v. Moscow|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=21 February 1977|volume=109|issue=8|pages=28|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918665,00.html}}
* {{cite book|title=Il dissenso culturale nell'URSS: documenti leterari edel samizdat|trans-title=The cultural dissent in the USSR: literary documents of samizdat|date=1977|publisher=La biennale di Venezia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxoARAAACAAJ|language=it}}
* {{cite book|title=Politics and deviance: the social control of dissidents in the Soviet Union, 1965–78|date=1980|publisher=University of Essex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ns2LHAAACAAJ}}
* {{cite news|title=Sakharov case spotlights Soviet efforts against dissidents|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=19840526&id=kCpJAAAAIBAJ&pg=1245,4866032&hl=com|work=[[The Hour (newspaper)|The Hour]]|date=26 May 1984}}
* {{cite book|title=Slavophiles and westernizers in Soviet dissent|date=1975|publisher=Wellesley College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrRUQwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite news|title=Solzhenitsyn urges Slavic nation to replace U.S.S.R.: dissent: exiled writer launches a vehement attack on Gorbachev's policies. His article will be distributed widely in the Soviet Union|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-19-mn-636-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 September 1990}}
* {{cite journal|title=Soviet activists honoured|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=5 March 1981|volume=290|issue=5801|pages=7|doi=10.1038/290007b0|bibcode=1981Natur.290R...7.|s2cid=28685752|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|title=Soviet dissent and the American national interest|date=1986|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHbFXwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=Soviet dissident scientists, 1966–78: a study|date=1979|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVJKPQAACAAJ}}
* {{cite web|title=Soviet dissidents and Jimmy Carter|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB391/|publisher=[[Memorial (society)|Memorial]]|access-date=28 November 2015}}
* {{cite journal|title=Soviet dissidents: another taken|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=20 November 1980|volume=288|issue=5788|pages=206|doi=10.1038/288206b0|bibcode=1980Natur.288R.206.|s2cid=27945544|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|title=Soviet dissidents seek paper support|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=2 June 1977|volume=74|issue=1054|pages=517|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VL08zuGJdSwC&pg=PA517|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}}
* {{cite news|title=Soviet-era dissidents despise Putin|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/nov/13/20041113-111225-7336r/?page=all|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=13 November 2004}}
* {{cite journal|title=Soviet nuclear dissent|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=26 January 1989|volume=337|issue=6205|pages=292|doi=10.1038/337292a0|bibcode=1989Natur.337Q.292.|pmid=2911370|s2cid=4285530|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Soviet Union: bad days for dissidents|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=26 April 1976|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879670,00.html}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Soviet Union: crackdown on dissent|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=18 December 1972|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945167,00.html}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Soviet Union: dissent = insanity|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=19 December 1969|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941730,00.html}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Soviet Union: exile for dissenters|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=20 August 1973|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907724,00.html}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Soviet Union: music of dissent|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=7 September 1970|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902706,00.html}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Soviet Union: smothering dissent|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=11 February 1974|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908482,00.html}}
* {{cite journal|title=Soviet Union: support for dissent|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1973-09-28_245_5422/page/178|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=28 September 1973|volume=245|issue=5422|pages=178|doi=10.1038/245178a0|bibcode=1973Natur.245..178O|author1=Our Washington Correspondent|s2cid=4099440|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Soviet Union, the war: asylums or prisons?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=7 February 1972|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,905721,00.html}}
* {{cite book|title=The human rights movement and dissidents in the Soviet Union: can their demand for legality prevent arbitrariness?|date=1985|publisher=University of Maine School of Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXWFGwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite web|title=The KGB file of Andrei Sakharov. Index of documents|url=http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/sakharov_list.htm|language=en, ru|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521130856/http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/sakharov_list.htm|archive-date=2007-05-21}}
* {{cite news|title=Two Soviet giants, in dissent|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/29/opinion/two-soviet-giants-in-dissent.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=29 September 1990}}
* {{cite book|title=U.S. policy toward Russia: warnings and dissent|date=2000|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url=https://archive.org/details/gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg62933|isbn=978-0-16-060540-6}}
* {{cite journal|title=US science academy supports dissident scientists|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=5 January 1978|volume=77|issue=1084|pages=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ayh04jd5YdsC&pg=PA3|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}}
* {{cite journal|title=Western pressure for Soviet dissidents continues|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=6 March 1980|volume=85|issue=1197|pages=720|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvwFA5EWZQkC&pg=PA720|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}}
* {{cite book|script-title=ru:Власть и диссиденты: Из документов КГБ и ЦК КПСС|trans-title=Authority and dissidents: From documents by the KGB and the Central Committee of the CPSU|date=2006|publisher=Moscow Helsinki Group|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-98440-034-3|url=http://www.mhg.ru/files/012/Vlastdis.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306215833/http://www.mhg.ru/files/012/Vlastdis.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2013|url-status=live|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|script-title=ru:Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (начало)|journal=Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review]|date=2004|issue=66|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2004/66/pisat29.html|trans-title=Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (beginning)|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|script-title=ru:Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (продолжение)|journal=Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review]|date=2004|issue=67|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2004/67/diss25.html|trans-title=Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (continuance)|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|script-title=ru:Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (окончание)|journal=Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review]|date=2004|issue=68|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2004/68/dis34.html|trans-title=Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (ending)|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|script-title=ru:П.Л. Капица и Ю.В. Андропов об инакомыслии|trans-title=P.L. Kapitsa and Yu.V. Andropov about dissent|journal=[[Kommunist]]|date=1991|issue=7|language=ru}}
* {{cite web|title=Resistance to Unfreedom in the USSR|url=http://old.sakharov-center.ru/museum/expositions/english/resistance-unfreedom-ussr/|publisher=The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center "Peace, Progress, Human Rights"}}
* {{cite journal|author=Ackerman, Galina|script-title=ru:Еще раз о диссидентах — об их роли в падении советского режима|trans-title=Once again about dissidents – about their role in the fall of the Soviet regime|journal=[[Kontinent]]|date=2006|issue=128|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/continent/2006/128/akk15.html|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Adelstein, Robert|title=Soviet dissidents: keeping the flame alight|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=30 September 1976|volume=263|issue=5576|pages=363–364|doi=10.1038/263363a0|bibcode=1976Natur.263..363A|s2cid=4164699|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|author=Anderson, Elena|title=Repressive policies against Soviet dissent in the post-Stalin era, 1964–1972|date=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz_6NwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Antunes, Melo|title=Libertà e socialismo: momenti storici del dissenso|trans-title=Liberty and socialism: historical moments of dissent|date=1978|publisher=SugarCo Ed|location=Milan|oclc=256585424|language=it}}
* {{cite news|author=Aron, Leon|title=The return of Soviet dissidents|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2008/3/article/the-return-of-soviet-dissidents/361100.html|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=19 March 2008}}
* {{cite magazine|author=Astrachan, Antony|title=Détente and dissent|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|date=22 September 1973|pages=15–18|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/91476/detente-and-dissent}}
* {{cite journal|author=Aucouturier, Michel|title=Les revues de l'émigration et de la dissidence russes|journal=[[Le Débat]]|date=1981–1982|volume=9|issue=2|pages=72–79|doi=10.3917/deba.009.0072|trans-title=Magazines of emigration and Russian dissent|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal|author=Barashkov, Gregory|script-title=ru:Диссидентское движение в СССР(1960–1970)|trans-title=Dissident movement in the USSR (1960–1970)|journal=Известия Саратовского университета. Серия Экономика. Управление. Право|date=2007|volume=7|issue=1|pages=102–104|url=http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dissidentskoe-dvizhenie-v-sssr-1960-1970-e-gody|language=ru|format=PDF, immediate download}}
* {{cite journal|author=Barber, John|title=Opposition in Russia|journal=[[Government and Opposition]]|date=October 1997|volume=32|issue=4|pages=598–613|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00448.x|s2cid=145793949 }}
* {{cite book|author=Barghoorn, Frederick|title=The general pattern of Soviet dissent|date=1971|publisher=Research Institute on Communist Affairs, School of International Affairs, Columbia University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W17vAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Barghoorn, Frederick|chapter=Soviet dissenters on Soviet nationality policy|editor1=Bell, Wendell|editor2=Freeman, Walter|title=Ethnicity and nation-building: comparative, international, and historical perspectives|date=1974|publisher=Sage Publications|location=Beverly Hills, London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ethnicitynationb0000unse/page/117 117–133]|isbn=978-0-8039-0173-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw65AAAAIAAJ|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicitynationb0000unse/page/117}}
* {{cite book|author=Barghoorn, Frederick|title=Détente and the democratic movement in the USSR|url=https://archive.org/details/detentedemocrati0000barg|date=1976|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-02-901850-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Barghoorn, Frederick|chapter=Regime—Dissenter Relations after Khrushchev: Some Observations |title=Pluralism in the Soviet Union|url=https://archive.org/details/pluralisminsovie0000unse_r6l4|editor1=Solomon, Susan |editor2=Skilling, Harold |date=1983|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-34582-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pluralisminsovie0000unse_r6l4/page/131 131]–168|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-06617-9_6}}
* {{cite journal|author=Barghoorn, Frederick|title=Regime–dissenter confrontation in the USSR: samizdat and Western views, 1972–1982|journal=Studies in Comparative Communism|date=Spring–Summer 1983|volume=16|issue=1–2|pages=99–119|doi=10.1016/0039-3592(83)90046-7}}
* {{cite news|author=Barringer, Felicity|title=Toward the summit; Soviet warns Reagan about seeing dissidents|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/27/world/toward-the-summit-soviet-warns-reagan-about-seeing-dissidents.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=27 May 1988}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bartsch, Günter|title=Intellektuelle opposition in der Sowjetunion|trans-title=Intellectual opposition in the Soviet Union|journal=Politische Vierteljahresschrift|date=August 1972|volume=13|issue=1|pages=159–160|jstor=24195773|language=de}}
* {{cite journal|author=Belotserkovsky, Vadim|title=Soviet dissenters: Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov, Medvedev|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_partisan-review_1975_42_1/page/35|journal=[[Partisan Review]]|date=1975|volume=42|issue=1|pages=35–68}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bengelsdorf, Herbert|title=Psychiatric commitment of dissenters in Russia: a myth?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1971-05_127_11/page/1575|journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]|date=May 1971|volume=127|issue=11|pages=1575–6|doi=10.1176/ajp.127.11.1575|pmid=4251661}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bennigsen, Alexandre|title=Muslim religious conservatism and dissent in the USSR|journal=Religion in Communist Lands|date=January 1978|volume=6|issue=3|pages=153–161|doi=10.1080/09637497808430874}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bergman, Jay|title=Soviet dissidents on the Russian intelligentsia, 1956–1985: the search for a usable past|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1992-01_51_1/page/16|journal=[[The Russian Review]]|date=January 1992|volume=51|issue=1|pages=16–35|doi=10.2307/131244|jstor=131244}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bergman, Jay|title=Reading fiction to understand the Soviet Union: Soviet dissidents on Orwell's ''1984''|journal=History of European Ideas|date=May 1998|volume=23|issue=5–6|pages=173–192|doi=10.1016/S0191-6599(98)00001-1}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bergman, Jay|title=Was the Soviet Union totalitarian? The view of Soviet dissidents and the reformers of the Gorbachev era|journal=Studies in East European Thought|date=December 1998|volume=50|issue=4|pages=247–281|doi=10.1023/A:1008690818176|jstor=20099686|s2cid=140489617}}
* {{cite news|author=Bernstein, Richard|title=Exiled Soviet dissidents' group in dispute over threat to dissenters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/12/us/exiled-soviet-dissidents-group-in-dispute-over-threat-to-dissenters.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 April 1988}}
* {{cite book|author=Beyrau, Dietrich|title=Intelligenz und Dissens. Die russischen Bildungsschichten in der Sowjetunion 1917 bis 1985|trans-title=Intelligentsia and dissent. The Russian educational stratum in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1985|date=1993|publisher=Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht|location=Göttingen|language=de|isbn=978-3-525-36231-0}}
* {{cite journal|author=Biddulph, Howard|title=Soviet intellectual dissent as a political counter-culture|journal=[[The Western Political Quarterly]]|date=September 1972|volume=25|issue=3|pages=522–533|doi=10.2307/446966|jstor=446966}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bilinsky, Yaroslav|title=Russian dissidents and their attitudes toward the non-Russian Nations: Russian dissidents' attitudes toward the political strivings of the non-Russian nations in the Soviet Union|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=September 1983|volume=11|issue=2|pages=190–204|doi=10.1080/00905998308407967|s2cid=251055699 }}
* {{cite book|author=Bilocerkowycz, Jaroslaw|title=Soviet Ukrainian dissent: a study of political alienation|date=1988|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-7240-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCyNAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bird, Christopher|title="Psychiatry" to silence dissent|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1972-04_31_2/page/175|journal=[[The Russian Review]]|date=April 1972|volume=31|issue=2|pages=175–178|doi=10.2307/128209|jstor=128209}}
* {{cite book|author=Bittner, Stephen|chapter=Dissidence and the end of the Thaw|title=The many lives of Khrushchev's Thaw: experience and memory in Moscow's Arbat|date=2008|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-4606-1|pages=174–210|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nGi4g9DqTQC&pg=PA174}}
* {{cite magazine|author=Blake, Patricia|title=Soviet Union: killing the spirit of Helsinki|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1 December 1980|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924551,00.html}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Bloch, Sidney |author2=Reddaway, Peter |title=Your disease is dissent!|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=21 July 1977|volume=75|issue=1061|pages=149–151|pmid=11663776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVD3Sdv0mv4C&pg=PA149}}
* {{cite book|author1=Bloch, Sidney|author2=Reddaway, Peter|title=Psychiatric terror: How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent|date=1977|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-06488-5|url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatricterro0000bloc}}
* {{cite book|author1=Bloch, Sidney |author2=Reddaway, Peter |chapter=Psychiatrists and dissenters in the Soviet Union|editor1=Stover, Eric |editor2=Nightingale, Elena |title=The breaking of bodies and minds: torture, psychiatric abuse, and the health professions|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/breakingofbodies00stov |chapter-url-access=registration |date=1985|publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7167-1733-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/breakingofbodies00stov/page/132 132–163]}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bloche, Gregg|title=Law, theory, and politics: the dilemma of Soviet psychiatry|journal=[[The Yale Journal of International Law]]|date=Spring 1986|volume=11|issue=2|pages=298–358|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yjil11&div=20}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bociurkiw, Bohdan|title=Political dissent in the Soviet Union|journal=Studies in Comparative Communism|date=April 1970|volume=3|issue=2|pages=74–105|doi=10.1016/S0039-3592(70)80117-X}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bociurkiw, Bohdan|title=Review: the voices of dissent and the visions of gloom|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1970-07_29_3/page/328|journal=[[The Russian Review]]|date=July 1970|volume=29|issue=3|pages=328–335|doi=10.2307/127541|jstor=127541}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bonavia, David|title=Prospects for Soviet dissidents|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-today_1972-10_28_10/page/451|date=October 1972|volume=28|issue=10|journal=[[The World Today (magazine)|The World Today]]|pages=451–457|jstor=40394564}}
* {{cite journal|author=Boobbyer, Philip|title=Truth-telling, conscience and dissent in late Soviet Russia: evidence from oral histories|journal=[[European History Quarterly]]|date=October 2000|volume=30|issue=4|pages=553–585|doi=10.1177/026569140003000404|s2cid=143633044}}
* {{cite book|author=Boobbyer, Philip|title=Conscience, dissent and reform in Soviet Russia|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-33186-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmed65SZNqgC}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bourdeaux, Michael|title=Dissent in the Russian Orthodox Church|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1969-10_28_4/page/416|journal=[[The Russian Review]]|date=October 1969|volume=28|issue=4|pages=416–427|doi=10.2307/127161|jstor=127161}}
* {{cite book|author=Brahm, Heinz|title=Die sowjetischen Dissidenten: Strömungen und Ziele|trans-title=The Soviet dissidents: trends and goals|date=1978|publisher=Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_s7AAAAMAAJ|language=de}}
* {{cite journal|author=Breuillard, Sabine|title=La dissidence en U.R.S.S. : les années 1950–1980 – objet d'étude, sources, problèmes de méthode (Colloque de Moscou, 24–26 août 1992)|journal=Revue des Études Slaves|date=1 January 1993|volume=65|issue=2|pages=423–428|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/slave_0080-2557_1993_num_65_2_6472|trans-title=Dissent in the U.S.S.R.: The 1950–1980s – object of study, sources, methodological problems (Moscow symposium, 24–26 August 1992)|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|author=Brumberg, Abraham|title=In quest of justice: protest and dissent in the Soviet Union today|url=https://archive.org/details/inquestofjustice00brum|url-access=registration|date=1970|location=New York|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-269-67176-0}}
* {{cite journal|author=Brumberg, Abraham|title=Dissent in Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_1974-07_52_4/page/781|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=July 1974|volume=52|issue=4|pages=781–798|doi=10.2307/20038087|jstor=20038087}}
* {{cite journal|author=Brunsdale, Mitzi|title=Chronicling Soviet dissidence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-history_1982-10_81_477/page/333|journal=[[Current History]]|date=1 October 1982|volume=81|issue=477|pages=333–334|doi=10.1525/curh.1982.81.477.333 |s2cid=251523677 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Campa, Riccardo|title=El fenómeno de la disidencia en la U.R.S.S.|trans-title=The phenomenon of dissent in the U.S.S.R.|journal=Arbor|date=1 July 1979|volume=103|issue=403|pages=345|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/20020460f651f317476ff887559555de/1?|language=es}}
* {{cite journal|author=Cattle, David|title=Dissent and stability in the Soviet Union|journal=[[Current History]]|date=October 1970|volume=59|issue=350|pages=220–225|doi=10.1525/curh.1970.59.350.220 |s2cid=249698921 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/fe520f18042e9dcad3d70aa8c3884ffc/1|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|author=Chapple, Richard|chapter=Criminals and criminality according to the Soviet dissidents–works of Andrey Sinyavsky and Yuly Daniel|editor=Fox, Vernon|title=Proceedings of the 21st annual Southern conference on corrections|date=February 1976|volume=21|pages=149–158|publisher=Florida State University|location=Tallahassee}}
* {{cite journal|author=Cherkasov, Petr|title=Dissidence at IMEMO|journal=Russian Politics & Law|date=March 2005|volume=43|issue=2|pages=31–69|doi=10.1080/10611940.2005.11066946|s2cid=146632891}}
* {{cite book|author1=Chiama, Jean |author2=Soulet, Jean-François |title=Histoire de la dissidence: oppositions et révoltes en URSS et dans les démocraties populaires, de la mort de Staline à nos jours|trans-title=History of dissent: oppositions and revolts in the USSR and the people's democracies, from the death of Stalin to the present day|date=1982|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv2zAAAAIAAJ|language=fr|isbn=9782020062572 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Chiampana, Andrea|title=Tra diritti umani e distensione: L'amministrazione Carter e il dissenso in Urss|trans-title=Between human rights and détente: the Carter administration and dissent in the USSR|journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]]|date=July 2014|volume=14|issue=3|pages=452–453|doi=10.1080/14682745.2014.917800|s2cid=154618162|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chodoff, Paul|title=Involuntary hospitalization of political dissenters in the Soviet Union|journal=Psychiatric Opinion|date=February 1974|volume=11|issue=1|pages=5–19|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1975-11506-001}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chodoff, Paul|title=Soviet dissidents|journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]]|date=7 June 1974|volume=184|issue=4141|pages=1030|doi=10.1126/science.184.4141.1030-a|pmid=17736179|jstor=1738392|bibcode=1974Sci...184.1030C|s2cid=12983298}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chodoff, Paul|title=Psychiatric terror: How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1978-05_135_5/page/629|journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]|date=May 1978|volume=135|issue=5|page=629|doi=10.1176/ajp.135.5.629}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chomsky, Noam|title=A reply to Joseph Alsop|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 August 1969|volume=13 |issue=3 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1969/08/21/a-reply-to-joseph-alsop/}}
* {{cite book|author1=Chomsky, Noam |author2=Barsamian, David |title=Chronicles of dissent: interviews with David Barsamian|url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofdiss00chom |url-access=registration |date=1992|publisher=Common Courage Press|location=Monroe, Maine|isbn=978-1-873176-90-0}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chung, Pham|title=On the behavior of a totalitarian regime toward dissidents: an economic analysis|journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]]|date=March 1978|volume=33|issue=1|pages=75–84|doi=10.1007/BF00123945|s2cid=189826006}}
* {{cite journal|author=Ciuciura, Theodore|title=Dissent, law and psychiatry in the Soviet Union|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=January 1979|volume=21|issue=1|pages=98–108|doi=10.1080/00085006.1979.11091571|pmid=11614322|jstor=40867419}}
* {{cite journal|author=Clark, Ernest|title=Russian dissidents debate détente|journal=Dissent|date=April 1975|volume=22|issue=2|pages=116–117|url=https://search.opinionarchives.com/Summary/Dissent/V22I2P116-1.htm}}
* {{cite book|author=Clementi, Marco|title=Il diritto al dissenso: il progetto costituzionale di Andrej Sacharov|trans-title=The right to dissent: Andrei Sakharov's constitutional project|date=2002|publisher=Odradek Edizioni|location=Rome|isbn=978-8886973441|language=it}}
* {{cite book|author=Clementi, Marco|title=Storia del dissenso sovietico (1953–1991)|trans-title=History of the Soviet dissent (1953–1991)|date=2007|publisher=Odradek Edizioni|location=Rome|isbn=978-8886973854|language=it}}
* {{cite news|author=Cline, Francis|title=Soviet opposition defies ban on rally|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/28/world/soviet-opposition-defies-ban-on-rally.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 March 1991}}
* {{cite book|author=Cline, Ray|title=Understanding the Solzhenitsyn affair: dissent and its control in the USSR|date=1974|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=02090746}}
* {{cite journal|author=Contessi, Pier Luigi|title=URSS: il clamore del dissenso e il silenzio dell' opposizione|trans-title=USSR: the cry of dissent and the silence of the opposition|journal=Il Mulino|date=January–February 1980|issue=267|pages=149–158|doi=10.1402/14404|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Coogan, Kevin |author2=Vanden Heuvel, Katrina |title=An internation story: U.S. fund for Soviet dissidents|journal=[[The Nation]]|date=19 March 1988|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-6484325.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220165539/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-6484325.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2016}}
* {{cite journal|author=Crowfoot, John|title=The USSR's voice of opposition|journal=[[The World Today (magazine)|The World Today]]|date=October 2015|volume=71|issue=5|pages=40|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/field/field_document/Opening%20the%20archives%20The%20USSR's%20voice%20of%20opposition.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319152025/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/field/field_document/Opening%20the%20archives%20The%20USSR's%20voice%20of%20opposition.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|author=Cox, Michael|title=The politics of the dissenting intellectual|journal=[[Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory]]|date=January 1976|volume=5|issue=1|pages=5–34|doi=10.1080/03017607508413163}}
* {{cite journal|author=Cutler, Robert|title=Soviet dissent under Khrushchev: an analytical study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_1980-10_13_1/page/15|journal=[[Comparative Politics]]|date=October 1980|volume=13|issue=1|pages=15–35|doi=10.2307/421761|jstor=421761}}
* {{cite book|author=Dalos, György|chapter=Der Umgang mit dem Dissens|trans-chapter=Dealing with dissent|title=Lebt wohl, Genossen!: Der Untergang des sowjetischen Imperiums|trans-title=Farewell, comrades!: the fall of the Soviet empire|date=2012|publisher=C.H.Beck|pages=14–16|language=de|isbn=978-3-406-62179-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKbMXojoNMcC&pg=PA14}}
* {{cite book|author=Daniels, Susan|title=Carter administration's influence on coverage of Soviet dissidents|date=1985|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcWipwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Daucé, Françoise|title=Les usages militants de la mémoire dissidente en Russie post-soviétique|trans-title=Militant use of dissident memory in post-Soviet Russia|journal=Revue d'Études Comparatives Est-Ouest|date=2006|volume=37|issue=1|pages=43–66|language=fr|doi=10.3406/receo.2006.1774}}
* {{cite book|author1=De Boer, S. P. |author2=Driessen, Evert |author3=Verhaar, Hendrik |title=Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975|date=1982|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=The Hague|isbn=978-9024725380}}
* {{cite journal|author=Dean, Richard|title=Contacts with the West: the dissidents' view of Western support for the human rights movement in the Soviet Union|journal=Universal Human Rights|date=January–March 1980|volume=2|issue=1|pages=47–65|doi=10.2307/761802|jstor=761802}}
* {{cite journal|author=Dean, Richard|title=Beyond Helsinki: the Soviet view of human rights in international law|journal=[[Virginia Journal of International Law]]|volume=21|date=1980–1981|issue=21|pages=55–95|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajint21&div=10}}
* {{cite book|author=Dell'Asta, Marta|title=Una via per incominciare: il dissenso in URSS dal 1917 al 1990|trans-title=One way to begin: dissent in the USSR from 1917 to 1990|date=2003|publisher=La casa di Matriona|location=Milan|isbn=978-8887240474|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoEjAQAAIAAJ|language=it}}
* {{cite book|author=Derbyshire, Ian|chapter=Internal opposition: dissidence and regionalism|title=The politics in the Soviet Union: from Brezhnev to Gorbachev|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsinchinaf00derb|date=1987|orig-year=1986|publisher=Chambers|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-550-20745-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsinchinaf00derb/page/113 113]–136|edition=2}}
* {{cite journal|author=Deutscher, Tamara|title=Intellectual opposition in the USSR|journal=[[New Left Review]]|date=1 March 1976|issue=96|pages=101–113|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/b702b694a6e74cc4e6f16097324afdc0/1?}}
* {{cite journal|author=Dobson, Mariam|title=The post-Stalin era: de-Stalinization, daily life, and dissent|journal=[[Kritika (journal)|Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History]]|date=Fall 2011|volume=12|issue=4|pages=905–924|doi=10.1353/kri.2011.0053|s2cid=145121583|issn=1531-023X|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/75347/1/The%20Post-Stalin%20Era%20-%20Dobson.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|author=Duncan, Peter|title=Russian intellectual dissent: Marxism, liberalism and nationalism|journal=[[Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory]]|date=January 1982|volume=13|issue=1|pages=154–163|doi=10.1080/03017608208413281}}
* {{cite book|author=Dupuy, Robert|title=Repression and Soviet dissent: the post-Khrushchev era|date=1982|publisher=George Washington University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUjTNwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Ellis, Jane|title=Hierarchs and dissidents: conflict over the future of the Russian Orthodox Church|journal=Religion in Communist Lands|date=December 1990|volume=18|issue=4|pages=307–318|doi=10.1080/09637499008431484}}
* {{cite journal|author=Ellman, Michael|title=Psychiatric treatment for political dissidents in the USSR|journal=Poly Law Review|date=1982|volume=7|pages=82|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/polylawr7&div=17}}
* {{cite journal|author=Emerson, Susan|title=Writers who protest and protesters who write; a guide to Soviet dissent literature|journal=Collection Building|date=December 1982|volume=4|issue=1|pages=21–33|doi=10.1108/eb023073}}
* {{cite journal|author=Evrard, John|title=Human rights in the Soviet Union: the policy of dissimulation|journal=DePaul Law Review|date=Spring 1980|volume=29|issue=3|pages=819–868|url=http://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2439&context=law-review}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Fedyashin, Anton |author2=Kondoyanidi, Anita |title=The conservative dissident: the evolution of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's political views|journal=Revista de Instituciones, Ideas y Mercados|date=October 2009|issue=5|pages=41–72|url=http://www.eseade.edu.ar/files/riim/RIIM_51/51_2_fedyashin_kondoyanidi.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822210438/http://www.eseade.edu.ar/files/riim/RIIM_51/51_2_fedyashin_kondoyanidi.pdf|archive-date=22 August 2014|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|author=Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria|title=Law and political dissent in the Soviet Union|journal=Current Legal Problems|date=1973|volume=26|issue=1|pages=241–259|doi=10.1093/clp/26.1.241}}
* {{cite book|author=Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria|title=Samizdat and political dissent in the Soviet Union|date=1975|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9028601758}}
* {{cite journal|author=Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria|title=The Soviet human rights doctrine in the crossfire between dissidents at home and critics abroad|journal=[[Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law]]|date=Spring–Summer 1980|volume=13|pages=451–466|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vantl13&div=34&id}}
* {{cite journal|author=Field, Mark|title=Commitment for commitment or conviction for conviction: the medicalization and criminalization of Soviet dissidence, 1960–1990|journal=The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review|date=January 1995|volume=22|issue=1|pages=275–289|doi=10.1163/187633295X00213}}
* {{cite journal|author=Fireside, Harvey|title=The conceptualization of dissent: Soviet behavior in comparative perspective|journal=Universal Human Rights|date=January–March 1980|volume=2|issue=1|pages=31–45|doi=10.2307/761801|jstor=761801}}
* {{cite journal|author=Fireside, Harvey|title=Dissident visions of the USSR: Medvedev, Sakharov & Solzhenitsyn|journal=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|date=1 December 1989|volume=22|issue=2|pages=213–229|doi=10.2307/3234832|jstor=3234832|s2cid=156032782}}
* {{cite journal|author=Fisher, Ruth|title=Women and dissent in the USSR: the Leningrad feminists|journal=[[Canadian Woman Studies]]|date=1989|volume=10|issue=4|pages=63–64|url=http://cws.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cws/article/download/11130/10219}}
* {{cite journal|author=Fletcher, William|title=Religious dissent in the USSR in the 1960s|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-review_1971-06_30_2/page/298|journal=[[Slavic Review]]|date=June 1971|volume=30|issue=2|pages=298–316|jstor=2494242|doi=10.2307/2494242|s2cid=155850037 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Fletcher, William|title=Solzhenitsyn and the merger of dissent|journal=Worldview|date=August 1972|volume=15|issue=8|pages=5–8|url=http://worldview.carnegiecouncil.org/archive/worldview/1972/08/2072.html/_res/id=sa_File1/v15_i008_a003.pdf|doi=10.1017/S0084255900014467}}
* {{cite book|author=Floridi, Alessio|title=Mosca e il Vaticano: I dissidenti sovietici di fronte al dialogo|trans-title=Moscow and Vatican: The Soviet dissidents in front of dialog|date=1976|publisher=La Casa di Matriona|location=Milan|oclc=644586977|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Freebury, Ray|title=On dissidents and madness: from the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-services_2011-08_62_8/page/979|journal=[[Psychiatric Services]]|date=August 2011|volume=62|issue=8|pages=979|doi=10.1176/ps.62.8.pss6208_0979}}
* {{cite journal|author=Friedberg, Maurice|title=Solzhenitsyn and the Soviet dissenters|journal=[[The American Spectator]]|date=April 1974|pages=12–13}}
* {{cite journal|author=Gasimov, Zaur|title=Dissidence and opposition in the Caucasus: critics of the Soviet regime in Georgia and Azerbaijan in the 1970s – early 1980s|journal=The Caucasus & Globalization|date=2009|volume=3|issue=1|pages=165–172|url=http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dissidence-and-opposition-in-the-caucasus-critics-of-the-soviet-regime-in-georgia-and-azerbaijan-in-the-1970s-early-1980s.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323022127/http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dissidence-and-opposition-in-the-caucasus-critics-of-the-soviet-regime-in-georgia-and-azerbaijan-in-the-1970s-early-1980s.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|author=Gauer, Ralph|title=Soviet dissent: its sources and significance|journal=[[Air University Review]]|date=November–December 1973|volume=25|issue=1|pages=45–53|url=http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1973/nov-dec/gauer.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040513125748/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1973/Nov-Dec/gauer.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2004}}
* {{cite journal|author=Georgopoulos, Zach|title=Soviet and Chinese criminal dissent laws: glasnost v. tienanmen|journal=[[Hastings International and Comparative Law Review]]|volume=14|date=1990|issue=14|pages=475–476|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hasint14&div=35}}
* {{cite book|author=Gerlant, Uta|chapter="The law is our only language": Soviet dissidents and human rights|title=Human rights and history: a challenge for education|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightshisto0000unse|date=2010|isbn=978-3-9810631-9-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightshisto0000unse/page/142 142]–154|location=Berlin}}
* {{cite news|author=Gewertz, Ken|title=Bonner points to still-powerful KGB: former Soviet dissidents say that present-day Russia shows little improvement over dark days of old regime|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/09-sakharov.html|work=[[Harvard University Gazette]]|date=4 November 2004}}
* {{cite journal|author=Gilison, Jerome|title=Soviet elections as a measure of dissent: the missing one percent|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_1968-09_62_3/page/814|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|date=September 1968|volume=62|issue=3|pages=814–826|doi=10.2307/1953432|jstor=1953432|s2cid=145304272 }}
* {{cite news|author=Gillette, Robert|title=Reagan meets 96 Soviet dissidents: he praises their courage, says 'I came to give you strength'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-31-mn-3526-story.html|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=31 May 1988}}
* {{cite journal|author=Glenny, Michael|title=Dissent in perspective|journal=Studies in Comparative Communism|date=April 1970|volume=3|issue=2|pages=65–73|doi=10.1016/S0039-3592(70)80116-8}}
* {{cite journal|author=Goble, Paul|title=Federalism and human rights in the Soviet Union|journal=[[Cornell International Law Journal]]|date=1990|volume=23|issue=2|pages=399–403|url=http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1245&context=cilj}}
* {{cite journal|author=Gorgia, Federico|title=Dissenso intellettuale nell'URSS e politica estera sovietica|trans-title=Intellectual dissent in the USSR and Soviet foreign policy|journal=Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali|date=January–March 1974|volume=41|issue=1|pages=33–46|jstor=42733795|language=it}}
* {{cite book|author1=Gräf, Bernd |author2=Gräf, Jutta |title=Multinationale und multiphone Literatur der Sowjetunion, Literatur von Dissidenten und sowjetische Untergrundliteratur : slawische, albanische und ungaro-finnische sowie nordische Literatur aus den Jahren 1973–1989|trans-title=Multinational and multiphone literature of the Soviet Union, literature of dissidents and Soviet underground literature: Slavic, Albanian and Hungaro-Finnish and Nordic literature of 1973–1989|date=1990|publisher=Hiersemann|location=Stuttgart|language=de|isbn=978-3-7772-9020-1|oclc=891918246}}
* {{cite journal|author=Greenfield, Richard|title=The human rights literature of the Soviet Union|journal=[[Human Rights Quarterly]]|volume=4|date=1982|issue=4|pages=124–136|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hurq4&div=14|doi=10.2307/761994|jstor=761994|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|author=Gregory, Paul|title=The ship of philosophers: how the early USSR dealt with dissident intellectuals|journal=[[The Independent Review]]|date=Spring 2009|volume=13|issue=4|pages=485–492|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/2984587a66b51328b71eeaa8416662fc/1}}
* {{cite book|author=Grzybowski, Kazimierz|title=Freedom of expression and dissent in the Soviet Union: an essay|date=1972|publisher=American Bar Association, Standing Committee on Education About Communism and Its Contrast With Liberty Under Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TR4wAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Grzybowski, Kazimierz|title=Penal regimes and dissenters in the Soviet orbit|journal=[[Law and Contemporary Problems]]|date=Spring 1979|volume=43|issue=2|pages=289–295|doi=10.2307/1191201|jstor=1191201|url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3585&context=lcp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930144122/http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3585&context=lcp|archive-date=30 September 2015|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|author=Guttadauro, Angelo de|title=The metamorphosis of Soviet dissent|journal=[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]]|date=1 January 1977|volume=7|issue=1|pages=25–35|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/41328fd262180f2123e00ec5f77f0ffe/1?}}
* {{cite journal|author=Hanlon, Joseph|title=Two scientists jailed as USSR cracks down on dissidents|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=7 August 1975|volume=67|issue=961|pages=335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txDVQ-vzXMQC&pg=PA335}}
* {{cite book|author=Hartl, Fabian|title=Homogenität oder Heterogenität?: Die Dissidentenbewegung in der Sowjetunion an ausgewählten Beispielen|trans-title=Homogeneity or heterogeneity?: The dissident movement in the Soviet Union on selected examples|date=2009|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=978-3-640-45524-9|language=de}}
* {{cite book|author1=Haynes, Viktor|author2=Semyonova, Olga|title=Workers against the Gulag: the new opposition in the Soviet Union|date=1979|publisher=Pluto Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-86104-072-8|url=https://archive.org/details/workersagainstgu00sour}}
* {{cite journal|author=Hellbeck, Jochen|title=Speaking out: languages of affirmation and dissent in Stalinist Russia|journal=[[Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History]]|date=Winter 2000|volume=1|issue=1|pages=71–96|doi=10.1353/kri.2008.0143|s2cid=162283391}}
* {{cite book|author=Hodgman, Edward|title=Détente and the dissidents: human rights in U.S.–Soviet Relations, 1968–1980|date=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SREWPwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Holden, Constance|title=Release of Soviet dissidents continues|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1987-02-27_235_4792/page/968|journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]]|date=27 February 1987|volume=235|issue=4792|pages=968|doi=10.1126/science.235.4792.968a|pmid=17782239|bibcode=1987Sci...235..968H|jstor=1698753}}
* {{cite journal|author=Holubenko, M.|title=The Soviet working class: discontent and opposition|journal=[[Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory]]|date=March 1975|volume=4|issue=1|pages=5–25|doi=10.1080/03017607508413144}}
* {{cite book|author=Hoppe-Kondrikova, Olga|chapter=Dissidents' moral alternative to the Soviet model of society. The Orthodox dissidents and the ROC: the Ecclesiastical crisis|title=Struggling for civil society. The idea and the reality of civil society. An interdisciplinary study with a focus on Russia|date=2012|publisher=Universal Press|isbn=9789090264103|pages=351–364|chapter-url=http://ethixadvice.com/downloads/PhD%20thesis%20Kondrikova.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312111849/http://ethixadvice.com/downloads/PhD%20thesis%20Kondrikova.pdf|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Horia, Vintila|title=Literatura y disidencia: de Mayakovski a Soljenitsin|trans-title=Literature and dissent: from Mayakovsky to Solzhenitsyn|date=1980|publisher=Rioduero|location=Madrid|isbn=978-8430021512|language=es}}
* {{cite book|author=Hornsby, Robert|chapter=Voicing discontent. Political dissident from the secret speech to Khrushchev's ouster|editor1=Ilic, Melanie |editor2=Smith, Jeremy |title=Soviet state and society under Nikita Khrushchev|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietstatesocie00ilic|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-02362-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietstatesocie00ilic/page/162 162]–180}}
* {{cite book|author=Horvath, Robert|chapter=The dissident roots of glasnost|editor=Wheatcroft, Stephen|title=Challenging traditional views of Russian history|url=https://archive.org/details/challengingtradi00whea|date=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York|isbn=978-0-333-75461-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/challengingtradi00whea/page/173 173]–202|doi=10.1057/9780230506114_8}}
* {{cite book|author=Horvath, Robert|title=The legacy of Soviet dissent: dissidents, democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=London & New York|isbn=978-0-415-33320-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HONoAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Horvath, Robert|title=The Putin regime and the heritage of dissidence|journal=Telos|date=Winter 2008|volume=2008|issue=145|pages=7–30|url=http://journal.telospress.com/content/2008/145/7.short}}
* {{cite journal|author=Hudson, Hugh|title=Zakonnost' and dissent: post-Stalin repression of political dissidents in historical perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historian_1977-08_39_4/page/681|journal=[[The Historian (journal)|The Historian]]|date=August 1977|volume=39|issue=4|pages=681–701|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1977.tb00075.x}}
* {{cite book|author=Hurst, Mark|title=British human rights organizations and Soviet dissent, 1965–1985|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4725-2728-8}}
* {{cite journal|author=Jacobs, Michael|title=Soviet dissidents' mail fails to go through|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=December 1978|volume=31|issue=12|pages=95–96|doi=10.1063/1.2994905|bibcode=1978PhT....31l..95J}}
* {{cite journal|author=Jacobs, Michael|title=Soviet repression of dissidents|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=January 1981|volume=34|issue=1|pages=52–53|doi=10.1063/1.2889967|bibcode=1981PhT....34a..52J}}
* {{cite book|author=Jallot, Nicolas|title=Viktor Orekhov: un dissident au KGB|trans-title=Viktor Orekhov: a dissident of the KGB|date=2011|publisher=Stock|isbn=978-2234070318|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Jones, Lesya |author2=Yasen, Bohdan |title=Dissent in Ukraine. An underground journal from Soviet Ukraine|journal=The Ukrainian Herald|date=1977|issue=6}}
* {{cite journal|author=Jones, Polly|title=Socialist worlds of dissent and discontent after stalinism|journal=[[Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History]]|date=Summer 2014|volume=15|issue=3|pages=637–652|doi=10.1353/kri.2014.0040|s2cid=159545394}}
* {{cite journal|author=Joppke, Christian|title=Revisionism, dissidence, nationalism: opposition in Leninist regimes|journal=[[The British Journal of Sociology]]|date=December 1994|volume=45|issue=4|pages=543–561|jstor=591882|doi=10.2307/591882}}
* {{cite journal|author=Karavansky, Sviatoslav|title=Two approaches to the solution of nationalities problems in the USSR in the writings of soviet dissidents|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=September 1983|volume=11|issue=2|pages=244–247|doi=10.1080/00905998308407970|s2cid=177317458 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Kartashkin, Vladimir|title=Human rights and the emergence of the state of the rule of law in the USSR|journal=[[Emory Law Journal]]|date=1991|volume=40|pages=889–902|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/emlj40&div=32}}
* {{cite book|author=Katz, Zev|title=Soviet dissenters and social structure in the USSR|date=1971|publisher=Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology|asin=B0006WAK4I}}
* {{cite news|author=Keller, Bill|title=Sakharov disillusions dissidents|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/04/03/sakharov-disillusions-dissidents/|work=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=3 April 1987}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kengor, Paul|title=Reagan's 'evil empire' turns 30|url=http://spectator.org/articles/33780/reagans-evil-empire-turns-30|journal=[[The American Spectator]]|date=3 August 2013}}
* {{cite journal|author=Killingsworth, Matt|title=Opposition and dissent in Soviet type regimes: civil society and its limitations|journal=Journal of Civil Society|date=June 2007|volume=3|issue=1|pages=59–79|doi=10.1080/17448680701390745|s2cid=144047128}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kochan, Lionel |author2=Abraham, Richard |title=The Making of Modern Russia |chapter=Leaders and Dissidents |date=1983|orig-year= 1962|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-35189-5|pages=441–454|edition=7|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-17053-1_21 |doi-broken-date=10 June 2025 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Komaromi, Ann|title=Samizdat and Soviet dissident publics|journal=[[Slavic Review]]|date=Spring 2012|volume=71|issue=1|pages=70–90|doi=10.5612/slavicreview.71.1.0070|jstor=10.5612/slavicreview.71.1.0070|s2cid=163795941}}
* {{cite book|author=Komaromi, Ann|title=Uncensored: samizdat novels and the quest for autonomy in Soviet dissidence|date=2015|location=Evanston, Illinois|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-3186-6}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=National dissent in the Soviet Union: the Crimean Tatar case|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=September 1974|volume=2|issue=2|pages=1–18|doi=10.1080/00905997408407756|s2cid=154738716 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=Dissent in the Baltic republics: characteristics and consequences|journal=[[Journal of Baltic Studies]]|date=December 1979|volume=10|issue=4|pages=309–319|doi=10.1080/01629777900000321}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=Human rights protest in the USSR: statistical trends for 1965–78|journal=Universal Human Rights|date=January–March 1980|volume=2|issue=1|pages=5–29|jstor=761800|doi=10.2307/761800}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=The protest uses of symbolic politics: the mobilization functions of protester symbolic resources|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-quarterly_1980-06_61_1/page/95|journal=[[Social Science Quarterly]]|date=June 1980|volume=61|issue=1|pages=95–113|jstor=42860676}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=Protest for national rights in the USSR: characteristics and consequences|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=September 1980|volume=8|issue=2|pages=179–194|doi=10.1080/00905998008407889|s2cid=154182757 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=Protests by Soviet Jews: some determinants of success|journal=Soviet Jewish Affairs|date=November 1980|volume=10|issue=3|pages=47–56|doi=10.1080/13501678008577341}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=National rights protest in the Brezhnev era: some determinants of success|journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]]|date=April 1981|volume=4|issue=2|pages=175–188|doi=10.1080/01419870.1981.9993332}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=Establishment vigilantism and political dissent. A Soviet case study|journal=[[Armed Forces & Society]]|date=Fall 1982|volume=9|issue=1|pages=83–97|doi=10.1177/0095327X8200900106|s2cid=146443150}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=The multinationalization of Soviet dissent|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=September 1983|volume=11|issue=2|pages=206–230|doi=10.1080/00905998308407968|s2cid=154308222 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=Protest militancy in the USSR: when does it work?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-journal_1987_24_2/page/169|journal=[[The Social Science Journal]]|date=1987|volume=24|issue=2|pages=169–179|doi=10.1016/0362-3319(87)90031-0}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kowalewski, David|title=The historical structuring of a dissident movement|journal=[[Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change]]|date=1990|issue=12|pages=89–110}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Kowalewski, David |author2=Greil, Arthur |title=Ecumenism, Soviet-dissident style|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sociology-of-religion_fall-1985_46_3/page/275 |journal=[[Sociology of Religion (journal)|Sociology of Religion]]|date=1985|volume=46|issue=3|pages=275–286|doi=10.2307/3710694|jstor=3710694 }}
* {{cite journal|author1=Kowalewsky, David |author2=Jonson, Cheryl |title=Cracking down on dissent: bureaucratic satisficing in the USSR|journal=Public Administration Quarterly|date=Winter 1987|volume=10|issue=4|pages=419–444|jstor=41575720}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kramer, Eric|title=Terrorizing discourses and dissident courage|journal=[[Communication Theory (journal)|Communication Theory]]|date=November 1991|volume=1|issue=4|pages=336–347|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2885.1991.tb00024.x|s2cid=17684724}}
* {{cite book|author=Kulavig, Erik|chapter=Evidence of public dissent in the Khrushchev years|editor1=Bryld, Mette |editor2=Kulavig, Erik |title=Soviet civilization between past and present|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietcivilizati0000unse|date=1998|publisher=International Specialized Book Service Incorporated|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietcivilizati0000unse/page/77 77]|isbn=978-8778383303}}
* {{cite book|author=Kunde, Olaf|title=Das Dissidententum in der Sowjetunion nach der Stalin-Ära (1956–1985)|trans-title=Dissent in the Soviet Union after the Stalin era (1956–1985)|date=2013|orig-year=2004|publisher=GRIN Verlag|location=München|isbn=978-3-638-73157-7|edition=3|language=de}}
* {{cite book|author=Kuptz, Kirsten|title=Dissent in the Soviet Union: the role of Andrei Sakharov in the human rights movement|date=2004|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=978-3-638-27834-8}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kuromiya, Hiroaki|title='Political youth opposition in late Stalinism': evidence and conjecture|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_2003-06_55_4/page/631|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|date=June 2003|volume=55|issue=4|pages=631–638|doi=10.1080/0966813032000084037|s2cid=154490628}}
* {{cite book|author=Kuzio, Taras|title=Dissent in Ukraine under Gorbachev: a collection of samizdat documents|date=1989|publisher=Ukrainian Press Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgEhAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Kuzio, Taras|chapter=Gorbachev, dissent and the new opposition (1987–8)|title=Ukraine: perestroika to independence|date=2000|orig-year=1994|publisher=Macmillan Press Ltd|location=Basingstoke, London|isbn=978-0-333-73844-3|pages=64–82|edition=2|chapter-url=http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12187/file.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202614/http://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12187/file.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live|doi=10.1057/9780333984345_4}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kuznetsova, Anastasiya|script-title=ru:Участие сибирских диссидентов в движениях за свободу выбора страны проживания и эмиграции в 1960–1980 гг.|trans-title=Participation of the Siberian dissidents in the movements for freedom of choice of country of residence and emigration in the 1960–1980s|journal=Вестник Томского государственного университета. История|date=2015|volume=4|issue=36|pages=41–46|url=http://journals.tsu.ru/uploads/import/1283/files/36-041.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227075620/http://journals.tsu.ru/uploads/import/1283/files/36-041.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2016|url-status=live|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Laird, Sally|title=Hope for dissenters?|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=February 1987|volume=16|issue=2|pages=9–12|doi=10.1080/03064228708534200|s2cid=144051821|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Lamb, Gregory|title=US Jews protest treatment of Soviet dissidents, refuseniks|journal=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=7 February 1983|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0207/020744.html}}
* {{cite book|author=Lazaris, Vladimir|script-title=ru:Диссиденты и евреи: кто порвал железный занавес?|trans-title=Dissidents and the Jews: who broke the Iron Curtain?|date=1981|publisher=Effect Publishing|location=Tel-Aviv|language=ru}}
* {{cite book|author=Lebreton, Véronique|title=La répression de la dissidence en U.R.S.S. et en Amérique Latine (Chili et Argentine) depuis 1970|trans-title=The repression of dissent in the U.S.S.R. and Latin America (Chile and Argentina) since 1970|date=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yK2MgEACAAJ|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal|author=Left, Julian|title=Russian political dissenters|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|date=13 October 1984|volume=289|issue=6450|pages=996–998|pmc=1443201|jstor=29516870|doi=10.1136/bmj.289.6450.996}}
* {{cite news|author=Lev, Michael|title=Friends, foes recall victorious Cold Warrior|date=6 June 2006|work=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/06/06/friends-foes-recall-victorious-cold-warrior/}}
* {{cite book|author=Lewytzkyj, Borys|title=Politische opposition in der Sowjetunion 1960–1972: Analyse und Dokumentation|trans-title=Political opposition in the Soviet Union 1960–1972: analysis and documentation|date=1972|publisher=Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag|location=München|language=de}}
* {{cite book|author=Lewytzkyj, Borys|title=L'opposizione politica nell'Unione Sovietica|trans-title=Political opposition in the Soviet Union|date=1973|publisher=Rusconi Editore|location=Milan|language=it}}
* {{cite book|author1=Liber, George |author2=Mostovych, Anna |title=Nonconformity and dissent in the Ukrainian SSR, 1955–1975: an annotated bibliography|date=1978|publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|isbn=978-0-916458-01-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8igWAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Linden, Carl|title=Soviet politics and the revival of Russian patriotism: Soviet rulers, dissident patriots and Solzhenitsyn|date=1980|publisher=Institute for Sino-Soviet Studies, George Washington University|asin=B0006XTMP0}}
* {{cite book|author=Lomellini, Valentine|title=L'appuntamento mancato: la sinistra italiana e il dissenso nei regimi comunisti (1968–1989)|trans-title=The missed appointment: the Italian left and the dissent in the communist regimes (1968–1989)|date=2010|publisher=Mondadori Education|location=Florence|isbn=978-8800740029|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Lourie, Richard|title=Soviet dissidents & balance of power|journal=Dissent|date=Winter 1974|pages=15}}
* {{cite journal|author=Low-Beer, Gerard Arnold|title=Soviet dissenters in need of help|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=27 February 1975|volume=253|issue=5494|pages=678|doi=10.1038/253678a0|bibcode=1975Natur.253Q.678B|s2cid=4297438|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Luckyj, George|title=Polarity in Ukrainian intellectual dissent|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|date=January 1972|volume=14|issue=2|pages=269–279|doi=10.1080/00085006.1972.11091276}}
* {{cite journal|author=Lynch, Allen|title=A policy perspective on dissent and repression in the Soviet Union|journal=[[The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs]]|date=Summer 1983|volume=7|issue=2|pages=365–372|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/forwa7&div=28&id}}
* {{cite book|author=Masnou, Grégoire|title=Les dissidents soviétiques et la question nationale en Europe centrale|trans-title=Soviet dissidents and national issue in Central Europe|date=1992|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCykXwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Matsui, Yasuhiro|chapter=Obshchestvennost' across borders: Soviet dissidents as a hub of transnational agency|title=Obshchestvennost' and civic agency in late imperial and Soviet Russia: interface between state and society|date=2015|publisher=Macmillan|pages=198–218|isbn=978-1-137-54723-1|doi=10.1057/9781137547231_10}}
* {{cite book|author=Mee, Cornelia|title=The internment of Soviet dissenters in mental hospitals|date=1971|publisher=John Arliss Limited|asin=B002DTDME2}}
* {{cite book|author=Meerson-Aksenov, Michail|chapter=The dissident movement and samizdat|editor1=Meerson-Aksenov, Michail |editor2=Shragin, Boris |title=The political, social, and religious thought of Russian "samizdat" – an anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalsocialr0000unse|date=1977|publisher=Nordland Publishing Company|location=Belmont, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalsocialr0000unse/page/37 37]–38|isbn=978-0-913124-13-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Messana, Paola|title=Soviet communal living: an oral history of the kommunalka|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietcommunalli00mess_769|date=2011|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-11810-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietcommunalli00mess_769/page/n113 97]–102|chapter=Dissidence|doi=10.1057/9780230118102_22}}
* {{cite journal|author=Meyers, Nechemia|title=Soviet dissidents: view from the promised land|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=30 September 1976|volume=263|issue=5576|pages=365|doi=10.1038/263365a0|bibcode=1976Natur.263..365M|s2cid=30965085|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|author=Moroney, Caitlin|title=Beyond the pillars of dissent: a re-evaluation of Soviet dissidence|date=2011|publisher=University of Vermont|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSVVywAACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Motyl, Alexander|title=Soviet dissidents and eurocommunism|journal=Dissent|date=Spring 1978|pages=232–234}}
* {{cite news|author=Mieli, Paolo|title=Intellettuali reticenti sul dissenso in Urss: la sinistra italiana e il processo Sinjavskij-Daniel|trans-title=Reticent intellectuals on dissent in the USSR: the Italian left and the Sinyavsky-Daniel trial|url=http://rassegnastampa.unipi.it/rassegna/archivio/2012/06/12SB22009.PDF|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|date=12 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228232050/http://rassegnastampa.unipi.it/rassegna/archivio/2012/06/12SB22009.PDF|url-status=live|archive-date=28 February 2016|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Mlikotin, Anthony|title=The western intellectual heritage and the Soviet dissent|journal=Studies in Soviet Thought|date=January 1985|volume=29|issue=1|pages=17–32|doi=10.1007/BF01043846|s2cid=143831683}}
* {{cite news|author=Nadler, Gerald|title=Ex-Soviet dissidents say Russia is slipping|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/ex-soviet-dissidents-say-russia-is-slipping/227022.html|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=15 November 2004}}
* {{cite journal|author=Nathans, Benjamin|title=Talking fish: on Soviet dissident memoirs|journal=[[The Journal of Modern History]]|date=September 2015|volume=87|issue=3|pages=579–614|doi=10.1086/682413|jstor=10.1086/682413|s2cid=146142435}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nivat, Georges |author2=Kravetz, Marc |title=URSS: gli scrittori del dissenso: Bukowsky, Calamov, Daniel, Guinzburg, Pliusc, Solgeniztin|trans-title=USSR: writers of dissent: Bukovsky, Shalamov, Daniel, Ginzburg, Plyushch, Solzhenitsyn|date=1977|publisher=La Biennale di Venezia|location=Venezia|oclc=797904993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10drMwEACAAJ|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Odom, William|title=A dissenting view on the group approach to Soviet politics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-politics_1976-07_28_4/page/542|journal=[[World Politics]]|date=July 1976|volume=28|issue=4|pages=542–567|doi=10.2307/2010066|jstor=2010066|s2cid=155152772 }}
* {{cite book|author=Oleszczuk, Thomas|title=Political justice in the USSR: dissent and repression in Lithuania, 1969–1987|date=1988|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-144-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRdpAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Oliner, Samuel|title=Soviet nationalities and dissidents: a persistent problem|journal=Humboldt Journal of Social Relations|date=1982–1983|volume=10|issue=1|pages=19–61|jstor=23261856}}
* {{cite journal|author=Osnos, Peter|title=Soviet dissidents and the American press|journal=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]|date=November–December 1977|volume=16|issue=4|pages=32–36|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c6c1028f7da6755c5cb8bbe0d2832ef9/1}}
* {{cite journal|author=Pahre, Jennifer|title=The fine line between the enforcement of human rights agreements and the violation of national sovereignty: the case of the Soviet dissidents|journal=Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal|date=1984|volume=3|issue=7|pages=323–350|url=http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1078&context=ilr}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Paley, Grace |author2=Mayer, Paul |author3=Chomsky, Noam |author4=Dellinger, David |author5=McReynolds, David |title=American dissent in Moscow|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=13 December 1973|volume=20 |issue=20 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1973/12/13/american-dissent-in-moscow/|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal|author1-link=Jannis Panagiotidis|author=Panagiotidis, Jannis|title=The Jewish movement in the Soviet Union|journal=[[European Review of History]]|date=October 2013|volume=20|issue=5|pages=931–932|doi=10.1080/13507486.2013.832886|s2cid=146442299}}
* {{cite journal|author=Parchomenko, Walter|title=Reporting on Soviet dissent: the forgotten people|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_reason_1981-01_12_9/page/45|journal=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|date=January 1981|volume=12|issue=9|pages=45–48}}
* {{cite book|author=Parchomenko, Walter|title=Soviet images of dissidents and nonconformists|date=1986|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-92021-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urIdAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Parming, Tönu|title=Dissent among the non-Russian peoples of the USSR: A brief commentary from the sociological perspective|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=June 1973|volume=1|issue=2|pages=17–23|doi=10.1080/00905997308407742|s2cid=144053097 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Peters, Michael|title=Dissident thought: systems of repression, networks of hope|journal=Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice|date=2016|volume=8|issue=1|pages=20–36|url=http://www.addletonacademicpublishers.com/component/content/article?id=2583|doi=10.22381/CRLSJ8120162|hdl=10289/10972|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Peterson, Christian|title=The Carter administration and the promotion of human rights in the Soviet Union, 1977–1981|journal=[[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]]|date=2014|volume=38|issue=3|pages=628–656|doi=10.1093/dh/dht102}}
* {{cite journal|author=Peunova, Marina|title=From dissidents to collaborators: the resurgence and demise of the Russian critical intelligentsia since 1985|journal=Studies in East European Thought|date=September 2008|volume=60|issue=3|pages=231–250|doi=10.1007/s11212-008-9057-8|s2cid=144115933|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/315192/files/11212_2008_Article_9057.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Phillips, William |author2=Shragin, Boris |author3=Aleshkovsky, Yuz |author4=Kott, Jan |author5=Siniavski, Andrei |author6=Aksyonov, Vassily |author7=Litvinov, Pavel |author8=Dovlatov, Sergei |author9=Nekrassov, Viktor |author10=Etkind, Efim |author11=Voinovich, Vladimir |author12=Kohak, Erazim |author13=Loebl, Eugen |title=Writers in exile III: a conference of Soviet and East European dissidents|journal=[[The Partisan Review]]|date=Winter 1984|volume=51|issue=1|pages=11–44}}
* {{cite book|author=Poggio, Pier|title=Il dissenso: critica e fine del comunismo|trans-title=Dissent: criticism and the end of communism|date=2009|publisher=Marsilio|location=Venezia|isbn=978-8831799096|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Powell, David|title=Controlling dissent in the Soviet Union|journal=[[Government and Opposition]]|date=January 1972|volume=7|issue=1|pages=85–98|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1972.tb00834.x|s2cid=145092912 }}
* {{cite book|author=Prokop, Myroslav|chapter=Dissident movement|editor1=Kubiĭovych, Volodymyr |editor2=Struk, Danylo |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|date=1984|volume=1|isbn=978-0-8020-3362-8|chapter-url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDissidentmovement.htm}}
* {{cite journal|author=Raskina, Alexandra|title=Frida Vigdorova's transcript of Joseph Brodsky's trial: myths and reality|journal=Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography|date=2014|volume=7|issue=1|pages=144–180|doi=10.1163/22102388-00700006}}
* {{cite book|author=Reddaway, Peter|title=Uncensored Russia – protest and dissent in the Soviet Union. The unofficial Moscow journal, A Chronicle of Current Events|date=1972|publisher=American Heritage Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-051354-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/uncensoredrussia0000redd}}
* {{cite book|author=Reddaway, Peter|chapter=The Soviet dissenters, the regime and the outside world|title=Proceedings and papers of the international symposium on the 50th anniversary of the U.S.S.R.|date=1973|publisher=International Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the U.S.S.R.|pages=92–96}}
* {{cite journal|author=Reddaway, Peter|title=Dissent in the Soviet Union|journal=Dissent|date=Spring 1976|pages=136–154}}
* {{cite journal|author=Reddaway, Peter|title=International protests fail to halt imprisonment of Soviet dissidents in mental hospitals|journal=[[The Times]]|date=December 1977|issue=23|page=6|pmid=11648754}}
* {{cite book|author=Reddaway, Peter|title=The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev |chapter=The Development of Dissent and Opposition |editor1=Brown, Archie |editor2=Kaser, Michael |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionsince0000brow|chapter-url-access=registration|date=1978|orig-year=1975|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-23337-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietunionsince0000brow/page/121 121–156]|edition=2|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-15847-8_6}}
* {{cite book|author=Reddaway, Peter|title=Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR |chapter=Policy towards Dissent since Khrushchev |editor1=Schapiro, Leonard|editor2=Rigby, Thomas|editor3=Brown, Archie|editor4=Reddaway, Peter|date=1983|orig-year=1980|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-25702-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/authoritypowerpo0000unse/page/158 158–192]|edition=2|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-06655-1_9|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/authoritypowerpo0000unse/page/158}}
* {{cite book|author=Reddaway, Peter|chapter=How much did popular disaffection contribute to the collapse of the USSR?|editor=Fortescue, S.|title=Russian politics from Lenin to Putin|url=https://archive.org/details/russianpoliticsf00fort|date=2010|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-57587-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/russianpoliticsf00fort/page/152 152]–184|doi=10.1057/9780230293144_7}}
* {{cite book|author=Reddaway, Peter|title=The Soviet empire: expansion and détente|editor=Griffith, William|date=1984|orig-year=1976|publisher=Lexington books|isbn=978-0-669-00421-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietempireexpa09grif/page/57 57–84]|edition=2|chapter=The development of dissent in the USSR|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sovietempireexpa09grif/page/57}}
* {{cite journal|author=Reddaway, Peter|title=Soviet policies toward dissent, 1953–1986|journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies|date=September 2012|volume=24|issue=1/2|pages=57–82|doi=10.5840/jis2012241/22|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/dbf43f14580455d5f38d75cb64a20ea7/1|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|author=Reich, Rebecca|title=Thinking differently: psychiatry, literature and dissent in the late Soviet period|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vR3_ewEACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Renom, Jaime Olives|title=Unión Soviética: la cuestión de los disidentes|journal=Cuenta y Razón|date=January–April 1986|issue=22|pages=85–93|url=http://www.cuentayrazon.org/revista/pdf/022/Num022_010.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303044736/http://www.cuentayrazon.org/revista/pdf/022/Num022_010.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live|trans-title=Soviet Union: the issue of dissidents|language=es}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rial, Horacio|title=Todos somos disidentes soviéticos. Pentimento|trans-title=We are all Soviet dissidents. Repentance|journal=La Ilustración Liberal: Revista Española y Americana|date=2006|issue=17–21|pages=17–21|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1464721|language=es}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Soviet dissidents: he who would dissident be|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=30 September 1976|volume=263|issue=5576|pages=361–362|bibcode=1976Natur.263..361R|doi=10.1038/263361a0|s2cid=4169615|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=USSR: bottling up dissent. Reports on recent developments concerning dissidents in the USSR and Eastern Europe|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=9 December 1976|volume=264|issue=5586|pages=501–502|bibcode=1976Natur.264..501R|doi=10.1038/264501a0|s2cid=40739064|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=USSR: discrediting the dissidents|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=8 September 1977|volume=269|issue=5624|pages=100|doi=10.1038/269100a0|bibcode=1977Natur.269..100R|s2cid=4249431|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Leading Soviet dissidents in London|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1977-11-24_270_5635/page/290|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=24 November 1977|volume=270|issue=5635|pages=290|bibcode=1977Natur.270R.290R|doi=10.1038/270290b0|s2cid=41091196|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Stalin's scientific deputy addresses dissident meeting|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=15 December 1977|volume=270|issue=5638|pages=550|doi=10.1038/270550a0|bibcode=1977Natur.270..550R|s2cid=36455000|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Soviet dissident charged|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=17 May 1979|volume=279|issue=5710|pages=178|doi=10.1038/279178b0|bibcode=1979Natur.279..178R|s2cid=4282922|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Soviet dissidents: helpers divided|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=11 February 1982|volume=295|issue=5849|pages=450|bibcode=1982Natur.295R.450R|doi=10.1038/295450c0|s2cid=41822324|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=''Refusnik'' scientists: dissenting dissidents agree|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1986-01-16_319_6050/page/169|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=16 January 1986|volume=319|issue=6050|pages=169|doi=10.1038/319169b0|bibcode=1986Natur.319..169R|s2cid=4260729|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Richter, Derek|title=Political dissenters in mental hospitals|journal=[[The British Journal of Psychiatry]]|date=August 1971|volume=119|issue=549|pages=225–226|doi=10.1192/bjp.119.549.225|s2cid=145461136 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rinzler, Michael|title=Battling authoritarianism through treaty: Soviet dissent and international human rights regimes|journal=[[Harvard International Law Journal]]|date=Spring 1994|volume=35|issue=2|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hilj35&div=19|pages=461–498}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ripa di Meana, Carlo |author2=Mecucci, Gabriella |title=L'ordine di Mosca: fermate la biennale del dissenso|trans-title=The order of Moscow: to stop the biennial of dissent|date=2007|publisher=Liberal|location=Rome|isbn=978-8888835372|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Robert, Horvath|title="Sakharov would be with us": Limonov, Strategy-31, and the dissident legacy|journal=[[The Russian Review]]|date=October 2015|volume=74|issue=4|pages=581–598|doi=10.1111/russ.12049}}
* {{cite news|author=Roberts, Steven|title=The politics of dissent: turmoil in Soviet literature|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1963/3/19/the-politics-of-dissent-turmoil-in/|work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|date=19 March 1963}}
* {{cite journal|author=Robinson, Harlow|title=Soviet dissent seen form outside and from inside the USSR; ''On Soviet Dissent: Interviews with Piero Ostellino'', by Roy Medvedev|journal=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=3 December 1980|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/1203/120303.html}}
* {{cite journal|author=Robinson, Paul|title=Psychiatric imprisonment of Soviet dissidents|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1989-01-21_298_6667/page/195|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|date=21 January 1989|volume=298|issue=6667|pages=195|jstor=29703310|doi=10.1136/bmj.298.6667.195|s2cid=220170478}}
* {{cite book|author=Ronza, R|title=Samizdat: dissenso e contestazione nell'Unione Sovietica|trans-title=Samizdat: dissent and protest in the Soviet Union|date=1970|publisher=IPL|location=Milan|isbn=978-8878362031|language=it}}
* {{cite book|author=Rothberg, Abraham|title=The heirs of Stalin: dissidence and the Soviet regime, 1953–1970|date=1972|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-8014-0667-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/heirsofstalin0000unse}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rubenstein, Joshua|title=The enduring voice of the Soviet dissidents|journal=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]|date=1 September 1978|volume=17|issue=3|pages=32–39|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/4f10190177856e1fb767496feb6f66db/1}}
* {{cite book|author=Rubenstein, Joshua|title=Soviet dissidents: their struggle for human rights|date=1980|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-3213-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietdissidents00rube|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rudnytsky, Ivan|title=The Political Thought of Soviet Ukrainian Dissidents |journal=Journal of Ukrainian Studies|date=Fall 1981|volume=6|issue=2|pages=3|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/ec990a822bb5830ef7cee6c9fd2efece/1?|author1-link=Ivan L. Rudnytsky}}
**Reprinted in {{cite book |chapter=The Political Thought of Soviet Ukrainian Dissidents |last1=Rudnytsky|first1=Ivan L. |title= Essays in Modern Ukrainian History |date= 1988 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn= 978-0-916458-19-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysinmodernuk00rudn |author1-link=Ivan L. Rudnytsky|page=477}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rutman, Roman|title=Jews and dissenters: connections and divergences|journal=Soviet Jewish Affairs|date=January 1973|volume=3|issue=2|pages=26–37|doi=10.1080/13501677308577163}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rywkin, Michael|title=Dissent in Soviet Central Asia|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=March 1981|volume=9|issue=1|pages=27–34|doi=10.1080/00905998108407900|s2cid=153757604 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Salter, Leonard|title=American lawyers and Russian dissidents: the lawyer as social engineer|journal=[[The International Lawyer]]|date=Fall 1978|volume=12|issue=12|pages=869–875|jstor=40706698}}
* {{Cite book|author=Samatan, Marie|title=Droits de l'homme et répression en URSS: l'appareil et les victimes|trans-title=Human rights and repression in the USSR: mechanism and victims|date=1980|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|language=fr|isbn=978-2020057059}}
* {{cite journal|author=Satter, David|title=A test case|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=12 February 1987|volume=34 |issue=2 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1987/02/12/a-test-case/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Satter, David|title=Soviet dissent and the Cold War|journal=[[Hoover Digest]]|date=30 April 2003|issue=2|url=http://www.hoover.org/research/soviet-dissent-and-cold-war}}
* {{cite book|author=Saunders, George|title=Samizdat: voices of the Soviet opposition|url=https://archive.org/details/samizdatvoicesof00saun|url-access=registration|date=1974|publisher=Pathfinder Press|isbn=978-0-87348-914-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Savranskaya, Svetlana|chapter=Human rights movement in the USSR after the signing of the Helsinki Final Act, and the reaction of Soviet authorities|editor=Nuti, Leopoldo|title=The crisis of détente in Europe: from Helsinki to Gorbachev, 1975–1985|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=London, New York|isbn=978-1-134-04498-6|pages=26–40}}
* {{cite book|author=Schweitzer, Glenn|chapter=Refuseniks, dissidents, and scientific exchanges|title=Techno-diplomacy: US-Soviet confrontations in science and technology|date=2013|orig-year=1989|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4899-6046-7|pages=230–252|edition=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2L5BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230}}
* {{cite book|author=Seleznev, Viktor|script-title=ru:Кто выбирает свободу. Саратов: Хроника инакомыслия. 1920–1980-е годы|trans-title=Who chooses freedom. Saratov: Chronicle of dissent. The 1920s–1980s|date=2009|location=Saratov|url=http://sd-inform.org/upload/books/Antitotalitarism/Inakomysljashie/Seleznev%20Viktor%20Kto%20vybiraet%20svobodu.pdf|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Serebryakova, Elena|script-title=ru:Мир глазами диссидента (по книге В. Буковского "И возвращается ветер…")|journal=Управленческое консультирование|date=2012|issue=4|pages=132–138|url=https://szags.ru/media/uploads/%D1%83%D0%BA_12_4.pdf#page=132|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301171655/https://szags.ru/media/uploads/%D1%83%D0%BA_12_4.pdf#page=132|archive-date=1 March 2016|url-status=dead|trans-title=World through the eyes of a dissident (about the book of V. Bukovsky «The wind returns…»)|language=ru}}
* {{cite news|author=Shanker, Thom|title=Free political dissidents, Sakharov tells Gorbachev|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1986-12-25/news/8603190065_1_andrei-sakharov-soviet-reforms-gorky|work=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=25 December 1986|access-date=2016-02-17|archive-date=2016-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224231307/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1986-12-25/news/8603190065_1_andrei-sakharov-soviet-reforms-gorky|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|author1=Shanker, Thom |author2=Moseley, Ray |title=Reagan keeps focus on rights. President holds talks with Soviet dissidents|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1988/05/31/reagan-keeps-focus-on-rights/|work=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=31 May 1988}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sharlet, Robert|title=Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal_autumn-1978_33_4/page/763|journal=[[International Journal]]|date=Autumn 1978|volume=33|issue=4|pages=763–795|doi=10.2307/40201689|jstor=40201689}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sharlet, Robert|title=Growing Soviet dissidence|journal=[[Current History]]|date=1 October 1980|volume=79|issue=459|pages=96–100|doi=10.1525/curh.1980.79.459.96 |s2cid=249073839 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/107e0e50c5d6c6f1792e3739783ce278/1?|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sharlet, Robert|title=Dissent and the "Contra-System" in the Soviet Union|journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science|date=1984|volume=35|issue=3|pages=135–146|doi=10.2307/1174123|jstor=1174123}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sharlet, Robert|title=Soviet dissent since Brezhnev|journal=[[Current History]]|date=October 1986|volume=85|issue=513|pages=321–324, 340|doi=10.1525/curh.1986.85.513.321 |s2cid=251522055 }}
* {{cite book|author=Shatz, Marshall|title=Soviet dissent in historical perspective|date=1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-23172-5|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietdissentinh0000shat|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal|author=Shlapentokh, Dmitry|title=President Bush, Shcharansky and the tradition of Russian dissent|journal=[[Contemporary Review]]|date=August 2005|volume=287|issue=1675|pages=71–81|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/President+Bush,+Shcharansky+and+the+tradition+of+Russian+dissent.-a0136513147}}
* {{cite book|author=Shirokorad, Alexander|script-title=ru:Диссиденты 1956–1990 гг.|trans-title=Dissidents of 1956–1990|date=2014|publisher=Алгоритм|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5443807324|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Siegel, George|title=Voices in dissonance|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|date=Spring 1964|volume=8|issue=1|pages=66–71|doi=10.2307/303978|jstor=303978}}
* {{cite journal|author=Simirenko, Alex|title=A new type of Soviet resistance?|journal=[[Society (journal)|Society]]|date=November 1975|volume=13|issue=1|pages=35–37|doi=10.1007/BF02699992|s2cid=144092795}}
* {{cite book|author=Simon, Gerhard|title=Church, state, and opposition in the U.S.S.R.|date=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02612-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTLc8H3b4vUC}}
* {{cite book|author=Sinatti, Piero|title=Il dissenso in URSS|trans-title=Dissent in the USSR|date=1974|publisher=La nuova sinistra; Savelli|location=Rome|language=it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqgMfAEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Sinatti, Piero|title=Il dissenso in Urss nell'epoca di Breznev: antologia della Cronaca degli avvenimenti correnti (documenti e interventi)|trans-title=Dissent in the USSR in the era of Brezhnev: anthology of A Chronicle of Current Events (documents and interviews)|date=1978|publisher=Vallecchi|location=Firenze|language=it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-bPPAAACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Smith, Fred|title=Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn: dissidents with a different world view|journal=[[The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies]]|date=Winter 1991|volume=16|issue=4|pages=469–476|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/4af8b92b4a6c15b4ccbd2e0cc3d5e6e7/1?}}
* {{cite book|author=Smith, Gordon|title=Soviet Politics |chapter=Dissent: Political, Ethnic, and Religious |date=1988|publisher=Macmillan Education|isbn=978-0-333-45919-5|pages=294–320|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-19172-7_13}}
* {{cite news|author1=Solovyov, Vladimir |author2=Klepikova, Elena |title=The Kremlin and dissidents: time for compromise|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/08/17/the-kremlin-and-dissidents-time-for-compromise/|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=17 August 1987}}
* {{cite book|author=Spechler, Dina|title=Permitted dissent in the USSR: Novy mir and the Soviet regime|url=https://archive.org/details/permitteddissent0000spec|date=1982|publisher=Praeger|location=New York|isbn=978-0-03-060621-2}}
* {{cite journal|author=Spechler, Dina|title=Permitted dissent and Soviet politics: the case of Novyi Mir|journal=The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review|date=1982|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1–39|doi=10.1163/187633282X00028}}
* {{cite book|author=Spiegel, Philip|title=Triumph over tyranny: the heroic campaigns that saved 2,000,000 Soviet Jews|date=2008|publisher=Devora Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dI0tAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-1-61584-938-3}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sun, Marjorie|title=Soviets clamp down on dissident groups|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1982-10-08_218_4568/page/139|journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]]|date=8 October 1982|volume=218|issue=4568|page=139|doi=10.1126/science.218.4568.139|bibcode=1982Sci...218..139S|pmid=17753431}}
* {{cite journal|author=Surovtseva, Ekaterina|script-title=ru:А.И. Солженицын и А.Д. Сахаров: дискуссия вокруг "Письма вождям Советского Союза" и её восприятие в эмигрантской печати (М. Агурский)|trans-title=A.I. Solzhenitsyn and A.D. Sakharov: the debate around "Letter to the Soviet leaders" and its perception in the emigre press (M. Agursky)|journal=Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики|date=2014|volume=9|issue=39, part 2|pages=159–161|url=http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/a-i-solzhenitsyn-i-a-d-saharov-diskussiya-vokrug-pisma-vozhdyam-sovetskogo-soyuza-i-eyo-vospriyatie-v-emigrantskoy-pechati-m-agurskiy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023459/http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/a-i-solzhenitsyn-i-a-d-saharov-diskussiya-vokrug-pisma-vozhdyam-sovetskogo-soyuza-i-eyo-vospriyatie-v-emigrantskoy-pechati-m-agurskiy.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead|format=PDF, immediate download|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Surovtseva, Ekaterina|script-title=ru:А.И. Солженицын, А.Д. Сахаров и Р. Медведев: дискуссия вокруг "Письма вождям Советского Союза" и её восприятие в эмигрантской печати (М. Агурский)|trans-title=A.I. Solzhenitsyn, A.D. Sakharov and R. Medvedev: the debate around "Letter to the Soviet leaders" and its perception in the emigre press (M. Agursky)|journal=Молодой ученый|date=2015|issue=2|pages=608–613|url=http://www.moluch.ru/archive/82/14689/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419201834/http://moluch.ru/archive/82/14689/|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=live|language=ru}}
* {{cite book|author=Surrett, William|title=Formalization and contemporary patterns and conditions of modern Soviet dissidence|date=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVHFtwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Suslensky, Yakov|title=The treatment of activities of Russian and non-Russian dissidents by the Soviet regime: a comparative analysis|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=September 1983|volume=11|issue=2|pages=232–243|doi=10.1080/00905998308407969|s2cid=177888152 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Sweeting, Stephen|title=Postmodern strategies of resistance: Solzhenitsyn and Havel|journal=Journal of Integrated Studies|date=Spring 2010|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–10|url=http://jis.athabascau.ca/index.php/jis/article/view/6/43}}
* {{cite journal|author=Szulc, Tad|title=Living with dissent|journal=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=Summer 1978|issue=31|pages=180–191|jstor=1148152|doi=10.2307/1148152}}
* {{cite journal|author=Tarnawsky, Ostap|title=Dissident poets in Ukraine|journal=Journal of Ukrainian Studies|date=Fall 1981|volume=6|issue=2|pages=17–27|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/ec990a822bb5830e92314198ccbf2849/1?}}
* {{cite book|author=Tarnow, Alexander von|title=La Russia del dissenso|trans-title=Russia of dissent|date=1976|publisher=Ciarrapico|location=Rome|asin=B00RW46CO0|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Tikos, Laszlo|title=Dissent among non-Russian writers of the U.S.S.R. — A philologist's analysis|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=June 1973|volume=1|issue=2|pages=10–16|doi=10.1080/00905997308407741|s2cid=159519955 }}
* {{cite book|author=Tökés, Rudolf|title=Dissent in the USSR: politics, ideology, and people|date=1975|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-1661-1}}
* {{cite journal|author=Tonge, William|title=Psychiatry and political dissent|journal=[[The Lancet]]|date=20 July 1974|volume=304|issue=7873|pages=150–152|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91569-4|pmid=4135437}}
* {{cite book|author=Tria, Massimo|chapter=L'invasione vista dai sovietici, fra approvazione e dissenso|trans-chapter=The imaginative invasion of the Soviets, from approval to dissent|editor1=Caccamo, Francesco |editor2=Helan, Pavel |editor3=Tria, Massimo |title=Primavera di Praga, risveglio europeo|trans-title=Prague Spring, European awakening|date=2011|publisher=Firenze University Press|isbn=978-8864532691|pages=97–126|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruSmH9fkEBMC&pg=PA97|language=it}}
* {{cite book|author=Trigos, Ludmilla|chapter=The decembrists and dissidence: myth and anti-myth from the 1960s–1980s|title=The decembrist myth in Russian culture|url=https://archive.org/details/decembristmythru00trig|date=2009|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-61916-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/decembristmythru00trig/page/141 141]–160|doi=10.1057/9780230104716_7}}
* {{cite book|author=Ulam, Adam|title=Russia's failed revolutions: from the decembrists to the dissidents|url=https://archive.org/details/russiasfailedrev0000ulam_i5w9|date=1981|publisher=Littlehampton Book Services|isbn=978-0-297-77940-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Vaissié, Cécile|title=Pour votre liberté et pour la nôtre: le combat des dissidents de Russie|trans-title=For your and our freedom: the struggle of Russian dissidents|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|isbn=978-2221090473|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal|author=Vaissié, Cécile|title="La Chronique des évenements en cours". Une revue de la dissidence dans l'URSS brejnévienne|journal=Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'Histoire|date=July–September 1999|jstor=3770704|issue=63|pages=107–118|doi=10.2307/3770704|trans-title=A Chronicle of Current Events. A review of dissidence in the Brezhnev USSR|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|author=Vaissié, Cécile|title=Russie, une femme en dissidence : Larissa Bogoraz|trans-title=Russia, a woman in dissent: Larisa Bogoraz|date=2000|publisher=Plon|isbn=978-2259191555|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|author=Vaissié, Cécile|title=Les intellectuels en exil face aux régimes totalitaires|trans-title=Intellectuals in exile deal with totalitarian regimes|editor1=Falkowski, Wojciech |editor2=Marès, Antoine |date=2011|pages=143–155|publisher=Institut d'études slaves|location=Paris|chapter=Le combat des dissidents de Russie en Occident|trans-chapter=The struggle of Russian dissidents in the West|chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00633395/|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal|author=Vaissié, Cécile|title=Archiver les samizdats de la dissidence russe|trans-title=Archive of samizdat by the Russian dissent|journal=Écrire l'Histoire|date=2014|volume=13-14 |issue=13–14|pages=129–135|doi=10.4000/elh.487|language=fr|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Vaissié, Cécile|title='Black robe, golden epaulettes': from the Russian dissidents to Pussy Riot|journal=Religion and Gender|date=2014|volume=4|issue=2|pages=166–183|doi=10.18352/rg.9255|s2cid=146720743 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Vardys, Stanley|title=The nature and philosophy of Baltic dissent: a comparative perspective|journal=[[Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity]]|date=September 1982|volume=10|issue=2|pages=121–136|doi=10.1080/00905998208407936|s2cid=145423676 }}
* {{cite journal|author1=Vigdorova, Frida |author2=Katz, Michael |title=The trial of Joseph Brodsky|journal=[[New England Review]]|date=2014|volume=34|issue=3–4|pages=183–207|doi=10.1353/ner.2014.0022|s2cid=153474011 }}
* {{cite book|author=Voren, Robert van|title=On dissidents and madness: from the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyDIKu8XsgcC|publisher=[[Rodopi Publishers]]|location=Amsterdam—New York|year=2009|isbn=978-90-420-2585-1}}
* {{cite journal|author=Walsh, John|title=Soviet-American science accord: could dissent deter detente?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1973-04-06_180_4081/page/40|journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]]|date=6 April 1973|volume=180|issue=4081|pages=40–43|doi=10.1126/science.180.4081.40|pmid=17757967|bibcode=1973Sci...180...40W|jstor=1735290}}
* {{cite book|author=Weeks, Albert|title=Andrei Sakharov and the Soviet dissidents: a critical commentary|date=1975|publisher=Monarch Press|isbn=978-0-671-00963-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYHKmgEACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Westrate, Mike|title=The self against the state: Valery Abramkin and the destruction of dissident identity|journal=Acta Slavica Iaponica|date=2012|volume=31|pages=105‒121|url=http://src-hokudai-ac.jp/publictn/acta/31/05WestrateE.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224233128/http://src-hokudai-ac.jp/publictn/acta/31/05WestrateE.pdf|archive-date=24 February 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|author=White, Sarah|title=New crackdown on Russian dissidents and refusniks|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=25 June 1981|volume=90|issue=1259|pages=816|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqflJ99KzsEC&pg=PA816}}
* {{cite journal|author=White, Sarah|title=Science keeps the dissidents hoping|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=11 February 1982|volume=93|issue=1292|pages=359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0E-5yH7c7QC&pg=PA359}}
* {{cite book|author=Wilke, Manfred|chapter=Solschenizyn und der Westen|trans-chapter=Solzhenitsyn and the West|editor1=Veen, Hans-Joachim |editor2=Mählert, Ulrich |editor3=März, Peter |title=Wechselwirkungen Ost-West: Dissidenz, Opposition und Zivilgesellschaft 1975–1989|trans-title=East-West interactions: dissidence, opposition and civil society 1975–1989|date=2007|publisher=Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar|pages=149–172|isbn=978-3-412-23306-8|language=de|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7Wo-Fz1EFIC&pg=PA149}}
* {{cite journal|author=Willis, David|title=Currents of nationalism, dissent beneath crust of communist conformity|journal=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=15 January 1981|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0115/011553.html}}
* {{cite journal|author=Windholz, George|title=Psychiatric commitments of religious dissenters in Tsarist and Soviet Russia: two case studies|journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes|date=November 1985|volume=48|issue=4|pages=329–340|doi=10.1080/00332747.1985.11024294|pmid=3906732}}
* {{cite book|author1=Woll, Josephine|author2=Treml, Vladimir|title=Soviet dissident literature: a critical guide|date=1983|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-8626-6|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietdissidentl0000woll}}
* {{cite thesis|author=Woychyshyn, Nestor|title=Soviet Ukrainian political dissidents in the West: their politics, interaction, and impact after exile to the West, 1965–1983|date=1986|publisher=Carleton University|location=Ottawa, Canada|doi=10.22215/etd/1986-01175|type=M.A.|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|author=Wynn, Allan|title=Notes of a non-conspirator: working with Russian dissidents|url=https://archive.org/details/notesofnonconspi0000wynn|date=1987|publisher=Andre Deutsch|location=London|isbn=978-0-233-98149-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Wynn, Allan |author2=Dewhirst, Martin |author3=Stone, Harold |title=Fifth International Sakharov Hearing: Proceedings, April, 1985|date=1986|publisher=Andre Deutsch|isbn=978-0-233-98050-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGBpAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Wyszomirskia, Margaret |author2=Oleszczukb, Thomas |author3=Smith, Theresa |title=Cultural dissent and defection: the case of Soviet nonconformist artists|journal=Journal of Arts Management and Law|date=March 1988|volume=18|issue=1|pages=44–62|doi=10.1080/07335113.1988.9942181}}
* {{cite book|author1=Yakobson, Sergius |author2=Allen, Robert |title=Aspects of intellectual ferment and dissent in the Soviet Union prepared at the request of Senator Thomas J. Dodd for the Subcommittee to investigate the administration of the Internal Security Act and other internal security laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate|date=1968|publisher=United States Government Publishing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=3330}}
* {{cite journal|author=Yeo, Clayton|title=Psychiatry, the law and dissent in the Soviet Union|journal=Review of the International Commission of Jurists|date=June 1975|issue=14|pages=34–41|pmid=11662196}}
* {{cite journal|author=Zanchetta, Barbara|title=L'appuntamento mancato: la sinistra italiana e il dissenso nei regimi comunisti (1968–1989)|trans-title=The missed appointment: the Italian left and the dissent in the communist regimes (1968–1989)|journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]]|date=February 2012|volume=12|issue=1|pages=178–179|doi=10.1080/14682745.2012.655450|s2cid=153737719|language=it}}
* {{cite book|author=Zdravomyslov, Andrei|chapter=Диссидентское движение в свете социологии конфликта. А.Д. Сахаров|trans-chapter=Dissident movement in the light of sociology of conflict. A.D. Sakharov|script-title=ru:Социология конфликта. Россия на путях преодоления кризиса. Учебное пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений|trans-title=Sociology of conflict. Russia on ways to overcome crisis. Textbook for students of higher educational institutions|date=1995|publisher=Аспект-пресс|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5756700091|pages=264–267|language=ru}}
* {{cite book|author=Zukerman, William|title=Voice of dissent: Jewish problems, 1948–1961|date=1964|publisher=Brookman Associates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cm0NAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Zuzowski, Robert|title=The significance of dissent in the Soviet Union|journal=[[Australian Outlook]]|date=December 1985|volume=39|issue=3|pages=165–170|doi=10.1080/10357718508444890}}
* {{cite book|author=Zveteremich, Pietro|title=Dissenso e no: esiste una letteratura "sovietica"?: estratto da Nuovi Annali della Facoltà di Magistero dell'Università di Messina|trans-title=Dissent and no: does "Soviet" literature exist?: extract from New Annals of the Faculty of Education at the University of Messina|date=1983|publisher=Editrice Herder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4UjAAAAMAAJ|language=it}}

=== Insiders' works ===
* {{cite journal|author=Alexeyeva, Ludmilla|title=The human rights movement in the USSR|journal=Survey|date=1977–1978|volume=23|issue=4|pages=72–85}}
* {{cite book|author=Alekseeva, Liudmila|title=The diversity of Soviet dissent: ideologies, goals and direction, 1965–1980|date=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSbcPgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Alexeyeva, Ludmilla|title=Soviet dissent: contemporary movements for national, religious, and human rights|date=1987|orig-year=1985|location=[[Middletown, Connecticut]]|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|edition=2|isbn=978-0-8195-6176-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5foGHAAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Amalrik, Andrei|script-title=ru:Записки диссидента|trans-title=Dissident's Notes|date=1982|publisher=Ардис|location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]]|url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=1416|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Amalrik, Andrei|title=Soviet dissidents and the American press: a reply|journal=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]|date=1 March 1978|volume=16|issue=6|page=63|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/be93200cfcacd49910151cfd0bec44f8/1}}
* {{cite book|author=Boukovsky, Vladimir|title=Jugement à Moscou – un dissident dans les archives du Kremlin|trans-title=Judgement in Moscow – a dissident in the Kremlin archives|date=1995|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-07460-2|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal|author=Brodsky, Joseph|title=An appeal for Vladimir Maramzin|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=19 September 1974|volume=21 |issue=14 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1974/09/19/an-appeal-for-vladimir-maramzin/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Brodsky, Joseph|title=Victims|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=23 January 1975|volume=21 |issue=21 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1975/01/23/victims-4/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Brodsky, Joseph|title=Nadezhda Mandelstam (1899–1980)|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=5 March 1981|volume=28 |issue=3 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1981/03/05/nadezhda-mandelstam-18991980/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Brodsky, Joseph|title=Poetry as a form of resistance to reality|journal=[[Publications of the Modern Language Association of America]]|date=March 1992|volume=107|issue=2|pages=220–225|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/f560e2a2bd45f2aeb36e930aac235eef/1?|doi=10.2307/462635|jstor=462635|s2cid=164173456 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|author=Bukovsky, Vladimir|title=To build a castle: my life as a dissenter|date=1978|publisher=Andrei Deutsch|location=London|url=http://antisoviet.imwerden.net/bukovsky_v_to_build.pdf|isbn=978-0-233-97023-3|access-date=2015-12-04|archive-date=2013-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501033705/http://antisoviet.imwerden.net/bukovsky_v_to_build.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|author=Boukovsky, Vladimir|title=Une nouvelle maladie mentale en URSS: l'opposition|trans-title=A new mental illness in the USSR: the opposition|date=1971|publisher=Le Seuil|location=Paris|language=fr|isbn=2020025272|ref=CITEREFBoukovsky1971}}
* {{cite book|author=Bukowski, Wladimir|title=UdSSR. Opposition. Eine neue Geisteskrankheit in der Sowjetunion? Eine Dokumentation von W. Bukowskij|trans-title=The USSR. Opposition. A new mental illness in the Soviet Union? Documentation by V. Bukovsky|date=1971|publisher=Carl Hanser Verlag|location=München|isbn=3-446-11571-4|language=de|ref=CITEREFBukowski1971}}
* {{cite book|author=Bukovskij, Vladimir|title=Una nuova malattia mentale in Urss: l'opposizione|trans-title=A new mental illness in the USSR: opposition|date=1972|publisher=Etas Kompass|location=Milan|language=it|ref=CITEREFBukovskij1972}}
* {{cite book|author=Bukovsky, Vladimir|title=Una nueva enfermedad mental en la U.R.S.S.: la oposición|trans-title=A new mental illness in the USSR: opposition|date=1972|publisher=Lasser Press|location=México|language=es|ref=CITEREFBukovsky1972}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bukovsky, Vladimir|author2=Gluzman, Semyon|title=Пособие по психиатрии для инакомыслящих|journal=Хроника защиты прав в СССР [Chronicle of defense of rights in the USSR]|issue=13|pages=36–61|date=January–February 1975a|url=http://antisoviet.narod.ru/h_z_p_13_1975.pdf|trans-title=A manual on psychiatry for dissidents|language=ru|ref=CITEREFBukovskyGluzman1975a}} The work in Russian was also published in: {{cite book|author1=Коротенко, Ада |author2=Аликина, Наталия |title=Советская психиатрия: Заблуждения и умысел|year=2002|publisher=Издательство «Сфера»|location=Киев|isbn=978-966-7841-36-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFEeAQAAIAAJ|pages=197–218}} The work in English was published in: {{cite book|author1=Bloch, Sidney |author2=Reddaway, Peter |title=Russia's political hospitals: the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union|year=1977|publisher=[[Victor Gollancz Ltd]]|isbn=978-0-575-02318-5|pages=419–440}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bukovsky, Vladimir|author2=Gluzman, Semyon|title=A manual on psychiatry for dissidents|journal=Survey: A Journal of East and West Studies|date=Winter–Spring 1975b|volume=21|issue=1|pages=180–199|ref=CITEREFBukovskyGluzman1975b}}
* {{cite book|author=Bukovsky, Vladimir|author2=Gluzman, Semyon|title=A manual of psychiatry for political dissidents|date=1975c|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|location=London|oclc=872337790|ref=CITEREFBukovskyGluzman1975c}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bukovsky, Vladimir|author2=Gluzman, Semyon|title=A dissident's guide to psychiatry|journal=A Chronicle of Human Rights in the USSR|location=New York|publisher=Kronika Press|date=1975d|issue=13|pages=31–57|ref=CITEREFBukovskyGluzman1975d}}
* {{cite book|author=Bukovskiĭ, Vladimir|author2=Gluzman, Semyon|title=Håndbog i psykiatri for afvigere|trans-title=A manual on psychiatry for dissidents|date=1975e|publisher=Samarbetsdynamik AB|location=Göteborg|isbn=9185396001|oclc=7551381|language=da|ref=CITEREFBukovskiĭGluzman1975e}}
* {{cite journal|author=Boukovsky, Vladimir|author2=Glouzmann, Semion|title=Guide de psychiatrie pour les dissidents soviétiques: dédié à Lonia Pliouchtch, victime de la terreur psychiatrique|trans-title=Guide on psychiatry for Soviet dissidents: dedicated to Lyonya Plyushch, a victim of psychiatric terror|journal=[[Esprit (magazine)|Esprit]]|date=September 1975|volume=449|issue=9|pages=307–332|jstor=24263203|language=fr|url=http://www.esprit.presse.fr/archive/review/article.php?code=30025|ref=CITEREFBoukovskyGlouzmann1975}}
* {{cite book|author1=Bukovskij, Vladimir|author2=Gluzman, Semen|author3=Leva, Marco|title=Guida psichiatrica per dissidenti. Con esempi pratici e una lettera dal Gulag|trans-title=Psychiatric guide for dissidents. With practical examples and a letter from the Gulag|date=1979|publisher=L'erba voglio|location=Milan|asin=B00E3B4JK4|language=it|ref=CITEREFBukovskijGluzmanLeva1979}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bukowski, Wladimir|author2=Gluzman, Semen|title=Psychiatrie-handbuch für dissidenten|trans-title=A manual on psychiatry for dissidents|journal=Samisdat. Stimmen aus dem "anderen Rußland"|date=1976|issue=8|pages=29–48|location=Bern|language=de|ref=CITEREFBukowskiGluzman1976}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Bunyan, Gordon |author2=Hurst, P.D. |title=Political opposition in the Soviet Union: are the dissidents really important?|journal=[[Australian Outlook]]|date=April 1977|volume=31|issue=1|pages=61–74|doi=10.1080/10357717708444592}}
* {{cite book|author=Chalidze, Valery|script-title=ru:Литературные дела КГБ: дела Суперфина, Эткинда, Хейфеца, Марамзина: в приложении — документы о советской цензуре|trans-title=The literary cases of the KGB: the cases of Superfin, Etkind, Heifetz, Maramzin: there are documents about Soviet censorship in the application|date=1976|publisher=Хроника|location=New York|language=ru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uYonQEACAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chalidze, Valery|title=How important is Soviet dissent?|journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]|date=1 June 1977|volume=63|issue=6|pages=57|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/how-important-is-soviet-dissent/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Daniel, Alexander|script-title=ru:Истоки и корни диссидентской активности в СССР|trans-title=Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR|journal=Неприкосновенный запас [Emergency Ration]|date=2002|volume=1|issue=21|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2002/21/dan.html|language=ru}}
* {{cite book|editor1=Daniel, Aleksander |editor2=Gluza, Zbigniew |title=Słownik dysydentów. Czołowe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych w latach 1956–1989. Tom 1|trans-title=Dictionary of dissidents. The leading figures of the opposition movements in communist countries in 1956–1989. Volume 1|date=2007|publisher=Karta|location=Warszaw|isbn=978-8388288890|language=pl}}
* {{cite book|editor1=Daniel, Aleksander |editor2=Gluza, Zbigniew |title=Słownik dysydentów. Czołowe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych w latach 1956–1989. Tom 2|trans-title=Dictionary of dissidents. The leading figures of the opposition movements in communist countries in 1956–1989. Volume 2|date=2007|publisher=Karta|location=Warszaw|isbn=978-8388288845|language=pl}}
* {{cite book|author=Etkind, Efim|title=Notes of a non-conspirator|date=1978|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-19-211739-7|url=https://archive.org/details/notesofnonconspi00etki}}
* {{cite book|author=Etkind, Efim|title=Unblutige Hinrichtung. Warum ich die Sowjetunion verlassen musste|trans-title=Bloodless execution. Why I had to leave the Soviet Union|date=1982|orig-year=1978|publisher=Piper Verlag GmbH|location=München|isbn=978-3-492-02339-9|edition=2|language=de}}
* {{cite book|author=Etkind, Efim|script-title=ru:Процесс Иосифа Бродского|trans-title=The trial of Joseph Brodsky|date=1988|publisher=Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-870128-70-4|language=ru}}
* {{cite book|author=Galanskov, Youri|title=Le manifeste humain précédé par les témoignages de Vladimir Boukovsky, Nathalia Gorbanevskaïa, Alexandre Guinzbourg, Edouard Kouznetsov|trans-title=Human manifesto preceded by testimonies of Vladimir Bukovsky, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Alexander Ginzburg, Eduard Kuznetsov|date=1982|publisher=Editions L'Age d'Homme|location=Lausanne|isbn=978-2825109205|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoJRdxQ-UXYC|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal|author=Glazov, Yuri|title=The Soviet intelligentsia, dissidents and the West|journal=Studies in Soviet Thought|date=June 1979|volume=19|issue=4|pages=321–344|doi=10.1007/BF00832020|jstor=20098853|s2cid=140301241}}
* {{cite book|author=Gluzman, Semyon|script-title=ru:Рисунки по памяти, или воспоминания отсидента|trans-title=Pictures drawn from memory, or the released dissident's memories|date=2012|publisher=Издательский дом Дмитрия Бураго|location=Kiev|isbn=978-9664891216|language=ru}}
* {{cite book|author=Goricheva, Tatiana|title=Talking about God is dangerous: the diary of a Russian dissident|date=1987|publisher=[[Crossroad Publishing Company]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8245-0798-5}}
* {{cite news|author=Grigoryants, Sergei|title=Soviet psychiatric prisoners|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/grigoryants.pdf|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 February 1988|page=A31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209130448/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/grigoryants.pdf|archive-date=9 December 2011|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|author=Grigoryants, Sergei|title=Camps with guards in white gowns: thousands of Mengeles, millions of victims|journal=Glasnost|date=January 1989|issue=16–18|pages=34–35}}
* {{cite book|author=Isajiw, Christina|title=Negotiating human rights: in defence of dissidents during the Soviet era: a memoir|date=2013|publisher=University of Alberta Press|isbn=978-1-894865-33-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEjingEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Kaminskaya, Dina|title=Final judgment: my life as a Soviet defense attorney. Translated by Michael Glenny|date=1982|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-24739-3|url=https://archive.org/details/finaljudgmentmyl00kami}}
* {{cite journal|author=Koryagin, Anatoly|title=The involvement of Soviet psychiatry in the persecution of dissenters|journal=[[The British Journal of Psychiatry]]|date=March 1989|volume=154|issue=3|pages=336–340|pmid=2597834|doi=10.1192/bjp.154.3.336|s2cid=26148412 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Levich, Yevgeny|title=Soviet dissidents: trying to keep in touch|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=1976|volume=263|issue=5576|pages=366–367|doi=10.1038/263366a0|bibcode=1976Natur.263..366L|s2cid=4220291|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite news|author=Lewis, Anthony|title=Soviet crackdown on dissidents shows paranoia, not confidence|page=14|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1345&dat=19850919&id=6fpLAAAAIBAJ&pg=4551,1358772|work=[[Spokane Chronicle]]|date=20 September 1985}}
* {{cite book|author=Litvinov, Pavel|title=Dear Comrade: Pavel Litvinov and the voices of Soviet citizens in dissent|date=1969|publisher=Pitman Publishing Corporation|asin=B000O05GKK}}
* {{cite journal|author=Litvinov, Pavel|title=The human rights movement in the USSR|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=March 1975|volume=4|issue=1|pages=11–15|doi=10.1080/03064227508532389|s2cid=146906418}}
* {{cite journal|author=Litvinov, Pavel|title=Momentary enthusiasms don't help – only persistence will secure human rights gains|journal=Jurimetrics|date=Winter 1980|volume=21|issue=2|pages=135–142|jstor=29761738|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/juraba21&div=19}}
* {{cite book|author=Lubarsky, Cronid|title=Soziale Basis und Umfang des sowjetischen Dissidententums|trans-title=Social basis and scope of Soviet dissidence|date=1979|publisher=Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien|location=Köln|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QU8AAAAMAAJ|language=de}}
* {{cite journal|author=Lubarsky, Cronid|title=Social basis and scope of Soviet dissidence|journal=Osteuropa|date=1979|volume=29|issue=11|pages=923–935}}
* {{cite journal|author=Lubarsky, Cronid|title=The human rights movement and ''perestroika''|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=May 1988|volume=17|issue=5|pages=16–20|doi=10.1080/03064228808534412|s2cid=145697936|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Mal'cev, Jurij|title=I dissidenti sovietici in Italia|trans-title=The Soviet dissidents in Italy|journal=Enthymema|date=2015|issue=12|pages=155–159|doi=10.13130/2037-2426/4951|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Mal'cev, Jurij|title=I dissidenti sovietici in Italia|script-title=ru:Советские диссиденты в Италии|trans-title=The Soviet dissidents in Italy|journal=Enthymema|date=2015|issue=12|pages=156–160|doi=10.13130/2037-2426/4951|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Medvedev, Roy|title=The future of Soviet dissent|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=March 1979|volume=8|issue=2|pages=25–31|doi=10.1080/03064227908532898|s2cid=144007468}}
* {{cite journal|author=Medvedev, Roy|title=Andropov and the dissidents: the internal atmosphere under the new Soviet leadership|journal=Dissent|date=1 January 1984|volume=31|issue=1|pages=97–102|url=http://search.opinionarchives.com/Summary/Dissent/V31I1P97-1.htm}}
* {{cite news|author=Medvedev, Roy|title=Russia still needs dissidents to defend rights|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/tmt/304909.html|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=2 July 1997}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Medvedev, Roy |author2=Vladimov, Georgi |title=Controversy: dissent among dissidents|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=May 1979|volume=8|issue=3|pages=33–37|doi=10.1080/03064227908532924|s2cid=147185209 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Medvedev, Roy |author2=Medvedev, Zhores |title=Krushchev's secret speech|journal=[[Australian Left Review]]|date=1976|volume=1|issue=52|pages=34–37|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/alr/vol1/iss52/6/}}
* {{cite book|author1=Medvedev, Roy |author2=Ostellino, Piero |title=On Soviet dissent|date=1980|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-04812-5|url=https://archive.org/details/onsovietdissent0000medv_m3g1|url-access=registration }}
* {{cite journal|author=Medvedev, Zhores|title=The defeat of Russian dissent|journal=[[The Spectator]]|date=21 February 1976|pages=8–9|url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/21st-february-1976/8/the-defeat-of-russian-dissent}}
* {{cite journal|author=Medvedev, Zhores|title=Two decades off dissidence|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=4 November 1976|volume=72|issue=1025|pages=264–267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqEhtUjqORIC&pg=PA264}}
* {{cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri|chapter=The Soviet Union, human rights, and national security|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225192/|editor=Corillon, Carol|title=Science and human rights|date=1988|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|pages=62–67}}
* {{cite journal|author=Mihajlov, Mihajlo|title=Appointment with destiny: a dissident's tale|journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies|date=September 2006|volume=18|issue=1/2|pages=113–120|doi=10.5840/jis2006181/26}}
* {{cite journal|author=Navrozov, Lev|title=On Soviet dissidence|journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]|date=1 November 1973|volume=56|issue=5|pages=31–36|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/37b7862be8ba50cdc0d719d1b87ebf37/1?}}
* {{cite book|author1=Plyushch, Leonid |author2=Mikhaylov, Mikhaylo |author3=Belotserkovsky, Vadim |author4=Elberfeld, Yan |author5=Andreev, Herman |author6=Vishnevskaya, Yuliya |author7=Yanov, Alexander |author8=Levitin-Krasnov, Anatoly |author9=Etkind, Efim |author10=Kushev, Yevgeny |title=Democraticeskij Alternativi von Vadim Belocerkovskij – 978-3-88103-070-0 |script-title=ru:СССР. Демократические альтернативы: сборник статей и документов|trans-title=USSR. Democratic alternatives: a collection of articles and documents|date=1976|publisher=Achberg|isbn=978-3-88103-070-0|oclc=3953394|url=http://www.facultas.at/list/9783881030700|language=ru}}
* {{cite book|author1=Plyushch, Leonid|author2=Khodorovich, Tatyana|title=History's carnival: a dissident's autobiography|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|location=San Diego|date=1979|isbn=978-0-15-141614-1|url=https://archive.org/details/historyscarnival00plyu}}
* {{cite book|author=Podrabinek, Alexander|script-title=ru:Диссиденты|trans-title=Dissidents|date=2014|publisher=АСТ|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5170824014|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sakharov, Andrei|title=How I came to dissent|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=21 March 1974|volume=21 |issue=4 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1974/03/21/how-i-came-to-dissent/}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sakharov, Andrei|title=The human rights movement in the USSR and Eastern Europe: its goals, significance, and difficulties|journal=Trialogue|date=Fall 1978|issue=19|pages=4–7, 26–27}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Sakharov, Andrei |author2=Turchin, Valentin |author3=Medvedev, Roy |title=The need for democratization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_saturday-review_1970-06-06_53_23/page/26 |journal=[[Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)|The Saturday Review]]|date=6 June 1970|pages=26–27}}
* {{cite book|author=Shtromas, Alexander|title=Who are the Soviet dissidents?|date=1979|orig-year=1977|publisher=University of Bradford|isbn=978-0-901945-35-8|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV9pAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Shtromas, Alexander|title=Dissent and political change in the Soviet Union|journal=Studies in Comparative Communism|date=Summer–Autumn 1979|volume=12|issue=2–3|pages=212–244|doi=10.1016/0039-3592(79)90010-3}}
* {{cite journal|author=Shtromas, Alexander|title=Dissent, nationalism, and the Soviet future|journal=Studies in Comparative Communism|date=Autumn–Winter 1987|volume=20|issue=3–4|pages=277–285}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=Andrei Sinyavsky on dissidence|journal=[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]]|date=April 1979|volume=52|issue=4|pages=91–93}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sinyavsky, Andrei|title=Dissent as a personal experience|journal=Dissent|date=Spring 1984|volume=31|issue=2|pages=152–161}}
* {{cite journal|author=Solzhenitsyn, Alexander|title=Two from Solzhenitsyn (letters)|journal=Dissent|date=November 1970|volume=17|issue=6|pages=558–559|url=http://dissentmagazine.org/files/TwoLettersfromSolzhenitsyn.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024160516/http://dissentmagazine.org/files/TwoLettersfromSolzhenitsyn.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Trotsky, Leon|title=Dictatorship vs. democracy (terrorism and communism): a reply to Karl Kautsky by Leon Trotsky|date=1922|publisher=Workers party of America|location=New York City|url=https://rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/leon-trotskii-dictatorship-vs-democracy-a-reply-to-karl-kautsky-on-terrorism-and-communism.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090743/https://rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/leon-trotskii-dictatorship-vs-democracy-a-reply-to-karl-kautsky-on-terrorism-and-communism.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author1=Trotsky, Leon |author2=Rakovsky, Christian |author3=Pyatakov, Georgy |author4=Zinoviev, Grigory |title=The platform of the joint opposition (the document submitted to the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party in September 1927)|date=1973|orig-year=1927|publisher=New Park Publications Ltd|location=London|edition=2|isbn=978-0-902030-41-1|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book|author1=Trotskij, Lev |author2=Zinov'ev, Grigorij |title=La piattaforma dell'opposizione nell'URSS|trans-title=The platform of opposition in the USSR|date=1969|publisher=Samonà e Savelli Editore|location=Rome|id=A000091776|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|author=Venclova, Tomas|title=Lithuanian dissent in the context of Central and Eastern Europe: 1953–1980|journal=Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences|date=Summer 2009|volume=55|issue=2|pages=38–50|url=http://www.lituanus.org/2009/09_2_02%20Venclova.html}}
* {{cite book|author=Voinovich, Vladimir|script-title=ru:Дело № 34840|trans-title=The Case No 34840|date=1994|publisher=Text|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5871060957|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|author=Yakunin, Gleb|title=First open letter to Patriarch Aleksi II|journal=Religion, State and Society|date=January 1994|volume=22|issue=3|pages=311–316|doi=10.1080/09637499408431652}}
* {{cite journal|author=Yakunin, Gleb|title=Second open letter to Patriarch Aleksi II|journal=Religion, State and Society|date=January 1994|volume=22|issue=3|pages=320–321|doi=10.1080/09637499408431655}}
{{cbot}}

== Audiovisual material ==
{{ctop|Collapsed list}}
* {{cite news|script-title=ru:Альфавит инакомыслия|trans-title=Alphabet of dissent|url=http://www.svoboda.org/section/alphabet_of_dissent/2011.html|publisher=[[Radio Liberty]]|language=ru |newspaper=Радио Свобода }}
* {{cite web|author=Natella Boltyanskaya|title=Episode One – Dissidents: Who are they?|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/3240410.html|publisher=[[Parallels, Events, People]]|website=[[Voice of America]]|date=16 March 2016|author-link=Natella Boltyanskaya}}
* {{cite web|author=Natella Boltyanskaya|title=Episode Two – Dissidents: What did they want?|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/3240408.html|publisher=[[Parallels, Events, People]]|website=[[Voice of America]]|date=16 March 2016|author-link=Natella Boltyanskaya}}
* {{cite web|author=Лошак, Андрей|script-title=ru:Анатомия процесса|trans-title=The anatomy of a trial (video of the documentary)|url=https://tvrain.ru/teleshow/reportazh/anatomija_protsessa_film_andreja_loshaka-351318/|publisher=[[TV Rain]]|language=ru|date=3 September 2013}}
* {{cite web|author=Певзнер, Гелия|script-title=ru:Сергей Ковалев: "Голоса мудрецов — ничтожная доля процента"|trans-title=Sergei Kovalev: Voices of sages is a tiny fraction of percent|url= http://ru.rfi.fr/rossiya/20160531-sergei-kovalev-golosa-mudretsov-nichtozhnaya-dolya-protsenta |publisher=[[Radio France Internationale]]|language=ru|date=2016-05-31}}
* {{cite news|author=Подрабинек, Александр|newspaper=Радио Свобода |script-title=ru:Военная экспансия и репрессии|trans-title=Military expansion and repression|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/25404736.html|publisher=[[Radio Liberty]]|language=ru|date=31 May 2014}}
* {{cite web|author=Vladimir V. Kara-Murza|title=They Chose Freedom: The Story of Soviet Dissidents (The documentary in English available to watch online)|url=http://imrussia.org/en/project/534-they-chose-freedom-the-story-of-soviet-dissidents|publisher=Institute of Modern Russia|date=22 August 2013|author-link=Vladimir V. Kara-Murza|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407192252/http://imrussia.org/en/project/534-they-chose-freedom-the-story-of-soviet-dissidents|url-status=dead}}
* {{YouTube|IlJZcnLdMnA|The history of the MHG and human rights movement, in Russian, 53 min}}
* {{YouTube|SurdhDbeBuU|Václav Havel and Soviet Dissidents, 8 min}}
* {{Cite web| url = http://harriman.columbia.edu/event/nonconformism-and-dissent-soviet-bloc-guiding-legacy-or-passing-memory| title = Nonconformism and Dissent in the Soviet Bloc: Guiding Legacy or Passing Memory?| date = 1 April 2011| publisher = Harriman Institute, [[Columbia University]]| access-date = 27 February 2016| archive-date = 16 February 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170216161514/http://harriman.columbia.edu/event/nonconformism-and-dissent-soviet-bloc-guiding-legacy-or-passing-memory| url-status = dead}}
** {{YouTube|WFRqnY5S5vM|Day 1, Panel 1, 84 min}}
** {{YouTube|ywzGBpDn7MY|Day 2, Panel 1, 134 min}}
** {{YouTube|bEmD_tm7LJ4|Day 2, Panel 2, 119 min}}
** {{YouTube|VbxidV3s7aU|Day 2, Panel 3, 112 min}}
** {{YouTube|Q9-t5qIxNU8|Day 3, Panel 1, 83 min}}
** {{YouTube|S2PPMf8dmOg|Day 3, Panel 2, 106 min}}
** {{YouTube|uJo66OSe4_s|Day 3, Panel 3, 107 min}}
{{cbot}}

{{Soviet dissidents}}
{{Soviet Union topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Soviet dissidents| ]]
[[Category:Soviet democracy movements]]
[[Category:Writing circles]]
[[Category:Soviet opposition groups]]
[[Category:Persecution of dissidents in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Underground culture]]
[[Category:Era of Stagnation]]