View source for Somerset House

{{Short description|Building on the Strand, London}}
{{For|the 18th-century town house of the Duke of Somerset|Somerset House, Park Lane}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name             = Somerset House
| native_name      = 
| image            = The courtyard of Somerset House, Strand, London - geograph.org.uk - 1601172.jpg
| image_alt        = The courtyard of Somerset House from the North Wing entrance (September 2007)
| image_size       = 300px
| caption          = Courtyard of Somerset House from the North Wing entrance (September 2007)
| former_names     = 
| alternate_names  = 
| building_type    = 
| architectural_style = [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]]
| structural_system = 
| cost             = £462,323 (1801)<ref name="18c">{{cite web|url=http://www.somersethouse.org.uk/history/since-the-18th-century|title=Since the 18th century| website= somersethouse.org.uk| publisher=Somerset House Trust|access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref>
| location         = [[Strand, London|Strand]]<br />[[London]], [[WC postcode area|WC2]]
| client           = 
| owner            = 
| current_tenants  = Multiple
| landlord         = Somerset House Trust
| location_country = United Kingdom
| altitude         = 
| start_date       = {{Start date and age|1776|df=y}}
| completion_date  = 
| inauguration_date = 
| demolition_date  = 
| height           = 
| diameter         = 
| other_dimensions = 
| floor_count      = 
| floor_area       = 
| architect        = [[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]]
| structural_engineer = 
| services_engineer = 
| civil_engineer   = 
| other_designers  = 
| quantity_surveyor = 
| main_contractor  = 
| awards           = 
| designations     = [[Listed building|Grade I listed building]]
| parking          = 
| public_transit   = {{rint|london|underground}} [[Temple tube station|Temple]]
| website          = {{official URL}}
| mapframe-zoom    = 14
| references       = 
| embedded = 
  {{Designation list
  | embed                 = yes
  | designation1          = Grade I Listed Building
  | designation1_offname  = Somerset House and King's College Old Building
  | designation1_date     = 5 February 1970
  | designation1_number   = {{NHLE|num=1237041|short=yes}}
 }}
}}

'''Somerset House''' is a large [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] building complex situated on the south side of the [[Strand, London|Strand]] in [[central London]], overlooking the [[River Thames]], just east of [[Waterloo Bridge]]. The [[Georgian era]] quadrangle is built on the site of a [[Tudor period|Tudor]] palace ("Old Somerset House") originally belonging to the [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]]. The present Somerset House was designed by [[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]], begun in 1776, and was further extended with [[Victorian era]] outer wings to the east and west in 1831 and 1856 respectively.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Rough Guide to London|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetolond00hump|url-access= registration|quote=somerset house.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetolond00hump/page/n634 165]–6| last= Humphreys| first= Rob|date=2003|publisher=Rough Guides Ltd|isbn=1843530937|edition=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somersethouse.org.uk/documents/sht_audited_accounts_200910.pdf|title=Annual Report |year= 2010 |website= somersethouse.org.uk | publisher= Somerset House Trust |access-date=27 February 2013|page=3|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120629080329/http://www.somersethouse.org.uk/documents/sht_audited_accounts_200910.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> The site of Somerset House stood directly on the [[River Thames]] until the [[Victoria Embankment]] was built in the late 1860s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thornbury|first1=Walter|title=The Victoria Embankment|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol3/pp322-329|website=British History Online|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>

The great Georgian era structure was built to be a grand public building housing various government and public-benefit society offices. Its present tenants are a mixture of various organisations, generally centred around the arts and education.

==Old Somerset House==
===16th century===
In the 16th century, the [[Strand, London|Strand]], the north bank of the [[River Thames|Thames]] between the [[City of London]] and the [[Palace of Westminster]], was a favoured site for the mansions of bishops and aristocrats, who could commute from their own landing stages upriver to the court or downriver to the City and beyond.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Thurley |first1=Simon |title=Somerset House: The History |publisher=Somerset House Trust/Cultureshock Media |year=2009 |isbn=978-0956266903 |editor1-last=Etherington-Smith |editor1-first=Meredith |display-authors=etal}}</ref>{{rp|9}} In 1539, [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Edward Seymour]], 1st [[Earl of Hertford]] (died 1552), obtained a grant of land at "Chester Place, outside [[Temple Bar, London|Temple Bar]], London"<ref>{{cite DNB |last=Pollard|first=Albert Frederick |wstitle=Seymour, Edward (1506?-1552)  <!--NB dash not ndash on wikisource--> |display=Seymour, Edward (1506?–1552) |volume=51 |p=301}}</ref> from his brother-in-law King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]].<ref name=":0" /> When his nephew the young [[Edward VI of England|King Edward VI]] came to the throne in 1547, Seymour became [[Duke of Somerset]] and [[Lord Protector]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|9}} In about 1549 he pulled down an old [[Inn of Chancery]] and other houses that stood on the site, and began to build himself a palatial residence, making liberal use of other nearby buildings, including some of the [[chantry|chantry chapels]] and [[cloister]]s at [[Old St. Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's Cathedral]], which were demolished partly at his behest as part of the ongoing [[dissolution of the monasteries]]. It was a two-storey<!-- British spelling --> house built around a quadrangle, with a gateway rising to three storeys, and was one of the earliest examples of [[Renaissance architecture]] in England. It is not known who designed the building.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|11}}

Before it was finished, however, the Duke of Somerset was overthrown, [[Attainder|attainted]] by [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] and in 1552 was executed on [[Tower Hill]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|11}} <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/who-decided-edward-seymour-duke-of-somerset-should-be-executed/ |title=Who decided Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, should be executed? |first=Margaret| last=Scard|work=History Extra |publisher=BBC|date=2017|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> Somerset Place, as the building was referred to, then came into the possession of the Crown. The duke's royal nephew's half-sister, the future [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], lived there during the reign of her half-sister [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]] (1553–58).<ref name=":0" />{{rp|11}}  The process of completion and improvement was slow and costly. As late as 1598 [[John Stow]] refers to it as "yet unfinished".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42959/42959-h/42959-h.htm|title=Survey of London|first=John|last=Stow|publisher=[[J. M. Dent and Sons]]|year=2017|orig-year=1st pub. 1598|isbn=978-1548852658}}</ref>

===17th and 18th centuries===
[[File:The Somerset House Conference 19 August 1604.jpg|thumb|350px|The [[Somerset House Conference]], 19 August 1604]]
[[File:Somerset House by Kip 1722.JPG|thumb|right|350px|Old Somerset House, in a drawing by [[Jan Kip]] published in 1722, was a sprawling and irregular complex with wings from different periods in a mixture of styles. The buildings behind all four square gardens belong to Somerset House.]]
[[File:CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg|thumb|right|350px|''The Thames from the Terrace of Somerset House Looking Towards St. Paul's'', {{circa|1750}} by [[Canaletto]]]]
In the summer of 1604, Somerset House was the location for the negotiations, known as the [[Somerset House Conference]] that culminated in the [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]] and concluded the nineteen-year [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]]. The treaty was signed on 28 August ([[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]]), at [[Whitehall Palace]], by the [[Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías|Constable of Castile]] who was lodged at Somerset House.<ref>{{cite book |last= Dillon |first= Janette |title= The Language of Space in Court Performance, 1400–1625 |publisher= Cambridge |year= 2010 |pages= 83–89}}</ref> The conference was the subject of an [[Somerset House Conference (painting)|oil-on-canvas painting]] depicting the 11 representatives of the governments of England, Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, seated around a conference table, probably in Old Somerset House.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/14260.html|title=The Somerset House Conference| date= 19 August 1604| publisher= National Maritime Museum, Greenwich|access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref>

During the 17th century, the house was used as a residence by royal consorts. In the reign of [[James I of England|King James I]], the building was the London residence of his wife, [[Anne of Denmark]], and was renamed Denmark House.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|13}}  She commissioned a number of expensive additions and improvements, some to designs by [[Inigo Jones]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|16}} In 1609, [[Simon Basil]] and William Goodrowse made steps and terraces in the garden.<ref>{{cite book |last= Colvin |first= Howard |title= History of the King's Works |location= London |year= 1982 |page= 255 |volume= 4}}, referencing {{cite book |last= Green |first= Mary Anne Everett |authorlink= Mary Anne Everett Green |title= Calendar State Papers Domestic, James I: 1603–1610 |location= London |year= 1857 |page= 508}} which cites TNA SP14/45 f.6, 1 May 1609.</ref> Anne of Denmark built an orangery and employed a French gardener and hydraulic engineer [[Salomon de Caus]]. He built a fountain known as [[Mount Parnassus]] with a grotto carved with sea-shells and a black marble female figure representing the [[River Thames]]. The fountain was topped by a statue of [[Pegasus]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Field |first= Jemma |authorlink= Jemma Field |title= Anna of Denmark: Material Culture of the Stuart Courts |location= Manchester |year= 2020 |pages= 56–60}}</ref> A [[Roman Baths, Strand Lane|surviving cistern for the fountain]] in nearby Strand Lane was misidentified as a Roman bath.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Early cistern to Old Somerset House, Historic England listing |num= 1237102| access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>

The refurbished palace was the setting for elaborate entertainments at the wedding of Anne's lady in waiting [[Jean Ker, Countess of Roxburghe|Jean Drummond]] on 3 February 1614, including a masque ''[[Hymen's Triumph]]'' written by [[Samuel Daniel]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Barroll |first= Leeds |title= Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography |location= Philadelphia |year= 2001 |pages= 140–42}}</ref> On 22 May 1614, [[Christian IV of Denmark]] paid a surprise visit to his sister.<ref>{{cite book |title= Original Letters Relating To The Ecclessiastical Affairs of Scotland |location= Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club |year= 1851 |pages= 355–56 |volume= 2}}</ref> In 1619, King James granted the palace to [[Charles I of England|Prince Charles]]. [[Frances Coke, Viscountess Purbeck]] was appointed keeper of Denmark House, and [[Mary Villiers, Countess of Buckingham]] frequently stayed there.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Birch |first1= Thomas |last2= Williams |first2= Folkestone |title= Court and Times of James the First |location= London| publisher= Colburn |year= 1849 |page= 183}}</ref>

After the death of King James in April 1625, his body was brought from [[Theobalds House|Theobalds]] to lie in state at Denmark House. The state rooms were hung with black cloth. At this period there was no chapel at Denmark House, and so the Great Hall was adapted, and the body moved there before the [[Death and funeral of James VI and I|funeral at Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Nichols |first= John |title= Progresses of James the First |location= London |year= 1828 |pages= 1038–40 |volume= 4}}</ref>

Between 1630 and 1635 Inigo Jones built a chapel where [[Henrietta Maria of France]], the wife of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]], could exercise her [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic religion]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|16}}  This was in the care of the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin Order]] and was on a site to the southwest of the Great Court.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|16}}  A small cemetery was attached and some of the tombstones are still to be seen built into one of the walls of a passage under the present quadrangle.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://londonist.com/2010/03/the_secret_gravestones_beneath_some|title=The Secret Gravestones Beneath Somerset House| website= Londonist.com |date=26 March 2010 |publisher= | access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

Royal occupation of Somerset House was interrupted by the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], and in 1649 [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] tried to sell it. They failed to find a buyer, although a sale of the contents (most notably 1,570 paintings owned by Charles I)<ref>{{cite book |last=Jardine |first=Lisa |title=Going Dutch |year=2008 |publisher=Harper Collins |page=115}}</ref> realised the very considerable sum (for that time) of [[Pound sterling|£]]118,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day|first= Ivan |last=Lindsay|publisher=Unicorn Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1906509217}}</ref> Use was still found for it however. Part of it served as an army headquarters, with [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|General Fairfax]] (the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]]' commander-in-chief) being given official quarters there;<ref name=":0" />{{rp|31}}  lodgings were also provided for certain other Parliamentarian notables. It was in Somerset House that [[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s body lay in state after his death in 1658.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|25}} 

Two years later, with the [[English Restoration|Restoration]], Queen Henrietta Maria returned and in 1661 began a considerable programme of rebuilding, the main feature of which was a magnificent new river front, again to the design of the late [[Inigo Jones]], who had died at Somerset House in 1652.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|48}}  However she returned to France in 1665 before it was finished. It was then used as an occasional residence by [[Catherine of Braganza]], wife of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|63}}  During her time it received a certain notoriety as being, in the popular mind, a hot-bed of [[Catholic]] conspiracy. [[Titus Oates]] made full use of this prejudice in the fabricated details of the [[Popish Plot]] and it was alleged that [[Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey]], whose murder was one of the great mysteries of the age, had been killed in Somerset House before his body had been smuggled out and thrown into a ditch below [[Primrose Hill]].<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle= Bedloe, William|volume=3}}</ref>

Somerset House was refurbished by [[Sir Christopher Wren]] in 1685.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|63}}  After the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688, Somerset House entered on a long period of decline, being used (after Queen Catherine left England in 1692) for [[grace and favour]] residences. In the conditions of the time this meant almost inevitably that little money could be found for its upkeep, and a slow process of decay crept in.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|63}}  During the 18th century, however, the building ceased its royal associations. Though the view from its terraced riverfront garden, open to the public, was painted twice on his London visit by [[Canaletto]] (looking up- and downriver), it was used for storage, as a residence for visiting overseas dignitaries and as a [[barracks]] for troops. Suffering from neglect, Old Somerset House began to be demolished in 1775.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|63}} 

==Somerset House (Sir William Chambers, 1776)==
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Crown Lands Act 1775
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act for settling Buckingham House, with the Appurtenances, upon the Queen, in case She shall survive His Majesty, in lieu of His Majesty's Palace of Somerset House; for enabling the Lords, Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury to sell and dispose of Ely House in Holborn, and for applying the Money to arise by Sale thereof, together with other Monies, in erecting and establishing Publick Offices in Somerset House; and for embanking certain Parts of the River Thames, lying within the Bounds of the Manor of The Savoy, and for other Purposes therein mentioned.
| year                  = 1775
| citation              = [[15 Geo. 3]]. c. 33
| territorial_extent    = [[Great Britain]]
| royal_assent          = 26 May 1775
| commencement          = 29 November 1774{{efn|Start of session.}}
| amends                = [[Provision for the Queen Act 1761]]
| repeal_date           = 
| repealing_legislation = 
| status                = Current
| original_text         = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B09RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA72
| collapsed             = yes
}}
[[File:Somerset House, London, United Kingdom (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|The south wing of Chambers' Somerset House]]

Since the middle of the 18th century there had been growing criticism that London had no great public buildings. Government departments and the learned societies were huddled away in small old buildings all over the city. Developing national pride found comparison with the capitals of continental Europe disquieting. [[Edmund Burke]] was the leading proponent of the scheme for a "national building", and in 1775 Parliament passed an act, the '''{{visible anchor|Crown Lands Act 1775}}''' ([[15 Geo. 3]]. c. 33), for the purpose of, ''inter alia'', "erecting and establishing {{as written|Publick}} Offices in Somerset House, and for embanking Parts of the River Thames lying within the bounds of the [[Liberty of the Savoy|Manor of Savoy]]". The list of public offices mentioned in the act comprised "The Salt Office, The Stamp Office, The Tax Office, The Navy Office, The Navy Victualling Office, The Publick Lottery Office, The Hawkers and Pedlar<!--perhaps Pedlars in original?--> Office, The Hackney Coach Office, The Surveyor General of the Crown Lands Office, The [[Auditor of imprests|Auditors of the Imprest]] Office, The Pipe Office, The Office of the [[Duchy of Lancaster]], The Office of the [[Duchy of Cornwall]], The [[Board of Ordnance|Office of Ordnance]], The King's Bargemaster's House, The King's Bargehouses".<ref name= CLA1775>Crown Lands Act 1775 ([[15 Geo. 3]]. c. 33)</ref>

Somerset House was still technically a royal palace and therefore [[Crown property]], with most work being done by the King's Master Mason, [[John Deval]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Gunnisp |first= Rupert| title= John Deval |encyclopedia= Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851 |page= 129}}</ref> The building had been placed in trust for the use of [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Charlotte]] in the event that her husband [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] predeceased her. Therefore, the 1775 act annulled this arrangement and instead provided for another property, Buckingham House, to be vested in trust for the Queen on the same terms. (Provision was made for the King, who had privately purchased Buckingham House some years earlier, to be duly compensated). In due course, the King outlived the Queen and the property (later known as [[Buckingham Palace]]) reverted "to the use of His Majesty, his heirs and successors".<ref>[[15 Geo. 3]]. c. 33: An Act for settling Buckingham House, with the Appurtenances, upon the Queen, in case she should survive His Majesty, in lieu of His Majesty's Palace of ''Somerset House''.</ref> By virtue of the same act, [[Ely Place|Ely House]] in [[Holborn]] (which had itself been purchased just a few years earlier as a potential site for new public offices) was sold and the proceeds applied to the Somerset House project.<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Lords Journal Volume 34: May 1775, 21–31|work= Journal of the House of Lords Volume 34, 1774–1776 (London, 1767–1830)|pages=464–482|publisher=British History Online|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol34/pp464-482 |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

Initially a certain William Robinson, Secretary to the [[Office of Works|Board of Works]], was commissioned to design and build the new Somerset House, but he died in 1775 shortly after being appointed.<ref name="SHGuideBook" /> So [[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]], [[Comptroller of the King's Works]], (who had in any case been vying for the commission)<ref name="SHGuideBook" /> was appointed in his stead, at a salary of £2,000 per year. He spent the last two decades of his life, beginning in 1775, in several phases of building at the present Somerset House. [[Thomas Telford]], then a stonemason, but later an eminent [[civil engineer]], was among those who worked on its construction. One of Chambers's most famous pupils, [[Thomas Hardwick]] Jnr<!-- British spelling -->, helped build parts of the building during his period of training and later wrote a short biography of Chambers. The design influenced other great buildings: [[Charles Bulfinch]]'s [[Massachusetts State House]], begun in 1795, has been described as a work "frankly derivative" of Somerset House.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shand-Tucci |first= Douglass |title= Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800–2000 | location= Amherst |publisher= [[University of Massachusetts Press]] |year= 1999 |page= 6 |isbn= 1558492011}}</ref>

===Design===
[[File:Somerset House, Deeble, 1828.jpeg|thumb|300px|Somerset House in 1828]]
Chambers' own influences stemmed from [[Palladianism]], the principles of which were applied throughout Somerset House, inside and outside, both in its large-scale conception and in its small-scale details.<ref name="Newman1990" /> The footprint of the building was that of the old palace, ranging from its gateway block in the Strand across what was originally a gently sloping site down to the river. Chambers experimented with at least four different configurations of buildings and courtyards in drawing up his designs; his final version provided a single courtyard, {{convert|300|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|200|ft|abbr=on}}, flanked by a pair of terraces, the whole presenting a unified frontage to the river, {{convert|500|ft}} wide. Around the courtyard, each block consisted of six storeys: cellar, basement, ground, principal, attic and garret. The public offices and learned societies which were accommodated around the courtyard varied greatly in size, but each occupied all six floors of its allotted area, the upper floors often providing living space for a secretary or other official. Large vaults for storing public documents were provided, extending under the entire northern section of the courtyard.<ref name="Newman1990" />

====Construction====
[[File:Somerset House (9053039394).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Night view from beneath the Strand entrance]]
The North Wing, fronting the [[Strand, London|Strand]], was the first part of the complex to be built; its design was based on [[Inigo Jones]]'s drawings for the riverfront of the former palace. By 1780 the North Wing was finished and occupied, and Chambers reported to Parliament that the rest of the quadrangle was complete up to a height of two storeys.<ref name="NeedhamWebster1906" />  Construction of the riverside wing followed; it was finished in 1786. At the time of construction, the Thames was not embanked and the river lapped the South Wing, where a great arch allowed boats and barges to penetrate to landing places within the building.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|68}}  Meanwhile, work continued on the East and West Wings, which began to be occupied from 1788;<ref name="SH-history" /> by 1790 the main quadrangle was complete.<ref name="NeedhamWebster1906" />

It was originally envisaged that the main quadrangle would be flanked by two terraces of houses, one to the east and one to the west, providing accommodation for several of the Commissioners whose offices were based there.<ref name="Brewer1821">{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=James Norris |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of Various Palaces and Public Buildings |date=1821 |publisher=William Gilling |location=London}}</ref> It is not certain at what pace the rest of the construction progressed, but it is clear that the outbreak of [[French Revolutionary Wars|war with France]] in 1793 caused delays through lack of money. Chambers died in 1796, whereupon [[James Wyatt]] took over as architect. In the end, only the western terrace was built and by 1801 the building was deemed to be complete, at a cost of £462,323.<ref name="SH-history" />

In 1815 [[Sir Robert Smirke]] was appointed as Attached Architect to Somerset House; in 1817 he added the [[Inheritance Tax in the United Kingdom|Legacy Duty]] Office to the north-west corner of the quadrangle, its design in keeping with Chambers's adjacent façade.<ref name="SHGuideBook" /> Even as late as 1819, decorative work to the exterior of the North Wing was still being completed.<ref name="NeedhamWebster1906">{{cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Raymond |last2=Webster |first2=Alexander |title=Somerset House: Past & Present |date=1906 |publisher=[[E. P. Dutton & Co.]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/somersethousepas00need/page/190 |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

====Ornamentation====
In addition to applying a rich scheme of architectural decoration, Chambers enhanced the exterior of Somerset House with a multiplicity of sculptures and other visual embellishments. [[Giovanni Cipriani]] produced designs and the sculptors executing them included [[Joseph Wilton]], [[Agostino Carlini]], [[John Bacon (sculptor, born 1740)|John Bacon]], [[Joseph Nollekens]], [[John Cheere]] and [[Giuseppe Ceracchi]].<ref name="NeedhamWebster1906" /> Bacon oversaw production of the bronze group of statues (consisting of [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] and [[George III]]) in the main courtyard, facing the main entrance from the Strand.<ref name="NeedhamWebster1906" />

Inside, most of the offices were plain and business-like, but in the North Wing the formal rooms and public spaces of the learned societies were enriched with painted ceilings (by Cipriani, [[Benjamin West]], [[Angelica Kauffman]], [[John Francis Rigaud|J. F. Rigaud]], [[Charles Catton]] and [[Joshua Reynolds]]), ornamental plasterwork (by Thomas Collins and Thomas Clerk) and [[Plaster cast|casts]] of classical sculptures.<ref name="Newman1990" /> [[John Papworth (plasterer)|John Papworth]] did the plasterwork in the great Royal Academy Room;<ref name=Millar>{{cite book| last= Millar| first= William |title=Plastering: Plain and Decorative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQoHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA583 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-74168-8 |page=583}}</ref> many of the ceiling paintings were removed by the Royal Academy when they vacated their premises.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/design|title=Design, 1778–80, Angelica Kauffman RA (1741–1807)|publisher=Royal Academy|access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref>

===Accommodation===
A key reason for rebuilding Somerset House was to provide accommodation for a diverse variety of [[learned societies]], [[public office]]s and [[Royal Navy|naval]] administrators.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|63}} 

====A home for arts and learning====
[[File:Microcosm of London Plate 002 - Exhibition at Somerset House by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin. 1800..jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|''The Exhibition Room at Somerset House'' by [[Thomas Rowlandson]] and [[Augustus Charles Pugin]] (1800). This room is now part of the [[Courtauld Gallery]].]]
The North Wing of Somerset House was initially fitted out to house the [[Royal Academy]], the [[Royal Society]] and the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]]. The Royal Academy took up residence first, in 1779, followed by the other two institutions the following year. The Royal Academy occupied the western half of the wing and the Royal Society the eastern half; their main entrances faced each other across the central vestibule leading from the Strand to the courtyard, topped by busts (of [[Michelangelo]] and [[Isaac Newton]] respectively) which are still in place today. The Society of Antiquaries was also accommodated in the eastern half of the wing, though its premises were limited to a first-floor meeting room, a ground-floor library, an apartment in the attic and a kitchen in the basement.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Strand Block of Somerset House, 1780–1836: Part II|url=https://www.historytoday.com/sonia-lipman/strand-block-somerset-house-1780-1836-part-ii|website=History Today|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

The [[Geological Society]] was also accommodated in the Somerset House from 1828,<ref>{{cite web| title= History|url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/history|website=The Geological Society|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> as was the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] from 1834.<ref>{{cite web|title=A brief history of the RAS| url= https://www.ras.org.uk/about-the-ras/a-brief-history|website=Royal Astronomical Society|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

The annual [[Royal Academy Summer Exhibition|Royal Academy Exhibition]] was held in Somerset House from 1780 onwards,<ref name=":0" />{{rp|75}}  until the academy moved out in 1837 (initially to rooms in the new [[National Gallery]], then to [[Burlington House]], [[Piccadilly]]). Its former accommodation was given over to a newly established Government School of Design (which was much later to become the [[Royal College of Art]]); it remained in the complex from 1837 until, in 1853, the [[General Register Office for England and Wales|Registry of Births, Marriages and Deaths]] needed to expand its office space and the School relocated to [[Marlborough House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib4_1267714397|title=Government School of Design (London)|publisher=Mapping Sculpture|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

In 1857, the Royal Society moved out of Somerset House, followed in 1874 by the Society of Antiquaries, the [[Geological Society]] and the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]; they were all provided with new purpose-built accommodation in Burlington House.<ref name="SH-history" />

====The Navy Office====
[[File:Nelson Stair Somerset House 2.jpg|upright|thumb|right|The Navy Stair (later renamed the 'Nelson Stair') which leads to the old Navy Boardroom.]]
In 1789 the [[Navy Board]] moved into grand riverside rooms in the western half of the newly completed South Wing. It was soon followed by its subsidiary Boards, the [[Victualling Commissioners]] and the [[Sick and Hurt Commissioners]], which (along with the autonomous [[Navy Pay Office (Royal Navy)|Navy Pay Office]]) occupied the West Wing; they had all hitherto been based in the [[City of London]]. Thus the various Navy offices occupied around a third of Chambers' completed building.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somerset House looking East| url= http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/142132.html|website=Royal Museums Greenwich|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> In addition, the terrace to the west of the quadrangle provided dwelling-houses for the [[Controller of the Navy (Royal Navy)|Comptroller of the Navy]], the Secretary to the Board and three [[Navy Board#Hanoverian period|Commissioners of the Navy]], along with the chairman, Secretary and two [[Victualling Commissioners|Commissioners of Victualling]],<ref name="NeedhamWebster1906" /> with the [[Treasurer of the Navy]] allotted the 'mansion' at the river end of the terrace (which included a coach house and stables for ten horses in the vaults under the terrace).<ref name="Newman1990">{{cite book |last1=Newman |first1=John |last2=Hornak |first2=Angelo |title=Somerset House: splendour and order |url=https://archive.org/details/somersethousespl00newm |url-access=registration |date=1990 |publisher=Scala Books |location=London|isbn=9781870248600}}</ref> As well as providing office space and accommodation, Somerset House was the place where examinations for promotion to the rank of [[Lieutenant (Royal Navy)|lieutenant]] took place, sat by several hundred [[midshipmen]] each year.<ref name="SHGuideBook" /> The Admiralty Museum (a precursor to the [[National Maritime Museum]]) was also accommodated there, in the central room above the south portico.<ref name="SHGuideBook" />

In 1832 the Navy Board and its subsidiaries were abolished and their departments placed under the direct oversight of the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]]. Their administrative staff remained in Somerset House, but communications with the Admiralty (based a mile away in [[Whitehall]]) were problematic as what became known as the "civil departments" of the Admiralty guarded their independence. In 1868, the Admiralty took the decision to move all their staff from Somerset House to Whitehall; this necessitated reconfiguring what had been a set of residences there pertaining to the [[Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty]] into office accommodation.<ref>{{cite book| last1= Coad| first1=Jonathan|title=Support for the Fleet|date=2013|publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> Nevertheless, the move was completed by 1873, and the expanding Inland Revenue immediately took over the vacated space in Somerset House.<ref name="SH-history">{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/history|website= somersethouse.org.uk| publisher= Somerset House Trust |date=24 September 2016 |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

====Taxes, stamps and the Inland Revenue====
[[File:Microcosm of London Plate 074 - Stamp Office, Somerset House.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|The Stamp Office, Somerset House: the basement stamping room.]]
From the beginning of the new Somerset House there was a fiscal presence in the shape of the [[Stamp Office]] and the [[Inland Revenue#History|Tax Office]], the former occupying the eastern part of the South Wing from 1789 and the latter occupying part of the East Wing. The Stamp Office had the task of applying an [[impressed duty stamp]] to various specific items to show that the [[Stamp duty in the United Kingdom|required duty]] had been paid. For example, up until 1855 (when the relevant duty was abolished) every newspaper produced in the country had to be brought to Somerset House to be stamped.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.mebden.altervista.org/images/londonJul12/09%20Somerset%20House%20stairs.jpg|title=Information panel}}</ref> The Tax Office administered and collected various taxes, including [[Income tax in the United Kingdom|income tax]] (first levied in 1799). Introduced as a means of raising revenue in wartime, it was collected during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and the [[Napoleonic Wars]]; though repealed in 1816, it was reintroduced in peacetime (in 1842) and has been collected ever since.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1842/mar/21/the-income-tax|title=The Income Tax|date=21 March 1842|publisher=Hansard|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

The [[Inland Revenue]] was created by a merger of the Stamp and Taxes Office and the [[Excise]] Office in 1849; in 1854 the Excise Office staff were moved from their old headquarters in the City of London into the newly built New Wing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Graham|title=Something to Declare: 1000 years of Customs & Excise |date= 1980| publisher=Harrap & Co.|location=London}}</ref>

Somerset House continued in use by the Inland Revenue throughout the 20th century. In 2005, the [[Inland Revenue]] was merged with [[HM Customs and Excise]]; its successor [[HM Revenue & Customs]] continued to occupy much of the building, although its executive and senior management moved to [[Government Offices Great George Street|100 Parliament Street]] shortly after the merger. Various divisions and directorates of HMRC continued to occupy the East Wing until 2009, the West Wing until 2011 and the New Wing until March 2013, by which time all staff had been relocated (with most moving across the street to the southwest wing of [[Bush House, London|Bush House]]). This brought to an end a 224-year association of the revenue services with Somerset House.<ref name="SHT2014-15" />

====Somerset House Laboratory====
In 1842, the Excise Office had established a laboratory within its [[Old Broad Street|Broad Street]] headquarters for the prevention of the adulteration of [[tobacco]] products. It had started as basically a one-man operation by an employee of the Excise, George Phillips. After the Excise Office had been merged with the Office of Stamps and Taxes to form the Inland Revenue, the latter took over the laboratory; by 1858 it was reestablished in Somerset House as the Inland Revenue Laboratory (with Phillips remaining in charge). It was also known as the Somerset House Laboratory. Under the [[Inland Revenue]], the Laboratory's work expanded to encompass the testing of many different substances, including food, beer and spirits, as well as tobacco.<ref name="Grace'sGuide">{{cite web|title= Laboratory of the Government Chemist| url= https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Laboratory_of_the_Government_Chemist|website=Grace's Guide to British Industrial History| access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

Phillips retired as principal chemist in 1874. James Bell was then the principal chemist of Somerset House Laboratory until his retirement in 1894.<ref>{{cite journal|title=obit. Dr. James Bell, C.B., F.R.S. |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date = 9 April 1908|pages=539–540 | doi = 10.1038/077539a0| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6owCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA539|volume=77|issue=2006|doi-access=free}}</ref> He was replaced as principal chemist by Sir [[Thomas Edward Thorpe]]. At the same time, the laboratory was amalgamated with a similar facility that had been established within HM Customs and it was renamed the [[Laboratory of the Government Chemist|Government Laboratory]]. In 1897, Thorpe moved the Government Laboratory from Somerset House to a new building of his own design.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Thomas_Edward_Thorpe|title=Thomas Edward Thorpe|publisher= | work= Grace's Guide|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

====Registry of Births, Marriages and Deaths====
In 1837, following the establishment of [[civil registration]] in the United Kingdom, the [[Registrar General of Births, Marriages and Deaths]] set up his office in the North Wing of Somerset House, establishing a connection that lasted for over 130 years. This office held all [[Birth certificate|birth]], [[Marriage certificate|marriage]] and [[Death certificate|death]] certificates in [[England and Wales]] until 1970, when the Registry and its associated archives were moved to nearby [[St Catherine's House]] at [[Aldwych]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vitalcertificates.co.uk/st-catherines-house.html#.W0ppLdJKgdU|title=St. Catherine's House| publisher= Vital Certificates |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

From 1859 until 1998, the Principal Registry of the [[Court of Probate]] (latterly the Principal Probate Registry of the [[Family Division]]) was based in Somerset House, prior to its move to First Avenue House, [[High Holborn]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Somerset House: Court of Probate. Elevation of New Principal Registry |url= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4272943|website=National Archives|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

====Other public offices====
In addition to the learned societies, the ground floor rooms of the North Wing housed the Hawkers and Pedlars Office (on the west side) and the [[Hackney Coach]] Office, the [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)#Background|Lottery]] Office, the [[Privy Seal Office|Privy Seal and Signet Offices]] (on the east side).<ref name="GentsMag1807">{{cite journal|last1=Urban|first1=Sylvanus|title=Somerset House|journal=The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle|date=1807|volume=77|page=545}}</ref> The Hackney Coach commissioners had been established on a permanent footing in 1694,<ref name="LMAhackneycarriages">{{cite web|title=Vehicle registration and licensing records|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/london-metropolitan-archives/visitor-information/Documents/46-vehicle-registration-and-licensing-records.pdf|website=London Metropolitan Archives| publisher=Corporation of London|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401063326/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/london-metropolitan-archives/visitor-information/Documents/46-vehicle-registration-and-licensing-records.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the Board of Commissioners of [[Hawker (trade)|Hawkers]], [[Pedlars]] and Petty [[Chapmen]] dated from 1698;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pedlars.info/history/84-1697-act.pdf|title=Pedlars Act 1697|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201640/http://www.pedlars.info/history/84-1697-act.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the latter was abolished in 1810 and its work taken over by the Hackney Coach Office until its abolition in 1831, whereupon responsibility for licensing both of hackney carriages and of travelling traders passed to the Stamp Office. The Lottery Office, established in 1779, was also abolished in 1831 and its residual business likewise passed to the Stamp Office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lottery Office records|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1027|website=National Archives|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The Signet Office was abolished in 1851 and the Privy Seal Office in 1884.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records of the Keeper of the Privy Seal|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C237|website=National Archives|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

One of the first occupants of the building had been the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] Office. It was accommodated in the East Wing along with the Tax Office and various [[Exchequer]] offices (including the [[Clerk of the Pipe|Pipe Office]], the [[Remembrancer|Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer]]'s Office and the Office of the Clerk of the [[Estreat]]s). As early as 1795 the Exchequer was requesting that more space be made available; [[Sir John Soane]] was engaged to redesign their offices, and as part of the scheme the Duchy was relocated to another part of the East Wing, prompting complaints from its officers.<ref>{{cite web|title=London: Somerset House, Lords Commissioners of the Treasury: designs for alterations to offices, 1795|url=http://collections.soane.org/drawings?ci_search_type=ARCI&mi_search_type=adv&sort=7&tn=Drawings&t=SCHEME1292|website=Sir John Soane's Museum Collection online| access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> [[Pipe rolls]] and other ancient records of the Treasury and Exchequer (which had been moved to Somerset House from the [[Palace of Westminster]] in 1793) remained stored in the basements until the establishment of the [[Public Record Office]] in 1838.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Cooper|editor-first1= C.P. |title= Evidence ... before the Select Committee of the House of Commons, appointed 'to inquire into the management of the Record Commission and the present state of the records of the United Kingdom' |year= 1837 |publisher= House of Commons|location=London|page=205}}</ref>

The office of Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer ceased to exist in 1833 and the Pipe Office was abolished in 1834; however space in Somerset House continued to be at a premium: in 1854 an act of Parliament, the [[Duchy of Cornwall Office Act 1854]] (17 & 18 Vict. c. 93), was passed, noting that the Duchy's rooms in Somerset House were now needed "for the use of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, whose present office is insufficient for the Business thereof, and adjoins the said Office of the Duchy of Cornwall". The act provided for the Duchy Office to move to new, purpose-built premises in [[Pimlico]]: now known as 10 [[Buckingham Gate]], the building still serves as head office for the Duchy.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.architecture.com/image-library/ribapix/image-information/poster/office-of-the-duchy-of-cornwall-buckingham-gate-pimlico-london/posterid/RIBA16978.html |title= Office of the Duchy of Cornwall, Buckingham Gate, Pimlico, London| website= architecture.com |publisher= | format= Architectural drawing |url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221219/https://www.architecture.com/image-library/ribapix/image-information/poster/office-of-the-duchy-of-cornwall-buckingham-gate-pimlico-london/posterid/RIBA16978.html| archivedate= 2018-11-20 |access-date= 2025-11-14}}</ref>

From 1785 the [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)#History|Commissioners for Auditing Public Accounts]] were also housed in the East Wing,<ref name="SHGuideBook" /> as was the Duchy of Lancaster Office (having moved there from accommodation in [[Gray's Inn]]) until it moved in 1823 to new offices across the road in [[Lancaster Place]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Records of the Duchy of Lancaster |url= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C83|website=National Archives|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The [[Surveyor General of the Land Revenues of the Crown|Surveyor of Crown Lands]] also had his office here until the early 19th century. The Salt Office initially occupied rooms in the West Wing, alongside the naval offices, but it was abolished in 1798 (administration of the [[salt tax]] having been transferred to the Board of Excise).<ref name="GentsMag1807" />

During the 19th century the North Wing contained, in addition, the offices of the [[Poor Law Commissioners]] (1834–47)<ref>{{cite web|title=Records of the Poor Law Commission, Poor Law Board and Poor Law Department of the Local Government Board|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/poverty-poor-laws/#8-records-of-the-poor-law-commission-poor-law-board-and-poor-law-department-of-the-local-government-board|website=National Archives|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> and the [[Tithe Commutation Act 1836|Tithe Commissioners]] (1836–51),<ref>{{cite web|title=Somerset House. Tithe Commission Office. Plans & Elevation Of the Proposed Additions|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C8933824|website=National Archives|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> who also acted as the [[Copyhold]] Commissioners.<ref name="SHGuideBook" />

===19th-century expansion===
[[File:Somerset House New Wing entrance.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Part of the New Wing (main entrance facing [[Lancaster Place]]), built in the 1850s.]]
Magnificent as the new building was, it was something short of what Chambers had intended, for he had planned for an additional terrace of houses to the east, as well as to the west of the [[quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]]; work had stopped short, however, cost being the inhibiting factor. Eventually [[King's College London]] was erected to the east (the government granting the land on condition that the design conformed to Chambers' original design) by subscription between 1829 and 1834;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/newsevents/news/newsrecords/2015/April/Westminster-City-Council-resolves-to-grant-planning-permission-for-Strand-campus-redevelopment.aspx|title=Westminster City Council resolves to grant planning permission for Strand redevelopment|date=23 April 2015|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> the architect was Sir [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]].<ref name="SHGuideBook" /> At the same time, as part of Smirke's scheme, the eastern third of the river frontage was completed, following Chambers's original design.<ref name="Newman1990" />

Then, increasing demand for space led to another and last step. The western edge of the site was occupied by a row of houses used as dwellings for [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] officials who worked in the South Wing. Between 1851 and 1856, this terrace was substantially expanded and remodelled to provide the Inland Revenue with an entire new wing of additional office accommodation. As part of this development, its architect [[James Pennethorne]] created a monumental new façade alongside the approach road to Waterloo Bridge (which had not been in existence when Chambers was alive).<ref name="SHGuideBook">{{cite book |title=Somerset House: Guide Book |isbn=978-1-9996154-1-3|last1=(London) |first1=Somerset House |year=2018 |publisher=Somerset House}}</ref> 150 years later this part of the building is still known as the "''New'' Wing".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/resident-opportunities/new-wing|title=New Wing |website= somersethouse.org.uk | publisher= Somerset House Trust |access-date= 14 July 2018}}</ref>

In 1891 a headquarters building was constructed in the West Court (between the West Wing and the New Wing) for the [[Prince of Wales' Own Civil Service Rifles|Civil Service Rifles]], a [[Volunteer Force|Rifle Volunteer Corps]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Somerset House: West Court – Civil Service Volunteers Building |url= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4272984|website= discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk| publisher= National Archives| location= UK| access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

===20th-century modifications===
[[File:Civil Service Rifles Memorial, front (3, cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Civil Service Rifles War Memorial]]: installed in the main courtyard in 1919, relocated to the Terrace in 2002]]
By the start of the [[World War I|First World War]] the Civil Service Rifles, by then renamed the 15th (Prince of Wales' Own Civil Service Rifles) Battalion, The [[London Regiment (1908–1938)|London Regiment]],<ref>{{cite web| url= https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/alliedarmy-view.php?pid=719|title=15th (Prince of Wales' Own Civil Service Rifles) Battalion, The London Regiment|publisher=Wartime Memories| website= wartimememoriesproject.com |access-date=14 July 2018| archive-date= 15 July 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011730/https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/alliedarmy-view.php?pid=719 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steppingforwardlondon.org/city-of-westminster.html| title= City of Westminster| website= steppingforwardlondon.org| publisher=Stepping Forward|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> had its own Morris tube firing range (where the calibre of the rifle is reduced for indoor operation by a use of a tube) fitted with vanishing and running targets at Somerset House.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.drillhalls.org/Anatomy.htm|title=The Anatomy of a Drill Hall| website= drillhalls.org| publisher=The Drill Hall Project| access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

Somerset House had its share of trials and tribulations during the [[London blitz]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Apart from comparatively minor blast effects at various times, sixteen rooms and the handsome rotunda staircase (the Nelson Stair) were completely destroyed in the South Wing, and a further 27 damaged in the West Wing by a direct hit in October 1940.<ref name=onping>{{cite web|url=https://www.stephenongpin.com/PrintObjectPdf/index?objectID=790453|title=Plan for the Reconstruction of the South Wing of Somerset House, London| website= stephenongpin.com| publisher=Stephen Onping Fine Art|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

Still more windows were shattered and balustrades toppled, but the worst was over by the end of May 1941. It was not until the 1950s that this damage to the South Wing was repaired. The work required skilled masons, whose services were hard to come by in the early post-war years. Sir [[Albert Richardson (architect)|Albert Richardson]] was appointed architect for the reconstruction. He skillfully recreated the Nelson Room and rebuilt the Nelson Stair. The work was completed in 1952 at a cost of (then) £84,000.<ref name=onping/>

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Somerset House Act 1984
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to confer leasing powers on the Crown in respect of the Fine Rooms and other parts of Somerset House with a view to their use for artistic, cultural or other purposes.
| year                  = 1984
| citation              = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1984|1984]] c. 21
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 26 June 1984
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = current
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/21/contents/enacted
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = 
| UK-LEG_title          = Somerset House Act 1984
| collapsed             = yes
}}
In 1984 the '''{{visible anchor|Somerset House Act 1984}}''' (c. 21) was passed, legislating the way for Somerset House to be redeveloped as a centre for the arts. In 1997 the Somerset House Trust was established as a [[Charitable organization|registered charity]]<ref>{{EW charity|1063640|Somerset House Trust}}</ref> to maintain the building and develop it as a centre for arts and culture.<ref name="SHT2014-15">{{cite web|title=Annual Report and Accounts 2014–15|url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/file/1789/download?token=bWbp0ICr |website= somersethouse.org.uk | publisher= Somerset House Trust |access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=29 March 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054325/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/file/1789/download?token=bWbp0ICr|url-status= dead}}</ref>

In the late 20th century the building began to be reinvigorated as a centre for the visual arts. The first institution to move in (in 1989) was the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]], including the [[Courtauld Gallery]], which has an important collection of [[old master]] and [[impressionist]] paintings. The Courtauld occupies the North Wing.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|85}} 

===21st-century redevelopment===
[[File:Somerset House, London (46807652264).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|The dancing fountains were installed in the 1990s.]]
The main courtyard, which had been used as a Civil Service car park, and the main terrace overlooking the Thames were refurbished and opened to the public, these alterations being overseen by the conservation architects [[Donald Insall & Associates]]. Grants from the [[Heritage Lottery Fund]] financed the conversion of the South Wing between 1999 and 2003: a visitor centre featuring audio-visual displays on the history of the building, the gilded state barge of the [[Lord Mayor of the City of London]] and a shop and café were opened, overlooking the river. The [[Gilbert Collection]] of decorative arts, and the [[Hermitage Rooms]], which staged exhibitions of items loaned from the [[Hermitage Museum]] in Saint Petersburg, moved into the same area.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.culturalinnovations.com/project_hrsc.html|title=Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House|publisher=Cultural Innovations |year= 2009|access-date=27 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172403/http://www.culturalinnovations.com/project_hrsc.html|archive-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> The last Hermitage exhibition took place in 2007 and the Gilbert Collection galleries closed in 2008; the collection moved into new galleries at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in June 2009. Somerset House now puts on a programme of art exhibitions, drawing on various sources.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.timeout.com/london/popular-venues/somerset-house|title=Somerset House| work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out London]]|date=10 July 2018|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217130219/http://www.timeout.com/london/popular-venues/somerset-house|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In stages from 2009 to 2013, HM Revenue and Customs withdrew from the other parts of the building; since March 2013 the Somerset House Trust has had oversight of the entire complex. Its management policy has been to rent out the upper floors at a commercial rate to "creative businesses", while devoting the ground floor to "public realm" activities. The trust receives no public subsidy and relies on income from rent and private hire to fund the upkeep of the estate and relies on ticket sales, merchandising and sponsorship to fund its artistic and cultural programme.<ref name="SHT2014-15" />

[[File:01-02-05 New Year 45.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|The ice-skating rink at Somerset House during Christmas 2004.]]
In the winter the central courtyard is home to a popular open-air [[ice rink]], as seen during the opening credits of the 2003 Christmas-themed film ''[[Love Actually]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/things_to_do/newsid_8377000/8377336.stm|title=The Big Skate: outdoor ice rinks in London|publisher=BBC|date=25 November 2009|access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref> At other times, 55 vertical jets of water rise to random heights from an array of fountains.<ref>Humphreys (2003), p. 166.</ref>

[[File:Mogwailive.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|The [[post-rock]] band [[Mogwai]] playing live at Somerset House.]]
The courtyard is also used as a concert venue.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.somersethouse.org.uk/music/default.asp |title= Music |website= somersethouse.org.uk | publisher= Somerset House Trust| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080619030957/http://www.somersethouse.org.uk/music/default.asp |archivedate= 19 June 2008  |access-date=}}</ref> In July each year the "Summer series" of music events takes place, which has included performances from artists such as [[Lily Allen]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|123}} 

Somerset House now has more than a hundred tenants, comprising a large and diverse collection of creative organisations and artists including [[Dance Umbrella]], 7Wonder, Hofesh Shechter Company and the [[Royal Society of Literature]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/residents|title=Residents|date=29 August 2016 |website= somersethouse.org.uk | publisher= Somerset House Trust |access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> The largest tenant is [[King's College London]], whose Cultural Institute, Executive Centre and [[Dickson Poon School of Law]] occupy the East Wing, which is adjacent to its historic [[King's Building, London|College Building]] of 1831.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Refurbishment%20Resource%20Efficiency%20Case%20Study_Education%20and%20Science_Somerset%20House.pdf|title=Restoration of a Grade I listed Building|publisher=WRAP|access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref>

====Filming location====
Somerset House is a popular filming location, with its exterior featuring in several big-budget [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films. These include two [[James Bond]] films, ''[[GoldenEye]]'' (1995) and ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' (1997).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-qw/Goldeneye-1995| title= Goldeneye (1995): Wade's car breaks down| publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-1qe/Tomorrow-Never-Dies-1997| title= Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)| publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Several scenes of the 2003 film ''[[Shanghai Knights]]'', starring [[Jackie Chan]] and [[Owen Wilson]], were filmed in the courtyard of Somerset House.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-1jo/Shanghai-Knights-2003|title=Shanghai Knights (2003): Driving off with Charlie in tow| publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-1jp/Shanghai-Knights-2003| title=Shanghai Knights (2003): Final goodbyes| publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> The courtyard was also used in the 1991 comedy ''[[King Ralph]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.british-film-locations.com/King-Ralph-1991 |title=Where was ''King Ralph'' filmed?| publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com |access-date=31 October 2017 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424141211/https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=ukon0f-21&l=ur2&o=2 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Elements of the 2008 film ''[[The Duchess (film)|The Duchess]]'', starring [[Keira Knightley]] and [[Ralph Fiennes]], were filmed in October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-k0/The-Duchess-2008|title=Duchess, The (2008): Devonshire House exterior| publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Somerset House was also used as a filming location in several [[Sherlock Holmes]] films, including ''[[The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes]]'' (1970), directed by [[Billy Wilder]], and ''[[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' (2009), starring [[Jude Law]] and [[Robert Downey Jr.]], directed by [[Guy Ritchie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-1ec/The-Private-Life-Of-Sherlock-Holmes-1970|title=Private Life Of Sherlock Holmes, The (1970): Diogenes Club exterior| publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com| access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-1kj/Sherlock-Holmes-2009|title=Sherlock Holmes (2009): Pentonville prison – Blackwood's cell| publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Somerset House was used as the external filming location for [[Olivia Newton-John]]'s ''Stranger's Touch'' video, which featured as part of her ''[[Olivia Physical]]'' video album in 1981.<ref>{{imdb title|0283520|Olivia Physical}}</ref>

Exterior shots of Somerset House were used in the 1999 [[Tim Burton]] horror film ''[[Sleepy Hollow (film)|Sleepy Hollow]]'', starring [[Johnny Depp]], and the 2006 film ''[[Flyboys (film)|Flyboys]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-1lb/Sleepy-Hollow-1999|title=Sleepy Hollow (1999): New York street scenes |publisher= | website= British-Film-Locations.com|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-ns/Flyboys-2006|title=Flyboys (2006): French street scenes| website= British-Film-Locations.com |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Somerset House was a filming location in the 2012 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', which starred [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Anushka Sharma]], directed by [[Yash Chopra]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a407676/jab-tak-hai-jaan-london-film-locations-revealed.html|title='Jab Tak Hai Jaan' London film locations revealed|date=23 September 2012| first= Steven| last= Baker |website= [[Digital Spy]]| access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Somerset House Courtyard was also used in the 2008 movie ''[[Last Chance Harvey]]'', with [[Dustin Hoffman]] and [[Emma Thompson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/3319|title=Dustin Hoffman and Emma Thompson filming on South Bank|date=21 May 2008| publisher= London SE1| url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090102024722/http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/3319| archivedate= 2009-01-02| access-date= 2025-11-14}}</ref> Scenes were filmed in Somerset House for the ''[[Olympus Has Fallen]]'' sequel, ''[[London Has Fallen]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://roarnews.co.uk/wordpress/?p=17044|title=Gerard Butler spotted speeding down Strand in filming of action thriller|work=Roar News|first=Johnny|last=Tam|date=8 March 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> Exterior shots of Somerset House stood in for Himmler's HQ in Berlin in the 1976 film ''[[The Eagle Has Landed (film)|The Eagle Has Landed]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.reelstreets.com/films/eagle-has-landed-the/|title=The Eagle Has Landed|publisher=Reel Streets|access-date= 14 February 2020}}</ref> The tunnels under Somerset House have also been used in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]] films, specifically some of scenes depicting 'Diagon Alley'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Real Diagon Alley – Harry Potter |url=https://www.the-magician.co.uk/harry-potter-tours.htm |website= the-magician.co.uk |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

Somerset House was also the main location for the [[BBC]]'s ''[[New Year Live]]'' television show, presented by [[Natasha Kaplinsky]], which celebrated the arrival of the year 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pole.co.uk/2012/08/somerset-house-the-portico-room-for-bbc/|publisher=Pole Structural Engineers|title=Somerset House, The Portico Room|access-date=28 February 2013|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510052559/http://www.pole.co.uk/2012/08/somerset-house-the-portico-room-for-bbc/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Fire====
On 17 August 2024, the [[London Fire Brigade]] responded to a large fire at the location which originated at the building's roof.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Vivian |date=2024-08-17 |title=Somerset House: 100 firefighters tackling blaze at London gallery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/17/somerset-house-100-firefighters-tackling-blaze-at-london-gallery |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-17 |title=Around 125 firefighters tackle blaze at historic London art centre |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240817-around-100-firefighters-tackle-blaze-at-historic-london-art-centre |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> The building's management said that the fire occurred in the structure's west wing, which did not contain artworks and was instead home to offices and related facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melley |first=Brian |date=2024-08-17 |title=Fire breaks out at London's Somerset House, home to priceless works by Van Gogh, Cezanne |url=https://apnews.com/article/somerset-house-fire-london-break-dancing-cd890fabd1519d734e894751b4097f96 |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="250px" heights="225px">
File:The Royal Academicians in General Assembly.png|''[[The Royal Academicians in General Assembly]]'' by [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]], 1795, when Somerset House hosted the [[Royal Academy]]
File:Somerset House THS 1817 edited.jpg|Somerset House in 1817, showing how the [[River Thames|Thames]] originally flowed directly past the building, before the construction of the [[Victoria Embankment]]
File:SomersetHousebyAnonpublAckermann&Co1836.jpg|The Strand façade of Chambers' Somerset House and the church of [[St Mary-le-Strand]], shown in a view of 1836
File:Inspection of the Civil Service Volunteers at Somerset House by the Prince of Wales.jpg|Courtyard view of the South and West wings in 1864.
File:somerset.house.arp.750pix.jpg|The riverfront of Somerset House seen from the [[Victoria Embankment]] (2004).
File:Somerset House, Strand.jpg|The Strand façade (2012).
File:Somerset House Strand London.jpg|Courtyard view of the East and South wings (2016).
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.somersethouse.org.uk/ Official website]

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