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{{Short description|Chinese republican revolutionary (1882–1913)}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Song (Chinese name)|Sòng {{noitalic|(宋)}}]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=bio|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Song Jiaoren
| image               = Sung Chiao-jen.jpg
| office              = Acting President of [[Kuomintang]]
| term                = 25 August 1912 – 22 March 1913
| predecessor         = Position established
| successor           = [[Sun Yat-sen]]
| office1             = Vice President of [[Huaxinghui]]
| term1               = 15 February 1904 – 30 July 1905
| predecessor1        = Position established
| successor1          = [[Tongmenghui|Position abolished]]
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1882|4|5|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Taoyuan County, Hunan|Taoyuan]], [[Hunan]], [[Qing dynasty]]
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1913|3|22|1882|4|5|df=y}}
| death_cause         = [[Assassination]]
| death_place         = [[Shanghai]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| party               = [[Kuomintang]] (1912–1913)
| otherparty          = {{Plainlist|
* [[Huaxinghui]] (1904–1905)
* [[Tongmenghui]] (1905–1912)}}
| native_name         = {{no bold|宋敎仁}}
}}
{{Chinese
| c = 宋敎仁
| p = Sòng Jiàorén
| w = Sung4 Chiao4-jen2
| altname = Dunchu
| t2 = 鈍初
| s2 = 钝初
| p2 = Dùnchū
| w2 = Tun4-ch'u1
}}
'''Song Jiaoren''' ({{Zh |c=宋敎仁 |p=Sòng Jiàorén |w=Sung Chiao-jen}}, {{IPAc-cmn|s|ong|4|-|j|iao|4|r|en|2}}; [[Chinese name|Given name at birth]]: '''Liàn''' 鍊; [[Courtesy name]]: '''Dùnchū''' 鈍初; 5 April 1882 – 22 March 1913) was a [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese republican]] revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT). Song Jiaoren led the KMT to electoral victories in China's [[1912 Republic of China National Assembly election|first democratic election]]. He based his appeal on the upper class gentry, landowners, and merchants.  Historians have concluded that [[President of the Republic of China|provisional president]], [[Yuan Shikai]], was responsible for his assassination on 22 March 1913.<ref>Jonathan Fenby (March 2013). [https://www.historytoday.com/archive/chinese-democracy-silencing-song "The Silencing of Song"]. ''History Today'' 63#3 pp.&nbsp;5–7.</ref>

== Early life ==
Song Jiaoren was born and educated in [[Hunan]]. When he was six years old, Song Jiaoren began his education at a private school. When Song was seventeen years old, he graduated and began enrollment at [[Taoyuan County, Hunan|Taoyuan]] Zhangjiang College. The influence of his teachers, [[Huang Shouyi]] and [[Qu Fangmei]], caused Song to make no effort to pursue the civil service examinations, and he was interested mainly in his time's world events and the counterculture. Song received excellent grades in college.

In August 1902, Song Jiaoren went to [[Wuchang District|Wuchang]] to attend the Bishop Boone Memorial School (now the [[Central China Normal University]]), and in Wuchang, he met the revolutionary [[Huang Xing]], and the two quickly became lifelong friends. Huang was soon forced to leave Wuchang due to his revolutionary activities, and returned to his hometown of [[Changsha]]. After Huang left, Song continued his organization of revolutionary groups in Hunan, especially in Changsha and [[Changde]].

Later in 1902, Song was recruited to teach at the Wuchang Normal School, a prestigious private secondary school. Song arrived in Wuchang and began teaching in 1903. In Wuhan, Song became involved with various local revolutionary groups, including the [[Huaxinghui]], a group of which he became vice president. However, the Wuchang Garden Hill Party especially appealed to him. Song often discussed politics and revolution with his students, many of whom were opposed to the idea of revolution.

== Early involvement in Kuomintang ==
Because of his revolutionary activities, Song in 1904 was forced to flee China for Japan, where he studied western political thought and made contacts among the expatriate Chinese student population and Japanese [[Pan-Asianism|Pan-Asianists]]. During this period, Song was a close friend of the Japanese nationalist thinker [[Ikki Kita|Kita Ikki]].

In 1905, together with [[Sun Yat-sen]], Song helped to found and was a leading activist in the ''[[Tongmenghui]]'', which was an organization dedicated to the overthrow of the [[Qing dynasty]] and the formation of a [[republic]]. Song returned to China in 1910 after the [[Xinhai Revolution]] and traveled to Hong Kong the next year to organize the [[Second Guangzhou Uprising]].{{Disputed inline|Second Guangzhou Uprising|date=February 2025}} After the 1912 declaration of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], Song helped to transform the ''Tongmenghui'' into the [[Kuomintang]], also known as the KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party.

Song spoke out against the increasing authoritarianism of China's provisional president, Yuan Shikai, and expressed concerns towards Yuan's indications that he would like to restore a [[monarchy|monarchical system]] to China with himself as emperor. On 1 January 1912, the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was established in [[Nanjing]]. Song was appointed to reform China's legal system, and he drafted a provisional constitution, the Republic of China Interim Government Organization Act.

== First Chinese election campaign ==
Song Jiaoren was only 30 when he was tasked by Sun Yat-sen to organize the Kuomintang for the [[1912 Republic of China National Assembly election|1912 Chinese democratic election]] campaign, the first in China. Song proved to be a naturally-skilled political organizer, but he had an arrogant self-confidence, which alienated many potential supporters. Only 10 percent of the adult males were allowed to vote, about 40 million in all, who were the gentry, landowners and middle-class merchants. They formed the political base of the new party.<ref>Jonathan Fenby (March 2013). [https://www.historytoday.com/archive/chinese-democracy-silencing-song "The Silencing of Song"]. ''History Today'' 63#3 p.&nbsp;5.</ref> After the election, the Kuomintang won 269 of 596 seats in the House of Representatives and 123 of 274 seats in the Senate. Of the remaining seats, the majority were split between three rival parties, but over 300 small parties competed in the election. After the election, Song was widely regarded as a prime candidate for the position of prime minister.<ref name ="Spence1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). ''[[The Search for Modern China]]'', W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 275–280. {{ISBN|0-393-97351-4}}.</ref>

One of Song's main political goals was to ensure that the powers and the independence of China's elected assemblies were properly protected from the influence of the office of the president. Song's goals in curtailing the office of the president conflicted with the interests of China's provisional president, Yuan Shikai. By mid-1912, clearly Yuan dominated over the provisional cabinet that he had named and was showing signs of a desire to hold overweening executive power. During Song's travels through China in 1912, he had openly and vehemently expressed the desire to limit the powers of the president in terms that often appeared openly critical of Yuan's ambitions.  When the results of the 1913 elections indicated a clear victory for the Kuomintang, Song appeared to be in a position to exercise a dominant role in selecting the prime minister and cabinet, and the party could have proceeded to push for the election of a future president in a proper parliamentary setting.<ref name ="Spence1" />

== Assassination ==
On 20 March 1913, while traveling with a group of colleagues to the Parliament in Beijing, Song Jiaoren was shot twice at close range at the [[Shanghai North Railway Station|Shanghai Railway Station]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pan |first=Lynn Ling |author-mask=Pan Ling |title = In Search of Old Shanghai |publisher=Joint Publishing |date=1982 |page=85 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tang |first=Weikang |author-mask=Tang Weikang |author2=Huang Yixuan |display-authors=1 |title=Dr Sun Yat-sen in Shanghai |language=zh,en |publisher=Shanghai People's Art Press |year = 1991 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ny8ghGWOYUC |title = Ancestors: The Story of China Told Through the Lives of an Extraordinary Family |last=Ching |first=Frank |page =[https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ny8ghGWOYUC&pg=PA403 403] |year = 2011 |contribution = Father: Legal Pioneer Qin Liankui |publisher=Rider |location=London |isbn = 978-1407029986 }}</ref> by a lone gunman, Wu Shiying, who had been contracted by [[Ying Guixin]], a Shanghai underworld figure closely associated with the Yuan Shikai regime. Song died two days later in hospital. The trail of evidence led to the secretary of the cabinet and the provisional premier of Yuan Shikai's government, [[Zhao Bingjun]].  Although Yuan was considered by contemporary Chinese media sources the man most likely behind the assassination, the main conspirators investigated by authorities were themselves assassinated or disappeared mysteriously. Because of the lack of evidence, Yuan was never officially implicated.<ref name ="Spence1" /> After an investigation revealed telegraphs implicating Ying Guixin in Song's assassination, Ying attempted to flee north, where Yuan could protect him, but was killed by two swordsmen while riding in a first-class train carriage. Zhao Bingjun was poisoned in 1914.

==Legacy==
The political climate in China degenerated soon after Song Jiaoren's assassination, eventually leading to the failed [[Second Revolution (China)|Second Revolution]]. Yuan Shikai ejected the Kuomintang from China's elected assemblies in 1913, dissolved parliament in 1914, declared himself emperor in 1915, and died in 1916. After the failure of China's first democratic system to achieve a stable government, the country descended into more than a decade of warlordism.<ref>Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). ''[[The Search for Modern China]]'', W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 277–283. {{ISBN|0-393-97351-4}}.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of the Republic of China]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568587-shot-killed-song-jiaoren-was-not-heard-around-world-it-might-have-changed "The Death of a Revolutionary: The Song of Song"] (''[[The Economist]]'', 22 December 2012)

{{S-start}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-title |title = President of the [[Kuomintang]] |years = 1912–1913 }}
{{S-after |after = [[Sun Yat-sen]] |as = Premier of the KMT }}
{{S-end}}
{{Kuomintang}}
{{KMT Leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Song, Jiaoren}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese politicians]]
[[Category:Central China Normal University alumni]]
[[Category:Chinese expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:Chinese politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Chinese revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in China]]
[[Category:Hosei University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Kuomintang]]
[[Category:People of the 1911 Revolution]]
[[Category:Political party founders]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s]]
[[Category:Politicians from Changde]]
[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Hunan]]
[[Category:Sun Yat-sen]]
[[Category:Tongmenghui members]]
[[Category:Waseda University alumni]]