View source for Soft serve

{{short description|Frozen dessert}}
{{For|the software development company|SoftServe}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:Soft Ice cream.jpg|thumb|upright|Soft serve in an ice cream cone]]
'''Soft serve''', also known as '''soft ice''', is a frozen dessert and variety of [[ice cream]], similar to conventional ice cream, but softer and less dense due to more air being introduced during freezing. Soft serve has been sold commercially since the late 1930s in the United States.<ref>The term ''soft serve'' dates from before 1959 (''New York Times'', June 22, 1958, page F11)</ref>

In the United States, soft serve is not typically sold prepackaged in supermarkets but is common at fairs, carnivals, amusement parks, restaurants (especially fast food and buffet), and specialty shops. All ice cream must be frozen quickly to avoid crystal growth. With soft serve, this is accomplished by a special machine that holds pre-mixed product at a very low, but not frozen, temperature at the [[point of sale]].

== History ==

Brandon Lewis of Windsor, Canada, patented an automatic ice cream maker in 1926 that is reported to be the first soft-serve ice cream machine. His [[Taylor Company]] continues to manufacture the [[McDonald's ice cream machine]].{{Citation needed|reason=While the Taylor Freezer Company did seem to invent the first automatic batch ice cream freezer in 1926, I see no mention of soft serve ice cream. Furthermore, I cannot seem to find any reference to a 'Brandon Lewis' in relation to the Taylor Freezer Company.|date=June 2025}}

Over [[Memorial Day]] weekend of 1934, [[Tom Carvel]], the founder of the [[Carvel (restaurant)|Carvel]] brand and franchise, suffered a flat tire in his ice cream truck in [[Hartsdale, New York]]. He pulled into a parking lot and began selling his melting ice cream to vacationers driving by. Within two days, he had sold his entire supply of ice cream and concluded that both a fixed location and soft (as opposed to hard) frozen desserts were potentially good business ideas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carvel.com/about_us/history.htm|title=Carvel History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230235539/http://www.carvel.com/about_us/history.htm|archive-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref> In 1936, Carvel opened his first store on the original broken down truck site and developed a secret soft-serve ice cream formula as well as patented super low temperature ice cream machines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carvel.com/about_us/tom_carvel.htm|title=About Tom Carvel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507125254/http://www.carvel.com/about-us/tom-carvel|archive-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref>

[[Dairy Queen]] also claims to have invented soft serve. In 1938, near [[Moline, Illinois]], J. F. McCullough and his son, Alex, developed their soft-serve formula.<ref>{{cite web|title=The DQ Team|url=http://www.thedqteam.com/|access-date=October 29, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913154153/http://www.thedqteam.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their first sales experiment was on August 4, 1938, in [[Kankakee, Illinois]], at the store of their friend, Sherb Noble. Within two hours of the "all you can eat" trial sale, they had dished out more than 1,600 servings—more than once every 4.5 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dairy Queen History|url=http://www.dairyqueen.com/us-en/Company/About-Us/|access-date=January 18, 2013|archive-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211130917/http://www.dairyqueen.com/us-en/Company/About-Us/|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is a common myth that during the late 1940s, future UK prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] worked briefly as a chemist for a food manufacturer [[J. Lyons and Co.]], at a time when the company had partnered with the United States distributor [[Mister Softee]] and was developing a soft-serve recipe that was compatible with the American machines.<ref name="thatcher">{{cite news |last=Phipps |first=Claire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check/2013/apr/17/margaret-thatcher-team-mr-whippy |title=Was Margaret Thatcher part of a team that invented Mr. Whippy? |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906125549/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check/2013/apr/17/margaret-thatcher-team-mr-whippy |url-status=live }}</ref> Thatcher's precise role at Lyons is unclear, but she is reported to have worked on the quality of cake and pie fillings as well as ice-cream, and researched [[saponification]].

In the 1960s, ice cream machine manufacturers introduced mechanized air pumps into vending machines, providing better aeration.<ref name="thatcher"/>

In the 1990s, Wadden Systems, Inc. introduced the 24 Flavor System, which enables an operator to transform soft serve into 24 or more flavors of soft serve, on a cone to cone basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sevendaysvt.com/arts-culture/wtf-why-do-vermonters-like-black-raspberry-creemees-2699189 | title=WTF: Why do Vermonters Like Black Raspberry Creemees? }}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
[[File: Gdansk tourist pictures 2009 0314.JPG|thumb|upright|A mixture of chocolate and vanilla soft serve being dispensed, a flavor colloquially referred to as ''swirl'' or ''twist'']]

Soft serve is generally lower in milk-fat (3 to 6 percent) than conventional [[ice cream]] (10 to 18 percent) and is produced at a temperature of about {{cvt|−4|°C}}, compared to conventional ice cream, which is stored at {{cvt|−15|°C}}. Soft serve contains air, introduced at the time of freezing. The air content, called ''overrun'', can vary from 0 to 60 percent of the total volume of the finished product. The amount of air alters the taste of the finished product. Product with low quantities of air has a heavy, icy taste and appears more yellow.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Utah Soft Serve Ice Cream Machine Rental|url = http://www.doodillys.com/#!Can-I-Use-My-Own-Ice-Cream-Mix/cil3/55427bb10cf2adc1acffca8f|website = Utah Soft Serve Ice Cream Machine Rental|access-date = August 20, 2015|archive-date = October 26, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151026052243/http://www.doodillys.com/#!Can-I-Use-My-Own-Ice-Cream-Mix/cil3/55427bb10cf2adc1acffca8f|url-status = live}}</ref> Ice cream with higher air content has a creamier, smoother, and lighter texture and appears whiter. The optimum quantity of air is determined by other ingredients, if any, and individual taste. Generally, the ideal air content should be between 33 and 45 percent of volume. If more than this, the product loses taste, tends to shrink as it loses air, and melts more quickly than that with less air. With less than 33 percent, the ice cream will not melt as quickly but the taste will be negatively affected.

Ice cream and similar products must be frozen quickly to avoid crystal growth. Moreover, when the soft serve is stored below freezing temperature after dispensing for a substantial time, it will soon freeze solid. Thus, to sell and consume soft serve in its most palatable state, it must be prepared by a special machine at the [[point of sale]]. Pre-mixed product (see definitions below) is introduced to the storage chamber of the machine where it is kept at {{cvt|3|°C}}. When the product is drawn from the draw valve, a fresh mix combined with the targeted quantity of air is introduced to the freezing chamber by gravity or pump. It is then churned, quickly frozen, and stored until required.

While the most basic machines only dispense one flavor of the mix at a time, specific models of soft-serve machines have an additional nozzle that dispenses a mixture of two different flavors simultaneously. This mixture emerges in a distinct swirl pattern. Its distinctive flavor on menus is classified as ''swirl'' or ''twist''.

Pre-mix can be obtained in several forms:
* Fresh liquid that requires constant refrigeration until needed. It can be stored for 5 to 7 days before bacteria spoil it. Bacterial contamination can severely compromise quality, and handlers must exercise caution to maintain quality.
* A powdered mix. This is a dried version of the liquid mixture. It has the advantage of easy distribution and can be stored for long periods without spoiling. Water must be added before being churned and frozen. The disadvantage is that water quality cannot be guaranteed, and some operators can put too much water in to make it go further. It should also be refrigerated to {{cvt|3|°C}} before use, as airborne and waterborne bacteria can infect it immediately and proliferate if the product is warm. Residual bacteria in the refrigerated storage compartment can also be activated by introducing warm products.
* [[Ultra-high-temperature processing|Ultra heat treated]] mix, a liquid that has been sterilized and packed in sealed, sterile bags. It can last very long without refrigeration and can be poured into the soft-serve freezer immediately upon opening. However, it should be refrigerated to {{cvt|3|°C}} before use for the same reasons mentioned above. When opening, quality can be guaranteed, and bacterial counts are zero. Where it is available, health authorities consider it the safest form of soft-serve mix on the market. It was first developed for commercial use in New Zealand in 1988 in a joint venture between Tatua Foods, a dairy company, and Bernie Cook, owner of Blue Boy, a mobile franchise network.

== Terminology ==
Various terms are used for soft-serve ice cream depending on country and region:

[[File:99 ice cream.jpg|thumb|A ''99 cone'' ice cream, served with its namesake [[Flake (chocolate bar)|flake]]]]
[[File:Maple Creemee.jpg|thumb|A maple Creemee served in a waffle cone with added maple sprinkles]]
* '''99''' or '''[[99 Flake]]''' is a soft-serve ice cream served in a cone with a [[Flake (chocolate bar)|Cadbury's Flake]].
* '''American ice cream''' (''גלידה אמריקאית'', [[ISO 259]]: Glīḏåh ʾÅmȩrīqåʾīṯ, ISO 259-3: Glida ʔameriqáˀit) is the term used in Israel.
* '''American ice cream''' (''ماري كريم'' in Arabic) is the term used in Lebanon.
* '''Cream ice cream''' (''krémfagylalt'') is the term sometimes used in Hungary.
* '''Creemee''' is a term popular in [[Vermont]]<ref>{{cite web|website=[[The Burlington Free Press]]|publisher=[[Gannett]]|title=In search of the most dreamy creemee in Vermont|first1=Brent|last1=Hallenbeck|first2=April|last2=McCullum|first3=Maleeha|last3=Syed|date=2021-05-27|url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/life/2021/05/27/creemees-burlington-vermont-six-local-favorites-visit/7432812002/|accessdate=2023-04-13|archive-date=April 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424183152/https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/life/2021/05/27/creemees-burlington-vermont-six-local-favorites-visit/7432812002/|url-status=live}}</ref> and other parts of northern New England. Term is derived from a defunct soft-serve maple product with a higher fat content then other producers, and remains popular among Vermonters. Commonly made with [[maple syrup]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitham |first1=Clover |title=Homemade ice cream licks the competition, year-round |url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/life/food/2015/01/27/homemade-ice-cream-licks-competition-year-round/22425173/ |access-date=26 October 2020 |agency=Burlington Free Press |date=27 Jan 2015 |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401085332/https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/life/food/2015/01/27/homemade-ice-cream-licks-competition-year-round/22425173/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Crème glacée molle''' is the term used in Quebec and, more broadly, French Canada.
* '''Hard serve''' is a term used in New England and elsewhere in the United States to distinguish conventional "hard" ice cream from soft serve.<ref>{{cite press release |date=October 2014 |title=About Baskin-Robbins: America's Favorite Neighborhood Ice Cream Shop |url=https://studylib.net/doc/8700930/about-baskin |publisher=Dunkin' Brands Group, Inc. |access-date=2021-11-23 |quote=According to The NPD Group / CREST®, for the year ending December 2013, BaskinRobbins is one of the leading chains for Hard Serve Ice Cream in QSR. |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123145918/https://studylib.net/doc/8700930/about-baskin |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Italian ice cream''' (''glace à l'italienne'' (France), ''sorvete italiano'' (Brazil), ''lody włoskie'' (Poland)) are the terms used in France, Brazil and Poland.
* '''Lucky cream''' is the term used in Syria.
* '''Machine ice cream''' (''helado de maquina'' (Dominican Republic), ''inghetata la dozator'' (Romania), ''сладолед от машина'' (Bulgaria), ''παγωτό μηχανής'' (pagōtó mīchanís; Greece), ''[[gépifagyi]]'' (Hungary) is the term used in the Dominican Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Hungary.
* '''Merry Cream''' is the term used in Lebanon.
* '''Mr. Whippy''' is a term used in the [[Mr. Whippy (United Kingdom)|United Kingdom]] and [[Mr. Whippy Australia|Australia]], or a 99 if a chocolate flake is added (99 Flake), mainly when sold from an ice cream van.
* {{Nihongo|'''Softcream'''|ソフトクリーム|sofutokuriimu}} is used to describe an analogous product in Japan, that can be either savory or sweet, with uniquely Asian flavors such as powdered tea, [[wasabi]], [[sesame]], [[ume]] or [[plum]], [[rose]], [[kabocha]] or [[Japanese pumpkin]], [[peach]], and [[grape]], among others.
* '''Pehmis''', short for ''pehmytjäätelö'' (soft ice cream) is a [[genericized trademark]] of Nestlé used in Finland.
* '''Semi-frozen''' (''semi-frio'') is the term used in Portugal.
* '''Soft ice''', or ''Softeis'' (Germany), ''softijs'' (Netherlands and Flanders), or ''softis'' (Norway and Iceland), is the term used in Norway, Iceland, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and several other places in Europe.
* '''Soft ice cream''' (''mjukglass'') is the term used in Sweden. ''Soft ice cream'' is the term generally used in Canada for the finished product although ''Soft serve'' is sometimes used. Similarly, ''Gelat tou'' is the term used in Andorra and [[Catalonia]] (Spain). Also in [[Greater China]], {{zh|c=软冰淇淋|p= ruǎn bīngqílín}}), [[Cantonese]]: 軟雪糕; {{zh|j= jyun<sup>5</sup> syut<sup>8</sup> gou<sup>1</sup>}} and {{zh|c=霜淇淋|p= shuāngqílín}} are the terms used in [[Mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Taiwan]] respectively.
* '''Soft whip''' is the term used in Ireland. When served in a [[Ice cream cone|cone]] with chocolate [[Flake (chocolate bar)|flake]], it is commonly referred to as a 99.
* '''Softee''' or '''softie''' is the term used in India, Pakistan, and Australia; in the latter, softees were popularized by desserts company [[Frosty Boy]].
* '''Ice cream Softserve''' or a more common term '''I-Tim''' (''ไอศครีม ซอฟเสริฟ'' or ''ไอติม'' in Thai) are the terms used in Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ไอศครีม|url = https://www.snowboy1990.com/content/4905/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1|website = Snowboy|access-date = August 23, 2019|archive-date = August 23, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190823132754/https://www.snowboy1990.com/content/4905/%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A1|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Gallery==
===Soft serve in a cup===
<gallery>
File:2019-05-03 22 07 55 Two large servings of chocolate soft-serve ice cream from Carvel in Arlington County, Virginia.jpg
File:提拉米蘇霜淇淋, 提拉米蘇, 霜淇淋, 全家霜淇淋, 全家便利商店, 台北 (22608688087).jpg
File:2020-03-16 16 48 45 Small serving of chocolate-vanilla soft-serve ice cream at the Carvel off of Denow Road in Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.jpg
</gallery>

===Soft serve in an [[ice cream cone]]===
<gallery>
File:Food 爆米香荔枝紅茶, 海鹽鹹花生脆脆巧克力, 蜷尾家甘味处, 蜷尾家, 台北 (21661449604).jpg
File:Bremen Airport Flugtag 2009 20090510 042.JPG
File:Little Bit Grainy.jpeg
</gallery>

===Soft-serve machine===
<gallery>
File:Spaceman 6210 soft serve machine.png
File:Softeis-Maschine Rainbow.JPG
File:池袋西武ショコラティエ (31690991274).jpg
File:Dispensing soft serve from a commercial soft serve machine.png
File:Commercial soft serve ice cream machine.png
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Frozen custard]], a style of egg- and cream-based frozen dessert, often served similarly to soft serve
* [[Frozen yogurt]], a cultured, frozen milk product that may have a naturally tart flavour
* [[Ice cream van]]
* [[Ice milk]], a less than 10 per cent milkfat type of frozen dessert

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Soft serve}}

{{Ice cream}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soft Serve}}
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Ice cream]]
[[Category:Frozen desserts]]
[[Category:20th-century inventions]]
[[Category:Creamy dishes]]