View source for Souter Lighthouse

{{short description|Lighthouse in England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox lighthouse
| caption = Souter Lighthouse viewed from the south-west.
| fogsignal = One blast every 30s
| location = [[Whitburn, Tyne and Wear]]<ref name="NT" /><ref name="Visit ST" />
}}

'''Souter Lighthouse''' is a [[lighthouse]] located to the North of [[Whitburn, Tyne and Wear|Whitburn]], [[South Tyneside]], England.<ref name="NT">{{cite web |title=Souter Lighthouse and the Leas |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/souter-lighthouse-and-the-leas |website=National Trust |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Visit ST">{{Cite web |title=Souter Lighthouse |url=https://www.visitsouthtyneside.co.uk/article/9049/Souter-Lighthouse |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=Visit South Tyneside |language=en}}</ref> (It was generally known as '''Souter Point Lighthouse''' when in service). Souter Point was the first lighthouse in the world to be actually designed and built specifically to use [[Alternating current|alternating electric current]], the most advanced lighthouse technology of its day. The light was generated by a [[arc lamp|carbon arc lamp]]: first lit on 11 January 1871,<ref name="Douglass1879" /> it was described at the time as 'without doubt one of the most powerful lights in the world'.<ref name="Elliot1875" /><ref>{{Cite rowlett|engne|accessdate=2016-04-26}}</ref> 

After being decommissioned by [[Trinity House]] (the national lighthouse authority) in 1988, Souter Lighthouse was acquired by the [[National Trust]], who now manage it as a visitor attraction with [[holiday let]]s.<ref name="NT" />

==Location==
The lighthouse is located on Lizard Point, but takes its name from Souter Point, which is located a mile to the south.  This was the intended site for the lighthouse, but it was felt that Lizard Point offered better visibility, as the cliffs there are higher, so the lighthouse was built there instead. The Souter Lighthouse name was retained in order to avoid confusion with the then recently built [[Lizard Lighthouse]] in [[Cornwall]].<ref name="Jones" />

Souter Lighthouse is approximately three miles south of the mouth of the [[River Tyne, England|River Tyne]]. Some four miles or so to the north of the mouth of the Tyne is a sister Victorian lighthouse, [[St Mary's Lighthouse]], on [[St Mary's Island, Tyne and Wear|St Mary's Island]]. It has also been decommissioned, and is open to visitors. St Mary's Lighthouse can be seen with the naked eye from the top of Souter Lighthouse.<ref>Personal observation</ref>

==History==
The lighthouse was a much-needed aid to navigation due to the number of wrecks on the dangerous reefs of Whitburn Steel<ref>{{cite news | title = Newcastle Courant | date = 18 June 1869 | pages = 6 | quote = a new lighthouse to be erected on Souter Point...It will erected to prevent wrecks from occurring, if possible, on Whitburn Steel, of which there have been so many complaints within recent years.}}</ref> which lay directly under the water in the surrounding area. In one year alone – 1860 – there were 20 shipwrecks. This contributed to making this coastline the most dangerous in the country, with an average of around 44 shipwrecks per every mile of coastline.{{Cn|date=July 2022}}

===19th century===
==== Construction ====
[[File:062852-Souter Lighthouse South Shields.jpg|thumb|left|The lighthouse {{circa|1900}}.]]
The lighthouse and associated buildings were designed for [[Trinity House]] by their Chief Engineer, [[James Nicholas Douglass|James Douglass]]; its construction was supervised by on-site engineer [[Henry Norris (engineer)|Henry Norris]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Shields Gazette and Daily Telegraph | date = 9 September 1870 | pages = 3 | quote = the works are being pushed rapidly forward under the supervision of Mr H. Norris, the board and resident engineer }}</ref> Alongside the lighthouse tower a number of other buildings were laid out around a quadrangle, including the engine room and boiler house, and five dwellings; all were built of rubble masonry, [[Cement render|rendered]] with [[Portland cement]].<ref name="Douglass1879" /> The contract for building the lighthouse and keepers' cottages was reported in March 1869 as being £8,000<ref>{{cite news | title = Sheffield Daily Telegraph | date = 11 March 1869 | pages = 2 | quote = A new lighthouse and keepers' residence are to erected at Souter Point near, South Shields.  The contract for building has been let for £8,000. }}</ref> and was awarded to the local firm of James Todd,<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Architect and Contract Reporter: A Weekly Illustrated Journal | page = 183 | volume = 1 | quote = The contract for the erection of a new lighthouse and lighthouse-keepers residence at Souter Point, near Sunderland, has been let to Mr. Todd, builder, of South Shields, for £8,000 | date = January–June 1869 }}</ref> after complaints that local builders had not had the opportunity to reply to tender as it had not been advertised locally.<ref>{{cite news | title = Shields Gazette and Daily Telegraph | date = 12 April 1869 | pages = 2 | quote = Some months ago, tenders were advertised for in the Sunderland papers, asking offers for the erection of a lighthouse on Souter Point. Most of the people in Shields hardly ever saw a Sunderland paper in their lives, yet the Shields builders were virtually shut out from competing for a lighthouse within the limits of their own Poor-Law Union, so far as publicity of the fact of tenders being wanted was concerned. Communications were accordingly made from this office on the subject; the advertisement appeared in the Gazette, and a South Shields contractor ultimately got the job. }}</ref>  The foundation stone was ceremonially laid by [[Richard Collinson|Admiral Collinson]]'s sister on 9 June 1869.<ref>{{cite news | title = Shields Gazette and Daily Telegraph | date = 9 June 1869 | pages = 9 | quote = The foundation-stone of the lighthouse at Souter Point was laid yesterday afternoon by Mrs Blain (sister to Admiral Collinson) in the presence of the committee of the Elder Brethren of the Trinity House, London, Admiral Collinson, Captain Nesbitt, Captain Webb, Mr G. N. Douglas[''sic''], engineer to the Corporation, and friends. Robert [''sic''] Norris is the superintendent of the works, and Mr James Todd is the contractor. }}</ref> Building works were completed in 1870, and the lighthouse entered service in January the following year.<ref name="Douglass1879" /> After completing this project Douglass and Norris moved on to the building of [[Hartland Point Lighthouse]] in Devon.

==== Electricity ====
[[File:Souter Lighthouse arc light mechanism.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The original arc lamp assembly, in use from 1871-1914, now on display in the lighthouse visitor centre.]]
[[Carbon arc]] lights for lighthouses were pioneered by [[Frederick Hale Holmes|Professor Frederick Hale Holmes]], with experiments carried out in 1857–60 at [[Trinity Buoy Wharf|Blackwall]] and at [[South Foreland Lighthouse]] (as described in a lecture <ref>{{cite news | title = Newcastle Courant | date = 30 March 1860 | pages = 3 | quote = MAGNETO-ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR LIGHTHOUSES - Professor Faraday, in a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, says: "By means of a magnet, and of motion, we can get the some kind of electricity as from the battery; and, under the authority of the Trinity House, Professor Holmes has been occupied in introducing the magneto-electric light in the lighthouse at the North [''sic''] Foreland...For the last six months the North [''sic''] Foreland has been shining by means of this electric light beyond all comparison better than its former light. Never for once during six months has it failed in doing its duty }}</ref> by [[Michael Faraday]] at the [[Royal Institution]]).<ref>{{cite book 
  | title = Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom - A Chronology from the beginnings of the Industry to 31 December 1985 
  | publisher = The Electricity Council 
  | orig-year= 1973 
  | year = 1987 
  | edition = 4th
  | page = 15
  | isbn = 0-85188-105-X 
}}</ref> An initial installation at [[Dungeness Lighthouse]] in 1862 had proved problematic, however, with frequent failures of the lamps and machinery; so Trinity House carried out an extensive testing and selection process over five years (including comparisons with oil lights and examination of equipment in Britain and France)<ref>{{cite news 
  | title = Dover Express 
  | date = 22 May 1868 
  | pages = 4 
}}</ref> before finalising its plans for a complete purpose-built electric installation at Souter.<ref name="Douglass1879" />

[[File:Souter Lighthouse generator.jpg|thumb|left|One of the original magneto-electric generators from Souter Lighthouse (now part of 'Making the Modern World' in the [[Science Museum, London]]).]]
The carbon arc lamp at Souter was placed within a lens array consisting of a [[Third order Fresnel lens|third-order]] fixed [[Catadioptric system|catadioptric]] optic surrounded by a revolving assembly of eight vertical condensing-prisms which produced one bright flash every thirty seconds.<ref name="Elliot1875">{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=George H. |title=European Light-House Systems |date=1875 |publisher=Lockwood & co. |location=London |pages=120–127 |url=http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv38f8413f |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029210746/http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv38f8413f |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its 800,000 [[candle power]] light could be seen for up to 26 miles.<ref name=Jones /> The [[Fresnel lens|optics]] were designed and built by [[James Timmins Chance|James Chance]] in 1870.<ref name="Chance 1902">{{cite book |last1=Chance |first1=James Frederick |title=The Lighthouse Work of Sir James Chance, Baronet |date=1902 |publisher=Smith, Elder & co. |location=London |page=166 |url=https://uslhs.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/The%20Lighthouse%20Work%20of%20Sir%20James%20T.%20Chance.pdf |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref> 

In addition to the main light a red/white [[sector light]] shone from a window in the tower below the lantern, to highlight hazards to the south in Sunderland Bay (namely Hendon Rock and the White Stones); it was powered using light diverted (through a set of mirrors and lenses) from the landward side of the main arc lamp.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trinity House History page, quoting Newcastle Courant 12 Jan. 1871|url=https://trinityhousehistory.wordpress.com/tag/souter-point/}}</ref>

Electricity for the light was provided by two of Holmes' own [[magneto (power generation)#Lighthouses|magneto]] electric generators for which he took out a series of patents<ref>{{cite book 
  | title = Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology 
  | publisher = Routledge 
  | year = 1996 
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424/page/606 606] 
  | isbn = 0-415-06042-7 
  | url-access = registration 
  | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424/page/606 
  }}</ref> during those years. In normal operation only one generator was used, but in conditions of poor visibility both were connected to the lamp to provide a brighter light. The generators were driven by one of a pair of [[Joseph Whitworth|J. Whitworth & co.]] 5&nbsp;[[Nominal horse power|nhp]] '[[Porter-Allen engine|Allen]]' condensing steam engines.<ref name="Douglass1879">{{cite journal |last1=Douglass |first1=James Nicholas |title=The Electric Light applied to Lighthouse Illumination |journal=Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers |date=25 March 1879 |volume=LVII |issue=1,639 |pages=82–87}}</ref> (Prior to being installed at Souter, the engines and generators were exhibited by Trinity House at the [[Paris Exposition of 1867]].) The engines were worked alternately: one week on, one week off. Located in the engine-house, they also drove an air-pump to feed the pressure tank of a foghorn.<ref name="Renton2001" /> 

In December 1891 the lighthouse tower was painted with a broad red band, to make it more conspicuous during the day.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26237/page/7213 London Gazette, Issue 26237, Page 7213, 29 December 1891.]</ref>

==== Foghorn ====
Holmes also designed a [[Reed pipe|reed]] [[fog signal]] for the new lighthouse, sounded from a separate foghorn house (east of the tower) through a pair of vertical trumpets (angled north-east and south-east, facing out to sea).<ref name="FogSignals1871">{{cite journal |title=Fog Signals |journal=The Nautical Magazine |date=November 1871 |pages=769–770}}</ref><ref>[https://twsitelines.info/SMR/2489 photo c.1900]</ref> It sounded one blast every 45 seconds.<ref name="FogSignals1879" /> Compressed air for the foghorn was piped underground from the engine room, on the other side of the lighthouse, where the air compressor was driven by a common drive shaft from the engines powering the magnetos.<ref name = "Renton2001">{{cite book |last1=Renton |first1=Alan |title=Lost Sounds: The Story of Coast Fog Signals |date=2001 |publisher=Whittles |location=Caithness, Scotland}}</ref> 

A more powerful [[Siren (alarm)|siren]] fog signal replaced the reeds in February 1879;<ref name="FogSignals1879">{{cite journal |title=Fog Signals |journal=Parliamentary Papers, Volume LXIV |date=1 August 1879 |volume=23 |issue=337 |pages=2–4}}</ref> it sounded one blast every minute.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24739/page/4214 London Gazette, Issue 24739, Page 4214, 1 July 1879.]</ref> It required an additional and more powerful engine, which was installed in the engine room to drive the compressor for the new signal.<ref name="Douglass1879" />

==== Charts and engineering (1875) ====
<gallery>
ELLIOT(1875) p163 - Plate XV. Souter Point, east elevation.jpg|East Elevation
ELLIOT(1875) p155 - Plate XII. Souter Point, general plan.jpg|Site plan
ELLIOT(1875) p157 - Plate XIII. Souter point, ground plan.jpg|Ground plan
ELLIOT(1875) p151- Plate XI. Souter Point, plan of machine-room.jpg|Machine room
ELLIOT(1875) p161 - Plate XIV. Souter Point, section of lantern, lens, and low light-room.jpg|Light room
ELLIOT(1875) p154 Fig.11 - Lens and lanterns, Sonter Point.jpg|Lens and Lanterns
ELLIOT(1875) p145 - Plate IX. Souter Point, chart of vicinity.jpg|Chart of vicinity (1875)
</gallery>

===20th century===
[[File:Souter Lighthouse lenses.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The current optical apparatus dates from 1914.]]
====Conversion to oil====
In 1914 the pioneering electric light at Souter was replaced with the latest type of [[mantle lamp|incandescent]] oil lamps (i.e. [[Kerosene|paraffin]] vapour burners). At the same time [[Chance Brothers]] provided a new, much larger lens system: a bi-form [[First order Fresnel lens|first-order]] catadioptric revolving optic (a bi-form lens is double-height, containing two lamps, one above the other). At the same time a new lantern was provided, to accommodate the taller optic. Red shades were placed around the lamps, within the lenses, so that the light now flashed red, once every 5 seconds.<ref>{{cite book |title=Index to Notices to Mariners 1919 |date=1920 |publisher=U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office |location=Washington DC |page=456}}</ref> The 1914 optic remains ''in situ'' in the tower; it weighs 4.5 tonnes and floats on 1.5 tonnes of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]].<ref name="NTFeature" />

A separate lamp was used for the fixed red/white sector light, which continued to shine from its window lower down in the tower.{{Cn|date=July 2022}} 

Having removed the two Holmes magneto-electric machines from the engine room, the Corporation of Trinity House presented one to the [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]] in 1915;<ref name="Parsons1940">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=R. H. |title=The Early Days of the Power Station Industry |date=1940 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |page=2}}</ref> it is now on display at the [[Science Museum, London]].<ref>{{cite web 
  | url = https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co36517/holmess-electricity-generator-1867-generators-electric 
  | title = Holmes's electricity generator, 1867 
  | access-date= 1 November 2022 
}}</ref>

The fog signal was improved in 1919 when a more powerful siren was installed, sounded through a pair of [[Lord Rayleigh|Rayleigh]] trumpets.<ref>[https://wondersofworldengineering.com/sentinels.html photo]</ref> (These replaced the twin Holmes trumpets formerly employed; the foghorn house was remodelled at the seaward corners to accommodate them).<ref name="Renton2001" /> The siren gave a 4-second blast every minute.<ref name="WWE1937">{{cite journal |title=Sentinels of the Sea |journal=Wonders of World Engineering |date=23 March 1937 |issue=4 |url=https://wondersofworldengineering.com/sentinels.html |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> [[Hornsby-Akroyd oil engine|Hornsby oil engines]] were installed to drive the compressors for the new siren.<ref name="Renton2001" />

====Reversion to electricity====
In 1952 the lighthouse was again converted to run on electric power (this time using [[Incandescent light bulb|incandescent lamps]], powered by [[mains electricity]]).<ref name=Jones>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Robin|title=Lighthouses of the North East Coast|date=2014|publisher=Halsgrove|location=Wellington, Somerset|pages=70–73}}</ref> The 4,500W bulbs used for the main light were the largest in the Trinity House service.<ref name="Jackson1975">{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Derrick |title=Lighthouses of England and Wales |date=1975 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbott |pages=110–111}}</ref> Should the electricity supply fail, a diesel generator would be engaged (and in the event that it too were to fail, an additional emergency battery lamp would be engaged). The mechanism which turned the lenses continued to be driven by clockwork at this time, until 1983 when it was replaced by a pair of electric motors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local history society|url=http://www.ndfhs.org/Reports/st_2002_06.html}}</ref> 

[[File:Souterhouse Fog Horn - geograph.org.uk - 1774891.jpg|thumb|right|The foghorn building, looking out to sea.]]
The fog signal was upgraded in 1953: a Stone Chance [[diaphone]] signal was installed and a pair of [[exponential horn]]s replaced the Rayleigh Trumpets on top of the foghorn building.<ref name="Renton2001" /> At the same time the engine room was provided with two new Reavell compressor sets, one driven by an electric motor, the other by a diesel engine. The diaphone produced a five-second blast every 30 seconds in poor weather, and remained in use up until 1988, when the lighthouse was decommissioned.<ref name="Jones" /> 

===Decommissioning===
Souter Lighthouse was decommissioned by Trinity House in 1988,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/local-news/ten-interesting-facts-south-shields-1342148|title = Ten interesting facts about South Shields|date = January 2012}}</ref> but continued to serve as a radio navigation beacon up until 1999 when it was finally closed.

== Present day ==
As Souter was never automated, it remains much in its original operational state except for updates during its lifespan to its lantern and electrical apparatus.<ref name="Jones" />

Today the decommissioned Souter lighthouse is owned by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] and open to the public; the engine room, light tower and keeper's living quarters are all on view. There is also an outdoor play area, Trusty Club and indoor activities to accommodate young visitors. Two of the former lighthouse keepers' cottages are used as National Trust holiday cottages. The lamps, lenses and foghorn remain in working order and are still activated from time to time 'on special occasions'.<ref name="NTFeature">{{cite web |title=The lamp at Souter Lighthouse, a design marvel |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/the-lamp-at-souter-lighthouse-a-design-marvel |website=National Trust |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>  

===Gallery===
<gallery>
Souter Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 1774910.jpg|The lighthouse viewed from the south-east.
Souter Lighthouse Engine Room 3.jpg|Diesel compressor and standby generator in the Engine Room.
Souter Lighthouse Engine Room.jpg|Electric compressor and air tanks for the foghorn in the Engine Room.
Souter Lighthouse incandescent oil burner.jpg|An incandescent oil burner: these replaced the arc lamps in 1914.
Souter Lighthouse lamp cupboard.jpg|Some of the electric lamps used at Souter from 1952.
Souter Lighthouse battery room.jpg|The emergency battery room.
Souter Lighthouse radio beacon and weight tube.jpg|Radiobeacon equipment at the base of the tower.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|North East England|Engineering}}}}
*[[List of lighthouses in England]]
*[[Grade II* listed buildings in Tyne and Wear]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Souter Lighthouse}}
*[https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/souter-lighthouse-and-the-leas Souter Lighthouse information at the National Trust]
*[http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/search/highlights/Souter-Lighthouse,-Tyne-_and_-Wear-(Accredited-Museum)/1 National Trust Collections - Highlights from Souter Lighthouse, Tyne & Wear (Accredited Museum)]
*[http://www.ukattraction.com/northumbria/map/souter-lighthouse.htm Map of Souter Lighthouse]

{{Lighthouses in England}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1871]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Shields]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:Museums in Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:Lighthouse museums in England]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed lighthouses]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Tyne and Wear]]