View source for Snake Hill

{{Short description|Mountain in New Jersey, United States}}
{{for|the micronation of Snake Hill|Principality of Snake Hill}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[File:2024-08-12 09 31 50 View west-southwest towards the summit of Laurel Hill from the southwesternmost parking lot in Laurel Hill Park in Secaucus, Hudson County, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|View of Snake Hill from Laurel Hill County Park]]
{{WikidataCoord|display=title}}
'''Snake Hill''' (known officially as '''Laurel Hill''') is an [[igneous rock]] [[intrusion]] protruding up from the floor of the [[New Jersey Meadowlands|Meadowlands]] in southern [[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]], [[New Jersey]], United States, at a bend in the [[Hackensack River]].<ref name=GNIS>{{cite gnis| 877678 |Laurel Hill}}, Variant name: Snake Hill</ref> It was largely obliterated in the 1960s by quarrying that reduced the height of some sections by one-quarter and the area of its base by four fifths.<ref>Sullivan, Robert L. ''The Meadowlands: Wilderness Adventures at the Edge of a City.'' New York: Scribner, 1998.</ref> The diabase rock was used as building material in growing areas like [[Jersey City]]. The remnant of the hill is the defining feature of Laurel Hill County Park. The high point, a 203-foot (62 m) [[graffiti]]-covered [[Inselberg|inselberg rock formation]], is a familiar landmark to travelers on the [[New Jersey Turnpike]]'s Eastern Spur, which skirts the hill's southern edge. The crest of the hill's unusual, sloping ridge is about 150 feet (46 m) high.

==History==
Snake Hill was formed by the same intrusion of magma that created the Palisades cliffs roughly 200 million years ago.

The [[Dutch West India Company|Dutch colonists]] who originally settled the area called the high bluff 'Slangenbergh' ('Snakes Mountain' in English) because of the many snakes found there.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jw8LAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA156 Long Island Historical Society, 1867, ''Memoirs, Volume 1, page 156.'']</ref> In 1658, Nicholas Varlet and [[Nicholas Bayard]] purchased Secaucus by Indian deed, which was confirmed by [[land patent]] in 1668. The entire 'plantation' was re-sold in 1676 to Edward Earle Jr., who sold a 50% interest to [[William Pinhorne]]. Three years later, Pinhorne and Earle divided the land into two separate plantations, with Pinhorne taking the roughly 1,200 acres called the 'Long Neck,' including Snake Hill.<ref>William Nelson. Genealogical Publishing Com, 1899, ''Patents and Deeds and Other Early Records of New Jersey, 1664-1703.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=xUflaip4hREC&pg=PA261]</ref> Pinhorne lived there, naming the section containing his residence 'Mount Pinhorne'.<ref>Charles Hardenburg Winfield. Wynkoop & Hallenbeck, Printers, 1872, ''History of the Land Titles in Hudson County, N.J., 1609-1871, page 367.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=LQsbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA367]</ref><ref>New Jersey Historical Society, 1901, ''Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey, Volume 23.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=LQsbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA367]</ref>

From 1855 to 1962, there were Hudson County penal and charitable institutions on Snake Hill, which was essentially a self-contained city in which hundreds of people lived at any given time. The grounds had its own support facilities that included a sewer system, reservoir, electricity plant and incinerator. The on-site institutions included two [[almshouse]]s, which provided shelter for the poor and elderly, a [[Prison|penitentiary]], [[quarry]] and a number of medical facilities, all grouped on the north side of Snake Hill. The medical facilities included a Contagious Diseases Hospital, a Tuberculosis [[Sanatorium]], and the Hudson County Lunatic Asylum, which existed from 1873 - 1939.<ref name=NewYorkTimes>Jones, Richard Lezin (March 31, 2002). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E4D7173AF932A05750C0A9649C8B63 "Secaucus Journal; Humbled Mountain Offers a Mine of History, and Prehistory"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved January 12, 2014.</ref><ref name=UCReporter>Passantino, Joseph (October 20, 2013). "Creepy history of Snake Hill". ''[[The Union City Reporter]]''. pp. 1 and 9.</ref>

When the Asylum opened, it had a capacity of 140 patients. Different wings were designated for men and women, and each room held several beds. People admitted to the Asylum were not restricted to the mentally ill, and whose conditions ranged from [[schizophrenia]] to [[syphilis]], and according to a 2013 ''[[Union City Reporter]]'' article, many people were admitted to the hospital "who had no reason to be there: healthy residents who had been determined by their relatives to be a burden." Residents sometimes signed in their elderly relatives when they could no longer afford to take care of them. At the time, it was not difficult to sign in a patient, but harder for one to leave the hospital. According to Secaucus Town Historian Dan McDonough, "Anybody could sign somebody in. However, you would need three doctors to sign you out." The causes of death of many patients were not recorded, because the patients had been given [[pauper's funeral]] in the [[potter's field]] on the grounds, which is known as the [[Hudson County Burial Grounds]].

In the 1930s, it adopted the name Mental Disease Hospital, as it was believed to be a less offensive name. At the end of that decade, the hospital was moved to County Avenue in Secaucus, at the location where [[Meadowview Psychiatric Hospital]] now exists. In 1939, the Mental Disease Hospital, which by then housed 1,872 people, ceased operations upon the opening of Meadowview Hospital. Patients were moved to the new hospital, at what is now the Meadowview Complex, in January 1927.  They were transported in buses and ambulances, according to a contemporary Newark Evening News article.  The Hudson County Hospital for Mental Diseases was renamed Hudson County Meadowview Hospital in 1967.

Quarrying took place from the late 19th century to the 1950s, when a section of the land was utilized as a prison quarry. Afterward, many of the properties were abandoned and had fallen into disrepair, and much of the hill had been leveled for the construction of sections of the New Jersey Turnpike. In 1962 Hudson County finished closing their facilities on the site, which included the county prison and the insane asylum. The County entered into a 20-year contract with Callanan Industries to level much of the hill. In the 1960s and 70's Gallo Asphalt had 4 asphalt plants, side by side, adjacent to the quarry and supplied paving materials throughout the surrounding urban region. Production ended on schedule in 1982. Ref:Refs.:

In 2003, more than 4,500 bodies of poor people, prisoners and patients were moved from the grounds to make way for the Turnpike's Exit 15X ramp, which would serve [[Secaucus Junction]]. This included the body of the [[Leonardo Andriani|grandfather of Patrick Andriani]], a New Jersey native, who was the impetus for the disinterment and reinternment of bodies to [[Maple Grove Park Cemetery (Hackensack, New Jersey)|Maple Grove Park Cemetery]] in Hackensack, NJ. When the graves were discovered, they were tested and found to have come from the facilities. Records of the mental hospital were also discovered. As of 2013, one of the old almshouses remains the only building still standing on the grounds.<ref name=NewYorkTimes/><ref name=UCReporter/>

The name changed from Snake Hill to Laurel Hill in 1926, when [[Hudson County]] [[Board of Chosen Freeholders|freeholder]] [[Katherine Whelan Brown]]<ref>Gordon, Felice D.  "After Winning: The Legacy of the New Jersey Suffragists, 1920-1947". New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986.</ref> said that it was the "[[Laurel wreath|crowning Laurel]] of Hudson County" because of its prominence in the low lying meadowlands.<ref name=WeirdNJ/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsofsungrass0000quin|url-access=registration|author=Quinn, John R.|title=Fields of Sun and Grass|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldsofsungrass0000quin/page/274 274]}}</ref> The high bluff has recently been called 'Fraternity Rock' (because of the [[greek letters]] painted on it presumably by local [[Fraternities and sororities|college fraternities]]), and 'Graffiti Rock'. The term 'Long Neck', originally used to describe the shape of the land between Pinhorne (now Penhorn) Creek and the Hackensack River, has been adapted to refer to the [[volcanic neck]] of the ridge.<ref name=WeirdNJ>[http://www.weirdnj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=28 "Small Wonders of Midgetville"]. [[Weird NJ]]. Retrieved January 12, 2014.</ref>

==Laurel Hill County Park==
[[File:Snake Hill, from Laurel Hill County Park.png|right|thumb|400px|A panoramic view of Snake Hill and the Laurel Hill County Park athletic fields]]Snake Hill and the area between it and the [[Hackensack River]] today comprise '''Laurel Hill County Park''', part of the [[Hudson County Park System]]. In the early first decade of the 21st century, further blasting occurred along the New Jersey Turnpike. Most of the {{convert|184|acre|km2|adj=on}} parcel is currently being utilized as Laurel Hill County Park, which includes a portion of [[Hackensack RiverWalk]].<ref>[http://www.northjersey.com/community-news/history-of-snake-hill-still-as-strange-as-can-be-1.513830?page=all History of Snake Hill still as strange as can be] Northjersey.com. August 30, 2012.</ref>

Laurel Hill Park is home to the Hackensack Riverkeeper's Field Office and Paddling Center, which is open weekends from April through October and weekdays by appointment. Hackensack Riverkeeper also conducts many of its Eco-Cruises from this park.  There is a narrow Ridge Trail along the top of the hill.

==Field Station: Dinosaurs==
[[Field Station: Dinosaurs]], an educational exhibit featuring [[animatronic]] dinosaurs utilizing the terrain to reflect the pre-historic era, opened here in May 2012.<ref>{{citation|author=Zernike, Kate|title = Where Dinosaurs Roar Back|newspaper =[[The New York Times]]|date = April 27, 2012|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/27/arts/field-station-dinosaurs-to-open-in-secaucus-nj.html|access-date = 2012-05-15}}</ref> The exhibit moved in the fall of 2015 to a new location in Bergen County.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/04/field_station_dinosaurs_moves_to_bergen_county.html|title=N.J. dinosaur park, saved from extinction, moves to Bergen County|website=NJ.com|date=April 3, 2016}}</ref>

==High Tech High School==
[[High Tech High School]] (previously located in North Bergen) built a new campus on the north side of the hill. The campus was first used for the 2018-2019 School Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://njac.org/150m-high-tech-high-school-opens-in-secaucus-nj/|title=$150M High Tech High School Opens in Secaucus, NJ|publisher=New Jersey Association of Counties (NJAC)|date=October 1, 2018|access-date=March 4, 2024}}</ref>

==Geology==
[[Image:Snakehill1900.jpg|thumb|right|230px|USGS Map from 1900]]
[[Image:Snakehill1940.jpg|thumb|right|USGS Map from 1940]]
The rock is a pipe-like [[diabase]] intrusive, which is believed to be an offshoot of the nearby [[Palisades Sill]]. Mineralized shales and sandstones, intruded by the diabase, are visible in the north and southwest sections of the property. Minerals were found in veins in both the diabase and metamorphosed sediments.
[[Image:HackensackLaurelHill.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[New Jersey Turnpike|Turnpike]] bridge over the [[Hackensack River]] and [[Newark Skyline]] seen from the Laurel Hill Ridge Trail]]
The mineral Petersite-(Y) was discovered at Snake Hill in June 1981 by Nicholas Facciolla, who took it to the Paterson Museum. In 1982 the mineral was recognized as a new discovery and  named for Thomas A. Peters (1947-) and Joseph Peters (1951-), curators of minerals at the [[Paterson, New Jersey]], museum and the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in [[New York City]], respectively.<ref>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Petersite-%28Y%29.shtml "Petersite-(Y) Mineral Data"]. Mineralogy Database. Retrieved January 12, 2014.</ref><ref>Peacor, Donald R.; Dunn, Pete J. (182). "Petersite, a REE and phosphate analog of mixite". ''[[American Mineralogist]]'', Volume 67, pp. 1039 - 1042.</ref>

==Culture==
Snake Hill has had a modest, if largely anonymous, impact on the popular consciousness.  A [[New York City|New York]] advertising executive, passing the hill on a train, is said to have drawn from it the inspiration for the [[Prudential Financial|Prudential]] "[[Rock of Gibraltar]]" logo in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsofsungrass0000quin|url-access=registration|author=Quinn, John R.|title=Fields of Sun and Grass|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldsofsungrass0000quin/page/271 271]}}</ref> Its rugged landscapes also feature prominently in artist [[Robert Smithson]]'s 1968 work ''Untitled (6 Stops on a Section)''.<ref>Graziani, Ron (April 5, 2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dTmJqw1vhjUC&q=RobertSmithson%2C6StopsonaSection&pg=PA85 ''Robert Smithson and the American Landscape'']. [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 85. [[Google Books]]. Retrieved January 12, 2014.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Facciolla, N. (1981) Minerals of Laurel Hill, Secaucus, New Jersey.
*Manchester, J.G. (1931) The Minerals of New York City and Its Environs. New York Mineralogical Club Bulletin, 3:58-9. 
*Peacor, D.R. & Dunn, P.J. (1982) American Mineralogist, 67:1039-42.
*Puffer, J. & Peters, J. (1974) Economic Geology. Magnetite Veins in Diabase of Laurel Hill, New Jersey, 69:1294-99.
*Tschernich, R. (1992) Zeolites of the World, 66, 116 p.

== External links ==
{{commons category|Laurel Hill (Secaucus, New Jersey)}}
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1056133 2007 Snake Hill documentary] by [http://www.likemindedent.com/legacy.htm Like-Minded Entertainment]
*[http://www.mindat.org/loc-5823.html Minerals of Snake Hill]
*[http://mapsinpixels.blogspot.com/2011/02/snake-hill.html Chapter on Snake Hill from ''History of Secaucus 1950'']

{{Hudson County Parks, New Jersey}}
{{Mountains of New Jersey}}
{{Hudson County, New Jersey}}
{{Geology of the Newark Basin}}

[[Category:Secaucus, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Volcanism of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Volcanic plugs of the United States]]
[[Category:Mountains of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Prudential Financial]]
[[Category:Landforms of Hudson County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Parks in Hudson County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:County parks in New Jersey]]