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{{short description|Political ideology within the socialist movement}}
{{about|the ideology within the socialist movement|socialism emphasizing democracy sometimes described as social democracy|Democratic socialism|the policy regime in Northern Europe sometimes described as social democracy|Nordic model|the social welfare model in Western Europe|Social market economy}}
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'''Social democracy''' is a [[Social philosophy|social]], [[Economic ideology|economic]], and [[political philosophy]] within [[socialism]]{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80–103|2a1=Newman|2y=2005|2p=5|3a1=Heywood|3y=2007|3pp=101, 134–136, 139|4a1=Ypi|4y=2018|5a1=Watson|5y=2019}} that supports [[Democracy|political]] and [[economic democracy]] and a [[gradualist]], [[reformist]], and democratic approach toward achieving [[social equality]]. In modern practice, social democracy has taken the form of predominantly [[capitalist]] economies, a robust [[welfare state]], policies promoting [[social justice]], [[market regulation]], and a more [[Redistribution of income and wealth|equitable distribution of income]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1 |title=Social democracy |last=Miller |first=David |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2016 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-S057-1 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |access-date=22 January 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfnmp|1a1=Miller|1y=1998a|2a1=Lane|2y=2023|2pp=96–114}}

Social democracy maintains a commitment to [[Representative democracy|representative]] and [[participatory democracy]]. Common aims include curbing [[Social inequality|inequality]], eliminating the [[oppression]] of [[Social privilege|underprivileged]] groups, eradicating [[poverty]], and upholding universally accessible public services such as [[child care]], [[Universal education|education]], [[elderly care]], [[Universal health care|health care]], and [[workers' compensation]].{{sfnm|1a1=Heywood|1y=2012|1p=97|2a1=Hoefer|2y=2013|2p=29}}{{sfn|Hinchman|Meyer|2007|p=137}} Economically, it supports [[income redistribution]] and [[regulating the economy]] in the [[public interest]].{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=1998|1p=827|2a1=Badie|2a2=Berg-Schlosser|2a3=Morlino|2y=2011|2p=2423|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}}

Social democracy has a strong, long-standing connection with [[trade unions]] and the broader [[labour movement]]. It is supportive of measures to foster greater [[Economic democracy|democratic decision-making in the economic sphere]], including [[collective bargaining]] and [[co-determination]] rights for workers.{{sfnm|1a1=Hinchman|1a2=Meyer|1y=2007|1p=91|2a1=Mathers|2a2=Taylor|2a3=Upchurch|2y=2009|2p=51}}

The [[history of social democracy]] stretches back to the 19th-century [[labour movement]]. Originally a catch-all term for [[Socialism|socialists]] of varying tendencies, after the [[October Revolution|Russian Revolution]], it came to refer to reformist socialists who were strategically opposed to [[revolutionary socialism|revolution]] as well as the [[Authoritarian socialism|authoritarianism]] of the [[Soviet]] model, nonetheless the eventual abolition of capitalism was still being upheld as an important end goal during this time.{{sfn|Adams|1993|pp=102–103}} However, by the 1990s social democrats had embraced [[mixed economies]] with a predominance of [[private property]] and promoted the regulation of capitalism over its replacement with a qualitatively different socialist [[economic system]].{{sfnm|1a1=Weisskopf|1y=1992|1p=10|2a1=Miller|2a2=1998|2p=827|3a1=Jones|3y=2001|3p=1410|4a1=Heywood|4y=2012|4pp=125–128}} Since that time, social democracy has been associated with [[Keynesian economics]], the [[Nordic model]], and [[welfare state]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Gombert|1y=2009|1p=8|2a1=Sejersted|2y=2011}}

Social democracy has been described as the most common form of Western or modern socialism.{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Foley|2y=1994|2p=23|3a1=Eatwell|3a2=Wright|3y=1999|3p=80|4a1=Busky|4y=2000|4p=8|5a1=Sargent|5y=2008|5p=117|6a1=Heywood|6y=2012|6p=97|7a1=Hain|7y=2015|7p=3}}{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=81, 100|2a1=Pruitt|2y=2019|3a1=Berman|3y=2020}} Amongst social democrats, attitudes towards socialism vary: some retain socialism as a long-term goal, with social democracy being a [[Liberal democracy|political]] and [[economic democracy]] supporting a [[gradualist]], [[reformist]], and [[democracy|democratic]] approach towards achieving socialism.{{sfnm|1a1=Roemer|1y=1994|1pp=25–27|2a1=Berman|2y=1998|2p=57|3a1=Bailey|3y=2009|3p=77|4a1=Lamb|4y=2015|4pp=415–416}} Others view it as an [[Ethical socialism|ethical ideal]] to guide reforms within capitalism. One way modern social democracy can be distinguished from [[democratic socialism]] is that social democracy aims to strike a balance by advocating for a [[Mixed economy|mixed market economy]] where capitalism is regulated to address inequalities through social welfare programs and supports private ownership with a strong emphasis on a well-regulated market. In contrast, democratic socialism places greater emphasis on abolishing [[Private ownership|private property ownership]] in favor of full economic democracy by means of [[cooperative]], [[Decentralized planning|decentralized]], or [[centralized planning]] systems.{{sfnp|Astor|2018}} Nevertheless, the distinction remains blurred in colloquial settings, and the two terms are commonly used synonymously.{{sfn|Weisskopf|1992|p=10}}

The [[Third Way]] is an offshoot of social democracy which aims to fuse [[economic liberalism]] with social democratic economic policies and [[center-left]] social policies. It is a reconceptualization of social democracy developed in the 1990s and is embraced by some social democratic parties; some analysts have characterized the Third Way as part of the [[neoliberal]] movement.{{sfn|Romano|2006|p=11}}
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== Definitions ==
=== As a tradition of socialism ===
Social democracy is defined as one of many [[socialist traditions]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80–103|2a1=Newman|2y=2005|2p=5}} As an international [[political movement]] and [[ideology]], it aims to achieve socialism through [[Gradualism|gradual]] and [[Democracy|democratic]] means.{{sfnm|1a1=Steger|1y=1997|2a1=Safra|2y=1998|2p=920|3a1=Stevens|3y=2000|3p=1504|4a1=Duignan|4a2=Kalsang Bhutia|4a3=Mahajan|4y=2014}} This definition goes back to the influence of both the [[reformist socialism]] of [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] and the [[Proletarian internationalism|internationalist]] [[revolutionary socialism]] advanced by [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]].{{sfn|Aspalter|2001|p=52}} Social democracy has undergone various major forms throughout its history.{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=1998|1p=827|2a1=Durlauf|2a2=Lawrence|2y=2008}} In the 19th century, it encompassed various non-revolutionary and revolutionary currents of socialism, excluding [[anarchism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Ely|1y=1883|1pp=204–205|2a1=Eatwell|2a2=Wright|2y=1999|2p=80|3a1=Lamb|3y=2015|3pp=415–416}} In one of the first scholarly works on European socialism written for an American audience, [[Richard T. Ely]]'s 1883 book ''French and German Socialism in Modern Times'', social democrats were characterized as "the extreme wing of the socialists" who were "inclined to lay so much stress on equality of enjoyment, regardless of the value of one's labor, that they might, perhaps, more properly be called communists".{{sfn|Ely|1883|p=204}} In the early 20th century, social democracy came to refer to support for a process of developing society through existing political structures and opposition to revolutionary means, which are often associated with Marxism.{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} Thus whereas in the 19th century, social democracy could be described as "organized Marxism", it became "organized reformism" by the 20th century.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=80}}

In political science, ''democratic socialism'' and ''social democracy'' are sometimes seen as synonyms,{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=8|2a1=Sargent|2y=2008|2p=118|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97|4a1=Hain|4y=2015|4p=3}} while they are distinguished in journalistic use.{{sfnm|1a1=Qiu|1y=2015|2a1=Barro|2y=2015|3a1=Tupy|3y=2016|4y=2016|5a1=Cooper|5y=2018|6a1=Rodriguez|6y=2018|7a1=Levitz, April 2019}} Under this democratic socialist definition,{{refn|"Social democracy is a political ideology focusing on an evolutionary road to socialism or the humanization of capitalism. It includes parliamentary process of reform, the provision of state benefits to the population, agreements between labor and the state, and the revisionist movement away from revolutionary socialism."{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} "By the early twentieth century, ... many such [social democratic] parties had come to adopt parliamentary tactics and were committed to a gradual and peaceful transition to socialism. As a result, social democracy was increasingly taken to refer to democratic socialism, in contrast to revolutionary socialism."{{sfn|Heywood|2012}}

"Social democracy refers to a political theory, a social movement or a society that aims to achieve the egalitarian objectives of socialism while remaining committed to the values and institutions of liberal democracy."{{sfn|Blume|Durlauf|2016|p=606}} "In general, a label for any person or group who advocates the pursuit of socialism by democratic means. Used especially by parliamentary social democrats who put parliamentarism ahead of socialism, and therefore oppose revolutionary action against democratically elected governments. Less ambiguous than social democracy, which has had, historically, the opposite meanings of (1) factions of Marxism, and (2) groupings on the right of socialist parties."{{sfn|Brown|McLean|McMillan|2018}}|group=nb}} social democracy is an ideology seeking to gradually build an alternative [[socialist economy]] through the institutions of [[liberal democracy]].{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} Starting in the post-war period, social democracy was defined as a policy regime advocating the reformation of capitalism to align it with the ethical ideals of [[social justice]].{{sfn|Kornai|Yingi|2009|pp=11–24}}

What [[socialists]] such as [[anarchists]], [[communists]], social democrats, [[syndicalists]], and some social democratic proponents of the [[Third Way]] share in common is history, specifically that they can all be traced back to the individuals, groups, and literature of the [[First International]], and have retained some of the terminology and symbolism such as the colour [[Red (political adjective)|red]]. How far society should intervene and whether the government, mainly the existing government, is the right vehicle for change are issues of disagreement.{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|pp=1–2}} As the ''Historical Dictionary of Socialism'' summarizes, "there were general criticisms about the social effects of the private ownership and control of capital", "a general view that the solution to these problems lay in some form of collective control (with the degree of control varying among the proponents of socialism) over the means of production, distribution, and exchange", and "there was agreement that the outcomes of this collective control should be a society that provided social equality and justice, economic protection, and generally a more satisfying life for most people".{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|pp=1–2}} ''Socialism'' became a catch-all term for the [[critics of capitalism]] and industrial society.{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|p=2}} Social democrats are [[anti-capitalists|anticapitalists]] insofar as criticism about "poverty, low wages, unemployment, economic and social inequality, and a lack of economic security" is linked to the [[private ownership]] of the [[means of production]].{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|pp=1–2}}

''Social democracy'' or ''social democratic'' remains controversial among socialists.{{sfn|Busky|2000|p=8}}{{refn|Donald F. Busky wrote: "Social democracy is a somewhat controversial term among democratic socialists. Many democratic socialists use ''social democracy '' as a synonym for ''democratic socialism'', while others, particularly revolutionary democratic socialists, do not, the latter seeing social democracy as something less than socialism—a milder, evolutionary ideology that seeks merely to reform capitalism. Communists also use the term ''social democratic'' to mean something less than true socialism that sought only to preserve capitalism by reform rather than by overthrowing and establishing socialism. Even revolutionary democratic socialists and Communists have at times, particularly the past, called their parties 'social democratic.{{' "}}{{sfn|Busky|2000|p=8}}|group=nb}} Some define it as representing a [[Marxist]] faction and non-communist socialists or the ''right-wing'' of socialism during the split with [[communism]].{{sfn|Brown|McLean|McMillan|2018}} Others have noted its pejorative use among communists and other socialists. According to [[Lyman Tower Sargent]], "''socialism'' refers to ''social'' theories rather than to theories oriented to the individual. Because many communists now call themselves ''democratic socialists'', it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, ''social democratic'' has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties."{{sfn|Sargent|2008|p=117}}

=== As a policy regime ===
As a policy regime,{{sfnm|1a1=Egle|1a2=Henkes|1a3=Merkel|1a4=Petring|1y=2008|2a1=Kotz|2y=2009|3a1=Foster|3a2=Tsakiroglou|3y=2014}} social democracy entails support for a [[mixed economy]] and ameliorative measures to benefit the [[working class]] within the framework of [[democratic capitalism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hinchman|1a2=Meyer|1y=2007|1p=112|2a1=Badie|2a2=Berg-Schlosser|2a3=Morlino|2y=2011|2p=2423|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}} Social democracy currently depicts a chiefly capitalist economy with state economic regulation in the general interest, state provision of welfare services and state redistribution of income and wealth. Social democratic concepts influence the policies of most Western states since World War 2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1 |title=Social democracy |website=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Social democracy is frequently considered a practical middle course between capitalism and socialism. Social democracy aims to use democratic collective action for promoting freedom and equality in the economy and opposes what is seen as inequality and oppression that laissez-faire capitalism causes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34324/chapter-abstract/291334753?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies |chapter=Social democracy |first=Ben |last=Jackson |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Freeden |editor-first2=Marc |editor-last2=Stears|date=15 August 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=348–363 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0030 |isbn=978-0-19-958597-7 |via=Silverchair}}</ref>

In the 21st century, it has become commonplace to define social democracy in reference to Northern and Western European countries,{{sfn|Blume|Durlauf|2016|pp=610–611}} and their model of a [[welfare state]] with a [[corporatist]] system of [[collective bargaining]].{{sfn|Egle|Henkes|Merkel|Petring|2008}} Social democracy has also been used synonymously with the [[Nordic model]].{{sfn|Bolton|2020}} Henning Meyer and Jonathan Rutherford associate social democracy with the socioeconomic order in Europe from the post-war period until the early 1990s.{{sfn|Meyer|Rutherford|2011}} Social democratic roots are also observed in Latin America during the early 20th century; this was the case in Uruguay during the two presidential terms of [[José Batlle y Ordóñez]].{{sfn|Altman|2011}}

While the welfare state has been accepted across the political spectrum,{{sfn|Heywood|2012}} particularly by [[conservatives]] ([[Christian democrats]]) and [[Liberalism|liberals]] ([[social liberals]]),{{sfn|Esping-Andersen|2013}} one notable difference is that socialists see the welfare state "not merely to provide benefits but to build the foundation for emancipation and self-determination".{{sfn|Sacks|2019}} In the 21st century, a social democratic policy regime{{refn|"Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other. Although this stance has been most clearly associated with reformist socialism, it has also been embraced, to a greater or lesser extent, by others, notably modern liberals and paternalist conservatives."{{sfn|Heywood|2012}}|group=nb}} may further be distinguished by a support for an increase in [[welfare spending|welfare]] policies or an increase in [[public service]]s.{{sfn|Bolton|2020}}

Some distinguish between ideological social democracy as part of the broad socialist movement and social democracy as a policy regime. They call the first ''classical social democracy'' or ''classical socialism'',{{sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=1999|1loc="British socialism and the Labour movement", "Social democracy to New Labour"|1pp=103–106, 128–131|2a1=Romano|2y=2006|2p=4}} and the latter as ''competitive socialism'',{{sfn|Döring|2007|p=3}} ''liberal socialism'',{{sfn|Adams|1999|loc="British socialism and the Labour movement", "Social democracy to New Labour"|pp=103–106, 128–131}} ''neo-social democracy'',{{sfnm|1a1=Walters|1y=2001|1p=66|2a1=Katseli|2a2=Milios|2a3=Pelagidis|2y=2018}} or ''new social democracy''.{{sfnm|1a1=Gamble|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=6|2a1=Fitzpatrick|2y=2003|3a1=Bailey|3y=2009|3pp=14–17|4a1=Meyer|4a2=Rutherford|4y=2011|4pp=111–119|5a1=Taylor|5y=2013|5p=133}}

=== As a name for political parties ===
{{Party politics|platforms}}
Many socialist parties in several countries have been, or are called ''Social Democratic''. In the 19th century, ''social democrat'' was a broad catch-all for international socialists owing their primary ideological allegiance to Lassalle or Marx, in contrast to those advocating various forms of [[utopian socialism]]. Many parties in this era described themselves as ''Social Democrats'', including the [[General German Workers' Association]] and the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]], which merged to form the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]], the [[Social Democratic Federation]] in Britain, and the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]]. ''Social Democrat'' continued to be used in this context until the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] of October 1917, when ''Communist'' came into vogue for individuals and organizations espousing a revolutionary road to socialism.{{sfn|Williams|1985|p=289}}{{refn|According to [[Richard T. Ely]], "[social democrats] have two distinguishing characteristics. The vast majority of them are laborers, and, as a rule, they expect the violent overthrow of existing institutions by revolution to precede the introduction of the socialistic state. I would not, by any means, say that they are all revolutionists, but the most of them undoubtedly are. The most general demands of the social democrats are the following: The state should exist exclusively for the laborers; land and capital must become collective property, and production be carried on unitedly. Private competition, in the ordinary sense of the term, is to cease."{{sfn|Ely|1883|pp=204–205}}|group=nb}}

In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with the positions of the German and Swedish parties. The first advocated [[revisionist Marxism]], while the second advocated a comprehensive [[welfare state]]. By the 21st century, parties advocating social democracy include Labour, Left,{{sfn|Lafontaine|2009|pp=3–4}} and some Green parties.{{sfn|March|2008}}{{refn|"The far left is becoming the principal challenge to mainstream social democratic parties, in large part because its main parties are no longer extreme, but present themselves as defending the values and policies that social democrats have allegedly abandoned."{{sfn|March|2008}}|group=nb}} Most social democratic parties consider themselves democratic socialists and are categorized as socialists.{{sfnm|1a1=Lightfoot|1y=2005|1p=17|2a1=Docherty|2a2=Lamb|2y=2006|3a1=Lamb|3y=2015}} They continue to reference socialism,{{sfn|Adams|1998|pp=144–145}} either as a [[post-capitalist]] order{{sfnm|1a1=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|1y=2010|2a1=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, November 2016|3a1=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, December 2016}} or, in more ethical terms, as a just society, described as representing democratic socialism,{{sfnm|1a1=New Democratic Party of Canada|1y=2013|2a1=New Democratic Party of Canada|2y=2018}} without any explicit reference to the economic system or its structure.{{sfn|Ludlam|Smith|2017|p=3}} Parties such as the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] and the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]]{{refn|The party's first chapter in its statutes says "the intention of the Swedish Social Democratic Labour Party is the struggle towards the Democratic Socialism", which is defined as a society with a democratic economy based on the socialist principle "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need."{{sfn|Samuelsson|1968}}|group=nb}} describe their goal as developing democratic socialism,{{sfn|Egle|Henkes|Merkel|Petring|2008|p=180}} with social democracy as the principle of action.{{sfn|Social Democratic Party of Germany|2007}} In the 21st century, European social democratic parties represent the [[centre-left]] and most are part of the [[Party of European Socialists]], while democratic socialist parties are to their left within the [[Party of the European Left]]. Many of those social democratic parties are members of the [[Socialist International]], including several democratic socialist parties, whose [[Frankfurt Declaration]] declares the goal of developing democratic socialism.{{sfn|Busky|2000|p=8}} Others are also part of the [[Progressive Alliance]], founded in 2013 by most contemporary or former member parties of the Socialist International.{{sfnm|1a1=Lambin|1y=2014|1p=269|2a1=Imlay|2y=2018|2p=465}}

=== As Marxist revisionism ===
Social democracy has been seen as a revision of [[orthodox Marxism]],{{sfn|Duignan|Kalsang Bhutia|Mahajan|2014}} although this has been described as misleading for modern social democracy.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=86}} [[Marxist revisionist]] [[Eduard Bernstein]]'s views influenced and laid the groundwork for developing post-war social democracy as a policy regime, [[Labour revisionism]], and the neo-revisionism{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=99}} of the [[Third Way]].{{sfn|Giddens|2003|p=2}} This definition of social democracy is focused on ethical terms, with the [[type of socialism]] advocated being [[Ethical socialism|ethical]] and [[Liberal socialism|liberal]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=86|2a1=Bastow|2a2=Martin|2y=2003|2pp=72–79|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}} Bernstein described socialism and social democracy in particular as organized liberalism;{{sfnm|1a1=Steger|1y=1997|1p=139|2a1=Laidler|2y=2013|2p=253}} in this sense, [[liberalism]] is the predecessor and precursor of socialism,{{sfn|Freeden|Sargent|Stears|2013|p=350}} whose restricted view of [[Liberty (liberalism)|freedom]] is to be [[Liberty (socialism)|socialized]], while democracy must entail social democracy.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|pp=83, 86}} For those social democrats, who still describe and see themselves as socialists, ''socialism'' is used in ethical or moral terms,{{sfnm|1a1=Giddens|1y=1998a|1p=71|2a1=Jackson|2a2=Tansey|2y=2008|2p=97}} representing democracy, egalitarianism, and social justice rather than a specifically socialist economic system.{{sfn|Kornai|Yingi|2009|pp=11–24}} Under this type of definition, social democracy's goal is that of advancing those values within a capitalist [[market economy]], as its support for a mixed economy no longer denotes the coexistence between [[Private property|private]] and [[public ownership]] or that between [[Economic planning|planning]] and [[market mechanism]]s but rather, it represents [[free market]]s combined with [[government intervention]] and [[Regulated market|regulations]].{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=100}}

== Philosophy ==
As a form of reformist [[democratic socialism]],{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Foley|2y=1994|2p=23|3a1=Eatwell|3a2=Wright|3y=1999|3p=80|4a1=Busky|4y=2000|4p=8|5a1=Sargent|5y=2008|5p=117|6a1=Heywood|6y=2012|6p=97|7a1=Hain|7y=2015|7p=3}} social democracy rejects the either/or interpretation of capitalism versus socialism.{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=93}} It claims that fostering a progressive evolution of capitalism will gradually result in the evolution of a capitalist economy into a socialist economy.{{sfn|Bose|2005|p=41}} All citizens should be legally entitled to certain social rights: universal access to public services such as education, health care, workers' compensation, and other services, including child care and care for the elderly.{{sfn|Hinchman|Meyer|2007|p=137}} Social democrats advocate freedom from discrimination based on differences in ability/disability, age, [[ethnicity]], [[gender]], language, race, religion, [[sexual orientation]], and [[social class]].{{sfn|Groenke|Hatch|2009|p=192}}

[[File:Arbeiterbew.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|A portrait highlighting the five leaders of early social democracy in Germany{{refn|They include from top to row [[August Bebel]] and [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]] from the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]]; [[Karl Marx]] as an ideal pulse in the middle; and [[Carl Wilhelm Tölcke]] and [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] from the [[General German Workers' Association]] in the bottom row.|group=nb}}]]
Later in their lives, [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] argued that in some countries, workers might be able to achieve their aims through peaceful means.{{sfn|Gray|Johnson|Walker|2014|pp=119–120}} In this sense, Engels argued that socialists were evolutionists, although both Marx and Engels remained committed to [[social revolution]].{{sfn|Steger|1999|p=186}} In developing social democracy,{{sfn|Steger|1997|pp=133, 146}} [[Eduard Bernstein]] rejected [[orthodox Marxism]]'s revolutionary and materialist foundations.{{sfn|Steger|1997|pp=80, 137}} Rather than [[class conflict]] and [[socialist revolution]],{{sfn|Freeden|Sargent|Stears|2013|p=350}} Bernstein's [[Marxist revisionism]] reflected that socialism could be achieved through cooperation between people regardless of class.{{sfn|Steger|1997|p=146}} Nonetheless, Bernstein paid deference to Marx, describing him as the father of social democracy but declaring that it was necessary to revise Marx's thought in light of changing conditions.{{sfn|Lerner|1993|p=65}} Influenced by the gradualist platform favoured by the [[Fabian movement]] in Britain,{{sfn|Mosse|2018|p=269}} Bernstein advocated a similar evolutionary approach to socialist politics that he termed ''evolutionary socialism''.{{sfn|Steger|1997|pp=4, 14, 135}} Evolutionary means include [[representative democracy]] and cooperation between people regardless of class. Bernstein accepted the Marxist analysis that the creation of socialism is interconnected with the evolution of capitalism.{{sfn|Steger|1997|p=146}}

[[August Bebel]], Bernstein, Engels, [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], Marx, and [[Carl Wilhelm Tölcke]] are all considered founders of social democracy in Germany. However, Bernstein and Lassalle, along with labourists and reformists such as [[Louis Blanc]] in France,{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=82}} led to the widespread association of social democracy with socialist reformism.{{sfnm|1a1=Megill|1y=1970|1p=37|2a1=Lipset|2y=1995|2p=1149|3a1=Brandal|3a2=Bratberg|3a3=Thorsen|3y=2013|3p=24}} While Lassalle was a reformist [[state socialist]],{{sfn|Berlau|1949|p=21}} Bernstein predicted a long-term coexistence of democracy with a [[mixed economy]] during the reforming of capitalism into socialism and argued that socialists needed to accept this.{{sfn|Steger|1997|p=146}} This mixed economy would involve [[State-owned enterprise|public]], [[cooperative]], and [[private enterprise]]s, and it would be necessary for an extended period before private enterprises evolve of their own accord into cooperative enterprises.{{sfn|Pierson|2001|p=25}} Bernstein supported state ownership only for certain parts of the economy that the state could best manage and rejected a mass scale of state ownership as being too burdensome to be manageable.{{sfn|Steger|1997|p=146}} Bernstein was an advocate of Kantian socialism and [[neo-Kantianism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Steger|1y=1997|1pp=96, 115–116|2a1=Eatwell|2a2=Wright|2y=1999|2p=86|3a1=Freeden|3a2=Sargent|3a3=Stears|3y=2013|3p=349}} Although unpopular early on, his views became mainstream after World War I.{{sfn|Mosse|2018}}
[[File:Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland (cropped).jpg<!-- File:Ford A9572, File:Crosland Kissinger crop.jpg, File:Anthonycrossland.jpg -->|thumb|upright|[[Anthony Crosland]], who argued that traditional capitalism had been reformed and modified almost out of existence by the social democratic welfare policy regime after World War II]]
In ''[[The Future of Socialism]]'' (1956), [[Anthony Crosland]] argued that "traditional capitalism has been reformed and modified almost out of existence, and it is with a quite different form of society that socialists must now concern themselves. Pre-war anti-capitalism will give us very little help", for a new kind of capitalism required a new kind of socialism. Crosland believed that these features of reformed managerial capitalism were irreversible, but it has been argued within the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and by others that [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] brought about its reversal in the 1970s and 1980s. Although the post-war consensus represented a period where social democracy was "most buoyant", it has been argued that "post-war social democracy had been altogether too confident in its analysis" because "gains which were thought to be permanent turned out to be conditional and as the reservoir of capitalist growth showed signs of drying up".{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=93}} In ''Socialism Now'' (1974), Crosland argued that "[m]uch more should have been achieved by a Labour Government in office and Labour pressure in opposition. Against the dogged resistance to change, we should have pitted a stronger will to change. I conclude that a move to the Left is needed".{{sfn|Crosland|1974|p=44}}

In ''Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared'', Vít Hloušek and Lubomír Kopecek explain how socialist parties have evolved from the 19th to the early 21st centuries. As the number of people in traditional working-class occupations such as factory workers and miners declined, socialists have successfully widened their appeal to the middle class by diluting their ideology;{{sfn|Hloušek|Kopecek|2013|pp=15–40}} however, there is still continuity between parties such as the SPD, the Labour Party in Britain, and other socialist parties which remain part of the same ''famille spirituelle'', or ideological party family, as outlined by most political scientists.{{sfn|Hloušek|Kopecek|2013|pp=41–66}} For many social democrats, [[Marxism]] is loosely held to be valuable for its emphasis on changing the world for a more just, better future.{{sfn|Berman|2006|p=153}}

== History ==
{{Marxism|related}}

During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, social democracy was a broad labour movement within socialism that aimed to replace [[private ownership]] with [[social ownership]] of the [[means of production, distribution and exchange]], taking influence from both [[Marxism]] and the supporters of [[Ferdinand Lassalle]].{{sfnm|1a1=Ely|1y=1883|1pp=204–205|2a1=Lamb|2y=2015|2pp=415–416}} By 1868–1869, the socialism associated with [[Karl Marx]] had become the official theoretical basis of the first social democratic party established in Europe, the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]].{{sfn|Schorske|1993|p=2}} In the early 20th century, the German social democratic politician [[Eduard Bernstein]] rejected [[orthodox Marxist]] ideas about the [[Historical materialism|inevitable progression of history]] and the need for [[Proletarian revolution|revolution]], advancing instead the position that socialism should be grounded in [[Ethical socialism|ethical and moral arguments]] and achieved through [[Gradualism#Politics and society|gradual]] legislative [[reform]].{{sfn|Steger|1997|pp=80, 137}} Bernstein's ideas were initially not well received; his party maintained the position that reforms should be pursued only as a means to an eventual revolution, not as a substitute for it. Yet, Bernstein's ideas would have growing influence, particularly after the First World War.

The [[Russian Revolution]] was a pivotal moment that furthered the division between reformists and revolutionary socialists. Those supporting the [[October Revolution]] renamed themselves as ''Communists'' while those opposing the [[Bolshevik]]s retained the ''Social Democrat'' label.{{sfn|Naarden|2002|p=441}} While both groups technically shared the goal of a [[communist society]] that fully realized the principle of "[[from each according to his ability, to each according to his need]]", the Communists sought to distance themselves from to ''Social Democracy''<nowiki/>'s association with reformism.{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=8}} The Communists also sought to distinguish themselves from the socialists that had supported the imperialist [[Great War]] and thus betrayed [[proletarian internationalism]]. This reformist–revolutionary division culminated in the [[German Revolution of 1919]],{{sfn|Chickering|1998|p=155}} in which the Communists wanted to overthrow the German government and establish a [[soviet republic]] like Russia, while the Social Democrats wanted to preserve it as what came to be known as the [[Weimar Republic]].{{sfnm|1a1=Berman|1y=1998|1pp=145–146|2a1=Childs|2y=2000|2p=2}} Thus social democracy went from a "Marxist revolutionary" doctrine into a form of "moderate parliamentary socialism".{{sfn|Adams|2001|p=108}}

The [[Bolsheviks]] split from the [[Second International]] and created their own separate [[Communist International]] (Comintern) in 1919 that sought to rally revolutionary social democrats together for socialist revolution. With this split, the reformists founded the [[Labour and Socialist International]] (LSI) in 1923. The LSI had a history of rivalry with the Comintern, with which it competed over the leadership of the international socialist and labour movement.{{sfn|Vickers|2003|p=72}}

During the 1920s and 1930s, social democracy became dominant in the socialist movement, mainly associated with reformist socialism while [[communism]] represented revolutionary socialism.{{sfn|Newman|2005|p=5}} Under the influence of politicians like [[Carlo Rosselli]] in Italy, social democrats began disassociating themselves from orthodox Marxism altogether as represented by [[Marxism–Leninism]],{{sfn|Bronner|1999|p=103}} embracing [[liberal socialism]],{{sfn|Bronner|1999|pp=103–104}} [[Keynesianism]],{{sfn|Bronner|1999|p=103}} and appealing to morality rather than any consistent systematic, [[Scientific method|scientific]], or [[materialist]] worldview.{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=86|2a1=Heywood|2y=2012|2p=128}} Social democracy appealed to [[communitarian]], [[corporatist]], and sometimes [[nationalist]] sentiments while rejecting the [[Economic determinism|economic]] and [[technological determinism]] generally characteristic of orthodox Marxism and [[economic liberalism]].{{sfn|Berman|2008|pp=12–13}}

By the post-[[World War II]] period and its [[Post-war consensus|economic consensus]] and [[Post–World War II economic expansion|expansion]], most social democrats in Europe had abandoned their ideological connection to orthodox Marxism. They shifted their emphasis toward social policy reform as a compromise between [[capitalism]] to [[socialism]].{{sfn|Adams|1993|p=146}} According to [[Michael Harrington]], the primary reason for this was the perspective that viewed the Stalinist-era [[Soviet Union]] as having succeeded in usurping the legacy of Marxism and distorting it in propaganda to justify [[totalitarianism]].{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=162}} In its foundation, the [[Socialist International]] denounced the Bolshevik-inspired communist movement, "for [it] falsely claims a share in the Socialist tradition".{{sfn|Socialist International|1951}} Furthermore, core tenets of Marxism have been regarded by social democrats as having become obsolete, including the prediction that the working class was the decisive class with the development of capitalism. In their view, this did not materialize in the aftermath of mass industrialization during World War II.{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=162}}

In Britain, the social democratic [[Gaitskellites]] emphasized the goals of [[personal liberty]], [[social welfare]], and [[social equality]].{{sfn|Brivati|Heffernan|2000|p=301}} The Gaitskellites were part of a political consensus between the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] parties, famously dubbed [[Butskellism]].{{sfn|Haseler|1969}} Some social democratic Third Way figures such as [[Anthony Giddens]] and [[Tony Blair]], who has described himself as a Christian socialist and a socialist in ethical terms,{{sfn|Jackson|Tansey|2008|p=97}} insist that they are socialists,{{sfn|Giddens|1998b|p=71}} for they claim to believe in the same values that their anti-Third Way critics do.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=1995|1p=2|1loc="Labour Past, Present and Future"|2a1=''The Guardian''|2y=2006|3a1=Diamond|3y=2015|4a1=Eaton|4y=2017}} According to those self-proclaimed social democratic modernizers, [[Clause IV]]'s open advocacy of state socialism was alienating potential middle-class Labour supporters, and nationalization policies had been so thoroughly attacked by neoliberal economists and politicians, including rhetorical comparisons by the right of state-owned industry in the West to that in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and nationalizations and state socialism became unpopular. [[Thatcherite]] Conservatives were adept at condemning [[state-owned enterprise]]s as economically inefficient.{{sfn|Campbell|2009|p=95}} For the Gaitskellites, nationalization was not essential to achieve all major socialist objectives; [[public ownership]] and [[nationalization]] were not explicitly rejected but were seen as merely one of numerous useful devices.{{sfn|Brivati|Heffernan|2000|p=301}} According to social democratic modernizers like Blair, nationalization policies had become politically unviable by the 1990s.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowe|1y=2004|2a1=Romano|2y=2007|2p=3|3a1=Ludlam|3a2=Smith|3y=2017|3p=1–15}}

During the [[Third Way]] development of social democracy, social democrats adjusted to the neoliberal political climate that had existed since the 1980s. Those social democrats recognized that outspoken [[opposition to capitalism]] was politically non-viable and that accepting the [[powers that be]], seeking to challenge [[free-market]] and ''[[laissez-faire]]'' variations of capitalism, was a more immediate concern.{{sfn|Romano|2006|p=113}} The Third Way stands for a modernized social democracy,{{sfnm|1a1=Lowe|1y=2004|2a1=Romano|2y=2006|2p=3|3a1=Ludlam|3a2=Smith|3y=2017|3p=3}} but the social democracy that remained committed to the gradual abolition of capitalism and social democrats opposed to the Third Way merged into democratic socialism.{{sfn|Lafontaine|2009}} Although social democracy originated as a revolutionary socialist or communist movement,{{sfn|Ely|1883|pp=204–205}} one distinction between democratic socialism and social democracy is that the former can include revolutionary means.{{sfnm|1a1=Duignan|1a2=Kalsang Bhutia|1a3=Mahajan|1y=2014|2a1=Abjorensen|2y=2019|2p=115}} The latter proposes [[representative democracy]] under the [[rule of law]] as the only acceptable constitutional form of government.{{sfn|Hinchman|Meyer|2007|p=91}}

During the Great Recession, Social Democratic parties in Europe increasingly adopted [[austerity]] as a policy response to the economic crisis, shifting away from the traditional Keynesian response of [[deficit spending]]. According to Björn Bremer, this shift in thinking was due to the influence of [[supply-side economics]] on Social Democratic leaders and by electoral motivations whereby Social Democrats wanted to appear economically competent to voters by adopting orthodox fiscal policies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bremer |first=Björn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-G6EAAAQBAJ |title=Austerity from the Left: Social Democratic Parties in the Shadow of the Great Recession |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-287221-0}}</ref>

== Social democracy and democratic socialism ==
{{further|Democratic socialism}}
{{Socialism sidebar|variants}}
Social democracy has some significant overlap in practical policy positions with democratic socialism,{{sfnm|1a1=Denitch|1y=1981|2a1=Picard|2y=1985|3a1=Foley|3y=1994|3p=23|4a1=Busky|4y=2000|4p=8|5a1=Heywood|5y=2012|5p=97|6a1=Sunkara|6y=2020}} although they are usually distinguished from each other.{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=8|3a1=Anderson|3a2=Herr|3y=2007|4a1=Alt|4a2=Chambers|4a3=Garrett|4a4=Kurian|4y=2010|5a1=Sunkara|5y=2020}} In Britain, the revised version of [[Clause IV]] to the [[Labour Party Constitution]], which was implemented in the 1990s by the [[New Labour]] faction led by [[Tony Blair]],{{sfn|Ludlam|Smith|2017|pp=1–15}} affirms a formal commitment to democratic socialism,{{sfn|Adams|1998|pp=144–145}} describing it as a modernized form of social democracy;{{sfnm|1a1=Lowe|1y=2004|2a1=Romano|2y=2007|2p=3|3a1=Ludlam|3a2=Smith|3y=2017|3p=3}} however, it no longer commits the party to public ownership of industry and in its place advocates "the enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition" along with "high quality public services either owned by the public or accountable to them".{{sfn|Adams|1998|pp=144–145}} Many social democrats "refer to themselves as socialists or democratic socialists", and some such as Blair{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=1995|1p=2|1loc="Labour Past, Present and Future"|2a1=''The Guardian''|2y=2006|3a1=Diamond|3y=2015|4a1=Eaton|4y=2017}} "use or have used these terms interchangeably".{{sfnm|1a1=O'Reilly|1y=2007|1p=91|2a1=Raza|2y=2012|2p=86|3a1=Gage|3y=2018}} Others argue that "there are clear differences between the three terms, and preferred to describe their own political beliefs by using the term 'social democracy' only".{{sfn|Brandal|Bratberg|Thorsen|2013|p=7}}

''Democratic socialism''{{refn|Democratic socialism is generally defined as an [[anti-Stalinist]] left-wing [[big tent]] that opposes [[authoritarian socialism]], rejecting [[List of non-communist socialist states|self-described socialist states]], as well as [[Marxism–Leninism]] and its derivatives such as [[Maoism]] and [[Stalinism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1pp=7–8|2a1=Schweickart|2y=2007|2p=448}} Besides social democrats, democratic socialists also include some [[anarchists]],{{sfn|Dongyoun|2016|pp=171–174}} [[classical Marxist]]s,{{sfn|Sargent|2008|p=118}} [[democratic communists]],{{sfnm|1a1=Megill|1y=1970|1p=45|2a1=Fleet|2y=1973|3a1=Sargent|3y=2008|3p=117}} [[libertarian socialists]],{{sfnm|1a1=Draper|1y=1966|2a1=Poulantzas|2y=1978|3a1=Hain|3y=1995|4a1=Hain|4y=2000}} [[market socialist]]s,{{sfn|Schweickart|2007|p=448}} and [[orthodox Marxists]] such as [[Karl Kautsky]]{{sfnm|1a1=Muldoon|1y=2019|2a1=Post|2y=2019|3a1=Blanc|3y=2019}} and [[Rosa Luxemburg]],{{sfnm|1a1=Draper|1y=1966|1loc="The 'Revisionist' Facade"|2a1=Sunkara|2y=2020}} as well as [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionists]] such as [[Eduard Bernstein]], who supported social democracy.{{sfnm|1a1=Bernstein|1y=1907|2a1=Steger|2y=1997}}|group=nb}} represents social democracy before the 1970s,{{sfnm|1a1=Schumpeter|1y=1942|2a1=Thomas|2y=1953|3a1=Williams|3y=1985|4a1=Hattersley|4y=1987|5a1=Tomlinson|5y=1997|6a1=Medearis|6y=1997}} when the [[post-war displacement of Keynesianism]] by [[monetarism]] and neoliberalism caused many social democratic parties to adopt the Third Way ideology, accepting [[capitalism]] as the ''[[status quo]]'' for the time being and redefining [[socialism]] in a way that maintains the capitalist structure intact.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrientos|1a2=Powell|1y=2004|2a1=Romano|2y=2006|3a1=Hinnfors|3y=2006|4a1=Lafontaine|4y=2009|5a1=Corfe|5y=2010}} Like modern social democracy, democratic socialism tends to follow a gradual or evolutionary path to socialism rather than a revolutionary one.{{sfn|Hamilton|1989}}{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=10|2a1=Pierson|2y=2005|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97}} Policies commonly supported are [[Keynesian]] and include some degree of [[regulation over the economy]], [[social insurance]] schemes, public [[pension]] programs, and a gradual expansion of [[public ownership]] over major and strategic industries.{{sfn|Sargent|2008|p=117}}

=== Internal debates ===
During the late 20th century, those labels were embraced, contested and rejected due to the emergence of developments within the European left,{{sfn|Wintrop|1983|p=306}} such as [[Eurocommunism]],{{sfn|Kindersley|2016}} the rise of neoliberalism,{{sfnm|1a1=Lavelle|1y=2005|2a1=Birch|2a2=MacLeavy|2a3=Springer|2y=2016|3a1=Humphrys|3y=2018}} the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] and the [[Revolutions of 1989]],{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|p=82}} the [[Third Way]],{{sfnm|1a1=Barrientos|1a2=Powell|1y=2004|1pp=9–26|2a1=Cammack|2y=2004|2pp=151–166|3a1=Romano|3y=2006|4a1=Hinnfors|4y=2006|5a1=Lafontaine|5y=2009|6a1=Corfe|6y=2010}} and the rise of [[anti-austerity]]{{sfn|Calossi|2016}} and [[Occupy movement|Occupy]]{{sfn|Kwok|Rieger|2013|p=40}} movements due to the [[2008 financial crisis]]{{refn|It peaked after the mid-September 2008 outbreak.{{sfn|CNBC|2009}}|group=nb}} and the [[Great Recession]],{{sfnm|1a1=Dionne|1a2=Galtson|1y=2019|2a1=Cassidy|2y=2019|3a1=Kvitrud|3y=2019|4a1=Sears|4y=2019|4p=243}} the causes of which have been attributed by some to the neoliberal shift and deregulation economic policies.{{sfnm|1a1=Palley|1y=2013|2a1=Amadeo|2y=2019|3a1=Sitaraman|3y=2019}} This latest development contributed to the rise of politicians, such as [[Jeremy Corbyn]] in Britain and [[Bernie Sanders]] in the United States,{{sfn|Tarnoff|2017}} who rejected [[centrist]] politicians that supported [[Triangulation (politics)|triangulation]] within the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] parties.{{sfnm|1a1=Huges|1y=2016|2a1=Associated Press|2y=2018}}

According to both right-wing critics and supporters alike, policies such as universal [[Universal healthcare|health care]] and [[Universal education|education]] are "pure Socialism" because they are opposed to "the hedonism of capitalist society".{{sfn|Bevan|1952|p=106}} Because of this overlap, ''democratic socialism'' refers to European socialism as represented by social democracy,{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=8|2a1=Sargent|2y=2008|2p=118|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97|4a1=Hain|4y=2015|4p=3|5a1=Levitz, April 2019}} especially in the United States,{{sfnm|1a1=Benson|1y=2015|2a1=Gram|2y=2015|3a1=Murphy|3y=2017}} where it is tied to the [[New Deal]].{{sfnm|1a1=Prokop|1y=2015|2a1=Sanders|2y=2015|3a1=Frizell|3y=2019|4a1=Sanders|4y=2019|5a1=Golshan|5y=2019}} Some democratic socialists who follow social democracy support practical, [[Progressivism|progressive]] reforms of capitalism and are more concerned with administrating and humanising it, with socialism relegated to the indefinite future.{{sfnm|1a1=Berman|1y=1998|1p=57|2a1=Bailey|2y=2009|2p=77}} Other democratic socialists want to go beyond mere meliorist reforms and advocate the systematic transformation of the [[mode of production]] from [[Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalism]] to [[Socialist mode of production|socialism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=80|2a1=Anderson|2a2=Herr|2y=2007|3a1=Alt|3a2=Chambers|3a3=Garrett|3a4=Kurian|3y=2010}}

=== In the United States ===
Despite the long history of overlap between the two, with social democracy considered a form of democratic or parliamentary socialism and social democrats calling themselves democratic socialists,{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=8|2a1=Sargent|2y=2008|2p=118|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97|4a1=Hain|4y=2015|4p=3}} ''democratic socialism'' is considered a misnomer in the United States.{{sfnm|1a1=Qiu|1y=2015|2a1=Barro|2y=2015|3a1=Tupy|3y=2016|4y=2016|5a1=Levitz, April 2019}} One issue is that ''social democracy'' is equated with wealthy countries in the Western world, especially in Northern and Western Europe, while ''democratic socialism'' is conflated either with the [[pink tide]] in Latin America, especially with Venezuela,{{sfnm|1a1=Stephens|1y=2019|2a1=Faiola|2y=2019|3a1=Haltiwanger|3y=2020|4a1=Krugman|4y=2020}} or with communism in the form of [[Marxist–Leninist]] socialism as practised in the Soviet Union and other [[Communist state|self-declared socialist states]].{{sfnm|1a1=Qiu|1y=2015|2a1=Barro|2y=2015|3a1=Tupy|3y=2016|4y=2016|5a1=Cooper|5y=2018|6a1=Rodriguez|6y=2018|7a1=Levitz, April 2019}} ''Democratic socialism'' has been described as representing the "left-wing"{{sfn|Levitz, April 2019}} or "socialist" tradition of the [[New Deal]].{{sfnm|Ackerman|2019}}

The lack of a strong and influential [[socialist movement in the United States]] has been linked to the [[Red Scare]],{{sfnm|1a1=Foner|1y=1984|2a1=Oshinsky|2y=1988|3a1=Zimmerman|3y=2010}} and any ideology associated with socialism brings social stigma due to its association with [[Authoritarian socialism|authoritarian]] [[List of non-communist socialist states|socialist states]].{{sfn|Leibovich|2007}} ''Socialism'' has been used as a pejorative term by members of the [[political right]] to stop the implementation of [[Liberalism in the United States|liberal]] and [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] policies and proposals and to criticize the public figures trying to implement them.{{sfnm|1a1=Truman|1y=1952|2a1=Jackson|2y=2012|3a1=Astor|3y=2019}} Although Americans may reject the idea that the United States has characteristics of a European-style social democracy, it has been argued by some observers that it has a comfortable [[social safety net]], albeit severely underfunded in comparison to other Western countries.{{sfn|Zimmerman|2010}} It has also been argued that many policies that may be considered socialist are popular but that socialism is not.{{sfn|Levitz, April 2019}} Others, such as [[Tony Judt]], described [[modern liberalism in the United States]] as representing European social democracy.{{sfn|''The Economist''|2010}}

=== In South Africa ===
[[South Africa]] has been governed by the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), a social democratic party, since 1994. In 2022, The World Economic Forum said that South Africa risks state collapse and identified five major risks facing the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=Head|first=Tom|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-is-south-africa-military-coup-state-collapse-threats/|title=South Africa 'at risk of STATE COLLAPSE' – according to top experts|date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112083527/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-is-south-africa-military-coup-state-collapse-threats/|archive-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> Former minister Jay Naidoo has said that South Africa is in serious trouble and is showing signs of a failed state, with record unemployment levels and the fact that many young people will not find a job in their lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/investing/464455-south-africa-showing-signs-of-a-failed-state.html|title=South Africa showing signs of a failed state|date=13 October 2022|website=mybroadband.co.za|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013112128/https://mybroadband.co.za/news/investing/464455-south-africa-showing-signs-of-a-failed-state.html|archive-date=13 October 2022}}</ref>

== Policy regime ==
Social democracy rests on three fundamental features, namely: "(1) parliamentary democracy, (2) an economy partly regulated by the state, and (3) provision of social support to those in need".{{sfn|Badie|Berg-Schlosser|Morlino|2011|p=2423}} In practice, social democratic parties have been instrumental in the social-liberal paradigm, lasting from the 1940s and 1970s, and called such because it was developed by [[Social liberalism|social liberals]] but implemented by social democrats.{{sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|p=31|2a1=Árnason|2a2=Wittrock|2y=2012|2pp=30, 192}} Since those policies were mostly implemented by social democrats, social liberalism is sometimes called ''social democracy''.{{sfn|Kenworthy|2014}} In Britain, the social-liberal [[Beveridge Report]] drafted by the [[Liberal (UK)|Liberal]] economist [[William Beveridge]] influenced the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]'s social policies, such as the [[National Health Service]] and Labour's welfare state development.{{sfn|Jefferys|1994}} This social-liberal paradigm represented the post-war consensus and was accepted across the political spectrum by conservatives, liberals and socialists until the 1970s.{{sfn|Adams|2001|p=37}} Similarly, the neoliberal paradigm, which replaced the previous paradigm, was accepted across the mainstream political parties, including social democratic supporters of the Third Way.{{sfn|Adams|2001|pp=212–213}} This has caused much controversy within the social democratic movement.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrientos|1a2=Powell|1y=2004|1p=18|2a1=Cammack|2y=2004|2p=155|3a1=Romano|3y=2006|3p=11|4a1=Hinnfors|4y=2006|4pp=117, 137–139|5a1=Lafontaine|5y=2009|5p=7|6a1=Corfe|6y=2010|6pp=33, 178}}

=== Role of the state ===
From the late 19th century until the mid to late 20th century, there was greater public confidence in the idea of a state-managed economy that was a major pillar of communism, and to a substantial degree by [[conservatives]] and [[left-liberal]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Rothestein|1y=1998|1pp=18–27|2a1=Esping-Andersen|2y=2013}} Aside from [[anarchists]] and other [[libertarian socialists]], there was confidence amongst socialists in the concept of [[state socialism]] as being the most effective form of socialism. Some early British social democrats in the 19th century and 20th century, such as the [[Fabians]], said that British society was already mostly socialist and that the economy was significantly socialist through government-run enterprises created by conservative and liberal governments which could be run for the interests of the people through their representatives' influence,{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|pp=87–88}} an argument echoed by some socialists in post-war Britain.{{sfnm|1a1=Crosland|1y=1952|2a1=Kynaston|2y=2009|2p=82}} Advents in economics and observation of the failure of state socialism in the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries{{sfn|Gey|Kosta|Quaisser|1987}} and the Western world with the crisis and stagflation of the 1970s,{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=2008|2a1=Ehns|2y=2016|2pp=4–5}} combined with the neoliberal rebuke of [[state interventionism]], resulted in socialists re-evaluating and redesigning socialism.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|pp=93–95}} Some social democrats have sought to keep what they deem are socialism's core values while changing their position on state involvement in the economy and retaining significant social regulations.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|pp=96–103}}

{{multiple image|total_width=330|image1=Aneurin Bevan (1943).jpg|width1=230|height1=300|caption1=[[Aneurin Bevan]], [[Minister of Health (United Kingdom)|minister of health]] (1945–1951)|image2=Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0108-059, Paris, Besuch Erich Honecker, Mitterrand (cropped).jpg|width2=230|height2=300|caption2=[[François Mitterrand]], [[president of France]]<br />(1981–1995)}}
When [[nationalization]] of large industries was relatively widespread in the 20th century until the 1970s, it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European social democracies as democratic socialist states seeking to move their countries toward a [[socialist economy]].{{sfnm|1a1=Heilbroner|1y=1991|1pp=96–110|2a1=Kendall|2y=2011|2pp=125–127|3a1=Li|3y=2015|3pp=60–69}} In 1956, leading [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician and British author [[Anthony Crosland]] said that capitalism had been abolished in Britain,{{sfnm|1a1=Crosland|1y=1952|2a1=Eatwell|2a2=Wright|2y=1999|2p=93}} although others such as Welshman [[Aneurin Bevan]], Minister of Health in the first [[post-war Labour government]] and the architect of the [[National Health Service]], disputed the claim.{{sfnm|1a1=Socialist Party of Great Britain|1y=1958|2a1=Crosland|2y=2006|2pp=9, 89}} For Crosland and others who supported his views, Britain was a socialist state.{{sfnm|1a1=Crosland|1y=1952|2a1=Kynaston|2y=2009|2p=82}} According to Bevan, Britain had a socialist [[National Health Service]], which opposed the [[hedonism]] of Britain's capitalist society.{{sfn|Bevan|1952|p=106}}

Although, as in the rest of Europe, the [[Capital accumulation|laws of capitalism]] still operated fully and [[private enterprise]] dominated the economy,{{sfn|Batson|2017}} some political commentators stated that during the post-war period, when social democratic parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist states. The same claim has been applied to Nordic countries with the Nordic model.{{sfnm|1a1=Heilbroner|1y=1991|1pp=96–110|2a1=Kendall|2y=2011|2pp=125–127|3a1=Li|3y=2015|3pp=60–69}} In the 1980s, the government of President [[François Mitterrand]] aimed to expand [[dirigism]] and attempted to nationalize all French banks, but this attempt faced opposition from the [[European Economic Community]] because it demanded a free-market economy among its members.{{sfnm|1a1=Cobham|1y=1984|21pp=351–358|2a1=Cohen|2y=2010}} [[Public ownership]] never accounted for more than 15–20% of [[capital formation]], further dropping to 8% in the 1980s and below 5% in the 1990s after the rise of neoliberalism.{{sfn|Batson|2017}}

The collapse of the legitimacy of state socialism and [[Keynesian]] interventionism (with the discovery of the phenomenon of [[stagflation]]) has been an issue for social democracy.{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=2008|2a1=Ehns|2y=2016|2pp=4–5}} This has provoked re-thinking of how socialism should be achieved by social democrats,{{sfn|Egle|Henkes|Merkel|Petring2008|p=253}} including changing views by social democrats on private property—anti-Third Way social democrats such as Robert Corfe have advocated a socialist form of private property as part of new socialism (although Corfe technically objects to ''[[private property]]'' as a term to collectively describe property that is not publicly owned as being vague) and rejecting state socialism as a failure.{{sfnm|1a1=Corfe|1y=2001|1p=74|2a1=Corfe|2a2=Miller|2y=2002|2p=51|3a1=Corfe|3y=2005|3p=20}} Third Way social democracy was formed in response to what its proponents saw as a crisis in the legitimacy of socialism—especially state socialism—and the rising legitimacy of neoliberalism, especially ''laissez-faire'' capitalism. The Third Way's view of the crisis is criticized for being too simplistic.{{sfn|Lemke|Marks|1992|p=5}} Others have criticized it because with the fall of state socialism, it was possible for "a new kind of 'third way' socialism (combining social ownership with markets and democracy), thereby heralding a revitalization of the social democratic tradition";{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=95}} however, it has been argued that the prospect of a new socialism was "a chimera, a hopeful invention of Western socialists who had not understood how '[[actually existing socialism]]' had totally discredited ''any'' version of socialism among those who had lived under it".{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=95}}

=== Corporatism ===
{{Corporatism sidebar|related}}
Social democracy influenced the development of [[social corporatism]], a form of economic [[Tripartism|tripartite]] corporatism based upon a social partnership between the interests of [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and [[Labour (economics)|labour]], involving collective bargaining between representatives of employers and labour mediated by the government at the national level.{{sfn|Hicks|1988}} During the [[post-war consensus]], this form of social democracy has been a major component of the [[Nordic model]] and, to a lesser degree, the West European [[social market economies]].{{sfn|Rosser|Rosser|2003|p=226}} The development of social corporatism began in Norway and [[Sweden]] in the 1930s and was consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s.{{sfn|Moschonas|2002|p=65}} The system was based upon the dual compromise of capital and labour as one component and the market and the state as the other.{{sfn|Moschonas|2002|p=65}} From the 1940s through the 1970s, defining features of social democracy as a policy regime included Keynesian economic policies and industrial agreements to balance the power of capital and labour and the welfare state.{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} This is especially associated with the Swedish [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democrats]].{{sfnm|1a1=Samuelsson|1y=1968|2a1=Carlsson|2a2=Lindgren|2y=1998}} In the 1970s, social corporatism evolved into [[neo-corporatism]], which replaced it. Neo-corporatism has represented an important concept of [[Third Way social democracy]].{{sfn|Whyman|2005|p=208}} Social democratic theorist Robin Archer wrote about the importance of social corporatism to social democracy in his work ''Economic Democracy: The Politics of a Feasible Socialism'' (1995).{{sfn|Archer|1995}} As a welfare state, social democracy is a specific type of welfare state and policy regime described as being universalist, supportive of collective bargaining, and more supportive of public provision of welfare. It is especially associated with the Nordic model.{{sfnm|1a1=Esping-Andersen|1y=2013|2a1=Brandal|2a2=Bratberg|2a3=Thorsen|2y=2013}}

== Analysis ==
=== Legacy ===
{{Progressivism|related}}
[[File:FVZ3808 (7131387613).jpg|thumb|Demonstration by the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]] on International Workers' Day, 2012]]
Social democratic policies were first adopted in the [[German Empire]] between the 1880s and 1890s, when the [[Conservatism in Germany|conservative]] Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] put in place many [[social welfare]] proposals initially suggested by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] to hinder their electoral success after he instituted the [[Anti-Socialist Laws]], laying the ground of the first modern [[welfare state]].{{sfn|Sacks|2019}} Those policies were dubbed [[State Socialism (Germany)|State Socialism]] by the [[Liberalism in Germany|liberal]] opposition, but Bismarck later accepted and re-appropriated the term.{{sfn|Feuchtwanger|2002|p=221}} It was a set of social programs implemented in Germany that Bismarck initiated in 1883 as remedial measures to appease the [[working class]] and reduce support for [[socialism]] and the Social Democrats following earlier attempts to achieve the same objective through Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.{{sfnm|1a1=Bismarck|1y=1884|2a1=Gregory|2a2=Stuart|2y=2003|2p=207|3a1=Sacks|3y=2019}} This did not prevent the Social Democrats from becoming the biggest party in parliament by 1912.{{sfn|Boissoneault|2017}}

Similar policies were later adopted in most of Western Europe, including France and the United Kingdom (the latter in the form of the [[Liberal welfare reforms]]),{{sfn|The National Archive (Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11)}} with both socialist and liberal parties adopting those policies.{{sfn|Esping-Andersen|2013}} In the United States, the [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive movement]], a similar social democratic movement predominantly influenced more by [[Modern liberalism in the United States|social liberalism]] than [[Socialism in the United States|socialism]], supported progressive liberals such as [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidents [[Woodrow Wilson]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], whose [[The New Freedom|New Freedom]] and [[New Deal]] programmes adopted many social democratic policies.{{sfnm|1a1=Schlesinger|1y=1962|2a1=Zimmerman|2y=2010}} With the [[Great Depression]], [[economic interventionism]] and [[nationalizations]] became more common worldwide and the [[post-war consensus]] until the 1970s saw [[Keynesian]] social democratic and [[mixed economy]] policies put in place, leading to the [[post-World War II boom]] in which the United States, the Soviet Union, the Western European, and East Asian countries experienced unusually high and sustained [[economic growth]], together with [[full employment]]. Contrary to early predictions, this period of high economic growth and national development also included many countries that were devastated by the war, such as Japan ([[Japanese post-war economic miracle]]), West Germany and Austria ([[Wirtschaftswunder]]), South Korea ([[Miracle of the Han River]]), France ([[Trente Glorieuses]]), Italy ([[Italian economic miracle]]), and Greece ([[Greek economic miracle]]).{{sfnm|1a1=Marglin|1a2=Schor|1y=1991|2a1=Marglin|2a2=Schor|2y=2017}}

With the [[1970s energy crisis]], the abandonment of both the [[gold standard]] and the [[Bretton Woods system]] along with Keynesian social democratic, mixed-economy policies and the implementation of [[Market-oriented economy|market-oriented]], [[monetarist]], and [[neoliberal]] policies ([[privatization]], [[deregulation]], [[free trade]], [[economic globalization]], and anti-[[inflation]]ary [[fiscal policy]], among others), the social democratic welfare state was put in doubt.{{sfn|Lewis|Surender|2004}} This caused several social democratic parties to adopt the [[Third Way]], a centrist ideology combining social democracy with neoliberalism;{{sfn|Whyman|2005}} however, the [[Great Recession]] in the late 2000s and early 2010s cast doubts on the [[Washington Consensus]], and [[Anti-austerity movement|protests]] against [[austerity measures]] ensued. There was a resurgence of social democratic parties and policies, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, with the rise of politicians such as [[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Jeremy Corbyn]], who rejected the Third Way,{{sfnm|1a1=Huges|1y=2016|2a1=Tarnoff|2y=2017|3a1=Associated Press|3y=2018}} after the [[economic recession]] caused the [[Pasokification]] of many social democratic parties.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowen|1y=2013|2a1=Ludwigshafen|2a2=Piraeus|2a3=Valletta|2y=2016|3a1=Younge|3y=2017|4a1=Eaton|4y=2018|5a1=''The Economist''|5y=2018}}

The United Nations [[World Happiness Report]] shows that the happiest nations are concentrated in social democratic nations,{{sfn|Conley|2019}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=June 2023}} especially in Northern Europe, where the [[Nordic model]] is applied.{{sfnm|1a1=Cappelen|1a2=Fagerberg|1a3=Mjøset|1a4=Skarstein|1y=1990|1pp=60–94|2a1=Veggel|2y=2014|2pp=60–94|3a1=Dølvik|3a2=Fløtten|3a3=Hippe|3a4=Jordfald|3y=2015|3p=23|4a1=Simon Reid|4y=2015|4p=132}} This is at times attributed to the success of the social democratic Nordic model in the region, where similar [[democratic socialist]], [[labourist]], and social democratic parties dominated the region's political scene and laid the ground for their [[universal welfare state]]s in the 20th century.{{sfnm|1a1=Esping-Andersen|1y=1985|2a1=Hicks|2y=1988|3a1=Moschonas|3y=2002|4a1=Rosser|4a2=Rosser|4y=2003|5a1=Ferragina|5a2=Seeleib-Kaiser|5y=2011|6a1=Brandal|6a2=Bratberg|6a3=Thorsen|6y=2013}} The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, as well as Greenland and the Faroe Islands, also ranks highest on the metrics of real [[GDP per capita]], [[Equality (economics)|economic equality]], [[public health]], [[life expectancy]], [[solidarity]], perceived [[Freedom of choice|freedom to make life choices]], [[generosity]], [[quality of life]], and [[Human development (economics)|human development]], while countries practising a neoliberal form of government have registered relatively poorer results.{{sfnm|1a1=Gregoire|1y=2013|2a1=Conley|2y=2019}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=June 2023}} Similarly, several reports have listed Scandinavian and other social democratic countries as ranking high on indicators such as [[civil liberties]],{{sfnm|1a1=Abramowitz|1y=2018|2a1=Aghekyan|2a2=Bhatia|2a3=Dunham|2a4=O'Toole|2y=2018|3a1=Abramowitz|3y=2019|4a1=Repucci|4y=2020}} [[democracy]],{{sfn|''The Economist''|2020}} [[Press freedom|press]],{{sfnm|1a1=Reporters Without Borders 2019 (table)|2a1=Reporters Without Borders 2019 (analysis)}} [[Labour rights|labour]] and [[Economic freedom|economic]] freedoms,{{sfnm|1a1=Kim|1a2=Miller|1y=2016|2a1=The Heritage Foundation|2y=2017}} [[peace]],{{sfn|Vision of Humanity|2019}} and freedom from [[corruption]].{{sfnm|1a1=Transparency International 2020 (table)|2a1=Transparency International 2020 (analysis)}} Numerous studies and surveys indicate that people live happier lives in countries ruled by social democratic parties than those ruled by neoliberal, centrist, and right-wing governments.{{sfnm|1a1=Pani|1a2=Panic|1y=2011|2a1=Radcliff|2y=2013|3a1=Brown|3y=2014|4a1=Flavin|4a2=Pacek|4a3=Radcliff|4y=2014|5a1=Sullivan|5a2=Hickel|5y=2023}}

=== Criticism ===
{{See also|Criticism of welfare|Criticism of welfare states}}

Other socialists criticize social democracy because it serves to devise new means to strengthen the capitalist system, which conflicts with the socialist goal of replacing capitalism with a socialist system.{{sfn|Clarke|1981|p=2}} According to this view, social democracy fails to address the systemic issues inherent in capitalism. The American democratic socialist philosopher [[David Schweickart]] contrasts social democracy with [[democratic socialism]] by defining the former as an attempt to strengthen the [[welfare state]] and the latter as an alternative economic system to capitalism. According to Schweickart, the democratic socialist critique of social democracy is that capitalism can never be sufficiently humanized and that any attempt to suppress its economic contradictions will only cause them to emerge elsewhere. He gives the example that attempts to [[NAIRU|reduce unemployment too much]] would result in inflation, and too much job security would erode labour discipline.{{sfn|Schweickart|2007|p=447}} In contrast to social democracy's [[mixed economy]], democratic socialists advocate a [[post-capitalist]] economic system based on either a [[Market economy#Market socialism|market economy]] combined with [[workers' self-management]] or on some form of [[Participatory economy|participatory]], [[decentralized planning]] of the economy.{{sfn|Schweickart|2007|p=448}}

[[Marxian economics|Marxian]] socialists argue that social democratic welfare policies cannot resolve the fundamental structural issues of capitalism, such as [[Business cycle#Marxian economics|cyclical fluctuations]], [[Exploitation of labour#Marxist theory|exploitation]], and [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]]. Accordingly, social democratic programs intended to ameliorate living conditions in capitalism, such as unemployment benefits and taxation on profits, creates further contradictions by further limiting the efficiency of the capitalist system by reducing incentives for capitalists to invest in further production.{{sfn|Ticktin|1998|pp=60–61}} The welfare state only serves to legitimize and prolong the exploitative and contradiction-laden system of capitalism to society's detriment. Critics of contemporary social democracy, such as Jonas Hinnfors, argue that when social democracy abandoned [[Marxism]], it also abandoned socialism and became a liberal capitalist movement, effectively making social democrats similar to non-socialist parties like the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the United States.{{sfn|Hinnfors|2006|pp=117, 137–139}}

[[Market socialism]] is also critical of social democratic welfare states. While one common goal of both concepts is to achieve greater social and economic equality, market socialism does so through changes in enterprise ownership and management. Social democracy attempts to do so by subsidies and taxes on privately owned enterprises to finance welfare programs. [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt III]] (grandson of United States President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]) and David Belkin criticize social democracy for maintaining a [[Property income|property-owning capitalist class]] with an active interest in reversing social democratic welfare policies and a disproportionate amount of power as a class to influence government policy.{{sfn|Weisskopf|1994|pp=314–315}} The economists [[John Roemer]] and [[Pranab Bardhan]] point out that social democracy requires a strong [[labour movement]] to sustain its heavy redistribution through taxes and that it is idealistic to think such redistribution can be accomplished in other countries with weaker labour movements, noting that social democracy in Scandinavian countries has been in decline as the labour movement weakened.{{sfn|Bardhan|Roemer|1992|p=104}}

Some critics say social democracy abandoned socialism in the 1930s by endorsing Keynesian [[welfare capitalism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=91|2a1=Fitzpatrick|2y=2003|2pp=2–3}} The democratic socialist political theorist [[Michael Harrington]] argued that social democracy historically supported [[Keynesianism]] as part of a "social democratic compromise" between capitalism and socialism. Although this compromise did not allow for the immediate creation of socialism, it created welfare states and "recognized noncapitalist, and even anticapitalist, principles of human need over and above the imperatives of profit".{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=93}} Social democrats in favour of the [[Third Way]] have been accused of endorsing capitalism, including anti-Third Way social democrats who have accused Third Way proponents such as [[Anthony Giddens]] of being anti-social democratic and anti-socialist in practice.{{sfn|Cammack|2004|p=155}} Some critics and analysts argue that many prominent social democratic parties,{{refn|"With the rise of neoliberalism, social democracy turned towards the right and increasingly adopted neoliberal policies. When Tony Blair became British Prime Minister in 1997, his neoliberal vision of social democracy influenced social democracy around the world. The consequence was that social democracy became in many respects indistinguishable from conservative parties, especially in respect to class politics."{{sfn|Fuchs|2019}}|group=nb}} such as the Labour Party in Britain and the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]], even while maintaining references to socialism and declaring themselves democratic socialist parties, have abandoned socialism in practice, whether unwillingly or not.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrientos|1a2=Powell|1y=2004|1p=18|2a1=Cammack|2y=2004|2p=155|3a1=Romano|3y=2006|3p=11|4a1=Hinnfors|4y=2006|4pp=117, 137–139|5a1=Lafontaine|5y=2009|5p=7|6a1=Corfe|6y=2010|6pp=33, 178}}

Social democracy's reformism has been criticized by both the left and right,{{sfnm|1a1=Socialist Party of Great Britain|1y=2002|2a1=Patnaik|2y=2010|2pp=3–21|3a1=Nagin|3y=2018}} on the grounds that if reformist socialists were left to govern a capitalist economy, they would have to do so according to capitalist, not socialist, logic. For example, [[Joseph Schumpeter]] writes in ''[[Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy]]'' (1942): "Socialists had to govern in an essentially capitalist world... a social and economic system that would not function except on capitalist lines.... If they were to run it, they would have to run it according to its own logic. They would have to 'administer' capitalism".{{sfn|Romano|2006|p=114}} Similarly, [[Irving Kristol]] argued: "Democratic socialism turns out to be an inherently unstable compound, a contradiction in terms. Every social democratic party, once in power, soon finds itself choosing, at one point after another, between the socialist society it aspires to and the liberal society that lathered it".{{sfn|Barrett|1978}} [[Joseph Stalin]] was a vocal critic of reformist social democrats, later coining the term ''[[social fascism]]'' to describe social democracy in the 1930s because, in this period, it embraced a similar [[corporatist]] economic model to the model supported by [[fascism]]. This view was adopted by the [[Communist International]], which argued that capitalist society had entered the [[Third Period]] in which a [[proletarian revolution]] was imminent but could be prevented by social democrats and other fascist forces.{{sfn|Haro|2011}}

== See also ==

{{Div col}}
* [[Pasokification]]
* [[Economic progressivism]]
* [[History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria]]
* [[History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany]]
* [[International Group of Democratic Socialists]]
* [[List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation]]
* [[List of social democratic and democratic socialist parties that have governed]]
* [[List of democratic socialist parties and organizations]]
* [[List of democratic socialists]]
* [[List of Labour parties]]
* [[List of left-wing political parties]]
* [[List of social democratic parties]]
* [[List of social democrats]]
* [[Social Democratic Party]]
* [[Socialist Party]]
* [[Socialist Union of Central-Eastern Europe]]
* [[Three Arrows]]

{{Div col end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group=nb|30em}}
{{Notelist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Abjorensen|first=Norman|year=2019|title=Historical Dictionary of Democracy|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-5381-2074-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=1993|title=Political Ideology Today|edition=1st hardcover|series=Politics Today|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-3346-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=1998|title=Ideology and Politics in Britain Today|edition=illustrated, reprint|series=Politics Today|location=Manchester, England|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=1999|title=Ideology and Politics in Britain Today|edition=illustrated, reprint|series=Politics Today|location=Manchester, England|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=2001|title=Political Ideology Today|edition=2nd reprint, revised|series=Politics Today|location=Manchester, England|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-6019-9|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam}}
* {{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Gary L.|last2=Herr|first2=Kathryn G.|title=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Archer|first=Robin|year=1995|title=Economic Democracy: The Politics of Feasible Socialism|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-827891-7|url=https://archive.org/details/economicdemocrac0000arch}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Árnason|editor1-first=Jóhann Páll|editor2-last=Wittrock|editor2-first=Björn|year=2012|title=Nordic Paths to Modernity|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-0-85745-269-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Aspalter|first=Christian|year=2001|title=Importance of Christian and Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden|location=Huntington, New York|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-56072-975-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Bailey|first=David J.|year=2009|title=The Political Economy of European Social Democracy: A Critical Realist Approach|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-60425-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Barrientos|first1=Armando|last2=Powell|first2=Martin|year=2004|chapter=The Route Map of the Third Way|editor1-last=Hale|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-last=Leggett|editor2-first=Will|editor3-last=Martell|editor3-first=Luke|title=The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|pages=9–26|isbn=978-0-7190-6598-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bastow|first1=Steve|last2=Martin|first2=James|year=2003|title=Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century|location=Edinburgh, Scotland|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7486-1560-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Berlau|first=Abraham Joseph|year=1949|title=The German Social Democratic Party, 1914–1921|location=New York|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|asin=B007T3SD0A}}
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* {{cite book|last=Romano|first=Flavio|year=2007|title=Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way|series=Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy|volume=75|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-18252-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rosser|first1=J. Barkley Jr.|last2=Rosser|first2=Marina V.|year=2003|title=Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-18234-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Rothestein|first=Bo|date=1998|title=Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-59893-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Samuelsson|first=Kurt|year=1968|title=From Great Power to Welfare State: 300 Years of Swedish Social Development|location=London|publisher=[[George Allen and Unwin]]|isbn=978-0-04-948002-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Sargent|first=Lyman Tower|year=2008| title=Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarypoli00sarg_0|edition=14th|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing|isbn=978-0-495-56939-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur M. Jr.|year=1962|chapter=Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans|title=The Politics of Hope and The Bitter Heritage|location=Boston|publisher=[[Riverside Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Schorske|first=Carl E.|year=1993|orig-year=1955|title=German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism|series=Harvard Historical Studies|volume=65|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-35125-7|url=https://archive.org/details/germansocialdemo0000scho}}
* {{cite book|last=Schumpeter|first=Joseph|year=1942|title=Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy|title-link=Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Brothers|isbn=978-0-06-133008-7|oclc=22556726}}
* {{cite book|last=Sears|first=Kathleen|year=2019|title=Socialism 101: From the Bolsheviks and Karl Marx to Universal Healthcare and the Democratic Socialists, Everything You Need to Know about Socialism|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-5072-1136-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Sejersted|first=Francis|year=2011|editor1-last=Adams|editor1-first=Madeleine B.|title=The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century|translator-last=Daly|translator-first=Richard|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-14774-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Simon Reid|first=Henry|year=2015|title=The Political Origins of Inequality: Why a More Equal World Is Better for Us All|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-23679-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Steger|first=Manfred B.|year=1997|title=The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York City, United States; Melbourne, Australia|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-58200-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Steger|first=Manfred B.|year=1999|chapter=Friedrich Engels and the Origins of German Revisionism: Another Look|editor1-last=Carver|editor1-first=Terrell|editor2-last=Steger|editor2-first=Manfred B.|title=Engels After Marx|location=University Park, Pennsylvania|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]]|pages=181–196|isbn=978-0-271-01891-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Andrew J.|year=2013|chapter=Trade Unions and the Politics of Social Democratic Renewal|editor1-last=Gillespie|editor1-first=Richard|editor2-last=Paterson|editor2-first=William E.|title=Rethinking Social Democracy in Western Europe|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-23618-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Norman|year=1953|title=Democratic Socialism: A New Appraisal|location=New York|publisher=League for Industrial Democracy|isbn=978-0-598-69160-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Ticktin|first=Hillel|year=1998|chapter=The Problem is Market Socialism|editor1-last=Ollman|editor1-first=Bertell|title=Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=55–80|isbn=978-0-415-91966-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Tomlinson|first=Jim|year=1997|title=Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945–1951|url=https://archive.org/details/democraticsocial0000toml|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-55095-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Vickers|first=Rhiannon|year=2003|title=The Labour Party and the World, Volume 1: The Evolution of Labour's Foreign Policy, 1900–1951|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6745-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Walters|first=William|year=2001|chapter=Governing Unemployment: Transforming "the Social"?|editor1-last=Pavlich|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Wickham|editor2-first=Gary|title=Rethinking Law, Society and Governance: Foucault's Bequest|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=978-1-84113-293-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Weisskopf|first=Thomas E.|year=1994|chapter=Challenges to Market Socialism: A Response to Critics|editor1-last=Roosevelt|editor1-first=Frank|editor1-link=Franklin Delano Roosevelt III|editor2-last=Belkin|editor2-first=David|title=Why Market Socialism? Voices from Dissent|location=Armonk, New York|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|pages=297–318|isbn=978-1-56324-465-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Whyman|first=Philip|year=2005|title=Third Way Economics: Theory and Evaluation|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-51465-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|year=1985|orig-year=1976|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula0000will|edition=revised|location=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-520469-8|oclc=1035920683}}
* {{cite book|last=Wintrop|first=Norman|year=1983|orig-year=1982|title=Liberal Democratic Theory and Its Critics|edition=reprint|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-7099-2766-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Wright|first=Anthony|year=1983|title=British Socialism: Socialist Thought from the 1880s to the 1960s|location=London|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-29561-2}}
{{refend}}

==== Conferences ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite conference|last=Berman|first=Sheri|year=2008|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|title=Understanding Social Democracy|conference=What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World|conference-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers.html|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, [[Harvard University]]|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195218/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite conference|author=[[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]|date=28 October 2007|url=https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Beschluesse/Grundsatzprogramme/hamburger_programm_englisch.pdf|title=Hamburg Programme. Principal guidelines of the Social Democratic Party of Germany|conference=Federal Party Conference of the SPD|location=Hamburg|publisher=[[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]|access-date=26 April 2020}}
{{Refend}}

==== Encyclopedias ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Alt|first1=James E.|last2=Chambers|first2=Simone|last3=Garrett|first3=Geoffrey|last4=Kurian|first4=George Thomas|last5=Levi|first5=Margaret|last6=McClain|first6=Paula D.|year=2010|title=The Encyclopedia of Political Science Set|publisher=[[CQ Press]]|isbn=978-1-933116-44-0}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-first=Bertrand|editor1-last=Badie|editor1-link=Bertrand Badie|editor2-first=Dirk|editor2-last=Berg-Schlosser|editor2-link=Dirk Berg-Schlosser|editor3-first=Leonardo|editor3-last=Morlino|editor3-link=Leonardo Morlino|year=2011|title=Social Democracy|encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Political Science|volume=8|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Docherty|editor1-first=James C.|editor2-last=Lamb|editor2-first=Peter|year=2006|title=Social democracy|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Socialism|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|volume=73|edition=2nd|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-5560-1}}
* {{cite web|last1=Duignan|first1=Brian|last2=Kalsang Bhutia|first2=Thinley|last3=Mahajan|first3=Deepti|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy|title=Social democracy|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602003943/https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy|archive-date=2 June 2016|access-date=29 February 2020}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Durlauf|first1=Steven|last2=Lawrence|first2=Blume|year=2008|title=Social Democracy|encyclopedia=New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK|isbn=978-0-333-78676-5}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=R. J. Barry|year=2001|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy|volume=III|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-14532-9}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Lamb|first=Peter|year=2015|title=Social democracy|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Socialism|edition=3rd|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-4422-5826-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Lipset|first=Seymour Martin|year=1995|title=The Encyclopedia of Democracy|volume=4|publisher=Congressional Quarterly|isbn=978-0-87187-889-2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Miller|first=David|date=1998|title=Social Democracy|editor-last=Craig|editor-first=Edward|editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher)|encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|volume=8|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-18713-8|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0415187133_8/page/826/|url-access=registration|pages=827–828}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Miller|first=David|date=1998a|title=Social Democracy|encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Taylor and Francis|url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1|doi=10.4324/9780415249126-S057-1|isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=O'Hara|first=Phillip|year=2003|title=Social Democracy|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Political Economy|volume=2|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-24187-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Ritzer|first=George|year=2004|title=Marxism|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Social Theory|location=Thousand Oaks, California|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-1-4522-6546-9}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Safra|first=Jacob E.|year=1998|title=Social democracy|encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=15th|volume=10|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Schweickart|first=David|year=2007|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Gary L.|editor2-last=Herr|editor2-first=Kathryn G.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice|title=Democratic Socialism|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|volume=1|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Stevens|first=Mark A.|year=2000|title=Social democracy|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|isbn=978-0-87779-017-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Tsakalotos|first=Euclid|editor1-last=Arestis|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Sawyer|editor2-first=Malcolm C.|date=2001|encyclopedia=The Economics of the Third Way: Experiences from Around the World|title=European Employment Policies: A New Social Democratic Model for Europe|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|pages=26–45|isbn=9781843762836}}
{{Refend}}

==== Journals ====
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* {{cite journal|last=Altman|first=David|title=Collegiate Executives and Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Uruguay: Similar Institutions, Opposite Political Goals, Distinct Results|journal=[[Swiss Political Science Review]]|year=2011|volume=14|issue=3|pages=483–520|doi=10.1002/j.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bardhan|first1=Pranab|last2=Roemer|first2=John E.|year=1992|title=Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation|journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]]|volume=6|issue=3|pages=101–116|doi=10.1257/jep.6.3.101|issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free}}
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* {{cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Eduard|author-link=Eduard Bernstein|date=April 1897|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1897/04/marx-reform.htm|title=Karl Marx and Social Reform|journal=Progressive Review|issue=7|via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bolton|first=Matt|date=March 2020|title=Democratic Socialism and the Concept of (Post)Capitalism|journal=The Political Quarterly|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|volume=91|issue=2|pages=334–342|doi=10.1111/1467-923X.12830|s2cid=216159023}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cappelen|first1=Adne|last2=Fagerberg|first2=Jan|last3=Mjøset|first3=Lars|last4=Skarstein|first4=Rune|date=May 1990|title=The Decline of Social-Democratic State Capitalism in Norway|journal=New Left Review|issue=181|pages=60–94}}
* {{cite journal|last=Cobham|first=David|date=November 1984|title=The Nationalisation of the Banks in Mitterand's France: Rationalisations and Reasons|journal=[[Journal of Public Policy]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=4|issue=4|pages=351–358|doi=10.1017/S0143814X00002798|jstor=3998375|s2cid=154543259}}
* {{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Paul|date=Winter 2010|url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/lessons-from-the-nationalization-nation-state-owned-enterprises-in-france|title=Lessons from the Nationalization Nation: State-Owned Enterprises in France|journal=Dissident|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|volume=57|issue=1|pages=15–20|doi=10.1353/dss.0.0107|s2cid=153581946|issn=1946-0910|access-date=14 April 2020|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|last=Draper|first=Hal|year=1966|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1966/twosouls/index.htm|title=The Two Souls of Socialism|journal=New Politics|volume=5|issue=1|pages=57–84|via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ferragina|first1=Emanuele|last2=Seeleib-Kaiser|first2=Martin|year=2011|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/document|title=Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures|journal=Policy & Politics|volume=39|issue=4|pages=583–611|doi=10.1332/030557311X603592|s2cid=146986126}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Flavin|first1=Patrick|last2=Pacek|first2=Alexander C.|last3=Radcliff|first3=Benjamin|date=2014|title=Assessing the Impact of the Size and Scope of Government on Human Well-Being|url=|journal=[[Social Forces]]|volume=92|issue=4|pages=1241–1258|doi=10.1093/sf/sou010|access-date=}}
* {{cite journal|last=Fleet|first=Michael H.|date=December 1973|title=Chile's Democratic Road to Socialism|journal=The Western Political Quarterly|volume=26|issue=4|pages=766–786|jstor=447149|doi=10.2307/447149}}
* {{cite journal|last=Foner|first=Eric|date=Spring 1984|url=http://www.nyu.edu/steinhardt/e/pdf/humsocsci/mias/readings07/21.pdf|title=Why is there no socialism in the United States|journal=[[History Workshop Journal]]|volume=17|issue=1|pages=57–80|doi=10.1093/hwj/17.1.57|jstor=4288545}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hain|first=Peter|date=July–August 2000|url=https://www.chartist.org.uk/articles/britpol/july_hain.html|title=Rediscovering our libertarian roots|journal=Chartist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621010116/https://www.chartist.org.uk/articles/britpol/july_hain.html|archive-date=21 June 2013}}
* {{cite journal|last=Haro|first=Lea|year=2011|title=Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party|journal=Critique|volume=39|issue=4|pages=563–582|doi=10.1080/03017605.2011.621248|s2cid=146848013}}
* {{cite journal|last=Heilbroner|first=Robert L.|date=Winter 1991|url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/from-sweden-to-socialism-social-democracy-symposium|title=From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions|journal=Dissident|others=Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; Fehèr, Ferenc; Heller, Agnès; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus|pages=96–110|access-date=14 April 2020}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hicks|first=Alexander|year=1988|title=Social Democratic Corporatism and Economic Growth|journal=The Journal of Politics|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|volume=50|issue=3|pages=677–704|issn=0022-3816|jstor=2131463|doi=10.2307/2131463|s2cid=154785976}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kotz|first=David M.|date=4 May 2009|url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Fin_Cr_and_NL_08_12.pdf|title=The Financial and Economic Crisis of 2008: A Systemic Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism|journal=Review of Radical Political Economics|volume=41|issue=3|pages=305–317|doi=10.1177/0486613409335093|s2cid=154726132|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Lavelle|first=Ashley|title=Social Democrats and Neo-Liberalism: A Case Study of the Australian Labor Party|journal=Political Studies|date=1 December 2005|volume=53|issue=4|pages=753–771|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00555.x|s2cid=144842245}}
* {{cite journal|last=Medearis|first=John|year=1997|title=Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=91|issue=4|pages=819–832|doi=10.2307/2952166|jstor=2952166|s2cid=144892143}}
* {{cite journal|last=Patnaik|first=Prabhat|date=May–June 2010|title=Socialism or Reformism?|journal=[[Social Scientist]]|volume=38|issue=5/6|pages=3–21|jstor=27866707}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pierson|first=Chris|year=2005|title=Lost property: What the Third Way lacks|url=https://www.academia.edu/3423326|journal=[[Journal of Political Ideologies]]|volume=10|issue=2|pages=145–163|doi=10.1080/13569310500097265|s2cid=144916176}}
* {{cite journal|last=Poulantzas|first=Nicos|date=May–June 1978|url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/I109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism|title=Towards a Democratic Socialism|journal=New Left Review|volume=I|issue=109}}
* {{cite journal|author=[[Socialist Party of Great Britain]]|date=January 1958|url=http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/1950s/1958/no-641-january-1958/managerial-society-part-three-—-fabian-version|title=The Managerial Society Part Three — Fabian Version|journal=Socialist Standard|publisher=[[Socialist Party of Great Britain]]|issue=641|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232840/http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/1950s/1958/no-641-january-1958/managerial-society-part-three-%E2%80%94-fabian-version|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|author=[[Socialist Party of Great Britain]]|date=March 2002|url=https://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/2002/2000s/no-1171-march-2002/reformism-or-socialism/|title=Reformism – or socialism?|journal=Socialist Standard|publisher=[[Socialist Party of Great Britain]]|issue=1171|access-date=31 January 2020}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Dylan|last2=Hickel|first2=Jason|author2-link=Jason Hickel|date=2023|title=Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century|url=|journal=[[World Development]]|volume=161|issue=|page=106026|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026|s2cid=252315733|access-date=|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Veggel|first=Noralv|date=November 2014|title=The Nordic Model—Its Arrival and Decline|journal=Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Administration and Management|volume=14|issue=9|pages=60–94|doi=10.13140/2.1.1557.9848}}
* {{cite journal|last=Weisskopf|first=Thomas E.|year=1992|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68447/2/10.1177_048661349202400302.pdf|title=Toward the Socialism of the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past|journal=Review of Radical Political Economics|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=1–28|doi=10.1177/048661349202400302|issn=0486-6134|hdl=2027.42/68447|s2cid=20456552|hdl-access=free}}
{{Refend}}

==== News ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite news|last=Ackerman|first=Seth|date=19 June 2019|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2019/06/new-deal-socialism-bernie-sanders-democratic-primary|title=Why Bernie Talks About the New Deal|newspaper=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|access-date=15 November 2019}}
* {{cite news|date=20 July 2018|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/democratic-socialism-hits-heartland-ocasio-cortez-sanders-campaign-deep-red-n893076|title=Democratic socialism hits the heartland: Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders to campaign in deep-red Kansas|work=[[NBC News]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=14 May 2019|ref={{harvid|Associated Press|2018}}}}
* {{cite news|last=Astor|first=Maggie|date=2018-09-22|title=Are You a Democratic Socialist? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/09/22/us/politics/what-is-democratic-socialism.html|access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}
* {{cite news|last=Astor|first=Maggie|date=12 June 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/us/politics/democratic-socialism-facts-history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612170048/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/us/politics/democratic-socialism-facts-history.html|archive-date=12 June 2019|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=What Is Democratic Socialism? Whose Version Are We Talking About?|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=10 February 2020}}
* {{cite news|editor-last=Barrett|editor-first=William|date=1 April 1978|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/capitalism-socialism-and-democracy/|title=Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium|newspaper=Commentary|access-date=12 March 2020}}
* {{cite news|last=Barro|first=Josh|date=20 October 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/20/upshot/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialist-capitalist.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020085134/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/20/upshot/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialist-capitalist.html|archive-date=2015-10-20|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Bernie Sanders, Democratic Socialist Capitalist|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=26 March 2019}}
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* {{cite news|last=Berman|first=Sheri|date=15 January 2020|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/15/social-democracy-save-world-again-socialism/|title=Can Social Democrats Save the World (Again)?|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|access-date=10 February 2020}}
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{{Refend}}

==== Speeches ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite speech|last=Bismarck|first=Otto|author-link=Otto von Bismarck|date=15 March 1884|url=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1809|title=Reichstag Speech on the Law for Workers' Compensation|location=Berlin|access-date=23 February 2020}}
* {{cite speech|last=Sanders|first=Bernie|author-link=Bernie Sanders|date=19 November 2015|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/11/19/9762028/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism|title=Democratic Socialism in the United States|location=Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.|access-date=1 March 2020|via=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}
{{Refend}}

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* {{cite web|author=Transparency International|date=23 January 2020|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/press/2019-CPI-efforts-stagnate-in-G7|title=2019 Corruption Perceptions Index shows anti-corruption efforts stagnating in G7 countries|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=4 February 2020|ref={{harvid|Transparency International 2020 (analysis)}}}}
* {{cite web|last=Truman|first=Harry S.|author-link=Harry S. Truman|date=10 October 1952|url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/289/rear-platform-and-other-informal-remarks-new-york|title=Rear Platform and Other Informal Remarks in New York|publisher=Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=10 February 2020}}
* {{cite web|author=Vision of Humanity|date=June 2019|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf|title=Global Peace Index 2019|website=Vision of Humanity|publisher=Institute for Economics & Peace|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827155045/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last=Ypi|first=Lea|date=22 November 2018|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/no-left-wing-case-for-brexit/|title=There is no left-wing case for Brexit: 21st century socialism requires transnational organization|website=British Politics and Policy|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|access-date=26 October 2021}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}
{{Refbegin|40em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Cronin|editor1-first=James E.|editor2-last=Ross|editor2-first=George W.|editor3-last=Shoch|editor3-first=James|year=2011|title=What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8223-5079-8|url=https://archive.org/details/whatsleftofleftd00unse|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Draper|first=Theodore|year=1966|chapter=The Historic Left|title=The Roots of American Communism|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-4128-3880-1|ref=none}}
* Häusermann, Silja; Kitschelt, Herbert, eds. (2024). ''Beyond Social Democracy: The Transformation of the Left in Emerging Knowledge Societies''. Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book|last=Kenworthy|first=Lane|year=2014|title=Social Democratic America|location=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-932251-0|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Lavelle|first=Ashley|year=2008|title=The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-7546-7014-8|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Thorsen|first1=Dag Einar|last2=Brandal|first2=Nik|last3=Bratberg|first3=Øivind|year=2013|url=http://www.fabians.org.uk/utopia-sustained-the-nordic-model-of-social-democracy/|title=Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy|work=Fabian Society - The Fabian Society is Britain’s oldest political think tank. Founded in 1884, the Society is at the forefront of developing political ideas and public policy on the left. |location=London|publisher=[[Fabian Society]]|access-date=2 August 2016|ref=none}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|wikt=social democracy|d=Q121254}}
* {{Britannica|551073}}

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