View source for Software deployment

{{short description|Activities that make a software system available for use}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2008}}

'''Software deployment''' is all of the activities that make a [[software system]] available for use.<ref>[[Roger S. Pressman]] Software engineering: a practitioner's approach (eighth edition)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deploying software |url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos/3.1.0?topic=task-deploying-software |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

Deployment can involve activities on the producer ([[software developer]]) side or on the consumer ([[User (computing)|user]]) side or both. Deployment to consumers is a hard task because the target systems are diverse and unpredictable.<ref>A. Nejati, M. Svechikov, J. Wuttke: Deploying a C++ Software with (or without) Python Embedding and Extension. In: deRSE24 - Selected Contributions of the 4th Conference for
Research Software Engineering in Germany, edited by J. Bernoth et al. Electronic Communications of the EASST, vol 83 (2025). https://eceasst.org/index.php/eceasst/article/view/2596.</ref>
[[Software as a service]] avoids these difficulties by deploying only to dedicated servers that are typically under the producer's control.

Because every software system is unique, the precise [[Process (computing)|processes]] or [[Algorithm|procedures]] within each activity can hardly be defined. Therefore, "deployment" should be interpreted as a ''general process'' that has to be customized according to specific requirements or characteristics.<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-configure-ansible-on-ubuntu-18-04 | title = How to Install and Configure Ansible on Ubuntu 18.04 | access-date = 8 June 2019 | first = Stephen | last = Rees-Carter | date = 13 July 2018 | website = [[DigitalOcean]] | quote = Configuration management systems are designed to make controlling large numbers of servers easy for administrators and operations teams. They allow you to control many different systems in an automated way from one central location. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190609015846/https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-configure-ansible-on-ubuntu-18-04 | archive-date = 9 June 2019 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

== History ==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
When computers were extremely large, expensive, and bulky ([[mainframe computer|mainframe]]s and [[minicomputer]]s), the software was often bundled together with the hardware by manufacturers. If [[business software]] needed to be installed on an existing computer, this might require an expensive, time-consuming visit by a [[systems architect]] or a [[consultant]]. For complex, on-premises installation of [[enterprise software]] today, this is sometimes still the case.

However, with the development of [[mass market|mass-market]] software for the new age of [[microcomputers]] in the 1980s came new forms of [[software distribution]]{{spaced endash}} first [[ROM cartridge|cartridge]]s, then [[Compact Cassette (data)|Compact Cassette]]s, then [[floppy disk]]s, then (in the 1990s and later) [[optical media]], the [[internet]] and [[USB flash drive|flash drives]]. This meant that software deployment could be left to the customer. However, it was also increasingly recognized over time that configuration of the software by the customer was important and that this should ideally have a user-friendly interface (rather than, for example, requiring the customer to edit registry entries on Windows).

In pre-internet software deployments, deployments (and their closely related cousin, new software releases) were by nature expensive, infrequent, bulky affairs. It is arguable therefore that the spread of the internet made end-to-end [[agile software development]] possible. Indeed, the advent of [[cloud computing]] and [[software as a service]] meant that software could be deployed to a large number of customers in minutes, over the internet. This also meant that typically, deployment schedules were now determined by the software supplier, not by the customers. Such flexibility led to the rise of [[continuous delivery]] as a viable option, especially for less risky [[web application]]s.

Other options for software deployment include [[blue–green deployment]] and [[canary release]] deployment.

== Deployment activities ==
; Release: The [[Software release|release]] activity follows from the completed the [[software development process|development]] process and is sometimes classified as part of the development process rather than deployment process. It includes all the operations to prepare a system for [[Compiler|assembly]] and transfer to the computer system(s) on which it will be run in production. Therefore, it sometimes involves determining the [[Resource (computer science)|resources]] required for the system to operate with tolerable performance and planning and/or documenting subsequent activities of the deployment process.
; Installation and activation: For simple systems, [[Installation (computer programs)|installation]] involves establishing some form of a [[Command (computing)|command]], shortcut, script or [[Service (systems architecture)|service]] for executing the software (manually or automatically). For complex systems it may involve configuration of the system{{spaced endash}} possibly by asking the [[end user|end-user]] questions about its intended use, or directly asking them how they would like it to be configured{{spaced endash}} and/or making all the required subsystems ready to use. Activation is the activity of starting up the [[executable]] component of software for the first time (not to be confused with the common use of the term ''activation'' concerning a software license, which is a function of [[Digital rights management#Limited install activations|Digital Rights Management]] systems.)
: In larger software deployments on [[server (computing)|servers]], the main copy of the software to be used by users - "production" - might be installed on a production server in a production environment.  Other versions of the deployed software may be installed in a [[test environment]], [[Development environment (software development process)|development environment]] and disaster recovery environment.
: In complex [[continuous delivery]] environments and/or [[software as a service]] system, differently-configured versions of the system might even exist simultaneously in the production environment for different internal or external customers (this is known as a ''multi-tenant architecture''), or even be gradually rolled out in parallel to different groups of customers, with the possibility of canceling one or more of the parallel deployments. For example, [[Twitter]] is known to use the latter approach for [[A/B testing]] of new features and [[user interface]] changes. A "hidden live" group can also be created within a production environment, consisting of servers that are not yet connected to the production [[load balancer]], for the purposes of [[blue–green deployment]].
; Deactivation: Deactivation is the inverse of activation and refers to shutting down any already-executing components of a system. Deactivation is often required to perform other deployment activities, e.g., a software system may need to be deactivated before an update can be performed.  The practice of removing infrequently used or obsolete systems from service is often referred to as [[application retirement]] or application decommissioning.
; Uninstallation: Uninstallation is the inverse of installation. It is the removal of a system that is no longer required. It may also involve some reconfiguration of other software systems to remove the uninstalled system's [[Coupling (computer science)|dependencies]].
; Update: The update process replaces an earlier version of all or part of a software system with a newer release. It commonly consists of deactivation followed by installation. On some systems, such as on Linux when using the system's [[package manager]], the old version of a software application is typically also uninstalled as an automatic part of the process. (This is because Linux package managers do not typically support installing multiple versions of a software application at the same time unless the software package has been specifically designed to [[workaround|work around]] this limitation.)
; Built-in update: Mechanisms for installing updates are built into some software systems (or, in the case of some operating systems such as [[Linux]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]], into the operating system itself). Automation of these update processes ranges from fully automatic to user-initiated and controlled. [[Norton Internet Security]] is an example of a system with a semi-automatic method for retrieving and installing updates to both the antivirus definitions and other components of the system. Other software products provide query mechanisms for determining when updates are available.
; Version tracking: Version tracking systems help the user find and install updates to software systems. For example: The Software Catalog stores the version and other information for each software package installed on a local system. One-click of a button launches a browser window to the upgrade web page for the application, including auto-filling of the user name and password for sites that require a login. On Linux, Android and iOS this process is even easier because a standardized process for version tracking (for software packages installed in the officially supported way) is built into the operating system, so no separate login, download and execute steps are required{{spaced endash}} so the process can be configured to be fully automated. Some third-party software also supports automated version tracking and upgrading for certain Windows software packages.

== Deployment roles ==

The complexity and variability of software products have fostered the emergence of specialized roles for coordinating and engineering the deployment process.  For desktop systems, end-users frequently also become the "software deployers" when they install a software package on their machine. The deployment of [[enterprise software]] involves many more roles, and those roles typically change as the application progresses from the test (pre-production) to production environments.  Typical roles involved in software deployments for enterprise applications may include:
* in pre-production environments:
** application developers: see [[Software development process]]
** build-and-release engineers: see [[Release engineering]]
** release managers: see [[Release management]]
** deployment coordinators: see [[DevOps]]
* in production environments:
** [[system administrator]]
** [[database administrator]]
** release coordinators: see [[DevOps]]
** operations project managers: see [[ITIL]]

== See also ==
* [[Application lifecycle management]]
* [[Product lifecycle management]]
* [[Systems management]]
* [[System deployment]]
* [[Software release]]
* [[Definitive Media Library]]
* [[Readme]]
* [[Release management]]
*[[Deployment environment]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Standardization efforts
** [http://www.w3.org/Submission/2004/04/ Solution Installation Schema Submission request to W3C]
** [http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/sdd/charter.php OASIS Solution Deployment Descriptor TC]
** [http://www.info.fundp.ac.be/~ven/CIS/OMG/Deployment%20and%20Configuration%20of%20Component-based%20Distributed%20Applications.pdf OMG Specification for Deployment and Configuration of Component-based Distributed Applications] (OMG D&C)
** [http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=88 JSR 88: Java EE Application Deployment]
* Articles
** {{cite web |last1=Carzaniga |first1=Antonio |last2=Fuggetta |first2=Alfonso |last3=Hall |first3=Richard S. |last4=Van Der Hoek |first4=André |last5=Heimbigner |first5=Dennis |last6=Wolf |first6=Alexander L. |title=A Characterization Framework for Software Deployment Technologies – Technical Report CU-CS-857-98 |publisher=Department of Computer Science, [[University of Colorado Boulder]] |location=[[Boulder, CO]] |date=April 1998 |url=http://www.cs.colorado.edu/department/publications/reports/docs/CU-CS-857-98.pdf}}
* Resources
**[https://www.visualstudio.com/en-us/features/release-management-vs.aspx/ Visual Studio Release Management]

{{Software engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Software Deployment}}
[[Category:Software distribution]]
[[Category:System administration]]
[[Category:Software release]]